The Engineering Projects

How to Install Python Software?

The first step to becoming a Python coder is to install or update Python on your computer. Python can be installed in a variety of ways, including through the official Python.org distribution, a software package manager, the IoT (Internet of Things) and scientific computing, just to name a few.

In this article, we'll be using official Python distributions, which are often the best option for beginners.

What will you learn from this?

• How to check if you have the right Python release installed on your computer before proceeding.
• Installation of Python3 on Windows pc and Linux machine.
• How to use Python on the web with the help of online interpreters.

INSTALLING REQUIRED PYTHON ENVIRONMENTS

Installing the most recent versions of Python and the packages you'll need to experiment with is a good place to start when learning Python. To create an environment, you need a certain Python version, as well as the necessary packages. Consequently, separate environments are required if you wish to create or utilize apps that have varied Python or package version needs.

Python environment - what is it?

Python's virtual environment is a valuable tool for managing dependencies and separating projects. It's possible to install Python site packages (third-party libraries) in a specific project directory rather than the entire system Python.

Which are the package and environment managers Available?

• Pip: With a virtual environment, you may use pip, a Python package manager, which stands for "Pip Installs Packages”. This is a tool for creating isolated environments.
• Conda: Conda is an open-source package management and environment management system that operates on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. Installing, running, and updating packages and their dependencies is a breeze thanks to Conda. You can quickly build, save, load and swap environments on your own computer using Conda. Software for any language may be packaged and distributed using this tool.

In windows

On Windows, there are three installation options:

• Using Microsoft store.
• Using the available complete installer.
• Windows subsystem for Linux implementation.

You'll learn how to check the current release of Python installed on your Windows machine in this section. You'll also discover which of the three installation options is best for you.

Installation

Step 1: Install Python based on your choice of version.

Python 2 and Python 3 are available, each with its syntax and way of doing things.

Here we are going to download python 3 for this course.

Step 2: Download an executable installation file for Python.

Open on your browser and head to the python.org website. On this page click on downloads. Here you can find the latest version of python. Choose the version you require and click Download. For this example, we go with Python 3.10.2.

When you select download, a list of available executable installers with varied operating system requirements will appear. Select the installer that best suits your system's operating system and download it. Let's say we go with the Windows installer (64 bits).

Step 3: Run the Installer Script

If the Python 3.10.2 Windows 64-bit installation was downloaded, run the installation program by double clicking it. Make sure both checkboxes at the bottom are selected before clicking Install New.

Now installation process begins when you click the Install Now button. Wait for a few minutes for installation process to finish.

you should see the screen below if the installation is complete. Now you have python installed in your computer.

Step 4: On Windows, check to see if Python is installed.

To see if Python has been installed successfully on your system. Observe the instructions.

• Go to the windows search box on the bottom left corner of your display and write "cmd" and click enter. A command prompt window in black will open and this is where you write your commands for execution.
• Enter 'python --version' into the prompt and press enter.
• If python is successfully installed on your windows, the version of python that you have installed will be displayed.

In Linux

When installing python in Linux distros, there are two ways involved:

• Using the Linux os`s package manager: On most Linux distributions, this is the most popular installation technique. It entails using the command line to execute a command.
• Or building python from source code: Using a package manager is easier than using this method. It requires performing a set of instructions from the command line as well as verifying that you have all of the essential dependencies to compile the Python source code.

You'll find out how to know if your Linux computer has a current version of Python in this section and which of the two installation techniques should you choose?

How to check the python version?

Many Linux versions include Python, but it is unlikely to be the most recent update, and it may even be Python 2 rather than Python 3. Try the following command in a terminal window:

$ python –version

If you have Python installed on your computer, this command should return a version number.

If your current Python version isn't the most recent Python 3 version available, you'll want to upgrade.

Installation

Step 1: Installing Python requires first downloading and installing the necessary development packages

A new version of Debian has been released; therefore, we need to update our old version to the new one.

Open the terminal in your Linux machine. Then run “apt update” in your Linux terminal to update the system before you begin installing python. Then, run "apt-get upgrade" in your terminal to upgrade the system.

then, run " apt install build-essential zlib1g-dev \libncurses5-dev libgdbm-dev libnss3-dev \libssl-dev libreadline-dev libffi-dev curl" to install the build essentials.

Step 2: Download the most recent version

Navigate to your browser in python.org and click on downloads. You will see the latest version of python with a download button, but this is the windows version, instead, navigate to the Linux/UNIX link below it to download the Linux version.

Download the most recent version of Python3 from the official Python website.

You will receive an archive file ("tarball") containing Python's source code when the download is complete.

Step 3: Unzip the tarball folder to a convenient location.

A tar.gz file is a collection of compressed files that may be downloaded in order to conserve space and bandwidth. The tarball, another name for the.tar file, is a container for other files that may be carried about on a flash drive. Because of the extension, gzip is the most extensively used compression application in use. These files can be unzipped in the same way as a standard zipped file:

Run “tar –xvzf a.tar.gz” in the terminal to unzip.

Step 4: The downloaded script must be configured.

Type cd Python-3.*. /configure in your terminal once you've unzipped the Python package and press enter.

Step 5: Begin the build procedure

Use this command below if you need to install an updated version alongside the old version in case you don`t want to delete the old one:

$ sudo make install

Step 6: Verify that the installation is working properly.

Open your terminal and type command below and click enter.

python --version

Python3 has been successfully installed once the output says Python 3.x.

Conclusion

Congratulations! For your system, now you have access to the most recent update of Python. Your Python adventure is just getting started.

Introduction to Python

Greetings! I sincerely hope everything is going well for you all. In this course, we are going to learn step-by-step how to program in Python. The course covers all you need to know about the Python language, from installation to advanced topics. In addition, we'll talk about Python career jobs and do a few projects to strengthen your skills. According to my research, Python is among the top programming languages in use today. (I mean, no offense). Since I am also a Python programmer, I may sound a little prejudiced, but I can certainly declare that I am a huge fan of the language. This tutorial series is meant for absolute beginners with no prior knowledge of python programming, it is also of great help for experienced python programmers looking to brush up on their knowledge. Anyway, let’s start by answering a few questions:

What is Python?

Python is a high-level scripting language for system administration, text processing, and web tasks. Its core language is short and easy to learn, while modules can be added to do a virtually infinite number of functions. It is a genuine object-oriented programming language that runs on a wide range of systems. Python was born out of a desire to build a computer language that was both easy to learn for beginners and powerful enough for advanced users. Python's small, crisp syntax reflects this background, as does the thoroughness with which notions are implemented, without removing the flexibility to program in a more traditional approach. As a result, Python is a fantastic first programming language that provides all of the power and advanced capabilities that users will require in the future. Most experienced programmers claim that Python has restored the fun they normally had during programming, suggesting that van Rossum's inspiration is adequately conveyed in the language itself.

Why Python?

Even those, who aren't computer programmers, have found themselves using it, to perform mundane tasks like raising money because of its relatively low learning curve.

Readability and maintainability

Building a system that is easy to maintain and update requires careful consideration of the quality of the program code. Because of the language's syntactic rules, you may express yourself in Python without writing any more code. With Python, you may use English phrases instead of punctuation, which makes it easier to understand than other computer languages. You don't have to write any more code when using Python to create custom apps. If the code is well-structured, it will make it easier to keep and improve the product.

Compatibility

Code written in this programming language may be executed on a variety of systems and tools thanks to interpreters for this language. When it comes to creating dynamic web pages, Python is also an interpreted programming language. '" There's no need to recompile the application to operate on many operating systems. As a result, changing the code doesn't require recompilation. You don't need to recompile the updated application code to see how the changes affect it. Code updates may be made more rapidly and without increasing development time by using this feature.

Robust Standard Library

Python outweighs other languages because of its vast and robust standard library. You can select from a wide choice of modules in the standard library to meet your specific requirements. If you're building web apps, dealing with operating system interfaces, or working with internet protocols, you can make use of specific packages. The documentation for the Python Standard Library can also help you learn about different modules.

A lot of customizable tools

As an open-source coding language, Python can lower software development costs significantly. Some of the Python modules, libraries, and development tools, all of which are open-source and free, may help you get things done faster. Open-source Python development tools are also available, so you may tailor your project to your exact needs. Flask, Pyramid, and Cherrypy are some of the best Python frameworks for web development.

Make Complex Software Development Easier

Python may be used to build both desktop and web-based applications. Python may also be used to create complex scientific and numerical applications. Easy-to-use Python capabilities make it possible to perform data analysis and visualizations. Data analysis tools can be used to construct custom big data solutions without requiring additional effort or time. You may make your collected data more visually attractive and useful by utilizing its data visualization tools and APIs. Many Python programmers also use Python for AI and NLP jobs.

Python for Cloud Computing

This programming language is used for cloud computing, web and software development, as well as task automation and data analysis.

Since everything is stored in the cloud, you may access it at any time and from anywhere. Web-based software may be used without any installation, an application can be hosted online, and a remote file storage and database system built using cloud computing can be set up. For that purpose, we have different modules like raspberry pi and ESP32 or ESP8266 boards which use python.

The ESP32 is the latest sibling of the ESP8266, which is a microcontroller. For a nominal additional fee, it boosts the device's power and capabilities while also including Bluetooth. The M5 Stack is one of the greatest iterations of these boards. Piezo speakers, batteries, a card reader, and a color screen are all included in this device.

Is python supported?

Python has a big and active community of developers that respond to concerns and build new features at a pace that many commercial software developers would consider exceptional (if not downright shocking). A source-control system is used by Python programmers to coordinate their work remotely. The PEP (Python Enhancement Proposal) procedure must be followed and must be accompanied by improvements to Python's sophisticated regression testing infrastructure for any changes. A far cry from the early days of Python, when an email to the author would suffice, altering Python nowadays is about as complicated as upgrading commercial software. This is a good thing given Python's present vast user base.

What are the technical strengths of python?

• Python is object-Oriented. Python was designed from the bottom up to be an object-oriented language. Polymorphism, operator overloading, and multiple inheritances are all supported by its class model, but Python's straightforward syntax and type make OOP a breeze to implement. Even if you don't grasp the terminology, you'll find it far easier to learn with Python than with any other OOP language. Later in the course, we'll get to understand this.

• The language is free to use. Python may be used and distributed without cost. You may get the full Python system's source code for free from the Internet, just like you can with other open-source software like TCL, Perl, Linux, and Apache. If you want to use it in your products, you can do so without fear of violating copyright laws. Python's source code can even be sold if you want to.

• Python is portable. In addition to being written in ANSI C (American National Standards Institute), Python's standard implementation operates on nearly every major operating system now in use. Python, for example, can run on everything from a PDA to a supercomputer today.
• Python is easy to use. Python programs may be run by just typing in the code and pressing enter. Unlike in languages like C or C++, there are no intermediary phases of compilation and linking. In many circumstances, you may see the consequence of a program modification as quickly as you type it in Python, which provides for an engaging programming experience and a speedy turnaround following program changes.
• It is mixable. There are several ways in which Python applications can be "glued" together with other languages. Python's C API, for example, allows C applications to be called by Python programs. As a result, you can tailor the Python system to your own needs, and you can run Python applications in any environment or system.

What are the weaknesses of python?

• Slow Speed. It is a combination of interpreted and dynamically-typed languages. The execution of line by line is generally sluggish. This slowness may be attributed to Python's dynamic nature, which is also to blame for the language's inability to execute code quickly. Since performance isn't a high priority, Python isn't used in projects.
• It is not memory efficient. Because of this, Python must make some compromises to keep things simple for programmers. When programming with Python, you'll need a lot of RAM. This could be a problem when you're writing programs, especially if memory efficiency is important.

• It is weak in mobile computing. When it comes to server-side programming, Python is the most often used language. Python isn't used in client-side or mobile apps for the reasons listed below. When compared to other languages, Python is a poor memory manager and a slow processor.
• Database access. Python is a breeze to learn and use. Despite this, when we're using the database, it falls behind. While JDBC and ODBC are well-known technologies, Python's database access layer remains basic. Because of this, Python isn't used by big businesses that need to work with complicated old data smoothly.

• Errors in the code. At any point in time, the data type of a Python variable can change. If an integer number is saved in a variable that is later transformed to a string, there is a risk of runtime issues. The upshot is that Python programmers must properly test their software.

What kinds of jobs are there in Python?

1. Python Developer. For someone who knows Python, being a Python developer is the quickest path to employment. One can work by using Python to

• Create web applications
• Enhance the data algorithms
• Analyze and solve data-related issues
• Adopting measures to safeguard personal and financial information
• Useful, testable, and efficient code writing

2. Product manager. Product managers are in charge of discovering new user features, identifying market gaps, and making a case for why specific products should be developed. Many firms are increasingly looking for product managers who are fluent in Python because of the importance of data in their job.
3. Data analyst. When it comes to sorting through large amounts of data, utilizing Python modules like SciPy and Pandas has proven to be a popular method.
4. Someone has to teach Python, right? Someone who knows Python may immediately think of teaching computer science, but it is far from the only teaching opportunity open to those with this skill set. Python tutors are in high demand at nearly every institution, coding boot camp, and online coaching platform.

How much do jobs as a Python programmer pay?

Now, let's have a look at How to install Python Environment:

HOW TO INSTALL PYTHON ENVIRONMENT

In windows

Python is installed on Windows in a few simple procedures.

Step 1: Install Python based on your choice of version.

Python 2 and Python 3 are available, each with its syntax and way of doing things.

Here we are going to download python 3 for this course.

Step 2: Download an executable installation file for Python.

Use browser to Navigate to the Download for Windows area of the official Python website.

Choose the version you require and click Download. For example, I go with Python 3.9.1.

When you select download, a list of available executable installers with varied operating system requirements will appear. Select the installer that best suits your system's operating system and download it. Let's say we go with the Windows installer (64 bits).

Step 3: Run the Installer Script

The Python 3.9.1 Windows 64-bit installation was downloaded.

Run the installation program. Make sure both checkboxes at the bottom are selected before clicking Install New.

Now installation process begins when you click the Install Now button.

A few minutes after starting the installation process, you should see the screen below.

Step 4: On Windows, check to see if Python is installed.

To see if Python has been installed successfully on your system. Observe the instructions.

• Go to the command prompt and type "cmd."
• Enter 'python' into the prompt.
• If python is successfully installed on your windows, the version of python that you have installed will be displayed.

In Linux

Step 1: Installing Python requires first downloading and installing the necessary development packages.

A new version of Debian has been released.

Run "apt-get upgrade" in your terminal.

then, "libssl-dev libreadline-dev libffi-dev curl"

Step 2: Download the most recent version.

Python has several versions that are available on their website.

Download the most recent version of Python3 from the official Python website. You will receive a.tar.xz archive file (a "py") containing Python's source code when the download is complete.

Step 3: Unzip the py folder to a convenient location.

To extract the file, either use an extractor program or the Linux tar command.

Step 4: The downloaded script must be configured.

Type cd Python-3.*. /configure in your terminal once you've unzipped the Python package and run it

Step 5: Begin the build procedure

Use this command below if you want to install the new version alongside the old version in case you don`t want to delete it:

$ sudo make install

Step 6: Verify that the installation is working properly.

To test it, type the following command into your terminal:

python3 --version

Python 3 has been successfully installed once the output says Python 3.x.

Conclusion

Congratulations! You've just completed the basics of Python, now you know its strengths and where it falls short, as well as what kinds of employment you may expect to be able to land as a python programmer. Let’s meet in the next chapter as we begin coding.

How to use IF Else in Python

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to show you How to use IF Else in Python. It's our 5th tutorial in python series. In our previous lectures, we have covered the detailed Introduction to Python and then we have also discussed Data Types in Python & How to use Strings in Python. So, now it's time to move on a little further. In today's tutorial, we will cover If else statement in python and its not that difficult to understand but quite an essential one as its use a lot in programming projects. So, let's get started with How to use IF Else Statement in Python:

How to use IF Else Statement in Python

• IF Else Statement in python takes a Boolean Test Expression as an input, if this Boolean expression returns TRUE then code in IF body will get executed and if it returns FALSE, then code in ELSE body will be executed.
• You can understand it better by looking at its Flow Chart in right figure.
• Here's the syntax of IF Else statement in python:

if number == 10: print(number) else: print('Number is not equal to 10"

• We use if, in our daily life, it is part of our conversation, most of the time.
• For example, I say, If I win a lottery then I will go to a world tour! If I clear the test then I will throw a party.
• Here's another example, that if you are working late hours let say, overtime duty then you will get extra money, else you will not get the extra money.

Let's work with an example:

• Suppose, we have a food chain and our customer has a voucher for it.
• He has a voucher number (which is a code) written on it, by showing it, he can get a discount or he can get a free meal.
• If he is providing a correct secret code, then he will get a free meal offer. Otherwise, he will not be able to avail any offer.
• So, let's design this simple code using If Else statement:

Offer = 500 (This is, by default, price of a meal)

• We will take the input from the user.

voucher_number = input("please enter your voucher number: ")

• Whatever the number he will enter, it will get stored in that "voucher_number".
• Now let's check if the code, that he has entered is correct or not.
• We will need to use the IF statement here and first let's add this condition:

if voucher_number=="9753":

• If the voucher number is matching with the company generated number, then the offer will be:

offer -=300

• If the code is correct then deduct the amount as a discount.
• Then print("congratulations, you have got a discount")
• Then print("your remaining offer has " + str(offer))
• Run the program
• See the image, it says to enter the voucher number in the output window:

Suppose I put the wrong code. It will exit the program. Now what error he will face, if he put the wrong Voucher number, Let’s see what will be the next task.

• We will use else statement for this, if the condition is not correct.
• I have simply printed the message in else body, as shown in below figure:

Relational Operators in Python

As we are discussing IF Else statement, so we should also have a look at relational operators in python:

• Relational Operators are used to find a relation between two variables or data packets.
• We use relational operators in test expressions of IF Else statements.
• We have five types of Relational Operators i.e.
  • Greater than >
  • Less than <
  • Greater than equals to >=
  • Less than equals to <=
  • Equals to ==
• Let's understand them with an example. Now I have to check which number is greater so I will write it as:

if first_number > second_number:          print(" First number is greater than second number.") else:        print(“second number is greater than first number.") So, that was all about How to use IF Else statement in Python. If you have any questions, ask in comments. In the next, lecture, we will have a look at How to design a simple calculator in python. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)

How to use Arithmetic Operators in Python

Hello friends, I hope you all are ding great. In today's tutorial, I am going to show you How to use Arithmetic Operators in Python. It's our fourth tutorial in Python series. Arithmetic operators are required in mathematical problem solving. We will first have a look at the arithmetic operators and after that, we also discuss different builtin arithmetic functions in Python Math module. So, let's get started:

Arithmetic Operators in Python

• Arithmetic operators ( +, -, *, /, ^ etc. ) are used to perform simple arithmetic operations in python.
• So, let's open up your PyCharm and perform a simple task using these operators, as shown in below figure:

• I used a single star for multiplication and a double star for the square power.
• It is showing the results of the operations, which it is performing respectively.

Now let's design a simple calculator using these arithmetic operators but before that let's have a look at How to take input from user in python.

Getting Input from users in Python

• If we want to work dynamically, we will learn how we get values from users.
• It quite simple in python, you will just need to use an input method here.
• It will take input from the user and store it in the assigned variable.
• If you want to take the full name, age, and qualification of the player, you will write it as shown in the image:

Now I will talk about type conversion and we will make a simple program that will calculate the salary of an employee so that we can learn to perform basic calculations: Type conversion in Python In this part, I will tell you, what is Type Conversion in Python? And why it is required? Let's follow the step.

• Suppose we want to count the salary of an employee. See the steps in the image.
• Here I put int. before the fourth string, which is basic pay, but I have put the bonus in the whole numbers and it will be unable to do the concatenation because it is allowing it as a string. So, I typed the data and run it, see the results.

• You can also use the second method as you can put int. where you are performing calculations, as shown in the image.
• You can convert it by using three major data types i.e. int, float, string.

Simple Calculator in Python

Now we will design a simple calculator in which the user will enter 1st & 2nd number and our code will perform these operations with those operators like addition, subtraction, division, and multiplications. I typed the following strings below:

• first_number = float(input("Enter first number : "))
• second_number = float(input("Enter second number : "))
• print("All Arithmetic Operations are as under.")
• print(first_number + second_number)
• print(first_number - second_number)
• print(first_number * second_number)
• print(first_number / second_number)
• print(first_number ** second_number)
• I converted the type of first and second strings.
• Run the program
• You can see in the printed screen all the arithmetic operations are performed respectively.
• All the values are in floating points because we converted it into the float.
• You can also convert it in integer and check it.

• I wrote 9 and 5 and enter it, results are shown in above figure.

Operator Precedence in Python

Let's suppose, we have a variable here.

• Profit = 15 + 30 * 25
• Now let's print it using: print(profit)
• Run the program.
• The answer will be 765 in the output window.

Python follows the standard order of precedence. First, it will perform multiplication and then it will perform the addition. However, we can change the order using parenthesis.

• Suppose, we want to operate the addition method first.
• So, I will place parenthesis before and after both terms.
• Then it will perform the addition method first then multiplication.
• I will write it as:

profit = (15 + 30) * 25

• Run the program and answer will be 1125.

Now I will expand the equation and will do subtraction with it, let’s see what happens.

profit = (15 + 30) * 25 - 10

• Run the program and answer will be 1115.
• If we add parenthesis to it as:

profit = (15 + 30) * (25 - 10)

• Run the program and we will get 675.

Numbers and Importing Math’s Function in Python In this part of the lecture, I will discuss predefined functions about numbers in Python and I will also show you, how to import math modules for the advanced predefined function and methods, predefined for numbers. So let's get started. round()

• Suppose we have a variable as, number = 3.7.
• I want easily round it using:

print(round(number))

• Run the program and it will round the figure to 4.

abs()

• Suppose I have negative value -8 and I want to find the absolute value of it.
• I will use abs() and it It will return 8, as shown in below figure:

min()

• If I want to find the minimum value among the two numbers. I will write it as:

 print(min(9, 4.5)

• It will return the minimum value as, 4.5.

max()

• You can do the exact opposite of min, if you want to find out the maximum value among the two numbers.

print(max(9, 4.5)

pow()

• If I want to calculate the multiples of itself i.e. square, cube etc. then I will write it as:

print(pow(5, 3)

• The first number will be base and the second one will be the power.
• Run the program & it will show the answer, 125.

Import a Math Module in Python

Now let's have a look at How to import a math module in python code:

• Python Math library has a lot of builtin functions, which we can easily import by writing this statement at the top of our code.

from Math import *

• By writing this statement we are simply saying that get access to all the functions of Math Library.

Now, let's have a look at few of its functions: sqrt()

• Suppose I want to take the square root of number = 72
• I write it as

print (sqrt(number))

• Run the program and it will return as 8.4 something, as shown in below figure:

Here's the complete list of functions in Python Math Module:

List of Functions in Python Math Module

Function	Description
ceil(x)	It returns the previous integer value.
copysign(x, y)	It will assign sign of y to x.
fabs(x)	It returns the absolute value.
factorial(x)	It returns the factorial value.
floor(x)	It returns the next integer value.
fmod(x, y)	It divides x by y and returns the remainder.
frexp(x)	It returns the mantissa and exponent as pair value.
fsum(iterable)	It returns an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable
isfinite(x)	It returns TRUE, if the number is finite i.e. neither infinite nor NaN.
isinf(x)	It returns TRUE, if the number is infinite.
isnan(x)	It returns TRUE, if the number is NAN.
ldexp(x, i)	It returns x * (2**i).
modf(x)	It returns the fractional and integer values.
trunc(x)	It returns the truncated integer value.
exp(x)	It returns e**x
expm1(x)	It returns e**x - 1
log(x[, base])	It returns the logarithmic value to the base e.
log1p(x)	It returns the natural logarithmic value of 1+x.
log2(x)	It returns the base-2 logarithmic value.
log10(x)	It returns the base-10 logarithmic value.
pow(x, y)	It returns x raised to the power y.
sqrt(x)	It returns the square root of x.
acos(x)	It returns the arc cosine of x.
asin(x)	Returns the arc sine of x.
atan(x)	Returns the arc tangent of x.
atan2(y, x)	Returns atan(y / x)
cos(x)	Returns the cosine of x
hypot(x, y)	Returns the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y)
sin(x)	Returns the sine of x
tan(x)	Returns the tangent of x
degrees(x)	Converts angle x from radians to degrees
radians(x)	Converts angle x from degrees to radians
acosh(x)	Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x
asinh(x)	Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of x
atanh(x)	Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x
cosh(x)	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x
sinh(x)	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x
tanh(x)	Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x
erf(x)	Returns the error function at x
erfc(x)	Returns the complementary error function at x
gamma(x)	Returns the Gamma function at x
lgamma(x)	Returns the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gamma function at x
pi	Mathematical constant, the ratio of circumference of a circle to it's diameter (3.14159...)
e	mathematical constant e (2.71828...)

So that was all about arithmetic operators in Python. I hope now you got the clear idea of how powerful python is. So, that was all for today. In the next lecture, we will have a look at How to create IF Loop in Python. Till then take care and have fun !!! :)

How to use String in Python

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at How to use String in Python. It's our 3rd tutorial in Python series. We have discussed strings in our previous lecture How to use Data Types in Python. String is a most commonly used data type in python that's why I have created a separate lecture on it. Python has many built-in string operations, which we will discuss today in detail. So, let's get started with String in Python:

How to use String in Python

• String Data Type is used to store or collect one or more characters or sequence of characters, we can place any alphanumerical or special character in a string.
• Let's create a string in python, it has a simple syntax, as shown below:

first_var = "Hello World"

• There are two sorts of strings, we can use in python:
  • Single Line.
  • Multiple Lines.
• The above-given example is for a single line, like if you want to write an email or product name, etc.

Multiple Lines String in Python

• If you want to write an essay, story, report etc. then you will need to use Multiple Lines string, which is created by placing triple quote around the data, as shown in below figure:

• As you can see in above figure, we have written multiple lines in welcome string.

Strings Operators

• If you are using an apostrophe, you will need to use use double quotes, otherwise, the interpreter will not be able to understand it and will give you a syntax error, as shown in below figure:

• But if I write in double-quotes, then it will work fine, as shown in below figure:

Escape sequences in Python

• If you are using double quotes in the same string, then you will need to use a backward slash ( \ ), as shown in the image.
• Run the program and see the result in the console window:

Now I have another escape sequence ( \n )

• If I want to add a new line break then I will use escape sequence ( \n ).
• As you can see in below figure, I have printed the name & age of Richard in separate lines using escape sequence ( \n ).

Tab escape sequence is \t

• I wrote it with tab escape sequence ( \t ) and run the program, see the six spaces in the printed window:

Some useful points before I move further:

• You can use backward slash and forward slash \/ like this.
• You cannot use the backward slash at the end of the string before the end of the quote.
• You will use double backward slash ( \\ ), if you want to print one.

Concatenation in Python

• In concatenation, we connect multiple strings together, we use ( + ) sign in order to concatenate strings.
• Let's understand it with an example, as shown in below figure:

• As you can see in above figure, I have printed multiple strings in a single line using ( + ) sign.

 String Formatting In Python

When we use multiple strings, it gets harder to concatenate those strings, and it is difficult to remember each string format and codes. In such cases, we need to format those strings. Let's understand it with an example:

• In String Formatting, we simply place our variables in curly brackets, as shown in below figure:

• No need to add multiple quotes and + symbol, instead simply use curly brackets for variables.

String Indexes in Python

In python, when we store a string, it goes with an index for each of its element one by one, because it is a sequence of characters. Let's understand it with an example:

• For example, I saved the name "Ali Haider" in a string then each of its character has an index assigned with it.
• I have shown the string and the index starting with a comment # in below image:

• So, that means index of  A=0, L=1, I=2, (for blank space, it is also a character and its index is 3), H=4, a=5, i=6, d=7, e=8 and r=9.
• After that, I have printed first three characters of that string by writing a range of [0:3], it eliminates the ending index and shows the result as from 0 to 2, which makes the word Ali. (see above image )
• If you want to print till the final value, then you wont need to write the last index, you will just write it as [0: ].
• If I write in this way, print(player_name[:]), then it will print the whole string again.
• You can also write negative indexes like print(player_name[-1]) and it will print r from the right side.

Before moving further, I will tell you a magical feature that only Python allows.

• Type print("a" * 30) and check the magic in print window:

Builtin String Functions in Python

Python has numerous excellent builtin string functions, which we can access using  DOT ( . ) operator. These builtin functions are quite helpful, so let's have a loot at few of them: string.upper()

• This upper() function will make characters of the string uppercase, as shown in below figure:

• If, I write print(Precaution.isupper()), It will check the string, whether its uppercase or not.
• If string will be in uppercase it will return True and if it's not in uppercase, it will return False.

string.lower()

• Now let's convert string characters to lowercase by using lower() function.
• When I type print(precaution.lower()), It will print the whole string in lowercase, as shown in below figure:

string.replace()

• Now if we want to replace any word, then we need to use print(precaution.replace("WEAR", 'BUY')), It will replace the WEAR word with BUY, as shown in the image:

So, that was all about How to use Strings in Python. I have tried to cover all the main points and rest we will keep on covering in coming lectures. In the next lecture, we will have a look at How to use Arithmetic Operators in Python. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)

How to use Data Types in Python

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to show you How to use Data types in Python. It's our 2nd tutorial in Python series. In our first tutorial, we have seen a detailed introduction to python and we have also installed PyCharm IDE to work on python. Today, we will understand data types in detail as in order to design an efficient program, you need to select correct data types. Incorrect selection may cause memory loss and may slow your application. So, let's get started with data types in Python:

Data types in Python

• Data Types are used for the classification or categorization of similar data packets. There are numerous data types available in python, which we can use depending on our projects' requirement.

• Let's understand data types with an example: Suppose you have some digital data i.e. ON & OFF then you can save this data in Boolean data type but what if your data ranges from 1 to 10, then you need to use integer data types instead of Boolean.
• You can save Boolean data in integer data type but that will be a redundant i.e. we are allocating more space to our data by specifying integer, when we can easily assign Boolean to it.
• Here's the flow chart of available data types in Python language:

Now let's have a look at these data types one by one:

Numeric in Python

• Numeric data types are used to deal with all types of numerical data packets i.e. integer, float etc.
• Numeric data types are further divided into 3 types, which are:
  • Integer.
  • Float.
  • Complex Number.

Integer in Python

• Integer (int) data type only holds integer numbers, it could be positive or negative.
• We can't save decimal numbers in integer data type.
• Here's a declaration of a variable x and it is assigned a value a of integer 20:

x = int(20)

Float in Python

• Float data types are used to hold decimal numerical values i.e. 2.13, 3.14 etc.
• We can also save whole numbers in float data types.
• Here's a declaration of a variable x and it is assigned a value a of float 20.5:

x = float(20.5)

Complex Numbers in Python

• Complex Number data types is used to keep complex numbers in it. Complex numbers are those numerical values which have real & imaginary part.
• That's the versatility of python language, I haven't seen complex number data type in any other programming language.
• Here's a declaration of a variable x and it is assigned a complex number 1+3j:

x = complex(1+3j)

Dictionary in Python

• Dictionary data type is sued to save data in key -> value  form. The data is unordered but the value is paired with its key.
• Dictionary data is placed inside curly brackets i.e. {1:"Jones", 2:"IronMan", 3:"Football", 4: "Mosque"}.
• Here's a declaration of a variable x and it's assigned a dictionary data type:

x = dict(name="John", age=36)

Boolean in Python

• Boolean is the simplest data type of all and has just two values assigned to it i.e. True or False.
• Although it's quite simple but its too handy as we have to use it a lot in IF statements. ( We will cover that later )
• Here's a declaration of a variable x, assigned a Boolean data type and it's TRUE:

x = bool(1)

Sequence Type in Python

• Sequence Type data types are used to save data in characters form.
• We can't save numerical data in sequence type but we can convert the two. ( We will discuss that later )
• Sequence Types are further divided into 3 types, which are:
  • String.
  • List.
  • Tuple.

Strings in Python

• A string is used to save one or more characters and it's the most commonly used data type.
• Let's understand it with a simple example: You must have seen greeting messages on different projects, we save such data in strings.
• We will discuss strings in detail in our next lecture, where we will perform different operations using strings.
• Here's a declaration of a variable x, which is assigned a string "Hello World":

x = str("Hello World")

List in Python

• List data type is used to collect an ordered data, not necessarily of the same type.
• List data is displayed with square brackets.
• We will discuss this in our upcoming lectures in detail, here's a declaration of list:

x = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry"))

Tuple in Python

• Tuple data type is used to arrange ordered data, it's quite similar to list but the data is displayed with small brackets.
• Here's a Tuple declaration:

x = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry"))

So, we have discussed all these data types in python and if you are not understanding any of them yet then no need to worry as we are going to use them a lot in our coming projects, so you will get them. Before moving to next lecture, let's discuss variables in python a little:

Variables in Python

• Variable is a temporary location in computer's memory, which is used to save the data.
• As the name implies, we can change its value using different operations or information given to the program.
• Typically, a program consists of commands that instruct the computer what to do with variables.
• Variables are assigned with tag name, using which we call the value saved in it.
• For examples: x = 5, here x is the name of the variable and 5 is its value.
• In python, we can use special characters, letters, and any number as a variable name.
• Wide spaces and signs with meanings like "+" and "-" are invalid in python.
• You should remember that the names of variables are case sensitive. As the uppercase letter "A" and lowercase letter "a" are considered as different variables.
• As variables are used to save data thus they also assigned a data type. So, a variable could be of int, float or string. (as we seen above)
• In python, it's not necessary to define variable data type, python sets it dynamically.
• There are some variables, which are reserved and we cannot use them.
• We can also change the variables later and assign it to a new variable.
• For example, I have set a value 10 in a variable eat.

eat=100

• Then I added and stored the value of eat+10 in a variable cot.

cot = eat + 10

• So, now cot will be 110.

Types of Variables Here I have set some examples of Variables and their types.

• X = 456 #integer
• X = 456L #Long integer
• X = 4.56 #double float
• X = "world" #string
• X = [1, 2] #list
• X = (0, 1, 2) #tuple
• X = open('world.py' , 'r') #file

You may assign a single value to multiple variables at the same time.

• Variable x, y, and z are assigned with the same memory location with the value of 1.

x = y = z = 1

• Let's create few variables in python, I have created first_name, date_of_birth & last_name, as shown in below figure:

• I have printed first_name and its appeared in the output panel.

So, that was all about Python Data Types & variables. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture. In our next lecture, we will have a look at Strings in Python. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)

Introduction to Python

Hello Engineers! Hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am giving you a detailed lecture on Python programming language. As I am writing this tutorial for beginners, that's why I will discuss each & everything in detail, so it's going to be a very lengthy tutorial and I have divided it in parts.

We will start from basic concepts in Python and will slowly move towards advanced concepts. It's going to be a quite long bumpy ride but I will try my best to make it as smooth as I can. So, let's get started with basic Introduction to Python Language:

Introduction to python

• Python is a multi-purpose, object-oriented High-Level Programming language, with applications in multiple areas, including scripting, machine learning, data sciences, scientific learning, cloud computing and artificial intelligence.
• It is the most popular language of 2019, and it is going to flourish exponentially in upcoming years because of its versatility & flexibility.
• Organizations like Google, NASA, and CIA are using it already.
• Python processes at RUNTIME by the INTERPRETER, so you don't need to compile your program before executing it.
• There are three major versions of Python programming language are available i.e. 1.X, 2.X and 3.X. They have sub-versions such as 2.2.3 and 3.3.1.

So, the IDE (Integrated Development Environment) which I am going to use is PyCharm Community Edition.

• PyCharm Community Edition is free of cost and open-source. You can use it easily.
• Jetbrains developed this for professional developers.

Prerequisites for Python

As I have told you earlier, I will start from the very basics and will cover almost everything about Python, so if you follow & practice this tutorial completely then you will surely learn Python, even if you are a beginner and know nothing about programming. But still, it would be better if you have:

• knowledge of some basic concepts like loops, control statements, variables, etc.
• It is not required to learn any other programming language before you learn python.
• It is not required to have an engineering background to learn this language.
• If you are from any other discipline like Sciences, Social sciences or any other academic field, you can still learn it.

Uses of Python

• As I have mentioned earlier, Python is used in various areas like Machine learning, scripting, scientific computing, Artificial Intelligence, cloud computing etc.
• So many communities are forced to use python these days, such as:
  • Network Engineers.
  • Software Engineers.
  • Data Analysts.
  • Mathematicians.
  • Scientists.
  • Accountants.
  • Website & App Developers.
• A wide range of jobs are using this multi-purpose language, namely:
  • Desktop application development.
  • Mobile application development.
  • Web application development.
  • Automation Scripts.
  • Algorithmic and high-frequency trading.
  • Machine learning.
  • Artificial intelligence.
  • Software testing.
  • Hacking.
  • Mathematics.
  • Networks.

I hope now you have the idea of Python's importance these days. So, let's move on to the next step.

DATA SCIENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Data science and machine learning are the main reasons, why programmers are learning this language.

• Python offers different frameworks and libraries, for example, PyBrain, PyMySQL, and NumPy.
• Python experience allows you more than R Language.
• You can create scripts to automate material and go with web developments, and so on, respectively.
•  If you want to work in machine learning, you can easily work with Python.
• Some of the examples of machine learning are, google chatbots. They answer your questions and queries through python algorithms.

Download & Install Python

Enough with the theoretical stuff, now let's get our hands on Python software:

• First of all, you need to download Python, they have provided Python for Windows, Linux/UNIX, Mac OS X etc.
• At the time of this writing, Python 3.8.3 is the latest version, so download & install it.
• Make sure you check the Python path when you continue, otherwise, it will not work in the future.
• Next, we need to download PyCharm, which is the IDE for professional developers.
• You will find two versions on its download page i.e. Professional and Community.
• We are going to download the community version for now, as we are in the learning phase.
• You can download PyCharm for Windows, Mac & Linux.
• After downloading the PyCharm, simply install it.
• During installation, you need to check on the
  • 64-bit launcher.
  • Add launcher dir to the PATH.
  • Create Associations .py
• I have ticked these 3 options, as shown in the below image:

• Now click on the Next button and then click on Install and PyCharm will be installed on your computer.
• You need to restart your computer for adding launcher dir to the PATH.

Creating First Python Project on PyCharm

• Click the PyCharm icon and open the IDE.
• On its first run, it will ask for the UI theme, which I am going to select Dracula, as I like the dark one.
• Now, click on "Create New Project, select the location where you want to save your file and then click close.

We have created our first project in PyCharm and next, we need to add python files to this project. So let's start with the first Python program.

• In the left window titled Project, we have a tree structure of our files.
• These are library files that are necessary for running the project successfully, we will discuss them later.
• So, in this Project Panel, we need to right-click on our Project Folder and then New and then select Python File, as shown in the figure on the right side.
• Give a name to your file, as I have named it myy.py.
• Now let's write our first line of code:

print("my world, my rules")

• Click on Run in the top menu bar then select Run. You can also use the shortcut key (Alt+shift+F10).
• IDE will ask you to select the file for execution, so we need to select our python file.
• Once you select your python file, a new dialog box will open up at the bottom, and you will find your string printed there i.e. my world, my rules.
• Here's the screenshot of our first Python code in Pycharm:

• So, we have successfully executed our first Python code in PyCharm. :)

So, that was all for today. I hope now you have a better understanding of what python is and why its so popular. If you have any questions, please feel free to as kin comments. In the next lecture, we will have a look at datatypes in python. Till then take care and have fun !!! :)