The Engineering Projects

Real Life Applications of Embedded Systems

Hello friends, I hope you all are happy, healthy, and content. Today we are going to discuss a very interesting and versatile topic, "Real Life Applications of embedded systems". Embedded systems are everywhere around us, they have countless applications from the medical field to electronic circuits and mechanical automotive parts. There is an endless list of their applications, we will only be discussing some of the mainstream applications today.

Applications of Embedded Systems in The Medical Field

• Embedded systems are used widely in the medical field, from manufacturing an artificial robotic limb to large-scale imaging techniques that are non-invasive in nature, embedded systems cover everything!
• Some of the imaging techniques involving embedded systems include MRI, PET scan, CT scan, SPECT scan, which are powered by industrial computers.

• Modern embedded electronic stethoscopes are also being used by high-budgeted hospitals in the developed countries.
• Embedded medical devices match the symptoms of patients with already existing files on the system to determine the disease, hence decreasing the workload of the physicians.
• Vital sign monitors and insulin pumps used in hospitals also imply embedded systems.

Application of embedded systems in the Automotive Industry

• The automotive industry has revolutionized itself by using embedded systems for introducing new concepts in the market.
• Modern-day cars use cruise control, airbags, emission control system, and navigation systems among many other functions, all having an embedded system which works synchronously with each other.
• Hybrid vehicles with higher efficiency and lesser pollution are a result of modern embedded systems otherwise the older versions were contributing to the world pollution on a large scale.

• Embedded systems have led to better engine control, the concepts such as brake-by-wire and drive-by-wire are the products of embedded systems.
• New safety systems such as Electronic Stability Control ESP, Traction control system TCS, Anti-lock Braking System ABS have been developed by using embedded systems.

Application of Embedded Systems in Telecommunications

• Whenever Apple launches a new iPhone, the world goes crazy over it and they are sold out completely in weeks and days, have you ever thought why? All thanks to the sophisticated embedded systems they keep on improving every year, providing higher speed, efficiency, and sleek design to their customers.
• Mobile embedded systems and network embedded systems are an ever-growing category of the embedded systems, all thanks to their sophisticated functionality and compact design manufacturing.

 

• There are endless examples of embedded systems in the telecommunication sector, web cameras, networked security systems, modern-day air conditioners using Wi-Fi to function, and many other similar appliances that use embedded systems.

Applications of Embedded Systems in Motes

• Let me ask you guys first, have you got any idea about motes? Here is a simple answer to this question, motes are also called sensor nodes, and can gather and process sensory information, communicating that sensory information to the other parts or nodes of a Wireless Sensor Network.
• A Wireless Sensor Network is a dedicated system of sensors that detect and record changes in the environment, the data collected by these motes are sent to a central location via GPS.
• These motes help in detecting the changes in air pollution, humidity, air pressure, noise pollution, and other environmental conditions using the embedded system.
• Motes like many other embedded systems are battery operated and run on power-saving mode, their batteries can last for years before they are needed to be replaced by new ones.
• A lot of real-time actions and decisions are based on the data collected by these motes!

Applications of Embedded Systems in Consumer Electronics

• In our previous article about the types of embedded systems, we briefly discussed the example of washing machines and air conditioners being manufactured using the embedded systems and how they work.
• There are countless examples like the one stated above such as printers, dishwashers, water dispensers, central cooling, and heating system, and whatnot! All of them are highly efficient and advanced, you only need to enter the instructions and the automated system takes care of the rest!
• Look around and observe, can you identify any other? You can!
• Home automation which is also known as Domotics, the process of building a smart home is carried out by embedded systems, all the automated devices and systems such as lighting, temperature control, and security systems are connected to a central hub which is controlled by the internet connectivity. This is indeed a costly pursuit, mainly used by elites in developed countries, you might have seen such a system in movies revolving around the drug cartel's owners and their lavish lifestyle.

 Applications of Embedded Systems in Avionics

• Embedded systems didn't spare avionics at all, modern-day airplanes use modern navigation devices such as the inertial navigation system INS, which helps in calculating the orientation and velocity of a moving object without any external reference.
• Modern-day GPS systems have led to better air traffic and navigation control leading to greater security and satisfaction of the passengers. It has provided more safety and efficiency in flights, all thanks to embedded systems!

Applications of Embedded Systems in Safety-Critical Systems

Embedded systems have made their way to safety-critical systems as well, I have a question here, do you know, what a safety-critical system is? Let me tell you about safety-critical systems first, a safety-critical system can be defined as, "A system whose failure can result in death or serious injury of the people involved, posing severe damage to the equipment and lastly it can result in an environmental hazard as well". Following are some of the example of safety-critical systems,

• Pacemaker, failure of a pacemaker can lead to the death of a person.
• Space shuttle, a space shuttle launch failure can cost hefty amounts and can result in environmental hazards as well.
• The nuclear power plant, we all know the sensitivity of the matter, a missile launch involves a lot of financial risks, along with that human lives and environment is also tied to it.

These systems involve the use of embedded systems for higher efficiency, sophisticated functionality, and security purposes.

Application of Embedded Systems in Smart Cards

• Every other person who works today has a smart card, they are the new wallets and need of the hour as everyone cannot carry a hefty amount of cash in a wallet or a purse. A smart card is the ultimate source of convenience in many ways and has become the utmost necessity of everyone.
• Smart cards have several types based on their purpose of use, but the manufacturing and design are relatively similar in all of them.
• Smart cards are available in many forms nowadays and surprisingly they make use of embedded system technology as well.

Applications of Embedded Systems in Robotics

• Robots have replaced humans in many aspects with the entry of Artificial intelligence in the field, which has served as the cherry on top.

• Humans are slow and inefficient in some heavy tasks, but a robot has everything preset to perform a task such as time, manner, and pace, which has helped robots to take over many jobs which were previously done by humans.

 

• Robotics involves embedded systems that are sophisticated enough to carry out complex tasks efficiently and precisely which cannot be carried out by humans in such a manner.

Applications of Embedded Systems in Banking

• The banking sector has also reaped many benefits of the technology involving the embedded systems.
• ATM, automated teller machine, security systems used in banks, online transaction systems have embedded systems as their core elements.
• A detailed account of the working of an ATM has been explained in one of my previous articles on the real-life examples of the embedded systems.

Applications of Embedded systems in Security systems

• From the most primitive times human beings have been most concerned with their security, as time passed, Intruders found new ways of theft and robbery, this problem was solved by security systems including cameras and alarms which involve embedded systems.
• Security cameras and large-scale security systems are designed using embedded systems, they are commonly used these days for protecting offices, homes, and banks as well.
• Nowadays, Embedded System Security is another growing field, which is involved in the protection of embedded systems from cyber-attacks.
• Several technical parameters are followed to protect the system from any malicious behavior.

• Techniques as SSL Secure Socket layer and SSH Secure Shell are used for encryption, but with modernization came modern problems, these protocols can be hijacked as well!

So, it was all about the applications of embedded systems, there are countless other applications as well, I have tried to cover the ones you must know! I hope you enjoyed reading the article, if you know any of the applications that have not been mentioned in the article you can tell us in the comment section below. Have a good day ahead!

Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing well. Today we are going to have an in-depth discussion on the Characteristics of Embedded Systems. We have discussed What is Embedded Systems? & Types of Embedded Systems in detail, in our previous tutorial. So, I am hoping that you have a clear idea of Embedded Systems. Today, we will discuss different characteristics which are found in almost every Embedded system. So, let's get started:

Definition of Embedded Systems

We already know that an embedded system can be defined as,

• "A dedicated system specially designed to perform a designated function, with a microcontroller or a microprocessor as its chief component, along with a software embedded in computer hardware, is called an embedded system."

Components of Embedded Systems

Let's have a brief overview of the components of an embedded system, which would later help us determine its characteristics.

• A microcontroller or a microprocessor is the heart of the embedded system.
• Embedded software keeps the embedded system on its feet.
• Embedded Hardware, mechanical parts which serve to perform the designated function.
• I/O ports acting as a connecting link between the peripheral parts and the microcontroller or the microprocessor whichever is serving as the core of the system.
• And lastly, a timer to carry out the tasks timely!

Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Without any further delay, we will now discuss some of the general characteristics of an embedded system;

1. Specificity

• Embedded systems can either be domain-specific or task-specific.
• An embedded system is designated to perform the dedicated task only, it cannot be made to perform several automated functions from different inputs.
• Let me give you a basic example, you can only wash clothes in a washing machine, it cannot cook food so this is a task-specific embedded system.

• Meanwhile, domain-specific embedded systems fall under certain domains or categories such as a mobile embedded system is a domain-specific embedded system.

2. Strict Design Parameters

• The design metrics are pre-defined for every system but they are configurable to a great extent, or we can say there is room for additions and extensions in systems other than embedded systems.
• But there is very little room for extensions and additions in an embedded because we have to fix everything on a single chip, that can perform its designated function independently, as we have already discussed the components of an embedded system you can understand this very well by now!

3. Efficiency

• An embedded system must be efficient enough to react and respond to the real-time environment.
• In certain real-time embedded systems, a system has to react according to the real-time situation and adjust accordingly such as the air conditioner works on the same principle.
• The cruise control of a car also works in a real-time response manner by reacting to the real-time situation hence managing the speed and brakes.

4. Microprocessor or Microcontroller based

• The Embedded system must have a microcontroller or microprocessor.

Features of A Microcontroller A microcontroller is different from a microprocessor, and a microcontroller has the following features being listed below;

• Most of the time a microcontroller is used according to the system requirements, which comes in different sizes such as 6 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit and 32 bit.
• The microcontroller is composed of an external processor and internal memory along with I/O components.
• It consumes less power because everything is present internally on the chip. A lot of microcontrollers have a power-saving mode as well.
• It is easier to write a program on the microcontroller.
• Some of the most commonly used microcontrollers are Arduino, 8051 Microcontroller and PIC Microcontroller.

5. Exclusive Memory

• Embedded systems don't have a secondary memory, their memory is present in embedded software in the form of ROM.
• Embedded systems can't have their memories extended or configured, have you thought why? Let me tell you because they are not general-purpose computers we use normally! They are dedicated systems for special tasks!

6. Multi-Rate Operational System

• Some of the large-scale embedded systems are multi-rate operational systems i.e a large number of embedded systems are performing their dedicated functions independently to run a system.
• All the multi-rate operational, embedded systems are well articulated to work synchronously with each other.
• A car is such an example, many embedded systems work independently to keep a car on road. Yo.com.derstanding of this concept, there is an in-depth explanation of embedded systems working in a car along with many others examples!

7. Compact Design

• An embedded system is designed to compact and lightweight as everything is to be placed on a single chip to perform a task including the microcontroller, timer, I/O parts, and the embedded software as well.

8. Minimal Power Dissipation

• Embedded systems are designed in such a way to dissipate power at its minimal.
• The goal is to conserve power and prevent overheating of the system by adding in heat sinks and cooling fans, and sometimes a larger battery is used to run the system.

9. Sophisticated Functionality

• Embedded systems are highly advanced and developed these days, which are not aware of the sophisticated functionalities of mobile phones and tablets.
• They are designed to perfection keeping in view the needs and demands of the consumer market!
• Every other person wants to own an Apple iPhone, isn't it? Just because of their sophisticated functionality!

10. Minimal User Interface

• Have a brief look at your air conditioner, your oven, or your washing machine, you might have noticed one thing in common, a minimal user interface.
• Embedded systems are designed with minimal user interface because users have almost nothing to do by themselves, you only have to provide the input or we can say instructions, the system is already fully automated to perform the designated task accordingly!

11. Safety factor

• A safety analysis is always necessarily carried out for the embedded systems to ensure the safety of the operator and the environment in case of any material damage or hazardous emissions from the system.

12. Cost-Effective

• An embedded system is designed in such a way to make it cost-effective, overall the circuit is small since everything is present on a single chip.
• A compact design and designated functionality make an embedded system less costly and high speed.

So, that was all about the characteristics of embedded systems, I have tried to cover almost every aspect, or maybe I have missed one or two, if you know any of the additional characteristics that I have missed, you can let me know in the comment section below! Have a good day!

Types of Embedded Systems

Hello friends, I hope you all are happy, healthy and content! Today, we will be discussing the types of embedded systems. But, Before jumping to the types of embedded systems, let's first revise what is an Embedded System? I hope you have a clear idea about the embedded systems, if not, there is always a solution!

Definition of an embedded system

"An embedded system is a unique combination of computer hardware and a software designed for performing a specific function or set of functions from a certain input" For a detailed overview of the embedded system and its components, you can refer to the complete article on our website about embedded systems.

Types of Embedded Systems

Presuming that you are well aware of the embedded systems and its components, we will be discussing types of embedded systems in detail in this section. Embedded systems can be classified on two bases;

1. Performance and functional requirements of the system.
2. Performance of the Microcontroller used in the embedded system.

Types of embedded systems based on performance

As the name suggests these type of embedded systems comprise of a specific type of embedded system, aptly named after their functionalities and performance;

• Stand-Alone Embedded System.
• Real-Time Embedded System.
• Networked Embedded System.
• Mobile Embedded System.

1. Stand-Alone Embedded System

You might have made a rough sketch of a stand-alone embedded system by now after seeing the heading, let me explain it first so you may decide later if it was a right guess or not!

• A stand-alone embedded system is an isolated system that operates on its own.
• It converts digital or analog signals based on its input method, into the output in form of a task or a response.

Example of Stand-alone Embedded System

• I have a simple example for you to understand these stand-alone embedded systems, if you have a fully automatic washing machine or a dishwasher at your home, it makes use of such an embedded system.
• In the case of a washing machine, you start the process by feeding in the digital command for the task by setting water level, wash time, rinse time, spin time, and type of wash cycle.
• The digital input is then processed by the embedded system through its various components into the output, which you receive in the form of task performed that is the fully washed, rinsed and spun clothes which are ready to be ironed without any hassle!
• Many appliances such as sound systems, convection ovens, dishwashers have stand-alone embedded systems inside them.

2. Real-time embedded systems

• Real-time embedded systems are required to perform their assigned function or furnish the output under strict time constraints.
• Exact timing is crucial to the working of a real-time embedded system as the name suggests!

They can be further classified as;

1. Hard real-time embedded systems.
2. Soft real-time embedded systems.

Hard real-time embedded system

• Hard-real Time embedded systems imply strict time control, otherwise, there would be a critical system failure.
• There is lesser interaction of physical hardware with the embedded software in hard real-time embedded systems.
• Missing a deadline for output generation is considered as the complete system failure in the case of a hard real-time embedded system.
• In case of a delay at the system's end, it could only be up to a few microseconds, any value greater than this would pose serious problems.

Example:

• Heart pacemaker; pacemakers initiate normal heartbeat for people with heart pathologies, your heart can't skip a beat! It only happens in movies!
• Missile launch, what's the purpose of launching a missile if it isn't able to hit the target at the desired time? Wouldn't it be a waste of time any resources?
• Air traffic control, timing is crucial as there are many lives at stake in this case.

Soft real-time embedded systems

• Soft real-time embedded systems can tolerate delays in task or output execution by providing low service quality.
• Soft real-time embedded systems aim at prioritizing a task when a certain subset of commands is given to the system for generating output.
• The efficiency of the system degrades as deadlines are missed, this happens due to burnout and overload of the system with already existing commands.

Example:

• Online database.
• Live audio or video systems.

3. Networked Embedded Systems

In this modern era with the advancement of technology, networked embedded systems are being widely used. Before explaining network embedded systems, i want you to understand a networked system, Do you know what is a networked system? Let me explain; a networked system is a group of computers or devices connected through a network either through WAN, LAN or internet! So, a Networked embedded system can be defined as;

• "The embedded system which requires a network to approach the resources for performing a given task is called a networked embedded system."

The network can be wireless or a wired connection in form of WAN, LAN or internet.

Example of Networked System

 

• In this highly advanced era of WIFI, we'll be discussing the example of a networked embedded system using a WIFI to operate!
• You might have seen advertisements of air conditioners and refrigerators using WiFi in their operation.
• It’s a simple process, you start by installing an app already present at the play store, connect that app with your appliance and operate your appliance with the help of this app! Refer to the diagram below for a better understanding;
• You can manage everything related to your appliance, from temperature regulation to self-cleaning, from your phone with internet connectivity! Isn't it revolutionary? Yes, it is, all thanks to a networked embedded system using an internet connection to operate an appliance for performing the desired tasks!

4. Mobile embedded system

• As technology advanced and revolutionized, mobile embedded systems never stopped amazing the consumers with their growth and advancement in every era.
• Mobile embedded systems are used in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablets, modern-day PRISM cameras, DSLR and whatnot, they are everywhere, every small handheld electronic device makes use of them!

So it was all about embedded systems based on performance and function. We will be moving on to our next section, discussing the type of embedded systems based on the type of Microcontroller. Let's first discuss, what is a microcontroller?

What is a microcontroller?

A microcontroller is a small chip having CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on it; it is simply a pizza with its toppings!

Features of a Microcontroller

Here are some of the features of a microcontroller:

• You can have your cheese burst pizza but your microcontroller can only bear a limited amount of RAM, ROM and I/O ports, extra topping isn't even allowed in the form of additional memory!
• There are certain alternatives to the microcontrollers, but the latter suits well with the embedded systems, so why not use the one which suits the best?
• Microcontrollers are available in different bit sizes from 4 bit, 8bit, 16bit to 32 bit,64 bit you can use the one required for your task.
• They are cost-effective, minimize power consumption, control-oriented and highly reliable.

Now you are well aware of the microcontroller and its feature, we will be discussing the types of embedded systems based on the performance of microcontrollers!

Types of Embedded System Based on the Performance of Microcontroller

Following are the three types of embedded systems based on the performance of the microcontroller;

• Small Scale Embedded System.
• Medium Scale Embedded System.
• Sophisticated Embedded System.

1. Small Scale Embedded System

• As the name suggests a small scale embedded system makes use of a small sized microcontroller, ranging from 8 bit to 16 bit.
• They are less complex in terms of hardware and software and can be operated with batteries as well because of their smaller size.
• Mostly the C programing language is used in such embedded systems.

Examples of Small Scale Embedded System

• Bluetooth headphones.
• Digital pedometer.

2. Medium Scale Embedded System

• Medium-scale embedded systems are more complex in terms of their hardware and software than the small-scale embedded systems discussed above.
• They make use of microcontrollers that are larger in bit size i.e numerous 16-bit size microcontrollers or a 32-bit microcontroller is used in making the embedded system.
• Programming languages like Java, C, C++ are used to develop software for medium-scale embedded systems.

Example of Medium Scale Embedded System ATM, which is widely used by us nowadays has a medium-scale embedded system in it. You can read a detailed account of its working in my previous tutorial about practical applications of embedded systems available on the website!

3. Sophisticated Embedded System

• Sophisticated embedded systems, as the name suggests are highly advanced and developed in terms of hardware and software.
• They make use of numerous 32 bit or 64-bit microcontrollers along with multiple programmable logic arrays PLA and configurable processors.
• They are highly complex and are designed for performing complex tasks and functions.

Examples of Sophisticated Embedded System Here are some of the examples using sophisticated embedded systems;

• Modern-day air conditioners
• Medical imaging systems
• Industrial-scale ovens
• Hybrid vehicles

Sophisticated embedded systems mark an end to our discussion about the types of embedded systems, I presume, you are now fully aware of the topic we have discussed in depth today, I have tried my level best to cover all the aspects related to this topic in an easy way, without any doubt it is an easy one to grasp, for better understanding and developing a clearer perspective you can revise the concerned section, a second read never hurt anyone! Have a good day!

Components of Embedded Systems

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. In this post today, we’ll discuss the components of embedded systems.

An embedded system is a custom-built special purpose computer used for a specific purpose. It is a system that combines both hardware and software to perform a certain task.

It can be used as an individual system or a part of another large system. You will find embedded systems incorporated in a range of applications including consumer electronics, industrial machinery, automobiles, agriculture, processing industrial devices, airplanes, digital watches, vending machines, air-conditioners, mobile devices, and much more.

To understand the embedded system, we need to understand the difference between a special-purpose computer and a general-purpose computer. General-purpose computers are those that we use every day like our desktops, laptops, and Macs. Even our smartphones stand in the general-purpose end of the spectrum which means they have more than one specific task to perform. Special purpose computers are very specific to serve a particular function. A calculator is a special-purpose computer as compared to a laptop that is a general-purpose computer. The only job of a calculator is to do calculations. You cannot use it for more than one purpose like general-purpose computers.

An automated system that doesn’t involve human interference is also an example of an embedded system. For example, you can interface the conveyer belt with the sensor to count the number of filled bottles. Once you install a combination of both hardware and software embedded programming, you can watch the number of filled bottles on the computer screen without any human interference. The devices that perform certain tasks where no user is involved are termed as the no user interface (UI) embedded systems and where user interference is involved are termed as graphical user interface (GUI) embedded systems.

Read this post all the way through as we’ll discuss the basic components of embedded systems in detail.

Let’s get started.

Components of Embedded Systems

This section is dedicated to the hardware components of embedded systems. In the following section, we’ll cover the software components used for the embedded systems.

1. Power Supply

• A power supply is a crucial component of the embedded system design.
• It is an electrical device mainly used to power up the electrical load.
• Normally, a 5V power supply is required for the system, however, it can also range from 1.8 to 3.3V.
• You can pick either one based on your requirements and application.

To work the embedded system properly, a smooth and efficient power supply is needed. Both wall adopter and battery can be used as a power supply. Some power supplies work as independent equipment while others are incorporated into the embedded technology they power.

2. Microcontroller

• An embedded system is either a microcontroller-based or microprocessor-based system. They give a system computing power and are called integrated circuits.
• The embedded hardware performance is mainly dependent on the processor which is normally called the brain of the embedded system.
• Pick from a range of processors including 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit processors.
• They are different in terms of processing speed. For example, a 32-bit processor comes with more processing speed and can manipulate 32-bits at a time while an 8-bit processor comes with less processing speed and can manipulate 8-bits at a time.

For simple applications, an 8-bit processor would suffice while for complex and advanced applications, processors with more bits are used. The 8-bit processor is normally clocked to 8MHz while the 32-bit processor can run up to hundreds of MHz.

3. ROM/RAM

• Memory is essential to store important information in the embedded computer system.
• Memory is integrated into a microcontroller or microprocessor.

There are two types of memories including ROM (read-only-memory) and RAM (random access memory). The former is called the code memory that stores the program code and is non-volatile which means it stays stored in the system when the power supply is removed. While latter is called the data memory and is a volatile memory which means it is used for temporally storing the information and is removed from the system when the power supply is turned off.

4. Timers / Counters

Sometimes you need to create a delay before a specific function. Timers are used in such cases. While at times you want to count the number of times a particular event occurs. Counters are used in such cases. If an up counter is used in the system, it will count up from the initial value to 0xFF and if it is down counter, it will count down to 0x00.  The counters are integrated using register-type circuits like a flip-flop.

5. Communication Ports

Communication ports are used in embedded systems to establish communication with other embedded systems. There are several communication ports including USB, UART, USB, I2C, SPI, and RS-485. For simple applications, communications ports are utilized from the microcontroller, and for complex and advanced applications these ports are externally installed inside the embedded systems.

6. Output and Input

Input is required to interact with the embedded system. A sensor can be used to provide input to the system. The microcontroller used in the system can be configured as an input or output port. In the microcontroller, there are a fixed number of input and output ports that you can utilize as per your requirement.

7. Electrical Circuit

You need to design an electrical circuit based on your application. The following are the basic circuit components that can be used in an electrical circuit.

a. PCB (printed circuit board)

A PCB is an essential part of the electrical circuit. It is a mechanical circuit board that electrically connects the electronic components with conductive copper traces. Before making the electrical design on the PCB, you need to design the electrical circuit on the PCB simulation software to test if the required design will work in reality. Making electronic circuits with PCB is cheaper and more efficient than point-to-point and wire wrap construction.

b. Resistors

A resistor is an electrical component mainly used to produce resistance in the current flow. It is mainly employed to reduce the flow of current, for adjusting the signal levels. In power distribution systems and motor controls, resistors with high power are used that can dissipate more heat in the form of energy. Resistors are further divided into two types i.e fixed resistors and variable resistors.

The resistance of fixed resistors changes with temperature and variable resistors can be utilized as sensing devices for humidity, light, force, and heat. The resistor’s electrical function is dependent on its resistance. The more the resistance, the more it will create resistance in the current flow.

c. Capacitors

A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device mainly employed to store energy. The capacitance of the capacitor is commonly known as the effect of a capacitor. Capacitors are available in various forms though, most capacitors come with two electrical conductors which are separated by a dielectric material. Capacitors are widely used in many applications for various purposes including smoothing, bypassing, and filtering the electrical signal. Capacitors store energy and release it when it is required by the circuit.

d. Transistors

Transistors are used in the electrical circuit for amplification and switching purposes. They are divided into two main types i.e. bipolar junction transistors and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The former is the current-controlled device and comes with terminals like base, collector, and emitter.

The latter is the voltage-controlled devices and comes with terminals like a drain, source, and gate. They are used in a range of applications including computers, stoves, pacemakers, aircraft, motor control, and much more. Their working principle is simple and straightforward. The small current at one terminal is used to produce a large current at the remaining terminals. This phenomenon is used for amplification purposes.

e. Diodes

A diode is an electrical component that uses PN-junction and allows the current to flow in one direction only. Mostly didoes are made of semiconductor material like silicon but some diodes are also composed of germanium. Diodes are used in a range of applications including signal mixers, switches, voltage regulators, logic gates, clippers, limiters, clampers, and gain control circuits.

f. Integrated Circuits

An integrated circuit is a chip that combines various electrical components into a single chip. An IC is a ready-made chip that you incorporate into your electrical project without having to include lots of capacitors and resistors. A small integrated chip can work as an oscillator, amplifier, microprocessor, timer, and computer memory. If you open the CPU of your computer, you will find scores of ICs integrated into the motherboard of the computer. A single IC can hold hundreds of thousands of resistors, transistors, and capacitors inside.

g. LED

LED (light-emitting diode) is widely used in electronic circuits. LEDs are included in circuits for some indication to check if the circuit is working properly. This electrical component is so reliable and can last decades without decaying. Using LEDs you can identify the state of current in an electrical circuit. For example, you can integrate LED into your circuit where the blinking of LED will indicate the circuit is working properly.

h. Inductors

An inductor is an electrical component used to store energy in an electric field in the presence of an electrical current. The inductors come with an insulated wire that circles the coil. These electrical components work on Faraday’s law of induction where the electric motive force is induced in the conductor by varying magnetic fields in the presence of current passing through the coil. Inductors are employed to block AC while permitting the DC to flow. Inductors utilized for this purpose are named… chokes.

Embedded System Software Components

Recall, an embedded system is a combination of both hardware and software modules. We have briefly explained above the hardware embedded system components. This portion is dedicated to software components of embedded systems. Both computer software and embedded system software are different in terms of their purposes. The computer software can be installed on many devices to achieve the required goals while embedded system software, on the other hand, is specifically written for a certain device to meet a certain goal.

The following are the software components of embedded system.

a. Editor

• The editor is the first tool you required for embedded system software.
• The code you write in C and C++ programming languages will be saved in a text file in the editor.

• Geany editor is a great example of a text editor.
• This editor supports scores of languages including Java, C, HTML, Python, PHP, Pascal, and Pearl.

b. Compiler

• The code is written in a text editor. But how does a machine understand this code?
• A compiler is used to turn this written code into low-level machine language that the machine can comprehend.
• The main purpose of this tool is to develop an executable program.

• The name ‘compiler’ is mainly used for the written programs that convert high-level programming language source code into a low-level programming language.

c. Assembler

• The assembler tool converts the written code into a machine language. It is slightly different than a compiler.
• The compiler directly converts the written code into machine language while the assembler, on the other hand, first converts source code to object code and then to the language that the machine can understand.

d. Emulator

• The main task of the emulator is to make the embedded system act like a real system in a simulation environment.
• Using an emulator, you’ll get an idea of how the code will function in real-time. It is used to simulate software performance, and it helps in achieving the ideal performance of the written code.
• With an emulator, you can run one operating system into another device. For example, using an emulator you can run Mac operating system into your windows operating system.

e. Linker

• Typically, software code is written in small modules and pieces.
• A linker, also called a link editor, is a tool that takes one or more object files and combines them to develop a single executable code.

f. Debugger

• A debugger is a tool used for testing and debugging purposes. It scans the code thoroughly and removes the errors and bugs, and identifies the places where they occur.
• Programmers can quickly address the errors and fix them.

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us produce quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this article.

What is a Microcontroller? Programming, Definition, Types & Examples

Hi Guys! I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at What is a Microcontroller? We will also get an overview of Microcontroller Programming, Definition, Types, Examples etc. Microcontroller bought a revolution in modern electronics. Normally, C and assembly languages are used to program microcontroller (we will discuss in detail shortly). Microcontroller is like a tiny computer  which follows the instructions defined in its programming. I'll try to cover each and every aspect related to microcontroller. So, let's first answer this question: What is a Microcontroller?

What is a Microcontroller?

Microcontroller is considered as the backbone of Embedded Systems(please read it once, before moving forward) & it's most important feature is: "It can think". A Microcontroller looks like a simple electronics chip, but in actual its too powerful (also called Embedded Computer) because its programmable. Using programming code, we can control all I/O pins of a micontroller and can perform multiple functions(We will discuss them later). Before microcontrollers, DLD gates were used to create logics i.e. adding delays, turning signals ON/OFF etc. DLD is still in practice for small projects but if you are working on big industrial projects, then DLD circuits become too messy & thus too difficult to handle. In below figure, I have added two circuits of traffic signal lights:

• Left Circuit: 555 Timer is used for creating the LED sequences.
• Right Circuit: Microcontroller is used for controlling LEDs.

As you can see, DLD circuit is quite messy as compared to microcontroller one. Moreover, 555 Timer circuit is controlling 3 LEDs only, if we want to add more LEDs, we have to replicate the circuit, thus more components, so it won't be cost efficient. On the other hand, a single microcontroller can easily control 4 sets of traffic lights, as shown in below image and it can still control a lot more. Moreover, Microcontroller's circuit is too simple, easy to handle/debug. We will discuss Microcontroller advantages in detail later, but for now let's take an example: Suppose you want to increase the ON period of Green LED in traffic signal lights, if you are working on DLD circuit then you have to change hardware components i.e. changing resistances values(may involve soldering). But if you are working on Microcontroller, you just need to make changes in the software & upload the code in your Microcontroller. So, with the invention of Microcontroller, you don't need to design logics using electronics hardware components anymore, instead you can design logics in programming (software). Now let's have a look at what are Microcontrollers' Compilers? & what's the procdure for programming a Microcontroller:

Microcontrollers Compilers

• Microcontrollers Compilers (i.e. MPLAB, MikroC, Keil etc.) are windows-based software, used to write & compile programming codes for Microcontrollers.

Now, you must be thinking How Microcontroller is controlling all these LEDs and how does it know which LED to turn ON/OFF. As I told earlier, Microcontrollers have the ability to think and this intelligence is fed into them using programming. Programming a Microcontroller is not that easy but its not as difficult as it sounds. Microcontrollers' manufacturers have designed their own compilers(third party compilers are also available), which are used for writing & compiling codes. These compilers generate .HEX file(machine code), which is then uploaded in the ROM of Microcontrollers by another hardware named as Microcontrollers' Programmer/Burner(i.e. PICKit3). Here's a flow diagram for programming a Microcontroller: Now let's have a look at a proper Microcontrollers Definition:

Microcontrollers Definition

• A Microcontroller(also called Embedded Computer) is a mini(but powerful) computer, embedded in a compact IC(Integrated Circuit) chip, contains on-chip processor(one or more), memory(i.e. RAM, ROM, EEPROM etc.) & programmable I/O Ports(used for multiple functions).
• Microcontroller is used in embedded projects i.e. security systems, laser printers, automation system, robotics and a lot more.
• Microcontroller was first designed by Michael Cochran and Gary Boone. (Love these guys :D )
• C and assembly languages are used for programming a microcontroller but the HEX File is in machine languge which actually gets uploaded in Microcontrollers.
• There are also other languages available for programming a microcontroller but if you are a beginner, you should start with assembly language as it provides a clear concept about microcontroller's architechture.
• Below image shows few of the most commonly used Microcontrollers(We will discuss them in detail later):

Now let's have a look at Microcontrollers Architechture i.e. what's inside microcontroller?

Microcontrollers Architecture

• RISC Architechture is considered the most advanced Microcontrollers Architecture so far & it comes with few standard components, which we will discuss here.
• Here's a Flow Diagram of Microcontroller's Architecture:

• As you can see in above figure, Microcontroller's Architechture consists of:
  • CPU(Central Processing Unit).
  • ROM(Read-only memory).
  • RAM(Random-access memory).
  • EEPROM(Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-only memory).
  • Ports I/O.
  • Timers.
  • Interrupts.

CPU(Central Processing Unit)

• CPU(Central Processing Unit) is regarded as the brain of the microcontroller, takes instructions in the form of programming & executes them.
• It acts as a commandant & gives orders to other components & other components have to act accordingly.
• CPU is incorporated with onboard registers, which are divided into two types:
  • Data registers.
  • Addressing registers.
• Data registers(also known as accumulators) are used for stroing actual data.
• Addressing registers are used for holding the addresses for memory data accessing.
• A microcontroller CPU is capable of executing different types of instructions i.e. data manipulation instructions, logic instructions, shifting instructions etc.

Program ROM(Read-Only Memory)

• ROM(Read-only memory) is a non-volatile memory where Microcontrollers store their programming code & is also called program ROM or code ROM.
• When we upload our code in the Microcontroller, the programmer/burner erases the ROM memory first & then uploads the new code.
• Once code has been upload, now there's no way to erase ROM, unless you want to upload code again.
• So, when the microcontroller is in operational mode, we can't erase ROM memory using programming code.
• Program ROM is available in various types, few of them are:
  • Flash Memory.
  • UV-EPROM.
  • OTP Memory.
  • Masked Memory.

Data RAM(Random-Access Memory)

• RAM(Random-access memory) is a voltile memory, thus easily erasable & used to store data during operations.
• If you want to erase your Microcontroller's RAM, simply restart it, you can also erase it using programming.
• RAM is further divided into two types:
  • General-Purpose RAM(GPR).
  • Special Function Registers(SFRs).

 

EEPROM(Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-only memory)

• EEPROM(Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-only memory) is a semi-volatile memory & is norammly used to save permanent data, which doesn't need to change that often i.e. Admin Settings.
• If you upload code in your microcontroller, it will erase the EEPROM memory same as ROM memory.
• If you restart your microcontroller, it won't affect the EEPROM memory, EEPROM data will remain intact. (same as ROM memory)
• But EEPROM data can be updated/deleted using programming(unlike ROM memory).
• Let me give you an example: People change their desktop wallpaper once in a month, such settings should be saved in EEPROM memory.

Microcontroller Ports I/O

• In Microcontrollers, multiple pins are dedicated for input/ouput (I/O) purposes & controlled by programming.
• A Port consists of multiple I/O Pins and there are multiple Ports in Microcontrollers.
• They are used to interface external devices (i.e. printers, LCD, LED, sensors etc.) to the microcontroller.

Microcontroller Timers

• Microcontroller comes with multiple built-in timers, used for counting purposes.
• Timers are very handy in achieving different tasks i.e. pulse generation, frequency generation, clock function, modulation, interrupts etc.
• Timers are synchronized with microcontroller's clock, used for measuring time intervals between two events and can count up to 255 for 8-bit microcontroller and 65535 for 16-bit microcontroller.

Microcontroller Interupts

• Microcontroller Interrupts are used for urgent scenerios and whenever interrupt is recevied by the microcontroller, it stops everything & first deals with the interrupt call.
• So, as their name indicates, they actually interrupt the microcontroller from its regular task & force it to deal with them first.

Types of Microcontrollers

• There are different types of Microcontrollers available and are classified based on Bus-width, Memory, Insutruction Set, Architecture, & Manufacturer.
• Here's a flow chart of Microcontrollers types:

Microcontrollers Types based on Bus-Width

• Microcontrollers come in 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit and 64 bit. Some most advanced microcontrollers have bits more than 64 which are capable of executing particular functions in the embedded systems.
• 8 bit microcontroller is capable of executing smaller arithmetic and logic instructions. Most common 8 bit microcontrollers are atmel 8031 and 8051.
• In contrast to 8 bit microcontroller, 16 bit microcontroller executes program with higher precision and accuracy. Most common 16 bit microcontroller is 8096.
• 32 bit microcontroller is applied into automatic control systems and robotics where high durability and reliability is required. Office machines and some power and communication systems use 32 bit controller to execute different instructions.

Microcontrollers Types based on Memory

• Based on memory, microcontrollers are divided into two types i.e.external memory microcontrollers and embedded memory microcontrollers.
• When embedded system needs both microcontroller and external functioning block that is not incorporated in microcontroller, then microcontroller is called external memory microcontroller. 8031 is an example of external memory microcontroller.
• When all functioning blocks are incorporated in a single chip that is connected with embedded system, then microcontroller is called embedded memory microcontrollers. 8051 is an example of embedded memory microcontrollers.

Microcontrollers Types based on Instruction Set

• Based on instruction set, microcontrollers are classified into two types i.e CISC-CISC and RISC-RISC.
• CISC is referred as complex instruction set computer. One valid instruction is enough to replace number of instructions.
• RISC is referred as reduced instruction set computer. RISC helps in reducing the operation time of executing the program. It does it by reducing the clock cycle per instruction.

Types of Microcontrollers based on Manufacturer

There are numerous types of microcontrollers and I am gonna discuss few of them in detail here:

1. 8051 Microcontroller

• 8051 microcontroller is a 40 pin 8 bit microcontroller invented by Intel in 1981.
• 8051 comes with 128 bytes of RAM and 4KB of built in ROM.
• Based on priorities, 64 KB external memory can be incorporated with the microcontroller.
• A crystalline oscillator is embedded on this microcontroller which comes with a frequency of 12 MHz.
• Two 16 bit timers are integrated in this microcontroller that can be used as a timer as well as a counter.
• 8051 consists of 5 interrupts including External interrupt 0, external interrupt 1, Timer interrupt 0, timer interrupt 1 and Serial port interrupt.
• It also consists of four 8 bits programmable ports.

2. PIC Microcontroller

• Microchip invented PIC(Peripheral Interface Controller) Microcontroller which supports Harvard architecture.
• Microchip Technology is very concerned with the needs and requirements of the customers so they constantly keep on upgrading their products, in order to provide top notch service.
• Low cost, serial programmable ability, and wide availability make this microcontroller stand out of the party.
• It consists of ROM, CPU, serial communication, timers, interrupts, I/O ports and set of registers that also behave as a RAM.
• Special purpose registers are also incorporated on chip hardware.
• Low power consumption makes this controller an ideal choice for an industrial purpose.

3. AVR Microcontroller

• AVR is referred as Advances Virtual RISC which was produced by Atmel in 1966.
• It supports Harvard Architecture in which program and data is stored in different spaces of microcontroller and can easily be accessed.
• It is considered as earlier types of controllers in which on-chip flash is used for storing program.
• AVR architecture was introduced by Vegard Wollan and Alf-Egil Bogen.
• AT90S8515 was the first controller that was based on AVR architechture.
• However, AT90S1200 was the first AVR microcontroller that was commercially available in 1997.
• The flash, EEPROM and SRAM all are integrated on a single chip, which removes the possibility of joining any external memory with the controller.
• This controller has a watchdog timer and many power saving sleep modes that make this controller reliable and user-friendly.

Now let's have a look at difference between Microcontroller & Microprocessor:

Microcontroller Vs Microprocessor

• Microprocessor use external circuity in order to build communication with peripheral environment, but microcontroller doesn't involve any external circuitry to put it in a running condition as it comes with a specified built-in circuity that saves both space and cost to design a device of similar characteristics.
• As compared to microprocessor which are widely used in PCs, laptops and notepads, microcontrollers are specially made for embedded system.
• When we talk about embedded system, we actually refer to a devices that come with built in circuitry and need load of proper instructions to control the devices.
• Great thing about embedded system is that it involves customized programming that is directly connected to internal circuitry which can be modified again and again till you achieve your desired result.
• Clock speed of microprocessor is much larger than microcontroller and they are capable of doing complex tasks. They can operate at the frequency of 1 GHZ.

• I have pointed out key differences between Microcontroller and microprocessor in below table:

Comparison with Desktop Computers

• In contrast to our desktop computer, microcontrollers are tiny computers which contains memory much less than desktop computer.
• Also the speed of desktop computer is much larger than speed of the simple microcontroller.
• However, microcontrollers exhibit some features similar to desktop computers like it comes with central processing unit which is brain of the microcontroller.
• These CPU in microcontrollers come with different word length i.e from 4 bit to 64 bit.
• They can operate at lower frequencies at 4 kHZ and have an ability to retain functionality before reset button is pressed or some interrupt is called.

Microcontroller Characteristics

• In modern technologies, some microcontrollers devices constitute a complex design and are capable of having word length more than 64 bit.
• Microcontroller consists of built in components including EPROM, EEPROM, RAM, ROM, timers, I/O ports and reset button. RAM is used for data storage while ROM is used for program and other parameters storage.
• Modern microcontroller are designed using CISC (complex instruction set computer) architecture which involves marco-type instructions.
• Single macro type instruction is used to replace the number of small instructions.
• Modern microcontrollers operate at much lower power consumption as compared to older ones.
• They can operate at a lower voltage ranging from 1.8 V to 5.5 V.
• Flash memory like EPROM and EEPROM are very liable and advanced features in latest microcontrollers which set them apart from older microcontrollers.
• EPROM is faster and quick than EEPROM memory. It allows to erase and write cycles as many times as you want which makes it user friendly.

Now let's have a look at Microcontrollers applications:

Microcontrollers Applications

Micrcontroller has numerous application, here I have mentioned, few of them:

• Peripheral controller of a PC
• Robotics and Embedded systems
• Bio-medical equipment
• Communication and power systems
• Automobiles and security systems
• Implanted medical equipment
• Fire detection devices
• Temperature and light sensing devices
• Industrial automation devices
• Process control devices
• Measuring and Controlling revolving objects

That's all for today. I hope you have enjoyed the article. Our job is to provide you useful information step by step, so you can digest the information without much effort. However, if still you feel skeptical or have any doubt you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise. Stay Tuned.

Embedded Systems Software Development Tools

Hi Friends, I hope you are fine. I have another topic on embedded systems that I am going to share with you. Today, I am gonna tell you about Embedded Systems Software Development Tools. I have already told you about the hardware tools you need for developing embedded systems. You can find them in this article 6 necessary embedded tools.

If you are new to Embedded Systems then you should first have a look at What is Embedded Systems? and then you must read What is Embedded Computer because these two tutorials will give a detailed overview of Embedded Systems. Moreover, if you are interested in Learning Embedded System Programming then today's tutorial will help you in choosing the right tools among Embedded Systems Software Development Tools. I have also shared Examples of embedded systems which will also help you in getting an idea why Embedded system is so important. Before I tell you the details of these Embedded Systems Software Development Tools, let’s first take a look on what is meant by embedded software.

Embedded Software

Embedded Software is the software that controls an embedded system. All embedded systems need some software for their functioning. Embedded software or program is loaded in the microcontroller which then takes care of all the operations that are running. For developing this software, a number of different tools are needed which I will discuss further. These tools include editor, compiler, assembler and debugger. Let’s have a look at them.

1. Editor

• The first tool you need for Embedded Systems Software Development Tools is a text editor.
• This is where you write the code for your embedded system.
• The code is written in some programming language. The most commonly used language is C or C++.
• The code written in the editor is also referred to as source code.

2. Compiler

• The second among Embedded Systems Software Development Tools is a compiler.
• A compiler is used when you are done with the editing part and made a source code.
• The function of compiler is to convert the source code into object code.
• Object code is understandable by computers as it is a low level programming language.
• So we can say that a compiler is used to convert a high level language code into low level programming language.

3. Assembler

• The third and an important one among Embedded Systems Software Development Tools is an assembler.
• The function of an assembler is to convert a code written in assembly language into machine language.
• All the mnemonics and data is converted in to op codes and bits by an assembler.
• We all know that our computer understands binary and it works on 0 or 1, so it is important to convert the code into machine language.
• That was the basic function of an assembler, now I am going to tell you about a debugger.

4. Debugger

• As the name suggests, a debugger is a tool used to debug your code.
• It is important to test whether the code you have written is free from errors or not. So, a debugger is used for this testing.
• Debugger goes through the whole code and tests it for errors and bugs.
• It tests your code for different types of errors for example a run time error or a syntax error and notifies you wherever it occurs.
• The line number or location of error is shown by debugger so you can go ahead and rectify it.
• So from the function, you can see how important tool a debugger is in the list of Embedded Systems Software Development Tools.

5. Linker

• The next one in basic Embedded Systems Software Development Tools is a linker.
• A linker is a computer program that combines one or more object code files and library files together in to executable program.
• It is very common practice to write larger programs in to small parts and modules to make job easy and to use libraries in your program.
• All these parts must be combined into a single file for execution, so this function requires a linker.
• Now let’s talk about libraries.

 

6. Libraries

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• A library is a pre written program that is ready to use and provides specific functionality.
• For Embedded Systems Software Development Tools, libraries are very important and convenient.
• Library is a file written in C or C++ and can be used by different programs and users.
• For example, arduino microcontroller comes with a number of different libraries that you can download and use while developing your software.
• For instance, controlling LED or reading sensor like an encoder can be done with a library.
• The last one on my list is a simulator.

7. Simulator

• Among all embedded software tools, simulating software is also needed.
• A simulator helps you to see how your code will work in real time.
• You can see how sensors are interacting, you can change the input values from sensors, and you can see how the components are working and how changing certain values can change parameters.
• These were the basic software tools required for embedded software development.

When I am talking about embedded software tools, it is also important to give you an idea about IDE which is the next section of my article.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) - Embedded Systems Software Development Tools

• An Integrated Development Environment is software that contains all the necessary tools required for embedded software development.
• For creating software for you embedded system, you need all of the above mentioned tools.
• So it is very helpful to have software that can provide all of the necessary tools from writing to testing of your code, in one package.
• An IDE normally consists of a code editor, compiler and a debugger.
• An Integrated Development Environment also provides a user interface.
• An example of integrated development environment is Microsoft visual studio. It is used for developing computer programs and supports different programming languages.
• Other examples of IDE that are common are given below.
  • Android Studio
  • Eclipse
  • Code Blocks
  • BlueJ
  • Xcode
  • Adobe Flash Builder etc.
• Depending on what kind of microcontroller you are using, you can choose from many different software applications. I am going to share a few of these Embedded Systems Software Development Tools here in my article.

1. MPLAB

• If you are working with PIC Microcontroller, than you definitely need MPLAB.
• MPLAB is an integrated development environment from Microchip technology.
• It is a software that runs on your personal computer and is needed to create program for your pic microcontroller.
• It helps in editing, debugging and programming of microchip microcontroller that you use in your embedded system.
• The latest edition of MPLAB is MPLAB X. You can download this software free form microchip website.
• For developing embedded software for your system using MPLAB, you have to go through the following steps:
  • The first step in this design process is to choose the PIC microcontroller that meets the requirements and parameters for your system.
  • Know all the components of your embedded system by making a rough design.
  • Next step is to write code for your embedded software. It is your choice to write code in assembly language or some high level programming language.
  • Now you have to make your code ready to program your microcontroller. So using compiler / assembler convert code into machine code.
  • The fifth step is to debug your code to remover errors.
  • Finally, upload the code in to your microcontroller. And it is ready to be used in the embedded system.
• There are many important features of MPLAB which are really helpful in software development. I am going to mention some of them:
  • Free C compilers
  • Macros
  • Complex breakpoints
  • Third party tools
  • Change variables in watch window etc.

 

2. Arduino Software

• Arduino software is used if you are working with arduino microcontroller.
• It is also open source software just like MPLAB that runs on your personal computer.
• Arduino software helps you to create program for your microcontroller providing all the necessary embedded software tools.
• The codes that you write on arduino software are referred to as sketches and have an extension .ino.
• Integrated development environment of arduino is very user friendly and has a lot of features that make your job easy. For example, you can open multiple files with different extensions in one window.
• With arduino you can make use of a number of different libraries for your functions and peripherals. Some of them are:
  • LiquidCrystal
  • WiFi
  • Audio
  • RTC
  • LedControl
  • Robot
  • Matrix
  • Capacitive Sensing
• Now I am moving towards the next one which is Keil.

3. Keil

• Keil is an integrated development environment for a wide range of microcontrollers including 8051, 251, ARM7, and C16x/ST10 microcontrollers.
• This software includes compiler, assembler, linker, debugger, simulator etc.
• This software is also easy to use and learn.

• The software for 8051 is used by professional embedded system developers and beginners both.
• Depending on the microcontroller, you are using you can go for the right software.
• Now let’s move towards the next tool that is MATLAB.

4. MATLAB

• Matlab is one of the very important tools for software developers.
• It provides you with an environment where you can solve all of your computational problems.
• You can work with matrices, graphs, vectors, functions, arrays, plots etc. You can make algorithms. Also you can create user interfaces.
• With Matlab, you can also interface programs written in other programming languages.
• Matlab comes with additional software, Simulink that enables you to create simulation.
• It is really a helpful tool for embedded software developers, as you can work on sensors data, plot it and see response by changing certain variables.

5. LabVIEW

• LabVIEW stands for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. This software is also used for viewing output.
• The main functions that can be performed using LabVIEW are data acquisition, industrial automation and instrument control.
• This software is basically for visual programming language.
• Some of the benefits of LabVIEW are:
  • Libraries
  • Interfacing to devices
  • Parallel programming
  • User community

• That was all about LabVIEW basics. The next on the list is PSpice.

6. PSpice

• SPICE stands for Simulation Program for Integrated Circuits Emphasis, and PSpice is its version for personal computers.
• PSpice is simulation software that is used for simulating circuits.
• It helps in analyzing electronic circuitry, verifying circuit designs and predicting their behavior.
• It has a number of libraries for digital and analog components.
• The components that are available include
  • resistors,
  • capacitors,
  • voltage and current sources,
  • Inductances etc.

7. Proteus

• Proteus is kind of simulation software where you can create circuits, make model of your embedded system including microcontroller to see how it works, measure circuit parameters, change sensor values and much more.
• It helps you to create PCB (printed circuit board) design for your embedded system.
• Microcontroller simulation is an important feature of this software where you can load a hex file to your microcontroller in the design, connect all other components to it and see how it works.
• This software runs only on Windows operating system.

8. Visual Studio

• Visual Studio is also an integrated development environment provided by Microsoft.
• It is used for developing computer programs for Microsoft Windows.
• It can support different programming languages and basically consists of a code editor and a debugger.
• With this software you can build different mobile apps, window apps, extensions, games etc. The choice of language is yours.
• Now I am moving to the next tool which is EasyEDA.

9. EasyEDA

• EasyEDA is an online tool that you can use to create schematics, PCB designs, and simulations.
• Since it is an online tool that runs on web, there is no need for you to download and install it in your personal computer. Instead you can run it directly.
• Also there is no need of updating your software or to remove bugs, as it is online tool and keeps updating itself. New features are added automatically.
• Another advantage is that it runs on all types of OS (windows, linux etc.) as EasyEDA works on your web browser.

10. Altium

• The last one on my list of embedded software tools is Altium which is also PCB designing software.
• PCB designing is very important part of developing an embedded system, so it is good to know all the available resources for PCB design.
• The PCB designing module of altium has a lot of features including
  • Adding hole tolerance
  • PDF 3D export
  • Live Drill Drawing
  • Supporting Embedded Components etc.

So these are the 10 embedded software tools that should be known by an embedded software developer. I hope you have enjoyed these Embedded Systems Software Development Tools. I have given the introduction and basics of each of them.

6 Necessary Embedded Tools

Hello Friends, I hope you are fine and having fun in your lives. Today I am going to tell you about the 6 necessary Embedded Tools.It's the next episode in the Embedded systems tutorials. So, first of all, we had a look at What is Embedded System? and we have also understood What is Embedded Computer? Then we had a look at 8 things for learning embedded system programming , that can help you for the coding part of your system.  An embedded system design includes both hardware and software. So it is good to know all the tools that are available and necessary for the said purpose.

In an embedded system you have to work with the software along with the hardware. You have to deal with sensors and actuators. Things are happening in real time. An embedded system keeps track of all the processes occurring in it and performs its operation. Embedded System programming is different from general programming. So, now what we need to know about is Embedded Tools. Today, I am gonna discuss the hardware embedded tools and after that I will share the software Embedded tools. That's the beauty of Embedded systems that along with programming as in Software you also have to be expert of hardware like electronics. Because without electronics you can't implement your Embedded Project. You should have a look at these Real Life Examples of Embedded systems and you will get clear about this fact, all these devices includes electronics parts. So, let's have a look at the 6 Necessary Embedded Tools:

Embedded Tools

There is a variety of embedded tools available out there for development of hardware and software for embedded systems. These embedded tools include editors, compilers, assemblers, debuggers, and simulators etc. for software part and soldering iron, desoldering gun, Digital Multimeter, oscilloscope, cutter, laptop etc. as hardware tools. All of the embedded tools are necessary and work together. After a short review of software tools, I am going to write about hardware tools which are the main focus of my article.

Software Embedded Tools

• The first step of the development process is writing code for your microcontroller.
• Various editors are available for different languages. Mostly code is written in assemble language or C language.
• First the code is written then it is compiled and debugged. A file is generated that is ready to be uploaded to your microcontroller.
• It is always good to use simulation tools during development process before finalizing your final product and converting into hardware.
• Using simulation tool reduces a lot of errors that you may encounter in your system. Also you can check different parameters of your system using your simulation software.

Hardware Embedded Tools

This is the main section of my article in which I am going to give you an idea of different hardware embedded tools and accessories needed to build an embedded system. Of course, you are going to connect components together to form a system, so you require a variety of tools. The components that you need may include sensors, actuators, microcontroller, converters etc. You can find information on components in my article on What is Embedded System? Now let’s talk about the tools in detail.

1. Soldering Iron

• The first tool among embedded tools that I am going to discuss here is soldering iron or soldering gun.
• As the name suggests, it is a tool used for soldering. A soldering iron supplies heat to melt a wire. This molten wire fills the space in the joints between two parts.
• To connect components together, or to fix components on your circuit board, you need to solder them. So soldering iron serves the purpose.

• A wire is used with this iron which is provided heat so that it melts down. This wire is called soldering wire.
• Mostly, these irons are supplied with electric current through cords or through batteries.
• The supplied current heats up the iron. The temperature of iron can be controlled in some models.
• This tool comes with a stand to keep the hot iron in a safe position.
• A wax and a sponge may also be provided with the gun to clean the tip after usage.
• The tip of a soldering iron can also be changed and removed easily. Tips of different shapes and sizes are used for different types of work pieces.
• A soldering iron is very light weight and easy to carry around. And really a very necessary tool in embedded system development.

2. Desoldering Gun

• Desoldering gun is also one of the important embedded tools. It is also named as desoldering pump.
• Desolder means to remove the solder usually from a joint. It serves the opposite function of a soldering gun.
• Sometimes we need to separate components from each other or to remove components from a circuit board as PCB (printed circuit board). This is required for repair or disassembling operation. So a desoldering iron is used in such cases.
• A desoldering iron removes the solder by sucking it. Due to this sucking operation, it is named as pump.
• A suction pump in this tool sucks the molten solder and makes the joint open again.
• This device is very useful to correct a wrong connected component.

3. Digital Multimeter

• A digital multimeter or DMM is a testing device among my list of embedded tools.
• This device is used to measure values of voltage, current and resistance.
• It is also used to check connectivity between two points.
• Digital multimeter is a standard testing tool for engineers and technicians.
• A DMM serves the function of three devices, ammeter for measuring current, voltmeter for measuring voltage and ohmmeter for measuring resistance. All the three devices come in this single package.

• It consists of a display that shows the measured value, slots for inserting test leads, few buttons such as power button and a switch to select operation you want to use.
• The test leads are inserted into DMM and then connected to the item being tested to form a closed circuit to the DMM.
• Measurement values such as volts, amperes or ohms are selected from the switch and result can be noted from the display.
• It is a very useful and must-have tool for embedded system developer.

4. Oscilloscope

• The next item in embedded tools is oscilloscope which is a testing device just like a digital multimeter.
• An oscilloscope is a device used to view voltage signals with respect to time. The signal is represented as a 2-D plot.
• It is commonly known as a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) or simply a scope.
• An oscilloscope can be used to show more than one signal at the same time.
• This device is not just used for voltage signals, instead it can be used for other electric signals as well.
• The waveform represented by oscilloscope is calibrated and different characteristics of wave such as frequency, amplitude, wavelength, time intervals etc. can be measured through it.
• Now let’s move towards the next item which is a cutter.

5. Cutter

• A cutter also known as wire cutter or clipper is used to cut jumper wires.
• Other than jumper wires, you can also use to cut copper, steel or other wires.
• Other than wire cutters, wire strippers are also used.
• A wire stripper is used to remove insulation from wires without cutting them.
• Now I am moving towards the last item on my embedded tools that is a laptop.

6. Laptop

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• Laptop is among the most important tools required for embedded system development.
• You need a laptop from the very initial stage until the complete development of your product.
• Your laptop should be equipped with all required software tools that I mentioned earlier and an internet connection.
• You can search for suitable components for your system, write code and produce file for your microcontroller, simulate your system, have data sheets for all your components in it and much more.

All of the tools that I mentioned in this article are essential ones for working on embedded systems. I hope you will find this article informative.

Real Life Examples of Embedded Systems

Hello Friends, I hope you are fine and doing great in your lives. Today I am going to write an article on real life examples of embedded systems. These Embedded Systems Examples belong to real-life appliances and devices, which we normally use in our daily routine. I hope you already have the idea of embedded systems but if you don't, you can find the introduction to embedded systems in my previous article What is Embedded System? And also you can go through What is Embedded Computer? I have also shared few Embedded Systems Examples in this article. My article on 8 things for learning embedded system programming can help you in getting starting with your Embedded Systems Project.

Embedded systems perform specific tasks. They have a Microcontroller as the main part which controls all the operations required through them. This article on examples of embedded systems can help you to get an idea of common systems which we use in our daily lives. These systems are smart and more efficient, which is increasing their use day by day. Almost every device that we use today is an example of embedded systems. Embedded systems examples can be seen at our homes, offices, industries and in automation systems.

So, in simple words, most of the daily routine appliances, devices or automated equipment lies in the circle of Embedded Systems Examples. I have discussed a few of these Examples of Embedded Systems in today's tutorial so that you got to know their importance and believe me if you learn embedded Systems then you can also create something, helpful to society. So, let's get started with Examples of Embedded Systems:

Examples of Embedded Systems

As I told earlier, there's an endless list of Examples of Embedded Systems and we can't cover all of these Embedded Systems examples in detail here so I have discussed a few of these Embedded Systems Examples in detail and have mentioned the rest of them and yes still I have missed a lot. :) One of the most exciting Examples of Embedded Systems is Digital Camera so let's have a look at its features:

Embedded Product: Digital Camera

• One of the embedded products is a digital camera.
• Cameras that we use today are smart and have a lot of features that were not present in early cameras all because of the embedded system used in them.
• A digital camera has basically three functions, to capture an image which we call data, to store image data, and to represent this data.
• Today images are stored and processed in form of digital data in bits.
• There is no need for the film for storing images. This feature has increased the storage capacity and made it easy to transfer images.

• In digital cameras, the first image is captured and converted to digital form.
• This digital image is stored in internal memory.
• When the camera is attached to your personal computer for uploading images, it transfers the stored data.
• If I talk about the smart camera, it has some extra features than digital cameras.
• Smart cameras are able to capture details of the scene.

• These cameras analyze the images and are able to detect humans, motion, faces etc. from the whole image.
• For the detection of objects in the image, some processing is required in cameras.
• Usually, image processing includes low-level and high-level processing.
• Various algorithms are available that are employed for this purpose.
• Components of a smart camera include:
  • Image sensor that may be a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) or a CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor)
  • Analog to digital converter (A2D)
  • Image Processor
  • Memory.
  • Lens.
  • Led or other illuminating devices.
  • Communication Interface etc.

Smart cameras may consist of some more devices depending on features.

 

• So, we can say that camera is one of the important embedded systems examples. It has its own processor, sensors, actuators and also memory for storage purposes.

Embedded Systems Application: Automotive Embedded Systems

• Examples of embedded systems include automotive. Today cars use embedded systems to replace old traditional systems.
• Electronic Control Units are used in automotive embedded systems Examples.
• This unit contains a Microcontroller, switches, sensors, drivers, etc.
• All the sensors and actuators are connected to the electronic control unit.
• Automobiles using embedded systems may consist of hundreds of microprocessors.
• Each microcontroller (Arduino, PIC Microcontroller, 8051 Microcontroller etc.) performs its own dedicated task. Some of them control engines. Some run dashboard devices.
• The whole system is actually comprised of several small systems.

• Using embedded systems in automotive has reduced the cost factor.
• It has improved the overall performance and increased functionality.
• It has also reduced weight and made automobiles more safe and reliable.
• Applications of automotive embedded systems include:
  • Automatic Stability Control
  • Traction Control System
  • Pre-crash Safety System
  • Airbag
  • Car Navigation System

• So you can see that using embedded systems in automobiles is very useful and has increased the functionality of automobiles.

Embedded Systems Application: Home Security System

• In embedded systems examples, I have another interesting one on my list that is a home security system.
• Home security systems are used largely today.
• These systems have several features just as checking for fire or gas leakages, and detecting if someone suspicious tries to enter the house.
• A Microcontroller is used for controlling all the operations. Sensors give data and if something wrong happens then safety alarms get activated.
• Sensors used in such systems include gas sensors, smoke sensors, temperature sensors, IR sensors etc.
• Also, a keypad is included in such systems for entering passwords at the gate.
• If the correct password is entered then this embedded system opens the gate and if someone tries to enter the wrong password then an alarm is set on and gates remain closed.
• The output is received from alarms or some display.
• Here's a block diagram of the Embedded Systems Circuit Diagram(normally used in home automation projects):

You should also read:

• 10 Things for Choosing Microcontroller
• Embedded Systems Projects

• The output can also be sent to some distant location.
• If family members are not present at the home then still they can monitor the activities going on in their house.
• The home security system is not limited to homes.
• Such systems can be used at shops, stores and in industries.
• Almost every industry and office has security systems that can recognize the workers from their faces or identity cards.
• Home automation system is also one of the examples of embedded systems as the home security system.

Embedded Product: Automatic Washing Machine

• Daily life examples of embedded systems include automatic washing machines and dryers.
• Washing clothes is not a difficult task now owing to embedded systems.
• You just have to add clothes and leave them to the machine. Rest operations are done by your machine itself.
• Machines have a Microcontroller for controlling all the tasks.
• Sensors and actuators in this case are level sensors, valves, motors and also a display and keypad to input information.
• Once you load clothes in machine, the whole process consists of three cycles. Washing, rinsing and spinning.
• All three cycles are initiated by the machine itself. You just have to enter information for hot or cold water and press the start button.
• During washing and rinsing cycle, water is added to the drum by pipes.
• Closing and opening of valves for adding water is checked through level sensors by microcontroller like PIC Microcontroller.
• Then the rotation of drum starts for pre-set time. After that water is drained out through pipes.
• During spinning cycle, water is not added and drum rotates for a set time.
• All the processes are controlled by microcontroller program.
• The timings for each cycle can be changed through the keypad.
• So this was another embedded systems examples. Now let’s move towards the next one.

Embedded Operating System

• Personal digital assistant (PDA) is the next example on my list. It’s an embedded operating system designed for personal use.
• You can find a lot of personal embedded operating system examples i.e. Mobile Phones, data organizers, PDA etc.
• Personal Digital Assistant is just like a personal computer in hand. It was used before smartphones came out.
• This embedded operating system is used as an information manager and has the ability to connect to internet.
• This embedded operating system has a display mostly touchscreen for the user to interact with the device.

• The display is used for entering data, memory card is used for storing data and it is provided with Bluetooth or WiFi for connectivity.
• Some of the personal digital assistants use keypads instead of touchscreen to input information.
• This device is very handy in managing and sorting personal information. It is very light in weight and serves multiple functions.
• Small Embedded computers i.e. Rapberry Pi, Beagle Bone etc. have also been introduced in the market.
• The next example of Embedded Systems that I am going to tell you is Industrial Robots.

Embedded Systems Applications in Industrial Robots

• Embedded systems have a lot of applications in industries.
• Today, every process is being taken towards automation.
• So industrial robots are very important to mention with embedded systems examples.
• An industrial robot is an embedded system that comes in a variety of forms and each performs a number of different tasks.
• Some industrial robots are used for moving parts, tools, materials etc.
• Some are used in assembly operations while some of them are used in manufacturing.
• These robots have increased the productivity.
• They are widely used where precise operations are required or at the places which are difficult to access for humans.

• To understand the working of industrial robot as example of embedded systems, I am going to tell you about automated painting robots.
• Painting robots have a wide application area.
• They are replacing humans as they require less time for the whole operation and ensure best result.
• All of the activities are controlled through the program.
• Timing for the whole process and amount of paint is preset.
• Assembly robot is another example of industrial robots.
• The task of such robot is to create an assembly from all the parts.
• All parts are collected and assembled in correct sequence to form final product.
• There are a lot of examples of industrial robots.
• All are good embedded systems examples.
• Now let’s talk about another type.

Embedded Product: Automated Teller Machine

• An automated teller machine (ATM) is also an embedded system.
• It is a computerized device used in banking.
• You all are already familiar with its operation and use.
• A customer can access and perform his transactions without going to the bank and meeting some assistant.
• This machine consists of a card reader for detecting card and accessing information of the person.
• Also it has a keypad so the user can enter his commands and password.
• A screen displays information. A printer prints the receipts and cash is received from cash dispenser.
• A network is present between the bank computer and ATM machine through a host computer.
• All the data is verified with the bank computer and all transactions are stored in it.
• All these input and output operations are carried with the help of microcontroller.
• So this makes a one of the best examples of Embedded Systems.

Embedded Calculator

• Calculator is also one of the examples of embedded systems.
• Actually it is one of very earlier embedded system that is used widely.
• In this example, the function is to take input from the keypad, perform the required operation and show the results on LCD.
• Embedded Scientific Calculator has a high performance processor.
• A number of mathematical complex calculations can be performed by these calculators.
• You can also program such scientific calculators.
• With such kind of functionality, these calculators are very advance as compared to simple calculators, all because of embedded systems.

Examples of embedded systems are numerous and it is hard to discuss all of them here. Embedded Systems are used in different fields like:

• Automobiles
• Aerospace
• Telecommunication
• Consumer Electronics
• Banking
• Homes
• Offices
• Security Control
• Academia

Some other examples include:

• Anti-lock brakes.
• Auto-focus camera.
• Teller machines.
• Automatic toll systems.
• Automatic transmission.
• Elevators
• Power Suppliers
• Avionic systems etc.

I have just mentioned few of Embedded Products & Applications. Here, I have compiled few examples of Embedded Systems in a single image below and you can see in this image that we are literally slaves of Embedded Systems. :)

That was all from my side, I hope you will enjoy reading these Examples of Embedded Systems and if you don't find any Embedded Systems Examples in above list then you can share it in comments below and I will add it up. So, stay blessed and have fun. Take Care !!! :)

10 Things for Choosing Microcontroller

Hi friends, I hope you are fine and doing great. Previously I have written an article on embedded system programming that you can access here 8 things for learning Embedded System Programming. One of the important parts of an embedded system is a microcontroller, so choosing correct microcontroller for your embedded system is very necessary. Therefore, today I am going to tell you how you can select the best microcontroller for your application. In this article, I will be sharing all the details you need to know before finalizing your product.

So, if you are trying to choose the right Microcontroller for your project then you must be working on Embedded System Project, so you should read What is embedded Systems? and What is Embedded Computer. So, you should have a look at them as they are really interesting and covers the complete basics. After these articles, you should also have a look at Real Life Examples of Embedded Systems. So, before going into the details, let's first have a look at basics of Microcontroller.

Basics of Microcontroller

• Microcontroller is just like the CPU for your embedded system.
• It is different from microprocessors which require external peripherals. A microcontroller has all the peripherals on the main chip.
• counters, input and output ports on the single chip.
• External devices cannot be added on microcontroller, also extra memory cannot be added.
• Microcontrollers are suitable for embedded systems, as they are limited in size and cheap.
• Microcontrollers are suitable for applications which have limits on size and cost.
• Few examples of Microcontrollers are Arduino, PIC Microcontroller, 8051 Microcontroller etc.
• There are different families of microcontrollers which have different features. You can choose depending on the specifications you need.
• Microcontrollers are preferred in embedded systems because they have various advantages. Some of them are:
  • Efficiency
  • Use more logic to carry functions
  • Can perform diverse functions
  • Minimum and controlled power consumption

Now that I have defined a microcontroller, I am moving towards the main section of this article. Here's a screen shot of Arduino board:

 

How to select Microcontroller ?

Selecting right microcontroller for your application is very important. There are several things to consider including technical features, cost and size. It is necessary that you should have an idea of your project details, requirements and constraints. First try making a rough idea of your project and problem statements and then you can follow these 10 steps.

1. Know Hardware Requirements

The first thing to consider while choosing a microcontroller is to consider what hardware devices your project need. You must have an idea what hardware peripherals you need to connect with your microcontroller.

• Does your embedded system needs communication interfaces like UART?
• Does it needs Ethernet?
• How many output and input pins you need to connect?
• Does it needs USB port or other serial ports?
• Do you want PWM?

These are some questions to think. You can reduce your choices from a number of microcontrollers by considering the hardware requirements.

2. Know Software Requirements

Just as hardware of the project, you need to know the software required by your project. The software requirement is also important to consider.

• What processing speed is required?
• What type of calculations are involved?
• How much processing power is required?
• What are the timing constraints?

Once you have all these answers you can look for the microcontroller that can fulfill the purpose.

3. Architecture

The architecture of a microcontroller is the internal structure. When you have the idea about hardware and software requirements of the project, you can look for different type of microcontrollers to find the matching ones. They have a number of families and come in a variety of types that include 4 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit and 32 bit. 32 bit microcontrollers are the ones used in embedded systems.

4. Cost and Power Requirements

Cost factor is very important while developing a project or an embedded system. If you require complex functions and operations from your microcontroller, cost will be higher. If it is for a simple application, than a cheap microcontroller can serve the purpose. Power required in your project should also be considered. If you are going to run your system on battery than consider the rating. Consider if your microcontroller meets the power or not.

5. Memory Requirement

The memory size is very serious issue to consider. How much memory is required by your code and How much RAM you need are worth considering. There should be some extra memory from estimated so you will not run short of space.

6. Search Microcontrollers

Up till this step, you have all the information required to start looking for microcontrollers. You can use online information available for different microcontrollers. Also, you can take help of some professional who can direct you to some family of microcontrollers. You will use your previous steps to filter from a wide variety. Search for new products available in the market so you can make better use of all the features.

7. Part Compatibility

Microcontrollers come in a variety of types. It is important to check whether the type you selected is compatible with other tools or not. If you are developing a system for mass production and use, then make sure that the microcontroller you select would be available for your product. And if you try switching from one type to another, then the new one should be compatible with the older one.  

8. Know Software Tools

Microcontrollers come with some standard software tools with them. These tools are provided by the manufacturers and are very useful. They come with assemblers, compilers, debuggers and simulating tools. So it is good to know about all the products available with the microcontroller.

9. Simulation Tools

It is good to use simulation software to check the working of microcontroller. As I told in the previous point, some of the microcontrollers come with simulation tools that are very useful in the development process.

10. Start with Microcontroller kits

Microcontroller kits are very useful for starting your work. If you are beginner, then experimenting with kit can be very interesting. You can start with mini projects or you can build small circuits for testing purposes. If you already know how to work with microcontrollers then you can skip this step. These are the 10 steps that you can go through while selecting a microcontroller for your project. The more you know about your requirements and different products available, it becomes easier to select the best suited microcontroller.

8 Things for Learning Embedded System Programming

Hello Friends, I hope you all are fine and doing great in your lives. Today I am going to tell you about the essential things you need to know for learning embedded system programming. An embedded system relies heavily on its program so it is very important to know the programming basics. First, let’s define embedded systems before going into the details of embedded system programming. In my last two articles, we have seen What is Embedded Systems ? in which we have learn the basics of Embedded Systems and after that we threw some light on What is Embedded Computer ? So, if you guys haven't read them yet then I would suggest you to must read them first because they will give you the basic idea of Embedded System Programming.

An embedded system is a system which is designed and developed for performing some specific tasks. It has a microprocessor or microcontroller. The system is devised to perform special tasks and has its own hardware and software parts. Digital Cameras, Phones, automotive systems are some of the examples of embedded systems. To perform required functionality, correct program for the system must be created. You should also have a look at Real Life Examples of Embedded Systems which will give you a better idea of why Embedded systems is so important. Moreover, you should also have a look at these Embedded System Projects.

Embedded System Programming

Now that you have an idea about embedded systems, so let's take a step forward and learn Embedded system. I am going to tell you about some basic things, every beginner need to know about embedded system programming before starting their projects.

1. Choose Programming Language

• The first step of learning Embedded System Programming is to select a programming language. Your first stage is to know all the options available and then choosing one from them according to your requirement and application.
• Embedded Systems can be programmed using both low level programming languages and high level programming language.
• Both languages have their own advantages and uses. Assembly language is used for low level programming. For high level programming, C is used mostly.
• Complex and sophisticated systems make use of low level programming languages. The user has more control on the hardware and memory with low level programming language.
• Small systems use high level programming languages. Such languages are easily understandable and the programs are readable and compact.
• As a beginner, you can start developing of your embedded system using C language.

2. Learn C/ C++

• The second thing to do for embedded system programming is to learn the programming language. The most commonly used language is C or C++.
• Most of the embedded system products are designed such that they support C language.
• This language is easy to learn and a good start for beginners. C is preferred for embedded software development.
• Programs written in C language are readable and easy to debug. This language is efficient and provides support for Input and Output devices.
• Therefore it is necessary to learn this language if you want to go for embedded system programming.
• You should get an idea about the basics of C. know about variables, conditionals, loops, structures and functions etc.
• You can check this great C# Tutorial on our blog, if you wanna learn C#.

3. Know your Microcontroller

• Microcontroller or microprocessor is the very important part of embedded system. So the third thing that you should know is your microcontroller.
• A microcontroller will act as a CPU of your embedded system. It has RAM, ROM and some other peripherals such as timers, counters etc.
• Most commonly used microcontrollers are Arduino, PIC Microcontroller or 8051 Microcontroller etc.
• Depending upon the application, first choose a microcontroller. It depends on the hardware that you want to connect with. Also the software requirements should be kept in kind while choosing microcontroller.
• It is the third step of learning embedded system programming. Now let’s move towards fourth step of embedded system programming.

4. Know Basic Electronics

• For learning embedded system programming, you need to know about electronic devices. If you have no idea about basic electronics, it is almost impossible to design embedded system program.
• Embedded system is not just writing a program. Your purpose is to make a complete system that can effect physical things. So it is necessary to learn hardware with software.
• For learning basic electronics, you can start with small projects instead of studying the details of all type of devices available.
• Also you should get an idea of basic terms like voltage, power, current, resistance etc.
• You can read tutorials about the concepts and also you can try starting with small circuits.
• Once you know these basics, you can work with your components and embedded system programming more efficiently.

5. Get your Equipment and Tools

• For learning embedded system programming, you will need some equipment other than microcontroller and hardware.
• You can start by having
  • jumper wires,
  • circuit boards,
  • batteries,
  • resistors
  • leds
  • soldiering iron and
  • Some testing devices like DMM (digital multimeter).
• These equipment is necessary just as other parts of the system.

6. Select Components

• Selecting components is also an important part of learning embedded system programming. For each component you have a variety of types to choose from. It is important to select the one best suited for your application.
• Datasheets are available for each component. First you should learn how to read a datasheet.
• All information regarding a component can be found from its datasheet.
• You can find how to use a component, what the specifications are and what are the power requirements from a datasheet.

7. Start with Mini Projects

• The best method to learn is to practice. Before you start working on some real projects, try to work on small projects.
• Working on some mini projects will help you in getting familiar with the microcontroller and your components.
• Also you can start with microcontroller kits, it is also helpful for beginners.
• After working on such projects, you can move to your actual project.

8. Use Simulation Tools

• Using simulation for your embedded system programming is also very useful.
• It is impractical to design a system and developing it into hardware form before checking if it is working as required or not.
• Simulation allows the programmer to check for various conditions and to control different parameters. It is even more useful when working on large projects where you have minimum resources and also where trying things after developing project is expensive.
• You should have a look at these Proteus Simulation Tutorials.

If you have passed through all these steps and know your task then you can start working on embedded system programming.  I hope now you have an idea that programming of an embedded product is quite different from regular programming as it requires you to know about the components, microcontroller and coding language.