In this article, we will discuss the introduction to organic chemistry in which we will study organic compounds, classification of organic compounds, types of formulas, use, significances, general and covalent bond characteristics of organic compounds, and homologous series and his characteristics. 9 out of 10 takes the organic chemistry too tough but I explained it easily and simply to you. This article is for beginners and clears many topics.
“The chemistry of compounds obtained from living things.”
Swedish Chemist Jacob Berzelius put forward this theory in the 19th century.
“ Organic compounds could not be synthesized in the laboratory due to the influence of a mysterious force called vital force, which occurs only in living things.”
The branch of chemistry in which we study hydrocarbons and their derivatives is known as organic chemistry.
Organic compounds belong to hydrocarbons and their derivatives which are covalently bonded to carbon.
There are so many examples of organic compounds
Organic compounds had six types of formulae;
The formula In which the exact no of atoms is mentioned in one molecule of the organic compound is called the molecular formula.
Examples
The molecular formula of methane CH4.
The formula of organic compounds shows the actual arrangement of different atoms of various elements present in a molecule.
Example
The structural formula of propane is
Iso_ propane
The formula in which groups of atoms are linked with each carbon atom in a branched-chain or straight chain.
Example
The condensed formula of propane
Iso_propane. n_propane
The formula in which sharing of electrons in a dot and cross-form between the various atoms in one molecule is indicated is called electronic or Dot and Cross formula.
Example
In which whole, no ratio of different atoms in a compound gives the empirical formula of organic compounds
Example
The essential form of structure of an organic compound makes a series of atoms that are bonded together in the form of a chain, branched, or rings called the skeleton formula.
Example
skeleton formula of propane is
Depending upon their carbon atoms, organic compounds are divided into two categories.
Acyclic compounds form a long chain of carbon atoms without joining the end of the cross-format with each other. They may form straight or branched chain compounds
A straight-chain is formed by the linking of carbon atoms with another carbon atom or any other atoms through single, double, or triple bonds.
Example
propane
Branched-chain compounds
Open chain compounds i.e. aliphatic compounds in which a branch along with a straight chain is formed.
Closed chain or cyclic compounds
The carbon atoms of closed chain compounds are not free from their ends and it contains one or more close chains. These are divided into two groups
These compounds are made up of rings of carbon atoms. These are further divided into two groups.
Aromatic compounds consist of benzene rings at least one in their molecule. Six carbon atoms with three double bonds make a benzene ring, these compounds are also called benzenoid compounds. They have aroma or smell so they are also called aromatic compounds.
Example
These are called none_ benzenoid compounds because the benzene ring is not present in these compounds.
Example
Those cyclic compounds that consist of one or more atoms other than that of carbon atoms in their rings are known as heterocyclic compounds.
Example
The classification of known compounds is as follows
so the organic compounds are open or closed chains. Open chains are further divided into alkane, alkene, and alkynes. Closed chains may be homocyclic or heterocyclic. Homocyclics are alicyclic or aromatics.
From plants and animals, organic compounds are naturally prepared.
Protein and fats are the two major groups of organic compounds that are synthesized by animals.
Plants could be prepared
From dead plants through a biochemical process, we obtain
By the destructive distillation of coal and petroleum, we obtain thousands of organic compounds.
A blackish, complex mixture of organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is called Coal
In the absence of air, strong heating of coal is called Destructive distillation.
Except for carbon, coal contains different elements like hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
So huge number of organic compounds are formed due to the destructive distillation of coal with few inorganic compounds.
When coal is passed through the destructive distillation process. A solid residue left behind and lost all of its volatile elements is called coke.
The techniques, in which different ranges of temperature are used to separate the mixtures of the coal in terms of temperatures. we get different products at different ranges of temperature.
The below chart shows the uses and types of coal
A Greenish black or dark brownish colored viscous liquid is called petroleum.
It is a complex mixture of salt, water, and Earth particles mixed with a mixture of serve solid, liquid, or gaseous hydrocarbons.
The main source of organic compounds is petroleum and it is separated through fractional distillation. Different organic compounds consist of each fraction of petroleum that is not a single compound.
Natural gas consists of serial gases like 85% of methane, nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, propane, butane, and ethane.
Macromolecules are formed by living plants
Two centuries ago, due to the vital force theory, we considered that organic compounds are prepared only from animals and plants and could not be synthesized in the laboratory.
A large amount of the organic compounds, almost more than ten million are synthesized in a laboratory.
Urea opens the way for chemists to prepare organic compounds in the laboratory and it is synthesized by inorganic salts.
Example
The fermentation of barley and molasses produced alcohols.
Synthetic rubber has much more qualities than natural rubber-like
Different fibers are made in laboratory-like
Natural fibers have better properties than synthetic fibers like
All proteins, sweeteners, vitamins, drugs, and medicines are being prepared in laboratories.
There is no doubt that more than ten million compounds are made in the laboratory but thousands of organic compounds are naturally synthesized by plants and animals.
We use different organic stuff daily such as milk, eggs, vegetables meat, etc. contain protein, vitamins, fats carbohydrates, etc.
Natural fibers and synthetic fibers, all are organic compounds used in cloth making that we use daily for wearing bedsheets, etc.
A variety of organic compounds are used in raw materials such as
cellulose naturally occurring organic compound in wood that is used for making furniture and housing.
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are all organic compounds called gospel fuel that is used for domestic purposes and automobiles.
antibiotics (kill or inhabitants of microorganisms that cause infectious diseases) are life-saving medicines.
The general characteristics of Organic Compounds include:
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that influences the sharing of electrons pairs between atoms in a switch resulting in a balance of impressive and despicable forces between the atoms. The presence of a covalent bond renders specific elements to the organic compounds. These include:
A major characteristic of Members of Homologous Series
A Homologous Series is a community of organic chemical compounds, usually summarized in the order of increasing size, that have an identical structure (and hence, also similar properties) and whose structures vary only by the number of CH2– CH2 units in the fundamental carbon chain.
They maintain the following general characteristics:
So this is all for our today's article. I have tried my best to explain all the important topics covered in the heading " Introduction to Organic Chemistry". So if you want more tough articles in simple ways then give me good feedback. It will help me for better work. Thanks