The Engineering Projects

Pure Sine Wave Inverter using 555 Timer in Proteus.

Hi Mentees! Welcome to another electronic tutorial about the 555 Timers. We are working on Proteus and in the present experiment, we'll design the circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter. Inverters are the opposite devices to rectifiers. We'll show you the meaning of this sentence in action Yet, before experimentation, we have to learn some predominant concepts about the experiment. So, We'll go through the following topics:

1. Introduction to Pure Sine Wave Inverter.
2. Components used in the circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter.
3. Working of the circuit of sine wave inverter.
4. Circuit simulation of pure sine wave inverter in Proteus.

Introduction to Pure Sine Wave Inverter

In electronics, we examine the output of devices in the form of waves. Basically, there are four types of waves including sine wave, sawtooth wave, square wave and triangular wave. The title of the circuit we are discussing today consist of two main concepts:

1. Sine Wave
2. Inverter

Let's recall them one after the other.

• Sine Wave: The sine wave is a mathematical curve that is a smooth, s-shaped, periodic, continuous wave and is described as the graph of sin function indicated by Y=sin x.

The sine waves are used in Mathematics, physics, engineering, signal processing and other related waves. In Electronics, the sine wave indicates the AC.

• Inverter: Inverters are the electronic devices that are used to convert the DC into AC. We can say, Inverters are the opposite circuits of rectifiers. The purpose of this inverter is the same.

Hence, when we combine these concepts, we get the following definition of Pure Sine Wave Inverter:

• "The Pure Sine Wave Inverter is a circuit that takes the input in the form of DC and gives output as AC. It is used to run any type of instruments designed to run on smooth sine wave output."

We can make the circuit with the many methods, out of which two are:

1. Pure Sine Wave inverter through MOSFET.
2. Pure Sine Wave Inverter through 555 Timers IC.

The focus of this article is the 2nd type. So let's look at its circuit.

Circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter using 555 Timer

If you understand the working of its components, the circuit of the sine wave inverter is quite simple. It consists of some simple electronic components that every engineer uses many times. But out of them, 555 Timer and Transformer should be discussed here.

555 Timer

The 555 Timer is a great integrated circuit. It is used in thousands of circuits that have the requirement of pulses with uniform length. It is an 8 pin integrated circuit that may be used in three modes. In this tutorial, we'll use the 555 Timer in Astable Mode.

Transformer

A transformer is a passive electronic device that is used to transfer electrical energy from one source to another by the mean of electromagnetic induction. The main purpose of the transformer is to change the level of the input current (high or low) to the output current. The circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter is designed so, we provide the 12V DC as input and get the 240V AC as output. In addition to these, we will use Inductor, diode, capacitor, resistor and power source in our circuit.

Working of Pure Sine Wave Inverter using 555 Timers

• The working of the Pure Sine Wave Inverter starts when the 12 volts DC is applied to the components.
• These 12 volts enter the 555 Timer through pin 3 of the 555 timer that is in the Astable Mode. Due to this Mode, the 555 timer produces a single uniform pulse that is fed into the inductor.
• Every time, when a new pulse enters the inductor, it stores the energy in the form of an electromagnet. In the time t, when this energy is fully discharged through the inductor, its signs of induction change. After that, a new pulse enters the inductor and this process goes on. This energy passes through the resistor and finally fed into the transformer.
• In our case, the transformer is stepped high and it gives us the output of 240V AC. One can check this using AC Voltmeter.
• The diode connected to pin 7 of 555 Timer passes the current in only one direction (because it is a diode) and sends this pulse to the transformer by the mean of a capacitor for a steady pulse.

Simulation of Pure Sine Wave Inverter in Proteus

Using all the concepts discussed above, let's get started with the simulation of the circuit by following the simple steps.

Required Devices

1. 555 Timer
2. Vsource (DC power source)
3. Diode
4. Capacitor
5. Inductor
6. Transformer
7. Resistor
8. Connecting Wires
9. Ground Terminal

Circuit Simulation of Pure Sine Wave Inverter

• Excite your Proteus simulator.
• Start a new Project
• Tap to the "P" button of the screen and choose 1st seven devices one after the other from the list of required devices.
• Arrange all the devices on the screen by following the image given below:

• Left click on the screen>Go to Place> Terminal>Ground and set it just below the circuit.
• Change the Values of the devices according to the table given next:

  Components	Values
  R1	1KR
  R2	1KR
  R3	0.02KR
  C1	1nF
  C2	100nF
  C3	100uF
  Inductor	1mH
  Transformer	Primary= 1H, Secondary= 2000H

• Go to Instruments>Oscilloscope and set it at the output side.
• Connect terminal A with
• Now connect all the components carefully with the connecting wires.
• Click on the Play button just at the lower-left corner of the screen and start the simulation.

• You will find the Sine Wave Inversion on the output screen of the Oscilloscope.

Truss, in the present article, we saw the introduction of Pure Sine Wave Inverter, Look at its devices and components, saw the working of the whole circuit and learned to design the circuit in the Proteus practically. We hope you learned well.

Diode: Definition, Symbol, Working, Characteristics, Types and Applications

Hello friends, I hope you all are happy, healthy, and, content. Today, our discussion is all about "Diodes". Whoever has been a science student, knows about diodes. Although it seems to be a tiny component of a circuit, apparently it is true but it has a lot of complexities or you can say, it's a storm in a teacup. You might have read a lot about diodes in physics, in today's discussion we would be moving step by step into the pool of diodes from definition to working of diodes, their types, and then lastly its applications. Let's get started!

Diode Definition

First things first, Let's define diode,

• A diode is a basic discreet electronic component made up of semiconductor material, used in electronic circuits, which allows unidirectional current to flow through it, i.e it only conducts current in one direction.
• You must be thinking, how is it possible for a device to conduct electricity in only one direction only, even when it has two terminals?

• The answer lies in making of a diode, a diode has zero resistance in one direction, meanwhile, the other direction has infinite resistance, hence maintaining the flow in only one direction hindering the flow in other direction, but keep one thing in mind, its an ideal case, otherwise a little bit of current flow is always there and ideal cases do not exist!
• A diode can act as a conductor and as an insulator as well. When the diode is reverse biased it acts as an insulator meanwhile when a diode is forward biased, it acts as a conductor.
• Diodes are mainly made up of two famous semiconductors silicon and Germanium.
• There are several different types of a diode, make of each one differs according to its function and the way it transmits current, don't worry we are going to have a detailed account of it soon.

Diode symbol

• The above symbol represents a diode, it's the symbol for a basic diode, let me clear one thing for you, there are several different types of diodes that we would be studying next and each one is represented with a different symbol accordingly. So, do not doubt yourself when you see a slightly different one!
• You can observe two ends or two terminals labeled as cathode and anode respectively.
• The Arrowhead represents the anode and direction of current flow.
• The other end is the cathode represented as a line attached to the terminal vertex of the triangle representing the anode.

History of Diode

Here is a brief account of the history of diodes, a little touch-up hurts no one!

• So, the History of diodes dates back to 1900 when the thermionic diodes and semiconductor diodes were made for radio.
• Vacuum tube diodes were the trendiest items of early 1950 being used and altered by several scientists through different experiments such as Fredrick Guthrie and Thomas Edison.
• Fleming valve was the first recognized diode of its age with all the elements present in a diode in the true sense.
• In world war ll, crystal diodes and Crystal rectifiers were used intensively in radar systems which led to extreme usage and development in the diode world, all thanks to their wide window of utility.

Working and Construction of Diode

In order to understand the working of a diode, let us first discuss its basic structure, how would you understand the working until unless you understand the make and build of a thing!

The basic structure of a Diode

• A basic diode is made up of a semiconductor, a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor joined together. Do you have a basic idea of semiconductors? Semiconductors are materials that have properties lying within the spectrum of metals and nonmetals, you can read our detailed article on the periodic table if you want to know more about the elements and their respective properties.
• Anyhow, we were talking about semiconductors, semiconductors are of two types, Intrinsic semiconductors, and extrinsic semiconductors.
• Intrinsic semiconductors are pure semiconductors without any additional impurity. They include silicon and germanium.
• Extrinsic semiconductors are the ones with doping, don't worry we are about to discuss it next.
• I hope you have a general idea about p-type and n-type semiconductors, if not, we have got you covered. Read the next section for details;

Doping in Semiconductors

To understand p-type and n-type semiconductors, you must be aware of the concept of Doping. We can define doping as; Doping is the intentional addition of impurities into an intrinsic semiconductor. It changes the physical, electrical, and optical characteristics of that very intrinsic semiconductor.

1. p-type semiconductors

• A p-type semiconductor is made by doping i.e adding an impurity which is an electron acceptor by nature into the semiconductor i.e gallium and boron are added to the silicon, turning it into a p-type semiconductor.
• You must be thinking about why they are called p-type semiconductors? Let me tell you, The name p-type is given due to the presence of a positive charge on the semiconductor.
• The p-type semiconductor contains a majority of holes and a minority of electrons.

2. n-type semiconductors

• The n-type semiconductor is made by doping the semiconductor with an electron donor element.
• The n-type semiconductor has a majority of electrons and a minority of holes.
• The name n-type is given due to the negative charge of electrons present in the semiconductor, you knew that already, or you didn't?
• Arsenic and phosphorus are used for the doping of silicone making it a n-type semiconductor.

Now we are done with the basics of n-type and p-type semiconductors, let us discuss their utility in making a semiconductor diode. The following section includes a breakdown of components and concepts lying in the scope of diodes.

PN junction

• Our discussion would be incomplete without the PN junction, can you think of a diode without it? Yes, there are a few exceptions but typical ones necessarily have a PN junction.
• As I have told you earlier semiconductor diodes are made up of n and p-type semiconductor materials joined together to make a diode.
• The merger of these two materials is responsible for the making of PN junction made between the contact point of two materials.
• After the formation of the PN junction, the process of diffusion takes place, we would be discussing it next, don't worry!

Depletion Region

• There is a considerable difference between the amount of holes and electrons on both sides. If you know about the simple concept of diffusion, a particle moves from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration and vice versa, same happens here, the holes from the p side move to the n side of the diode.
• Meanwhile, electrons move from the n side where they are higher in concentration to the p side where they are lower in concentration.
• This movement of electrons and holes generate a diffusion current leading to the formation of an immobile layer of positive and negative ion on the PN Junction, this layer is called depletion region.
• Now you must be thinking why I'm telling you about the depletion region? Why is it necessary?
• The depletion region limits the diffusion of electrons and holes from the opposite doped semiconductor portion, otherwise, after the constant diffusion, all the electrons and holes would have been diffused into each other leaving behind almost no charge carriers to conduct the current when the diode is connected to the battery.
• On the other hand, the size of the depletion region maintains the current flow and resistance. Larger the depletion region, the Larger the resistance. You will understand this concept more easily once we would be done discussing the forward and reverse biasing of the diode and characteristics of the diode. Stay tuned!

Biasing conditions of the Diode

To understand the working of a simple diode, you must know about the biasing conditions of the diode first,

• Forward biasing

• Reverse biasing

• Zero biasing

1. Forward Biasing

• When the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type semiconductor meanwhile the n-type semiconductor is connected to the negative terminal of the battery it is called forward biasing of the diode.
• The depletion region is very thin in this case and it is easier for the forward Voltage or VF to overcome the depletion region for conduction of current.
• PN junction offers very little resistance to the current flow due to the thin depletion region.
• In forward biasing condition, an ideal diode has zero resistance, but as I told you earlier, an ideal condition does not exist.

 2. Reverse Biasing

• In reverse biasing condition, negative terminal is connected to the p-type region of the diode, meanwhile positive terminal is connected to the n-type region of the diode.
• The depletion region in this case is very thick.
• The PN junction in reverse biasing offers a very high resistance due to the thickness of the depletion region.
• A diode in ideal condition when reverse biased has infinite resistance.

3. Zero biasing

• Voltage has not been applied to the diode, in zero biasing condition.
• In zero biasing conditions, there is a thermal equilibrium in the diode.
• The natural potential barrier is present in the diode, which is 0.5V to 0.7V for silicon and for germanium this potential barrier is 0.3V.

Characteristics of diode

• We have already learned about the forward and reversed biased condition of the diode, in order to understand the current and Voltage characteristics of both the conditions , consider the following graph consisting of a single characteristic curve.
• The voltage is usually plotted on the x-axis of the graph meanwhile the current takes the y- axis.
• The starting point of the graph can be seen in the center, where both the values i.e current and the voltage is zero.
• Forward current can be observed extending upwards, above the horizontal axis meanwhile, reverse current extends downwards.
• In the upper right corner you can see the combined values of forward voltage and forward current.
• The lower left corner shows the combined value of reverse current and reverse voltage.

Forward Characteristic of Diode

• We have already studied about the forward biasing of the diode, forward characteristic corresponds to that.
• In forward characteristic the current IF flows in forward direction and depends on the amount of forward voltage VF.
• The relationship between VF and IF is called IV characteristic of diode or ampere volt relationship, this is the point of focus of our discussion!
• When forward voltage is zero i.e
• 0V, the forward current IF is also zero i.e 0mA.
• From the graph we can clearly see that the increase in forward voltage , VF causes can increase in forward Current IF, when the value starts from the point 0 of the given graph.
• Now its the turn for the most important point of the curve, the knee voltage denoted as VK.
• You must be thinking why we call it knee voltage? And how is it achieved? Have a look at the line formed , it seems like an extended knee, so we call it knee voltage. Knee voltage is the point where forward voltage VF is large enough to overcome the depletion region of the diode and there is surge in forward current IF, marking the highest point of voltage, knee Voltage VK.
• Knee voltage varies from material to material i.e VK is material specific.

Reverse Characteristic of Diode

• During the reverse biased condition, a very little current is conducted by the diode.
• You can observe the Reverse Voltage and Reverse current in the graph, represented by VR and IR respectively.
• There is a very little amount of charge carriers which conduct the reverse current IR.

• We cannot observe a considerable increase in Reverse current IR even with a large amount of Reverse Voltage VR.
• VBR is one of the most important characteristics of the reverse biased diode, its the breakdown voltage of the reverse biased diode which refers to the amount of voltage at which the reverse current IR increases rapidly breaking the PN junction.

Diode Equation

Following equation refers to the ideal condition of the current and voltage of a diode either in forward biased or reversed biased condition; The equation corresponds to the following things;

• I is the diode current sometimes represented as ID as well.
• IS is the reverse bias saturation current and is not constant for any device, it usually varies with temperature.
• VD is the voltage across the diode
• VT is the thermal voltage which is equal to 25.8563 mV at 300 K.
• In other conditions, Vt equals Boltzmann's constant × temperature ÷ electron charge i.e kT/q
• n is the ideality factor, also called the quality factor and emission coefficient.
• The equation is called Shockley ideal diode equation in which the ideality factor is preset to 1.
• In other conditions, the ideality factor can range from 1 to 2 or maybe higher than that in some cases.
• In forward bias condition, the ideality factor is almost negligible and the equation can be written as;

Types of Diode

With the advancement in technology and increasing human needs, diodes also changed shapes and took over several functions, there are several types of the diode, some of them are explained below;

1. Zener Diode

• It is a heavily doped PN junction diode that works in a reverse-biased condition when a certain specified voltage is reached, this voltage is called Zener Voltage.
• The Breakdown voltage marks the best possible functional capacity of the diode.
• Zener diode is used for voltage regulation, you may observe one in clipping operations, circuit protectors, surge suppressors, and switching applications among the countless other uses which can not be listed here at once.
• They are available in different zener voltages and can be used according to the need.

2. PIN diode

• A PIN diode is a semiconductor diode having a wide undoped semiconductor region sandwiched between heavily doped n-type and p-type regions.
• PIN photodiode doesn't rectify or distort the signal.
• They have a wide range of applications being used in microwave switches and radars.
• PIN diodes are also used in fiber optics and photodetectors.
• Gamma rays and x-ray photons can be detected using a PIN photodiode.

3. Schottky diode

• This is not like a typical PN junction diode, Schottky diode is made by the combination of the metal with the n-type semiconductor.
• Because of the absence of a typical P and N-type combination, we do not see a depletion region in this diode.
• They are also called the hot carrier or Schottky barrier diode.
• These are highly efficient and used in digital devices which are highly sophisticated and fast.

4. Photodiode

• This is one of the most famous types of diodes which are almost known by everyone. A photodiode is a semiconductor p n junction.
• It works in a reverse-biased condition when current is generated on the absorption of light, i.e it converts light in current.
• They have countless applications in the medical, automotive, and other industrial fields such as CAT scanners, PET scanners, light meters, cameras, bar code scanners, and whatnot!
• Photodiodes are used in signal demodulation, detection, and switching.

5. Laser Diode

• Have you ever thought of the full form of the word LASER? You might have, but for the people who haven't, here it is, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
• Laser diode works on the principle of stimulated emission.
• A laser diode works exactly opposite to the photodiode, it converts the voltage into high-intensity coherent light.
• The p-n junction of acts as the active region or laser medium of the diode.
• Laser diodes are highly efficient and can be produced at much lower costs than other diodes known to us.
• Laser diode requires a lower power to operate and produce coherent light than other diodes.
• There are countless applications of laser diodes being used in radiological scans, barcode readers, laser pointers, laser printing, and much more.

6. Tunnel Diode

• A tunnel diode is also known as Esaki diode.
• Tunnel diode as the name suggests works on the principle of tunneling, based on quantum mechanical effects.
• These diodes have a 10nm pn junction which is heavily doped which works on the negative conductance property of the semiconductors.
• Tunnel diodes are used in high-frequency oscillators and receivers, microwave circuits are also made using them.
• They are not widely used in every other circuit because of their low current.

7. Varactor diode

• Varactor diode is made up of two things, a diode and a variable capacitor. They are used as voltage-controlled capacitors.
• It is also named as varicap diode.
• A varactor works in a reverse-biased condition, I hope you know how the reverse-biased condition works, don't fret, if you still don't know, give it another read from the previous sections.
• They are used in frequency modulation, RF phase shifter, and have multiple other applications.

8. Vacuum Diode

• It is the simplest form of the diode and works on the principle of thermionic emission. It does not a PN junction, which are present in the modern day diodes, it's an old school one!
• The cathode and anode are made up of specified metals, different metals are used for the purpose.
• Both the cathode and anode are enclosed in a vacuum tube.
• The cathode is heated with the help of a power supply which in turn releases the electrons, these electrons are then attracted towards the anode.
• The stream of electrons flows from cathode to anode generating current.
• Vacuum diode only works in forward biased condition, in reverse biased condition, it does not work.
• It is the most primitive form of the diode and was used in almost every electronic appliance in the twentieth century, when technology was about to touch the new horizons, there were many available options such as radio, television, computers, and telephones to name a few with a vacuum diode as their functional component.

9. LED

• First things first, please do not call it LED diode, led already is a complete word, Light emitting diode, you can not write it , light emitting diode diode, or can you?
• Who is not aware of the light emitting diodes in this modern age? With endless advertisements and media campaigns, we all have a vague notion about LEDs to an extent.
• Light emitting diodes are similar to laser diodes but they do not emit laser beams on applying voltage.
• LEDs work in forward biased conditions i.e on applying and increasing voltage, current also increases emitting a non-coherent light.
• They are widely used in digital devices for display screens, optical fiber communication, and several detection systems.

10. Gunn diode

• If you remember, I told you earlier about the diodes without a PN junction, Gunn diode is one of them.
• The Gunn diode is a transferred electron device TED, which works on the Gunn effect, named after a scientist. It's a negative differential resistance device.
• There are three regions in total, N- region is the negative region, which is sandwiched between two P+ regions which are heavily doped.
• The materials used in the formation are Indium phosphide and Gallium Arsenide.
• It is a low-power oscillator used in the production of microwaves.
• Gunn diode provides high reliability, and high bandwidth at comparatively lower costs than other available options.

Applications and examples of Diode

As we are at the terminal stage of our discussion, you must be aware of the wide window of utilities we have for diodes, here is the list of few uses of diode which you might already know to an extent;

1. Inverter Technology

• You must be aware of the inverter technology used in modern appliances, they make use of rectifiers which convert the alternating current into direct current.
• Power conversion with the help of diodes has worked as the game-changer in the electronic world, the conversion of alternating current into direct current or higher dc voltage has revolutionized modern technology. You might have seen endless advertisements of invertors technology in home appliances such as air conditioners, and refrigerators to name a few.
• Automotive alternators and voltage multipliers are the well-known examples in this respect.

2. Boolean logic gates

• All of us have thoroughly learned boolean algebra and its logic gates in physics or somehow in computer sciences as well, I always had a love-hate relationship with the logic gates, I still don't know why!
• Those logic gates especially the AND and OR logic gates can be made using diodes and other necessary components required to complete the circuit.
• Diode logic gates were used a lot in the earlier production of computers when other available options were not cost-effective.

3. Signal Demodulation

• Do you know, what is signal demodulation? Let me answer this first, Picking up the actual signal from the modulated wave is called signal demodulation.
• Signal demodulation is carried out by the diode, usually for radio signals.
• The basic task is to remove the negative signals from the carrier wave, generating a clear output signal in terms of sound or an image.
• Signal demodulation is one of the most important things done by diodes.
• Can you guess how this process is carried out? The AM envelope detector, which is simply a diode and an RC circuit the leads for demodulation.

4. Electronics

• From transistors and rectifiers to Light emitting diodes and an endless spectrum of usage, diodes have a significant place in electronics.
• Diodes have plenty of variants to choose from, such as Diode 1n4004 is the most famous diode, which is used for rectification. It has a maximum current carrying capacity of 1A, there are plenty of options you can use as per your requirement.
• One of the most observed examples includes the LEDs, the festive fairy lights to large traffic signal lights and radiological detectors, we all have seen endless diodes in our lives.
• Zener diodes and tuning diodes act as voltage regulators, without them, your circuits would suffer a burnout soon, nobody can withstand a financial and human loss in general at such a large scale.
• We have discussed all of them in detail, you can refer to the section above, in case you have skipped it!

5. Bypass Diodes in Solar panels

• Hot spot heating is one of the many problems faced by the solar system, the solar cell gets damaged due to the low output in presence of shade, dust or snow or any other factors hindering the sunlight to the solar cell.
• Now, you must be thinking about how a hotspot is formed even though the cell itself is not working?
• It is absolutely true that the cell is not working, but the other cells are functional and the current of these cells flow through this faulty cell, heating it up and making a hot spot.
• For this purpose, to protect the faulty cell, bypass diodes are used. This is one of the least celebrated uses of diode indeed!
• These bypass diodes are connected in parallel with the solar cells which helps to reduce the flow of current through the flawed solar cell, making the current flow through an external circuit.

6. Diodes as Clippers

• Let's first discuss the function of a clipper circuit, in case you don't know, a clipper circuit is used to cut down certain parts of the signal, without disturbing the actual waveform, imagine you are making a sandwich with the sandwich cutter, upon cutting with the stencil the sandwich takes the shape of the cutter only from the corners, shedding off the extra parts and bits, but the actual build and assembly of the sandwich is not disturbed, the clipper does the same with the signals.
• These clippers are usually of two types, shunt clippers and series clipper, depending on their function.

7. Diodes in Radiology

• Have you ever been to the hospital for a scan? For a broken bone or for a diagnostic one?
• Laser diodes are the ones used for this purpose, we have already read about them in detail in our previous section.
• Nowadays, laser diodes are even used for surgical treatments such as retinal repair, and other eye-related surgeries. Lithotripsy is also done by laser, the stone in your kidney is broken from outside of the body, through a laser beam without any incision. Isn't it revolutionary? Definitely, it is!

So, friends, it was all about diodes, I presume you have a clear understanding of many concepts related to diodes including their basic structure, working,  types, and applications. I tried to keep it simple but significant, You can re-read the section you least understood, it happens to everyone and it helps. See you with another soon, have a good day ahead!

Buck Converter using MOSFET Gate Driver in Proteus

Hey Geeks! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. We hope you are doing great. MOSFET is a predominant component widely used in electronics due to its performance. We are working on the Projects of MOSFET and today's experiment is really interesting. We are working on the MOSFET Gate Driver and we will work on the following concepts:

1. Introduction to MOSFET Gate Driver.
2. Circuit of MOSFET Gate Driver.
3. Working of MOSFET Gate Driver.
4. Simulation of MOSFET Gate Driver in Proteus.
5. Applications of MOSFET Gate Driver.

You will find important information about the topic in DID YOU KNOW sections.

Introduction to MOSFET Gate Driver

We all know MOSFET is a type of transistor and is used in a wide range of circuits. It has many interesting features and the characteristics of MOSFET are at the fingertips of electrical and electronic engineers. The circuit of the MOSFET Gate Driver may be new for many students so let's have a look at its definition:

"The MOSFET Gate Driver is a type of DC to DC power amplifier that in the form of on-chip as well as discrete module in which we use MOSFET as the gate driver IC, the low power is taken as input from MOSFET and high power is obtained its gate terminal and vice versa according to need." 

DID YOU KNOW?

The name of the MOSFET Gate Driver is due to its characteristic to have the high current drive gate input of a Transistor. We use the MOSFET because it is a gate driver IC.

MOSFET is used in this circuit because it is commonly used in switching devices where the frequency ranges from hundred of KHz to thousands of KHz. It is mostly used in appliances where we need DC to DC amplification. It is used in computers to low their temperature during their performance. The MOSFET Gate driver is used to change the value of DC according to the circuit of the appliances. There are three types of drivers:

1. High side drivers.
2. Low side Driver.
3. Isolated Drivers.

 

Circuit of MOSFET Gate driver

When we look at the circuit of the MOSFET Gate drive, we found there are some basic as well as some special components in the circuit. In addition to MOSFET, the circuit consists of resistor, capacitor, inductor and IR2101. Let's look at their functions:

MOSFET

• Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors have a thin layer of silicon oxide between Gate and channel. It four terminals:  Gate, Drain, Source.

IR2101

It is IC that works very great with MOSFET. We use it in the MOSFET Gate driver to insert the voltage in the Gate terminal of the MOSFET in the form of pulses. We define the IR2101 as:

"It is  seven pins, high power, high voltage, MOSFET and IGBT driver that has independent high and low channel references."

The detail of the pins is given as:

1. Vcc: This Pin is for Low side and logic fixed supply voltage.
2. Vs: It is for High side floating supply offset voltage.
3. Hin: High side gate driver output is taken by this pin.
4. HO: We get High side gate drive output through this pin.
5. Lin: Low side gate driver output is taken by this pin.
6. LO: Low side gate drive output is obtained through it.
7. COM: we get Low side return from this pin.

Other components are very common to discuss.

Working of MOSFET Gate Driver

The working of the MOSFET Gate Driver start when the power is generated from power terminals.

1.  The IR2101 starts with the power terminal, the input pulse generators convert this power into the special length as set by the user.
2. These pulses Enter at the gate terminals of MOSFETs.
3. Both of these MOSFETs do not turn on at the same time. They work in a loop so that if the high side MOSFET is turned on then the other is off and vice versa.
4. The MOSFET M1 on the upper side of the circuit is considered at the High side of the driver and the MOSFET M2, on the lower side of the circuit is at the Low side driver.
5. After some time, when the voltage becomes greater than the threshold voltage of MOSFETs, they start working.
6. The terminals of  MOSFETs are connected with the capacitor.
7. The aim of this circuit is to charge the capacitors. Hence when the MOSFET starts working, the charging of the capacitor takes place.
8. The pulses reach both the MOSFET at a very specific time due to IR2101.
9. Once the capacitor C2 is fully charged, it starts the discharging power and this discharging power from the inductor as well and at last, it goes to the ground terminal.
10. In this case, the polarity of the inductor changes and in this way, the energy stored in the capacitor is discharged.
11. Hence at the end, when we check on the oscilloscope, we get the changed output pulse from the input.

Simulation of MOSFET Gate Driver in Proteus ISIS

Material Required for MOSFET Gate Driver

1. MOSFET
2. IR2101
3. Resistor
4. Capacitor
5. Inductor
6. Ground Terminal
7. Power Terminal
8. Pulse Generator

Using all the concepts given above, we'll simulate the circuit in Proteus for a crystal clear concept. Just follow the steps given next:

• Start your Proteus Software.
• Make a new Project.
• Click at "P" button to choose the first five components for the experiment one after the other.
• Arrange all the components in the working area according to the arrangement given next:

• Go to Terminal Mode> Ground and add ground terminal with the required components of the circuit.
• Repeat the above step with the power Terminal.

DID YOU KNOW?

The efficiency of MOSFET Gate driver is more than 90% in many cases.

• Go to Instrument Mode and take the Oscilloscope from there. Now, arrange it just below the circuit.
• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires by carefully following the image given next:

• Double-tap the components one by one and change the default values according to the table given next:

  Components	Values
  R1	10R
  R2	10R
  R3	60R
  L1	500u
  C1	4.7u
  C2	60u
  Pulse 1	Pulse (High) voltage =5v, frequency 1k, Pulse Width 50%
  Pulse 2	Pulse (High) voltage =5v, frequency 1k, Pulse Width 50%

• Tap the play button at the lower-left corner of the screen to simulate the graph.
• Set the values of voltage and current through the nob to see a clear output.

Applications of MOSFET Gate Driver

1. MOSFET Gate driver is used in DC to DC converter.
2. It is used in the conversion of high voltage to low voltage.
3. It is mainly used to reduce heat in many circuits.
4. Due to its functions, it is useful in extending battery life.

So, in the present article, we saw what is MOSFET Gate driver. What important components are used in it, how does its circuit works and how can we simulate its circuit in Proteus. Moreover, we also read some of its applications. We hope you learned well from this article.

Solar Panel Library for Proteus V2.0

Hello friends, I hope you all are well. Today, we are going to share the second version of the Solar Panel Library for Proteus. You should also have a look at the first version of the Solar Panel Library, which we have posted around 2 years back and we were receiving suggestions to reduce its size as there's less space left for other components. That's why we have designed this new Solar Panel Library and have reduced the size of the solar panel. We have also added a new black solar panel component to it. So, this library contains 2 solar Panel modules in it. First, let's have a look at a brief introduction to Solar Panel and then will download the Proteus Library zip file.

What is Solar Panel?

• Solar Panels are designed using solar cells composed of semiconductor materials(i.e. silicon, phosphorous etc.) and convert solar energy into electrical energy.
• Solar Panels are used to generate renewable energy and are considered as one of the major sources.
• Real Solar Panel modules are shown in the below figure:

Solar Panel Library for Proteus V2.0

• First, we need to download the zip file of Proteus Library by clicking the below button:

Download Proteus Library zip file

• In this zip file, you need to open the folder named Proteus Library Files.
• In this folder, you will find 2 Proteus Library files named:
  • SolarPanel2TEP.IDX
  • SolarPanel2TEP.LIB
• Copy-paste these files in the Library folder of Proteus software.

Note:

• If you are unable to add Library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8.

• After adding the files in Proteus software, open it and if you are already working on it, then you need to restart it.
• In the components section, make a search for solar panel and you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• In the above figure, the first result is from version 1.0, and the remaining two are added by this new solar library.
• Let's place these sensors in the Proteus workspace, as shown in the below figure:

• This Solar Library has thee two solar panels in it, one is blue and the second one is black.
• Both are of 12V but their voltage level can be changed from the Properties panel.
• In order to open the Properties panel, double click on the solar panel and you can change the value of Voltage here, as shown in the below figure:

• Click Ok to close the properties panel.

Now let's design a simple Proteus simulation of Solar Panel in Proteus:

Proteus Simulation of Solar Panel

• I have changed the voltage level of black solar from the properties panel & simply placed a voltmeter in front of these solar panels, as shown in the below figure:

• Now let's run the Proteus simulation of solar panel:

• As you can see in the above figure, the output of black solar is around 16V, while blue solar is giving 12V.
• That's how you can test it for variable voltage i.e. day time, night time etc.

So, that was all for today. I hope this library will help you guys in your engineering projects. If you have any issues/queries, use the below comment form. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

Vibration Sensor Library for Proteus V2.0

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to share a new Vibration Sensor Library for Proteus V2.0. It's the second version of the Vibration Sensor Library for Proteus. In this library, we have four vibration sensors. These vibrations sensors have both digital and analog output pins and can easily be connected with microcontrollers i.e. Arduino, PIC, Atmel etc. Before downloading the Proteus Library zip file, let's first have a look at the brief overview of Vibration Sensor:

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

What is Vibration Sensor?

• A vibration sensor is a small embedded sensor, which is used to detect vibrations on any surface.
• These vibration sensors are used for various purposes i.e. fault detection on heavy machinery, placed on doors & windows for security etc.
• Real vibration sensors are shown in the below figure:

Vibration Sensor Library for Proteus V2.0

• First of all, download the zip file of Proteus Library for Vibration Sensor, by clicking the below button:

Download Proteus Library Files

• After downloading the zip file, extract its files and open the folder named "Proteus Library Files".
• In this folder, you will find 3 Proteus Library Files named:
  • VibrationSensor2TEP.IDX
  • VibrationSensor2TEP.LIB
  • VibrationSensor2TEP.HEX
• We need to place these files in the Library folder of Proteus software.

Note:

• If you are unable to add Library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8.

• After adding these library files, open your Proteus software or restart it, if it's already running.
• In the components section, make a search for Vibration, and you will get results, as shown in the below figure:

• In the above search result, the first four modules are from V2.0, while the fifth one is of the first version.
• Let's place these first four modules in the Proteus workspace, as shown in the below figure:

Adding Hex File to the Sensor

• Next, we need to add the hex file of the sensor, so double click on the sensor to open its Properties Panel.
• In the Program File section, browse to the hex file, which we have downloaded above and placed it in the Library folder of Proteus software:

• After adding the hex file, click the Ok button to close the properties panel.

The vibration sensor is now ready to simulate in Proteus, so let's design a simple circuit to understand its working:

Vibration Sensor Proteus Simulation

• I have simulated two of these vibration sensors, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see, I have placed an LC filter on the analog output of the vibration sensor, its because proteus gives us a peak to peak voltage value and we need t convert it to Vrms.
• This LC filter is not required in real hardware.
• Now, let's run the Proteus simulation and if everything's fine, you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• As the potentiometer value is different on both sensors, that's why we are getting different outputs.

So, that was all for today. I hope this sensor will help engineering students in their projects' simulations. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. Bye !!! :)

CR2032 Lithium Coin Library for Proteus

Hello friends, I hope you all are well. In today's tutorial, I am going to share a new CR2032 Lithium Coin Library for Proteus. This small cell is extensively used in electronics whereabouts because of its small size. CR2032 is not present in the Proteus components' database and we are quite pleased that we are sharing it for the first time. This library contains 3 types of these small cells, one is the cell itself, while the other two models are cells with leads. Before downloading the Proteus Library zip file, let's first have a brief overview of CR2032:

What is CR2032???

• CR2032(also called Lithium Coin) is a small round Lithium Manganese Dioxide battery, normally provides 3V.
• As CR2032 is very small in size, thus used in small electronics devices & whereabouts i.e. watches, bracelets, calculators, hand-held video games etc.
• CR2032 is a small cell, so a black or yellow casing is used to operate it.
• Here are few images of real CR2032 with casing:

CR2032 Library for Proteus

• First of all, download the zip file of Proteus library for CR2032, by clicking the below button:

Download Proteus Library Files

• Open the zip file of Proteus Library and extract the files.
• Open the folder named Proteus Library Files and you will find 2 files in it, named:
  • CR2032LibraryTEP.IDX
  • CR2032LibraryTEP.LIB
• Copy these files and paste them into the Library folder of Proteus software.

Note:

• If you are unable to add Library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8.

• Now, open Proteus ISIS and in the components section, search for CR2032 and you will get results, as shown in the below figure:

• Let's place these three components in the Proteus workspace, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, the first one is the cell CR2032 itself, and in the second and third, we have tried to create a Cell with leads & casing.

Now, let's simulate them in proteus to have a look at their output:

CR2032 Proteus Simulation

• Here's the Proteus simulation of CR2032, where I have simply placed a voltmeter in front of these coins, as shown in the below figure:

• Now simply run the Proteus simulation, and you will get results as shown below:

• They all are providing 3V as shown on the voltmeters but you can change the voltage level from their properties panel.

So, that was all for today. I hope this Lithium coin will help you in your proteus simulations. Thanks for reading. Take care. Bye !!!

Proteus Library of Single Cell Battery

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing well. In today's tutorial, I am going to share a new Proteus Library of Single Cell Battery. These single-cell batteries are not present in Proteus, so we have designed them, I hope you guys will find them helpful. This Proteus library has 5 Single Cell Batteries in it, we have designed the most common ones. Four of these batteries provide 3.7V, while one provides 12V. First, let's have a look at

What is a Single Cell Battery???

• Single Cell Batteries are available in different voltage ranges and normally provide 3.7 volts.
• Single Cell Battery is used in small electronic projects i.e. toys, clocks, alarms, calculators etc.
• Few Single Cell Batteries are shown in the below figure, which we have simulated in Proteus:

Proteus Library of Single Cell Battery

• First of all, click on the below button to download the Proteus Library zip file of Single Cell Battery:

Download Proteus Library Files

• Extract the files of this zip file and open the folder named Proteus Library Files.
• In this folder, you will find three library files, named:
  • SingleCellBatteryTEP.IDX
  • SingleCellBatteryTEP.LIB
  • SingleCellBatteryTEP.HEX
• We need to place these files in the Library folder of our Proteus software.

Note:

• If you are having problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should read How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.

• After adding the Library files, restart your Proteus ISIS software.
• In the components section, make a search for "Single Cell" and you will find these results:

• Let's place these Single Cells in our Proteus workspace, and they will look something like this:

• These Single Cells will provide 3.7V, but you can change the voltage level from its Properties panel.
• So, double click on any of these batteries & the properties panel will open up, as shown in the below figure:

Single Cell Battery Proteus Simulation

• Now, let's design a simple Proteus simulation.
• I have just placed a voltmeter in front of three of these sensors, as shown in the below figure:

• Now, run the simulation and you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• The center one is of 12V, while all others are of 3.7V.
• You can use these batteries to power up your electronic circuits.

So, that was all for today. If you have any questions/suggestions, please use the below comment form. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. Bye !!! :)

Sound Detector Library for Proteus V2.0

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are going to share a new Sound Detector Library for Proteus. It's actually the second version of our previous library Sound Sensor Library for Proteus. We have changed the name as "Sound Detector" is written on these sensors. Moreover, this new sensor is quite small-sized, compact and also has an analog output pin. We were receiving many complaints about the large size of the previous sound sensor, as it occupies more space and there's less space left for other components. So, this new one is quite small-sized and I am hopeful students will find it helpful. So, let's first have a look at What is Sound Detector Sensor and why is it used?

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

What is Sound Detector Sensor???

• Sound Detector sensor is an Embedded sensor, used for the detection of sound in the surroundings.
• It has both analog & digital outputs and thus gives us information about the intensity of sound as well i.e. how low or high the sound is?
• So these sensors are used for sound detection but they are not used for sound recognition.

Now let's download the Proteus Library of Sound Detector Sensor and simulate it:

Sound Detector Library for Proteus V2.0

• First of all, download the proteus library of Sound Detector Sensor by clicking the below button:

Download Proteus Library Files

• You will get a zip file of Proteus Library, extract these files and open the folder named "Proteus Library Files".
• In this folder, you will find three files, titled:
  • SoundDetector2TEP.IDX
  • SoundDetector2TEP.LIB
  • SoundDetector2TEP.HEX
• We need to place these three library files in the Proteus Library folder.

Note:

• If you are facing problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then have a look at How to add a new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.

• Once added the Library files, now open your Proteus software or restart it. (In order to index the library components, proteus has to restart)
• In the components section, make a search for sound detector and you will get 4 results, shown in the below figure:

• Now, let's place all these sensors in the Proteus workspace:

Adding Hex File to the Sensor

• In order to simulate this sensor in Proteus, we need to add a hex file to the sensor.
• So, double click on the sensor or right-click on it and then click on Edit Properties and it will open up the Properties Panel.
• In the Properties panel, we have a textbox titled Upload Hex File and here we need to add the hex file, which we have placed in the library folder of Proteus, as shown in the below figure:

Now our sensor is ready to simulate, so let's design a simple circuit to understand its working:

Sound Detector Simulation in Proteus

• As we have seen this sensor consists of 5 pins in total, which are:
  • V: Vcc (Power).
  • G: Ground.
  • D0: Digital Output.
  • A0: Analog Output.
  • Test: For Testing Purposes. (It's not present in real sensor)

Why Test Pin is used?

• As we can't add a real mic in Proteus simulation, so in order to simulate this sensor, we have placed this Test Pin.
• So, when the voltage at Test Pin will increase, the sensor will consider it as sound intensity is increasing.
• We need to connect a potentiometer with this Test Pin.

Sound Detector Circuit Diagram

• Now, we need to design a simple circuit in Proteus, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, I have placed an LC filter on the analog output, because we are getting peak to peak voltage and we need to convert it to Vrms.
• We don't need to place this LC filter with the real sensor.
• Now, let's run this simulation and if everything's good, you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• I have simulated two of these sound detector sensors and you can see they have different outputs because they have different voltage at their Test Pins.

So, that was all for today. If you have any problem in simulating the sound detector, ask in the below comments. We will soon share its simulation with Microcontrollers. Thanks for reading. Take care !!! :)

Infrared Tracker Sensor Library for Proteus

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. Today, I am going to share a new Infrared Tracker Sensor Library for Proteus. By using this library, you will be able to simulate IR based tracker sensor. This library contains 4 tracker sensors in it. This Infrared Tracker Sensor is not present in Proteus software and we are sharing it for the first time. We have already shared 2 Proteus Libraries of Infrared sensors, you should check them as well. Note:

• You should also have a look at:
  • IR Proximity Sensor Library for Proteus.
  • Infrared Sensor Library for Proteus.

First, let's have a look at what is tracker sensor and why is it used?

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	IR Tracker Sensor	Amazon	Buy Now
2	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

What is IR Tracker Sensor???

• IR Tracker Sensor uses Infrared technology and contains two IR LEDs on it.
• A signal is transmitted from one LED, which is reflected back after hitting some target and is received by the second LED.
• This sensor is normally used in Line Tracking Robotic Projects, where the black line is sensed by this IR Tracker sensor.

Infrared Tracker Sensor Library for Proteus

• First of all, download the zip file of Proteus Library by clicking the below button:

Download Proteus Library Files

• Once you downloaded the zip file, extract it and open the folder named "Proteus Library Files".
• You will find three files in it, named:
  • InfraredTrackerSensorTEP.IDX
  • InfraredTrackerSensorTEP.LIB
  • InfraredTrackerSensorTEP.HEX
• Place these three files in the Library folder of your Proteus software.

Note:

• If you are facing problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then have a look at How to add a new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.

• Now open your Proteus software or restart it, if it's already running.
• In the components section, we need to make a search for Infrared Tracker Sensor, and you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, now we have 4 infrared tracker sensors in our Proteus database.
• Let's place these sensors in the Proteus workspace, that's how they will look like:

Adding Hex File to the sensor

• Now we need to add the hex file to the sensor, so double click on the sensor to open its Properties Panel.
• In the properties panel, we have a textbox named "Program File".
• In this textbox, browse to the hex file of the sensor, which we have placed in the Library folder of Proteus software, as shown in the below figure:

• After adding the hex file, click the OK button to close the properties panel.

Our sensor is now ready to operate.

Infrared Tracker Sensor Pinout

• As you can see these sensors have five pins in total, which are:
  1. V: Power.
  2. G: Ground.
  3. D0: Digital Output.
  4. A0: Analog Output.
  5. Test: For Testing Purposes.

Why Test Pin is used?

• As it's a simulation, so we can't actually generate IR pulses, that's why I have placed this Test Pin.
• As the voltage at Test Pin will increase, the sensor will consider it as the obstacle is coming close.
• We will place a potentiometer at this Test Pin.
• This Test Pin is not present in a real IR Tracker sensor.

So, let's design a simple simulation of this Infrared Tracker sensor to have a look at its working:

Infrared Tracker Sensor Proteus Simulation

• Design a simulation in Proteus, as shown in the below figure:

• I have placed an LC circuit in front of the analog output because we have to convert the peak to peak voltage to Vrms.
• This LC filter is also not required in real hardware, but in simulation, we need to place it to get an analog value.
• Now, let's run our Proteus simulation of the IR sensor and if everything goes fine, you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• I have simulated two of these sensors, the rest will work the same and as you can see depending on the potentiometer, we got different values at the output.

So, that was all for today. I hope this library will help you guys in your engineering projects. If you have any questions/suggestions, please use the below comment form. Thanks for reading. Take care !!! :)

Lipo Battery Library for Proteus

Hello everyone, I hope you all are fine. In today's tutorial, we are going to share a new Lipo Battery Library for Proteus. Proteus has a 12V battery module in it but they are quite simple in looks, so we have simply designed a stylish looking lipo battery, I hope you will find it useful for a better project presentation. This Proteus Library has two Lipo Batteries in it, one is of 3.7V and the second one is of 11.1V, these are normally available Lipo models in the market. Although, you can change the voltage level of these batteries from their properties panel. Let's first have a look at the brief introduction of Lipo Baterry:

What is Lipo Battery???

• Lipo is an abbreviation of lithium polymer battery, designed using lithium-ion technology and uses polymer electrodes.
• Lipo Battery provides high power in a small package and thus used in autonomous project i.e. quadcopter, robotic vehicles etc.

Lipo Battery Library for Proteus

• First of all, we need to download the Proteus Library zip file of the Lipo battery, by clicking the below button:

Lipo Battery Library for Proteus

• In this zip file, you will find a folder named Proteus Library Files.
• In this folder, we have two files:
  • LipoBatteryTEP.LIB
  • LipoBatteryTEP.IDX
• Place these two files in the library folder of your Proteus software

Note:

• If you are facing problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then have a look at How to add a new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.

• After adding these Library files, open your Proteus software or restart it, if it's already open.
• In the components section, make a search for Lipo Battery and you will get results, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see, now we have two Lipo batteries in the components database, so let's place them in the Proteus workspace.

• If everything's fine, then you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, we have two Lipo Batteries:
  • One is operating at 11.1V.
  • Second one is operating at 3.7V
• We can change the voltage level from the properties panel, so double click on the Lipo battery to open its properties, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, we have 11.1V written in the Voltage text box, so here you can change the voltage level of these batteries.

• Now, let's design a simple simulation to understand how it works:

• So, I have simply attached a voltmeter with both of these lipo batteries, as shown in the above figure.
• Now, let's run our simulation and if everything's fine, you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• If you are working on a 12V project, then simply change the voltage level from the properties panel and use it in your project.

So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial. If you have any questions, please ask in comments and we will help you out. Thanks for reading.. Take care. Bye !!! :)