The Engineering Projects

Smart Home Security System using Arduino

Security systems are widely suggested for homes as well as other locations. Everybody wants to take necessary steps to prevent infiltration at home, thus this security is necessary. Intruders nowadays may take advantage of almost any illegal activity and wreak havoc on a property's security. The security of one's home is a critical concern that everyone faces in the current day.

While there are certain devices on the market that may considerably help protect your house, some of them are excessively costly and need constant maintenance. Many devices regarding smart home security systems are available in the market but these are not user friendly according to the budget, the device we designed provides the user with a better interface with the help of LCD. We have used enough sensors that make sure the security protocol.

So in this way, we designed a reasonable security system that has the features of gas and flame detection with the help of MQ-2 Gas Sensor and flame sensor respectively and also have installed a Motion detector sensor known as PIR sensor to detect the intruder's motion. For a better user interface an LCD and Alarm are installed to alert the user. The whole system is programmed using Arduino UNO. A proteus circuit is designed for this project as shown below:

• You can download the complete project i.e. Proteus Simulation and Arduino Code by clicking the below button:

Smart Home Security System using Arduino

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	LCD 20x4	Amazon	Buy Now
2	SIM900	Amazon	Buy Now
3	Flame Sensors	Amazon	Buy Now
4	MQ-2	Amazon	Buy Now
5	PIR Sensor	Amazon	Buy Now
6	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

Components Required

For the home security system, we have used 3 sensors which are briefly explained as follows:

Flame Sensor

• The flame sensor is used to detect the fire, it has 3 pins (Ground, VCC, OUTPUT) with operational voltages ranging from 3.3V to 5V.
• This sensor may be constructed using an electrical circuit and a receiver similar to that used for electromagnetic radiation.
• This sensor employs the infrared flame flash technology, which enables it to operate through a layer of oil, dust, water vapor etc.
• There are several wavelengths of flame sensors normally in the range of 700 to 1100 nm from the source.
• Normally flame sensors have an operating temperature ranging from -25? ~ 85? with several features like adjustable sensitivity, fast response time and ease to use.
• Proteus doesn't have a Flame Sensor in its database, so you need to download this Flame Sensor Library for Proteus.

PIR Sensor

• PIR Sensor is used to detect the intruder’s motion.
• There are mainly two kinds of infrared sensors one is active and the other is passive.
• The active infrared sensor emits as well as absorbs the infrared radiations whereas the passive infrared sensor simply absorbs not emit.
• When an object enters or escapes the sensor's range, a passive infrared sensor is employed to detect it.
• For adjusting the sensitivity and delay time, there are two trim pots supplied. You may alter them to meet your requirements.
• The sensor produces a HIGH output when it senses movement within its range; otherwise, it generates a LOW output.
• PIR also has 3 pins like a Flame sensor.
• It has operating voltages of range 5V - 20V with output voltage generation of 0V-3V when the object is detected in the sensing range that is 7 meters.
• Proteus doesn't have a PIR Sensor in its database, so you need to download this PIR Sensor Library for Proteus.

MQ-2 Gas Sensor

• MQ2 gas sensors detect the presence of gases such as LPG, methane, ethanol and carbon monoxide in the air ranging up to 10000 ppm using electricity.
• It is also known as chemiresistor for the MQ2 gas sensor.
• The resistance of the sensing material changes depending on the amount of gas present.
• When it comes to detecting gas, sensors use variations in resistance value that generates the output voltage.
• When a sensor material is heated to a high temperature in the air, oxygen is adsorbed on the surface.
• Because current can flow via the sensor, its analog voltage values may now be read.
• The voltage values reported here may be used to compute the concentration of a gas. When the gas concentration is high, the voltage values are greater.
• Proteus doesn't have a Gass Sensor in its database, so you need to download this Gas Sensor Library for Proteus.

 

Arduino UNO

• Atmel's ATMega328 is used in the Arduino Uno, an open-source single-board microcontroller.
• Either an external power source or a 5V USB connection may be used to power the device.
• In all, there are 14 digital input/output pins on the board, with 6 of them serving as PWM outputs.
• On the board, you'll find a reset button and six analog input pins. The Arduino software is used to program the board, which is written in C language.
• When it came to controlling the home security system, the Arduino Uno's capabilities were found to be sufficient.
• Arduino Boards are not present in Proteus, so we need to use this Arduino Library for Proteus.

Circuit Designing

• This whole project is designed to provide a security system for the home in which multiple safety sensors can be installed with a Buzzer and LCD for a better user interface.
• We won't design this project in real, instead, we are going to design its Proteus simulation.
• If you are working on an electronics/embedded project, then it's always a best practice to design its simulation first.
• In simulations, it's easy to debug your code and thus you can program quickly.
• Once you are satisfied with your project's working, you can move forward to hardware designing.

So, let's design our Proteus Simulation for Smart Home Security System:

Proteus Simulation

• These are the components, which we are going to use for designing our Proteus Simulation:

• So, select these components from Proteus Components Library and place them in your workspace, as shown in the below figure:

• Next, we need to connect these components' pins to complete our circuit, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above simulation, we have used three sensors in total, which we have discussed above.

So, now we are going to design the Arduino Code for this simulation:

Arduino Programming Code

We have designed the circuit in our Proteus Simulation and next, we need to design its Arduino Code, in order to make it work.

LCD Initialization Code

• First of all, we are going to interface LCD with Arduino UNO and will display the Project's name on the screen.
• The code is shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, we have first initialized the variables.
• Arduino board is programmed using Arduino IDE software which has mainly 2 sections void setup and void loop.
• Before void setup, we have to declare the pins of sensors and actuators that we are using in our project.
• Depending on the nature of sensors (analog or digital) the pins of sensors are connected to Arduino UNO accordingly.
• #define is used to declare the pins of Gas, PIR, FIRE and BUZZER.
• Initially, all the sensors have zero value that is stored by an integer variable.
• In the void setup section, input and output sensors are defined.
• GAS, PIR, and FIRE sensors are employed as input sensors to detect and activate the BUZZER, which is an output component.
• LCD 20×4 is used and lcd.begin is used to initiate the LCD.
• lcd.setCursor is used to cursor position on LCD and the name of the project is displayed on LCD Screen using lcd.print command.
• Now, let's run our simulation to check the results, shown in the figure below:

Sensors Interfacing with Arduino

• In Arduino IDE code execution, void setup runs once while the void loop executes again and again.
• analogRead and digitalRead commands are used to read the value of analog and digital sensors respectively, while analogWrite and digitalWrite commands are used for sending commands or data.

• As shown in the above figure, first, we have read the sensors' data and if all sensors are in LOW state, then have displayed the message "You are safe".
• Let's run the code to check the output:

• As you can see in the above figure, all sensors are at a LOW state and thus LCD is displaying the safe message.
• Next, we have added the if loop for the case where all sensors are giving HIGH value:

• The rest of the code has similar if loops for various conditions of sensors.
• You can download the complete code and Proteus Simulation from the link, given at the start of this tutorial.
• Now, let's run our final simulation and test the sensors and if everything goes fine, you will get results as shown in the below figure:

Future Recommendations

It deters the crime and notifies the user about the gas or fire problem. Home security systems are mostly utilized for safety reasons in residences, businesses, and educational facilities. Another option is to use a mobile device or the internet to send data to a remote location. Other modules, such as a wind sensor or a fire sensor, might be added to the system in the future. Voice alarm modules may also alert you to an intruder or a gas leak if you use them. We can increase the number of sensors to make it better. We can use the latest technology of the Internet of Things that makes our system wireless. A growing number of devices and goods are being connected to the Internet, which is referred to as the Internet of Things by the phrase. We can use the Internet of Things to produce a low-cost security system for residential and industrial applications that is especially useful for home security. When the door is opened or an unauthorized entry is detected, the system will send an alert to the owner. The user may take action after getting the notification. ESP8266 Wi-Fi module will connect to and interact with the Internet, while an Arduino Uno microcontroller keeps track of the system's status, as well as a magnetic Reed sensor for sounding the alarm. The principal advantages of this system are ease of installation, low costs, and low maintenance requirements.

So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's project. If you have any questions, ask in the comments. Thanks for reading. Take care !!! :)

Smart Irrigation System using Arduino UNO

Hello everyone, we are back with a new project and we hope you all are doing well. In this article, we will discuss a project named Smart Irrigation System using Arduino UNO. We will use different sensors to measure the environmental and crop parameters which are responsible for good production. We will also make the water pump system automatic which will open the water valve automatically according to the soil moisture of the crop.

We will discuss all points and concepts briefly in this article and also provide a Proteus Simulation to observe how it will work in the real world. Complete fully explained code and simulation are also provided below as you go ahead in this article. You can download it from there.

Smart Irrigation System using Arduino UNO

Let’s start with an Introduction:

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	LCD 20x4	Amazon	Buy Now
2	LDR Sensor	Amazon	Buy Now
3	MQ-135	Amazon	Buy Now
4	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction 

In the late decades, there has been a quick advancement in Smart Agricultural Systems. Show that agriculture has great importance worldwide. Indeed, in India for example, about 70 % of the people rely upon the vital sector of agriculture. In the past, irrigation systems used to be dependent on the mills to irrigate the farm by conventional methods without knowing the appropriate quantities of these crops.

These old systems are a major cause of the waste of large quantities of water and thus destroy some crops because of the lack of adequate quantities of water. However, with the recent technological developments, there have been innovative systems for irrigation without the farmer interfering in the irrigation process. We will discuss it in brief below.

We will do a simulation on Proteus 8 Professional Software.

Working

The working of this project is like, we will use a Soil Moisture sensor for measuring the moisture of Soil according to which water valves are controlled. When the moisture level gets below a threshold value, valves will open with the help of a relay or solenoid till the soil is well moisturized.

• The BMP180 sensor will measure the Atmospheric Pressure.
• The DHT11 sensor will measure the temperature and humidity of the climate.
• The MQ135 sensor will measure the Air Quality Index of the environment.
• LDR will measure the sunlight intensity.
• We will use a 20x4 LCD Screen for displaying the data gathered from the sensors.
• And the main thing, we will use an Arduino UNO microcontroller as the brain of the project.

In a used case, when the moisture level gets below a threshold value, valves will open with the help of a relay or solenoid for a required time interval.

Block Diagram

• Here's the Block Diagram of Smart Irrigation System:

Components Required

Here's the list of components used in this project:

• Arduino UNO
• BMP180 Sensor
• DHT11 Sensor
• LDR Sensor
• MQ135 Gas Sensor
• Soil Moisture Sensor
• 20x4 LCD Display
• PCF8574 remote 8-bit I/O expander for the I2C bus
• Breadboard.
• Jumper wires (Male to Male, Male to Female, Female to Male.)

Since we are designing a prototype of this project, we will use jumper wires instead of soldering.

• Power Supply

You can use a Battery, Adapter or any DC source of 5-8v(recommendable).

Circuit Diagram

Since we are making a prototype of this project, we will make connections on the breadboard and avoid soldering the components. We will use male to male, male to female and female to female jumper wires. 

Pins Connections

These are the pin connections of all components.

Pin Connections of Smart Irrigation System
No.	Sensor	Pinout
1	Soil Moisture Sensor	Data - A0 (Arduino)
2	LDR Sensor	LDR-Resistor Junction - A2 (Arduino)
3	MQ135 Gas Sensor	Out - A1 (Arduino)
4	DHT11 Sensor	Data - D2 (Arduino)
5	BMP180 Pressure Sensor	SDA-SDA (Arduino) SCL - SCL (Arduino)

 

Arduino Libraries Required

You need to install these third-party Arduino Libraries, in order to interface sensors:

1. Adafruit_BMP085.h
2. DHT.h
3. LiquidCrystal_I2C.h

We have added comments in the code for better understanding so it can be understood easily.

Note - Change the Address of the LCD Screen while you run the code in Proteus, change it to 0x20 instead of 0x27 or anyone else. In the real experiment, we can alter the address of the LCD by changing the configurations of A0, A1 and A2 pins of the PCF8574 module.

Proteus Libraries Required

We will show you a demo of this project as a simulation. We are using Proteus 8 Professional Software for the simulation.

• Proteus Software Download from here - Download Proteus - Try Proteus EDA Software - Labcenter Electronics
• Soil Moisture Sensor Library for Proteus - Downloads - The Engineering Projects
• Gas Sensor Library for Proteus - Downloads - The Engineering Projects
• LCD Library for Proteus - Downloads - The Engineering Projects

Proteus Simulation Connections

• This potentiometer defines the soil water content in the proteus simulation.
• When the resistance is maximum at the test pin, the circuit shows zero volts across the voltmeter, which means the sensor is either in the dry ground or taken out of the ground, i.e. giving zero moisture value of the water content.
• And when resistance is zero, the circuit will show the maximum voltage across the voltmeter which indicates the sensor is inserted in a wet ground i.e. water contents in the soil are too high.
• This is important. We have attached the output pin with an LC filter. This filter is not required in real hardware implementation.
• We are using it in Proteus Simulation only as Proteus gives the peak-to-peak value and we have to convert that PP value into Vrms.
• If you are working on a real sensor then you don’t need to add this LC circuit.
• Similarly for Gas sensor, as we increase the potentiometer, in simulation it means good air quality.

Steps for Simulation

These are the steps for simulation. Follow them to create a fully working simulation.

• Download the Zip Files given at the start of this tutorial.
• Extract them in the LIBRARY folder. You will find it inside the Labcenter Electronics Folder.

• Go to Arduino IDE and open the code, go to Tools and select the board Arduino UNO.

• Go to Sketch and Click on Export Compiled Binary. It will create a compiled .hex file of the code which will be used as the main program in the simulation ahead.

• Open Proteus software and add components by searching like Arduino, DHT11, BMP180, 20x4 LCD, etc.

You can see the components listed here.

Note - We used a simple LED instead of the valve because the valve component is not available in the Software, simply replace the LED with a valve in a real project. Make connections according to the circuit diagram and add virtual terminals to Serial pins to see the readings and Data.

• Paste the Program File here for all the sensors.

• Paste the Compiled Binary File as a Program file of Arduino UNO.
• Run the simulation and you can see the readings by opening the virtual terminal.

Observations and Results

 

1. In this simulation and project, you can see the sensor's information first in the terminal.
2. After that, we are getting well organized and easily understood data on the terminal by every sensor according to code.
3. According to the code, when the value of the soil moisture sensor gets less than a threshold value, the LED gets on.

This means when the soil gets dry the valve will open and water will be provided to the crops.

pH Sensor Library for Proteus

Hi guys, I hope you are good and doing well in your life. In this article, I am going to tell you about a new pH Sensor Library for Proteus. I hope you all will enjoy it and find it useful. We are all well aware of pH Sensors which are used for the detection of pH of different fluids. By knowing the pH of a liquid we can tell whether the liquid is acidic or basic. You can’t find a pH sensor in Proteus software, so we designed a pH sensor for simulation purposes. You can interface this pH Sensor with any Microcontroller, for example: Arduino, PIC Microcontroller, 8051 Microcontroller etc.

In this pH Sensor Library, I have added four different pH Sensors, which are used for the detection of the pH of any fluid. Since we can’t place real liquid and measure pH in this software, I have attached a test pin in the pH meter where you have to connect a potentiometer. The potentiometer will produce a reading from 0 to 1023, which will be mapped from 0 to 14 in the program code. We can predict the nature of the liquid. We will have a look at how to use these sensors below. So, here’s the list of all four pH sensors, I have added to this pH sensor  library:

• PH METER
• PH METER 2
• PH METER 3
• PH METER 4

So, let’s start with downloading and installing the pH Sensor Library for Proteus.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	LEDs	Amazon	Buy Now
2	Resistor	Amazon	Buy Now
3	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

What is a pH Sensor?

• A pH sensor is a device that is used to measure the pH value of a liquid. pH can be defined as the concentration of H+ ions in a liquid. We can find whether the fluid is acidic, basic or neutral by knowing the pH of the liquid.
• Real pH sensors are shown below:

pH sensor Library for Proteus

• First, download the zip file of Proteus Library for pH Sensor.
• Click the link below to download the library zip file of pH Meter:

pH Sensor Library for Proteus

• After downloading the zip file, extract its files and open the folder named “Proteus Library Files“.
• In this folder, you will find three files, named:
  • pHMeterLibraryTEP.IDX
  • pHMeterLibraryTEP.LIB
  • pHMeterLibraryTEP.HEX
• We have to place these files in the ‘LIBRARY’ folder of Proteus software.
• Now, open Proteus. if you are already working on it you have to restart it.
• In the components search box, search for “PH METER” and you will get four results, as shown in the below figure:

• Let’s place these four pH Meter models in our Proteus workspace:

Adding Hex File to the Sensor

• Now we need to paste the hex file of the pH METER in the properties section of the sensor. Double click on the sensor to open the properties window.
• Go to the program file section, browse to the hex file, which we have downloaded above and placed it in the ‘LIBRARY’ folder of Proteus software:

• After adding the hex file, click the Ok button.
• Now all is ready, let’s create a circuit to check it's working.

pH Sensor Proteus Simulation

• The pH sensor is now ready to simulate in Proteus, so let’s design a simple circuit to understand its working:

• As you can see, I have placed an LC filter on the analog output of the pH sensor, it's because proteus gives us a peak to peak voltage value and we need to convert it to Vrms.
• While performing the real experiment, you don’t need to do the above stuff.
• Now, let’s run the Proteus simulation. You will see such a screen if everything will work fine.

Interfacing of pH sensor with Arduino UNO

• Add Arduino UNO  and pH sensor to the components list and place them in the workspace.
• Placed an LC filter on the analog output of the pH sensor, as mentioned above.

• Connect it to the A0 pin of Arduino. Add a virtual terminal also to see the readings generated.

• Paste the hex file of the program at the program file section of the Arduino.
• Now run the simulation, if everything's fine you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• You can watch the complete working simulation in the below video:

So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture. Thanks for reading !!!

Latest Proteus Libraries for Engineering Students V2.0

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through Latest Proteus Libraries for Engineering Students V2.0.

We have been designing proteus libraries for our blog readers for quite a while now. You might have visited our Arduino Libraries for Proteus V2.0 and Analog Sensors Libraries for Proteus V2.0. We keep working on those libraries and make sure the bugs are removed and you always get the updated version of those libraries.

We are going to share the most advanced and upgraded version of Proteus Libraries V2.0 we have designed for our readers. These libraries are more robust, fast, and efficient than previous versions. Moreover, we have converted some digital sensors to analog sensors, helping you pick from a wide range of libraries for your projects. If you think some sensors or modules are missing in the Proteus database that should be included, leave your valuable suggestion in the section below. We’ll try our best to design and simulate those in proteus.

Before further ado, let’s jump right in.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	LEDs	Amazon	Buy Now
2	Resistor	Amazon	Buy Now
3	ACS712	Amazon	Buy Now
4	DHT11	Amazon	Buy Now
5	DHT22	Amazon	Buy Now
6	DS18B20	Amazon	Buy Now
7	Flame Sensors	Amazon	Buy Now
8	Arduino Mega 2560	Amazon	Buy Now
9	Arduino Nano	Amazon	Buy Now
10	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

Latest Proteus Libraries for Engineering Students V2.0

We’ll be covering both Arduino Libraries for Proteus V2.0 and Analog Sensors Libraries for Proteus V2.0.

Arduino Libraries for Proteus V2.0

Arduino boards are open-source electronic development boards that you can use in your projects. Arduino Libraries for Proteus V2.0 contain the following Arduino boards.

1. Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0

Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the Atmega328 microcontroller. We have designed Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0 which you can download from the link given below. We’ve previously designed the Proteus Library for the Arduino UNO V1.0 board and the below figure shows the comparison of both V1 and V2 Arduino boards. You can see the V2 board is more compact and small-sized compared to the V1 Arduino UNO board.

In this library, we’ve also interfaced LCD with the Arduino UNO. If you find any difficulty in interfacing the board with the LCD, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can.

Download the Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the link below:

Download Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0

2. Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus V2.0

Arduino Mega is an electronic board that features an Atmega1280 microcontroller. You can use this board to develop stand-alone electronic projects or you can also incorporate it into embedded projects. Again, the following figure shows a comparison between Arduino Mega 1280 V1 and V2. The V2 board is compact and small-sized compared to the V1 board.

We have developed the Arduino Mega 1280 library for proteus V2.0 which you can download to simulate Arduino Mega 1280 in proteus.

Download the Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the link below:

Download Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus V2.0

3. Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V2.0

Arduino Mega 2560 is a sophisticated, application-type microcontroller board that features an Atmega2560 microcontroller. This board comes in handy when you require more input and output pins and more memory space to store the code for your electronic project. We have developed Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V2.0 to help you simulate this board in the proteus. Moreover, we’ve also interfaced LCD with this board so if you have any questions about it, you can ask me in the section below:

]TEPImg6]

Click the link below and download the Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V2.0.

Download Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V2.0

4. Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

Arduino Mini is a small-sized, powerful open-source microcontroller board based on the Atmega328 microcontroller. The board is 1/6^th of the size of the Arduino UNO board and can easily rest on hard-to-reach places. We have designed Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0 that you can download to simulate Arduino Mini in Proteus.

Click the link below and download the Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0:

Download Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

5. Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

Arduino Pro Mini is a small-sized microcontroller board that includes an Atmega328 microcontroller. The Proteus library V2.0 is designed for Arduino Pro Mini, moreover, we have also interfaced the board with the LCD 20x4.

Click the link below and download the Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus V2.0.

Download Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

6. Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0

Arduino Nano is a powerful and bread-board-friendly microcontroller board based on ATmega328p/Atmega168 microcontroller. We have developed the Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0 which you can download to simulate Arduino Nano in the Proteus workspace.

Click the link below and download the Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0:

Download Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0

Analog Sensors Libraries for Proteus V2.0

Analog Sensors Libraries for Proteus V2.0 contain the following Analog Sensors.

Vibration Sensor Library for Proteus V2.0

An analog vibration sensor, also known as a piezoelectric, is mainly employed to detect the vibration of industrial machinery. The sensor gets activated if the vibration of the machines goes above the standard value. Vibration sensors are used to monitor the small changes in temperature, acceleration, pressure, and force.

We have done a little work and designed Analog Vibration Sensor Library for Proteus V2.0. Earlier we designed the proteus library for V1 version analog vibration sensors. The V2 version is more robust, compact, and advanced compared to the V1 version. Four vibration sensors are included in the proteus library and they have both digital and analog output pins which you can interface with Arduino boards or microcontrollers.

You can download the analog vibration sensor library for proteus V2.0 by clicking the link below:

Download Vibration Sensor Library for Proteus V2.0

Sound Detector Sensor Library for Proteus V2.0

A sound detector sensor is used to detect the sound in the environment. This sensor is only used for sound detection, not for sound recognition.

We have designed the Sound Detector Sensor Library for Proteus V2.0 that you can download to simulate this sensor in proteus. An LC filter is used on the analog output of the sensor since we need to convert the peak to peak voltage into Vrms. Know that you don’t require this LC filter in the real sensor circuit. We have simulated two sound detector sensors in proteus as they have different outputs because of different voltages on the test pin.

Click the link below and download the Sound Detector Sensor Library for Proteus V2.0:

Download Sound Detector Library for Proteus V2.0

Analog Flex Sensor Library for Proteus

An Analog flex sensor, also known as a bend sensor, is a special type of sensor used to detect the value of bend in the application. This sensor is mainly employed indoor sensors, robot whisker sensors, and stuffed animal toys.

We have developed an analog flex sensor library for proteus that you can download to simulate this sensor in Proteus. Know that Test Pin is included in the pinout of this sensor in proteus only, you won’t find this pin in the real sensor. This pin will determine the value of the bend. The HIGH value at this pin will give the value of bend and the LOW value at this pin will indicate there is no bend. We have also interfaced the Arduino board with the sensor where the analog input pin of the board is connected with the voltage appearing across the voltmeter.

Click the link below and download the Analog Flex Sensor Library for Proteus:

Download Flex Sensor Library for Proteus

Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus

PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor is a small, inexpensive, low-power sensor used to detect heat energy in the surrounding. The sensor monitors if the human body has come in or out of the sensor’s range.

We have designed Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus that you can download to simulate this sensor in Proteus. Moreover, we’ve also developed a simulation of this PIR sensor with an Arduino board. Know that, besides Arduino boards, you can also interface this sensor with PIC or Atmel microcontrollers. We’ve added four PIR sensors file in the proteus that are the same in terms of working but they come in a different color. Again, a test pin is added in the pinout of this sensor in proteus only, you won’t find this pin in real. This pin is added to sense the motion in the proteus workspace.

Click the link below and download the Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus:

Download PIR Sensor Library for Proteus

Water Sensor Library for Proteus

A water sensor is a sensor used to sense the presence of water. The water’s electrical conductivity is measured using this sensor to sense the presence of water. This sensor is widely used in applications where we need to monitor rainfall, water level, and water leakage.

We have designed the water sensor library for proteus which you can download to simulate this sensor in proteus. The Test pin is added to detect the water in the proteus simulation. We’ve also interfaced this sensor with the Arduino board where we have connected the analog input pin of the Arduino board with the output of the water sensor appearing across the voltmeter.

You can download the water sensor library for Proteus by clicking the link below:

Download Water Sensor Library for Proteus

Soil Moisture Sensor Library for Proteus

A soil moisture sensor is employed to analyze the water content in the soil. The sensor uses capacitance to monitor the dielectric permittivity of the soil which defines the function of the water content.

We have designed the Soil Moisture Sensor Library for Proteus where we have connected the test pin with the variable resistor. This resistor is used to define the soil moisture content in the proteus simulation. The maximum resistance on the test pin shows zero volts across the voltmeter, referring to the zero moisture value of the water content. The sensor is also interfaced with the Arduino board as shown below.

Click the link below and download the Soil Moisture Sensor Library for Proteus:

Download Soil Moisture Library for Proteus

IR Proximity Sensor Library for Proteus

The IR proximity sensor is used in robots to detect obstacles. This sensor is widely used for path navigation and obstacle avoidance in electronic projects.

We have designed the IR Proximity Sensor Library for Proteus which you can download to simulate this sensor in Proteus. The Test pin is used for hurdle detection. HIGH value on this pin means there is an obstacle in front and LOW value on this pin means there is no hurdle.

LC filter is included in the simulation which you don’t require in real. This filter is used to convert the Peak to Peak value we get on Proteus into the Vrms value.

[TEPImg16]

You can download the IR proximity sensor library for proteus by clicking the link below:

Download IR Proximity Sensor Library for Proteus

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this article.

FET: Definition, Symbol, Working, Characteristics, Types & Applications

Hello friends, I hope you all are happy, healthy and, content. We have been discussing transistors lately, from the basic definition to the types and characteristics of transistors we have covered it all. If you have a brief idea about transistors, you must be aware of the field effect transistor or you might have heard or read about it somewhere, it is one of the earliest known types of transistors which is our topic of discussion today.

Field Effect Transistors were made to cover up the lacking of previously known transistors which occupied large space and produced a lot of noise, another major problem was the low reliability of previous versions. So, let's get started with the FETs.

Definition of Field Effect Transistor

Let us define field effect transistor first,

• "The Field effect transistor is a unipolar transistor made up of semiconductor material, which uses an electric field to control the current flow."

History of Field Effect Transistors

• To know how the field effect transistors evolved throughout the ages, let us have a quick trip to history, the days when we did not have a large amount of resources to materialize our concepts.
• The first attempt to make a field-effect transistor was made by Julius Edgar in 1925, and sadly he failed miserably but he was lucky enough to get the concept patented.
• In 1934, Oscar Heil tried his luck but failed to make a successful attempt.
• In 1945, the Junction field-effect transistor was the first FET device to be constructed by Heinrich Welker.
• In successive years several attempts were made and different types of materials were introduced for making field-effect transistors and their related types. All these successful and unsuccessful attempts led to the formation of the modern-day Field Effect Transistor.

Unipolarity of Field Effect Transistor

Unipolarity of the field effect transistor means that the transistor uses either holes or electrons for working, depending on the type of material being implied for making, unlike the bipolar junction transistors which employ both the electrons and holes for their functioning.

Symbol of Field Effect transistor_ FET

• The following figure shows the symbol of a field effect transistor.
• Three terminals can be seen in the figure namely gate, source, and drain represented by D, G, and S.

• The direction of the arrowhead reflects the direction of the electric field.
• The symbol is slightly different for two different types of field-effect transistors FETs, they can either be N channel FET or P channel FET, you will learn the symbols of different FETs in their respective sections of this article.

Why Field Effect Transistors are named so, or what is the meaning of FET?

Now you must be thinking about how the field effect transistor got its name? What does it mean by a FET? There are multiple assumptions behind it, the one that I felt to be appropriate is the one that, a weak electrical signal entering through an electrode generates a larger electric field through the other parts of the transistor as well, so they are named field-effect transistors. If you know any other reason, why we call them field effect transistor other than this, you can let me know in the comment section below, I'm looking forward to your response!

BJT vs FET

A lot of times, FET is compared with the BJT let's have a brief overview of their peculiarities in this section. These are some of the significant differences between the two of them;

• BJT is a bit noisy than FET.
• BJT has a higher output impedance than FET.
• BJT is current controlled meanwhile FET is voltage controlled device.
• BJT has a lower input impedance than FET.

Working of Field Effect Transistor FET

Basic construction of a field effect transistor FET

Unlike the other types of transistors, the field effect transistors are not made up of typical collector, emitter, and base, although the number of components is the same but the name and functions of each component are entirely different. To understand the working of the field effect transistor, let us first discuss its basic components one by one.

Source

• The source is represented by the symbol S. It acts as an electrode of the field effect transistor through which the charge carriers enter the channel when voltage is applied.
• As the name suggests, the source of a field-effect transistor works as a providing source of charge carriers.

Gate

• It is represented by the letter G, wherever you see a G, immediately assume it's a field effect transistor, in the case of transistors. The conductive story of the field effect transistor begins with applying the voltage to the Gate, which is passed on to the other components.

Drain

• The drain is represented by symbol D. The drain is the electrode of the field effect transistor which provides the channel to charge carriers helping them leave the circuit.

Working of FET

• As you have a brief idea about the main components of a Field Effect Transistor and their function, we are going to discuss the working of FET.
• The current always flows from the source S towards the Drain D.
• A voltage is applied across the Gate and Source terminal which creates a conductive channel between the source S and Gate G.
• The electrons or holes flow from the source S to Drain D in the form of a stream through the channel.
• There are several other things involved in the working and function of a field effect transistor according to their types, which we are about to discuss in respective sections. So, stay tuned!
• Here arises a simple question which is often left unasked and answered too, why the field effect transistors FETs are called voltage-controlled devices?
• The FETs are called voltage-controlled devices because the current in the drain represented as ID depends on the voltage across the gate G, unlike the bipolar junction transistor which is a current-controlled device.
• The gate voltage is very important for the conduction of current towards the Drain.
• There are two phenomena that influence it one is depletion of the channel and the other is the enhanced state of the channel. Let us discuss them one by one.
• Depletion of channel: Consider an N channel FET, it has the majority of electrons as charge carriers, by making the gate more negative we would repel the electrons from the gate and these electrons would saturate the channel increasing its resistance. This makes the gate region thinner because of the minimal traffic of electrons, but the conduction channel is said to be depleted due to increased resistance.

• Again consider the n channel FET, now think yourself, what would happen when you will make the gate G of the FET is more positive? The traffic of electrons would rush towards the gate! It would make the gate region thicker due to greater traffic but on the parallel lines, the conduction channel would be enhanced due to less resistance.

Types of Field Effect Transistor

We can divide the field effect transistor into the following types based on their structure;

• Junction Field-effect transistor JFET
• Metal oxide Field Effect Transistor MOSFET

Junction Field-effect transistor JFET

• Junction field effect is one of the simplest types of field effect transistors.
• They are unipolar in function and either work with electrons and holes, the same thing which is peculiar to the simple field effect transistors.
• The junction field-effect transistor has a very high input impedance level.
• Unlike the bipolar junction field-effect transistor, it makes a little noise or is somehow silent as compared to it.
• The structure of the Junction Field-effect transistor is based on its type, in general, JFET is made up of two n-type and one p-type semiconductor material and vice versa.
• The symbol of the junction field effect transistor is as follows;

Types of JFET

There are further two types of junction field effect transistors

• N Channel Field Effect Transistors
• P Channel Field Effect Transistors

We will now discuss these two types of junction Field Effect Transistors - JFET in detail.

N Channel Field Effect Transistors

Construction of N Channel FET Let's discuss the construction of N channel Field Effect Transistor first,

• A bar of n-type semiconductor material primarily silicone is taken which acts as the substrate.
• The bar is then diffused with two p-type silicone bars which are smaller in size than the n-type silicon bar, on the two extreme ends of the substrate bar. Just imagine you are placing and gluing two small blocks on the extreme right and extreme left sides of a larger block made up of wood or any material you can stick together!
• Now we are done with diffusing the p-type materials into our n-type substrate, the leftover region conducts the current and is labeled as Channel. These channels are responsible for the conductive action of the Field Effect Transistors when voltage is applied.
• After we are done with the formation of the channel, we will now see how the main parts such as Gate, Source, and Drain are formed out of these diffused semiconductor blocks.
• The two diffused p-type silicon bars which have now formed the PN junction with the n-type material are now joined together to form the Gate.
• The two ends of the channel which was formed earlier after the diffusion process are metalized to be converted into source and drain.
• The N channel Field Effect Transistors imply electrons as the majority charge carriers. They are more efficient than the p channel junction Field Effect Transistors because electrons travel faster than the holes.

P channel junction Field Effect Transistors

Construction of P channel FET

• The same process is repeated for the construction of the p channel junction Field Effect Transistor.
• The p-type material substrate is taken in form of a large wafer or bar and then diffused with two smaller n-type bars.
• The channel formed after diffusion is then metalized at both ends to form the source and drain.
• The PN junction formed by the two n-type semiconductor materials is then connected to form the Gate.
• So this is how the p channel junction Field Effect Transistors are constructed.
• The p channel junction Field Effect Transistors imply holes as Majority charge carriers as they are unipolar.

Working of Junction Field Effect Transistor

• The Junction Field Effect Transistor always works in reverse biasing condition, that is why they have a very high input impedance.
• In the case of the Junction Field Effect Transistor, the gate current is Zero which is denoted by; IG=0
• The input voltage which is represented by VGS is the controlling factor for the output current which is represented by ID.

• You must be thinking how we control the width of the channel through which the current is conducted? The answer is simple, we alter the width of the PN junction on both sides of the channel which increases resistance to the flow of current.

As we already know that the Junction Field Effect Transistor only works in reverse biasing conditions let us now discuss a few scenarios to know how the output is generated under different circumstances.

Zero biasing condition of Junction Field Effect Transistor

• When no external voltage VGS is applied to the gate the resulting voltage to the drain would be zero which can be written as VGS = VDS = 0
• The depletion regions would have the same thickness as they had earlier because the voltage is not being applied yet.
• In this zero biased condition the drain current is produced, let me tell you how! The charge carriers in the absence of a potential difference start moving from the source to drain producing a drain current that is opposite to the conventional flow of current.
• So in the zero biased condition, only drain current exists in Junction Field Effect Transistor.

Reverse Biasing condition of Junction Field Effect Transistor

Small Reverse Voltage application scenario

• In the presence of a potential or small voltage the gate-source voltage VGS on which the Drain current ID is dependent, on applying small reverse potential width of the depletion region increases.
• Due to the increase in the width of depletion regions on both sides, the channel finds it difficult to conduct current.
• This difficulty of the channel to conduct current results in voltage drop.
• The width of the depletion region increases more towards the drain terminal, one can think of it as accidental but in science, nothing exists within reasoning and logic, the depletion region increases more towards the drain because the voltage drop is higher at the drain side.
• There is a lesser amount of Drain current ID because of the shrinkage of the conduction channel.

Large reverse voltage application scenario

• In this case we apply a higher negative voltage which is our Gate to Source voltage, represented by VGS
• The depletion regions of both the corresponding PN Junctions, keep on increasing in width.
• Eventually, both the depletion regions meet each other or you can say touch each other.
• Here is a question for you, what would happen when both the depletion regions would meet or diffuse into each other? They would eventually block the conduction of the current!
• The point at which the particular voltage blocks the conduction channel completely is called the cut-off voltage or sometimes pinch-off

MOSFET_  metal-oxide field-effect transistors.

The second type of field-effect transistors is the  MOSFET, metal-oxide field-effect transistors.

Metal-oxide field-effect transistors are one of the most common types of transistors used widely.

Features of MOSFET

• The MOSFET consumes lesser power than other transistors.
• They are exceptionally scalable and if you remember Moore's law, they are the best practical manifestation of it.
• MOSFETs have high switching speeds that is why they are used for generating pulse trains. Do you know what is a pulse train? A pulse train is the square waveform of asymmetrical waves which are periodic but non-sinusoidal in nature.
• .metal oxide field-effect transistors are considered ideal for digital circuits, analog circuits, and linear circuits as well.
• Sometimes metal-oxide field-effect transistors - MOSFETs are also called IGFET, Insulated Gate Field-Effect Transistors.

Basic Structure of MOSFET

• Let us now discuss the basic structure of metal oxide field-effect transistors MOSFET.
• The metal oxide field effect transistor MOSFET has four components, unlike the JFET.
• The components of MOSFET include Source S, drain D, body B, and Gate G.
• The gate is separated by the body of the transistor through the insulating material
• MOSFET is very similar to the JFET, but the main difference lies in the insulation of Gate Electrode from the conduction channel, either P channel or N channel, with the help of a thin layer of primarily SiO2 or Glass.
• The insulation of the Gate terminal with the metal oxide layer helps in increasing the input resistance. The insulation can increase the value of input resistance into Mega Ohms.
• For a detailed outlook on the MOSFET, its construction, working and applications you can refer to the detailed article present on our website.

Symbol of The metal oxide field effect transistor MOSFET

• The following symbol is used to represent MOSFET.

• The Arrowhead indicates the direction of current and I already know that you are aware of this!
• Now you must be thinking, why the symbolic representation is only showing three terminals, please do not search for the fourth one! Because the source is always attached to the body terminal and is represented as one terminal.
• So you can only spot the three terminals naming Gate G, Drain D, and Source S.

Types of MOSFET

Following are the four commonly known types of MOSFET;

• N-Channel Enhancement mode MOSFET
• P-Channel Enhancement mode MOSFET
• N-Channel Depletion mode MOSFET
• P-Channel Depletion mode MOSFET

Detailed outlook on all these types of MOSFET can be found in our article regarding MOSFET.

Characteristics of FET

• The Current Voltage, I-V characteristics of the Field Effect Transistor is plotted between the applied voltage VDS and Drain Current ID.
• The graph for studying the characteristic curve of a field effect transistor_ FET is plotted between the varying values of Drain Current represented by ID along the y-axis, with the varying values of VDS along the x- axis.

The graph shows the following regions;

• Ohmic Region
• Cut off region
• Saturation or Active Region
• Breakdown region

Refer to the graph for better understanding. We will now discuss each of the regions in detail.

Ohmic Region

• This is the extreme left side of the graph which represents the value of Drain Current ID when the applied voltage of the transistor between the source and gate is Zero i.e VGS= 0
• The conductive channel is small but not narrow in this case.
• Depletion regions on the corresponding sides are equal in size and haven't started expanding yet.
• Our Field effect transistor acts as a voltage controlled resistor at this instance of the IV characteristics curve.

Cut-off Region

• This is the second region of our graph represented by purple the purple lines.
• This cut-off region is also called as pinch-off region because the VGS voltage , the one which controls the current of the transistor is terribly high enough to make the circuit work as an open switch.
• At the pinch off region the conductive channel for current is almost closed due to the Increased thickness of depletion regions on both sides.

Saturation Region

• The saturation region is also called the active region of the graph.
• In this region the Field effect transistor acts a good conductor.
• The value of applied Voltage VGS, the voltage between gate and source drives the transistor.
• The Drain Source Voltage VDS has minimal effect on the current ID of the transistor at this very instant.

Breakdown Region

• This is the last and terminal region of characteristics curve for the field effect transistor, you can observe this region on the extreme right corner.
• The Voltage between the source and drain represented by VDS is very high at this point.
• The voltage is high enough that the conductive channel is broken and maximum current passes through the channel into drain.

Applications of Field Effect Transistors

• Field Effect Transistors have revolutionized the electronic world, there is an endless list of uses of field effect transistors, we are going to discuss a few important ones in this section.
• Field Effect Transistors FETs are frequently used in Integrated Circuits because of their smaller size and compactness.
• FETs are used in operational amplifiers as VRs, Voltage Variable Resistors.
• They are also used in tone controls for mixer operations on TV and on FM as well.
• Field Effect Transistors are also used in logic gates.
• Field Effect Transistors are widely used in the production of digital switches as well.

We will now discuss some of the most advanced applications of field effect transistors now,

FET as Buffer Amplifier

• First things first ,let us first discuss what does a buffer do? A buffer makes sure that the signal either digital or analog is successfully transferred to the preceding wave.
• A voltage buffer helps in amplifying the current without disturbing the actual voltage level.
• So, as you are well aware of the function of a buffer, we will discuss how a Field Effect Transistor acts a buffer amplifier.
• A buffer amplifier separates the previous stage of the signal from the next upcoming stage, drain of the Field Effect Transistor works for this purpose.
• Lastly , you must be thinking which characteristic property helps the Field Effect Transistor in achieving this, i have the answer for this question of yours! The high input impedance and low output impedance make a Field Effect Transistor an excellent buffer amplifier.

FET as Analog switch

• We have been discussing the use of Field Effect Transistors in analog and digital switches lately, we will be discussing their use in analog switches now.
• We have discussed it earlier as well in our characteristics curve and operational scenarios of the Field Effect Transistor when the output voltage equals the input voltage making the FET works as a switch.

• When the VGS which is the gate source voltage as you already know is absent, the FET works as a small resistance , although a little bit of drain current is present but its value is almost negligible.
• The mathematical expression can be written as

VOUT = {RDS/ (RD + RDS (ON)}* Vin

• If you remember, the cuttoff region of I-V characteristics curve of our Field Effect Transistor, when the max negative voltage is applied to the Gate source region and eventually the Field Effect Transistor_ FET starts acting as a very high resistance.
• That resistance lies in the range of Mega Ohms.
• In this case the output voltage Vout is nearly equal to the input voltage which was VGS.

FET as Phase shift oscillator

• Field Effect Transistors are ideal to be used as phase shift oscillators.
• Phase shift oscillators are used to generate signals with wide range of frequencies.
• Field Effect Transistors can be used for amplifying as well as for feedback loop operation, that is the reason they are excellent to work as phase shift oscillators.
• Field Effect Transistor_ FETs have high input impedance, so there is a very less loading effect when they are used as phase shift oscillators.
• Most of the times N channel JFETs are used for this purpose.

• You can observe the Field Effect Transistors as phase shift oscillators in GPS units, musical instruments and many other places where audio signals are modulated such as voice synthesis.

FET as Cascode amplifier

• The word case code has been derived from the phrase " Cascade to Cathode".
• Cascode circuits are made up of two components, the first one is the transconductance amplifier and the second one is the buffer amplifier.
• Cascode amplifiers are generally made using Field-Effect Transistors due to their high input resistance.
• We use cascode amplifiers because of their quality of having low input capacitance, otherwise, the normally used common amplifiers have a higher value of input capacitance in general than the cascode amplifiers.
• Although the voltage gain is the same for both the amplifiers which is again a win-win situation for
• Cascode amplifiers using Field-Effect Transistors.

FET in Multiplexer

• Let us first discuss the function of a multiplexer, a multiplexer collects different signals from different sources to present as a single output signal. Imagine a whole year of hard work and the end result is summarized in a single result card after the exam!
• Junction Field-Effect Transistors are used to construct the multiplexer circuit.
• Each Field Effect Transistor act as an SPST.
• In case you don't know about the SPST, let me tell you, it is the single pole single throw switch that generates one output from one input.
• An SPST is used as an on-off switch in circuits.

Consider the circuit diagram given below;

• All input signals get blocked when the control signals are made more negative than the Gate source voltage VGS.
• This condition blocks all the input signals.
• By turning any one of the control voltages V1, V2, or V3 to zero we can obtain a single desired output wave.
• Consider if ye turn V2 to Zero we will obtain a triangular signal.
• If we turn V3 to zero, you can yourself figure out from the circuit diagram, the wave signal you would get, Go! Scroll up!
• So this is how the Field Effect Transistors are used in multiplexers.

FET as Low noise input amplifier

• How you define noise? A sound that is unpleasant to the ears or when talking of signals a disturbance that causes unnecessary turbulence in the desired output making it meager or weak.
• Noise is produced in many mechanical and electrical instruments but sometimes for a few things it is tolerable and sometimes it is not!
• Just imagine disturbing noise when you are streaming a video or audio, a loud signal which blurs out music during your sunny beach day on your radio, nobody wants that! That is why Field effect transistors are used for low noise amplification.
• Noise has nothing to do with signal strength which is why it is always there, even when you have ended your live stream!
• Noise production is a drawback of many electronic devices but the bright side is that our Field effect transistors make a little less noise especially if they are used in the front end of the signal receiver.
• Field-effect transistors are a bit noisy too, but I have a solution for it, MOSFETs are used where even a little bit of noise can't be tolerated, don't worry we would talk about MOSFETs in our next article!
• So, lastly, we can say that, if we use a Field-effect transistor_ FET on the front end, there is lesser amplification of undesirable signal in our generated output.

FET as Current limiter

• Junction Field Effect transistors can be used to make a current limiting circuit.
• By this characteristic and arrangement, constant-current diodes and current regulators are made, let's discuss the process, but firstly refer to the circuit diagram for better understanding.
• When there is an excess of supply voltage due to any discrepancies in the system, the Junction Field Effect transistor immediately starts operating in its active or saturated region, I hope, by now you are well aware of the active region of the Junction Field Effect transistor, if not, refer to the section of I-V characteristics graph and its explanation!
• At this instance, the Junction Field Effect transistor acts as a source of the current itself and prevents any further load current.

So friends, this last segment concludes our discussion on Field Effect Transistors(FET), I hope you have learned something new from this discussion. For any suggestions or constructive criticism or a little bit of appreciation, you can use the comment section below. See you soon with the next topic, have a good day ahead!

Solar Inverter in Proteus

Hello student! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. We hope you are doing good. We are glad to introduce and use the Solar Panel Library in Proteus. We work day and night to meet the trends in technology. This resulted in the design of new libraries in Proteus Software by TEP and today we'll talk about the project based upon one of our library i.e, Solar Panel.

Solar Panels work very great in this era when all of the scientists are working to have a power source that is cheap, environmentally friendly, and clean. Solar energy fits in all these dimensions. We are designing a solar inverter in our today's experiment. This inverter is the best idea for the engineering project because it has endless scope, it is easy and trouble-free. In this report, you will learn:

1. What are solar inverters?
2. How do we add the Library for Solar Panel?
3. How does the circuit of the Solar Inverter works?
4. What is the procedure to design a Solar inverter in Proteus ISIS?

In addition, we'll look at some interesting points in DID YOU KNOW sections.

Solar Inverters

The inverters are the devices that convert the DC power to AC power. These inverters are indispensable because a large number of electronics works on AC and the cons and pros of AC or DC device depends upon the requirement of the device. In this way, we may define the solar inverters as:

"The solar inverters are the devices designed to convert the solar energy stored in the solar panel in the form of Direct current, into the alternating current by the mean of its circuit." 

The energy is stored in the form of solar energy that comes directly from the sun. This makes it suitable to use for thousands of devices and users can get the ultimate solution of the power source with minimum or no cost once set up is completed.

DID YOU KNOW?

• The solar panels are also called the photovoltaic module and these are made by the photovoltaic cells that store the energy coming from the sun and convert it into the direct current.

Addition of library for solar panel

As we said earlier, the idea of the Solar Panel lin=brary is new. We design this library to improve the experimentation and many circuits are been design by using solar energy and solar system. When you search for the "Solar Panel", you won't have this. In order to have it in your Pick Library option, just download it from our site. You can add it in really straightforward and easy steps:

1. First of all, you need to download the zip file of the Solar Panel Library for Proteus.
2. From the downloaded folder, unzip the library files into the Library folder of the Proteus.

You can also read the full description if you have any confusion about the installation.

Components of the Solar Inverter

The Solar Inverter consists of some simple passive components such as resistors, capacitors, diodes etc. along with other components. Out of which,  some of them are important to discuss. Just have a look at them:

 Solar Panel

Solar Panels are the best source to produce electricity. The Solar cells work when the sunlight strikes the surface of the Solar Panel, the photovoltaic cells capture the sunlight and convert them into another form of energy i.e. electric current. This energy is then stored in the battery or can be used directly to run the devices.

DID YOU KNOW?

• In solar panels, the collection of the photovoltaic Module is called PV Panel.
• On the other hand, the system of PV Panel is usually called an array.

Battery

We all know a battery is used to power up the components in the circuit. yet, in our circuit, the battery will be used to store the energy produced by the solar panel. This process continues until the switch is opened. Once the switch is opened, the battery will be used to run the inverter.

Relay in Solar Inverter

The relay is an engrossing component. It works as the controller of the circuit. The working of the relay seems like the switch but it has a magnetic coil in it that magnetizes and de-magnetizes, according to the requirement of the user. This plays an important part in the charging and discharging of the battery as well as the working of the Solar Panel.

Working of Solar energy Inverter

The Working of the solar inverter starts when the user plays the simulation. In this case, we always assume that the direct sunlight is striking to the solar panel and it is producing energy. We can say, the circuit of the solar inverter consists of 2 mini circuits connected with each other.

1. The circuit of the solar panel is the medium of energy.
2. The circuit of the battery absorbs the energy coming from the solar panel and releases the energy when the user requires it.

Both of the circuits are joined and disjoined with the help of switches. As far as the switch of the Solar Panel is closed, the circuit does not show any output. When the switch is turned closed(connected) then the energy from the solar panel starts moving towards the relay.

• The Relay is magnetized and it produces the path for current to flow towards the battery and charge it.
• In this mode, if the switch of battery is opened, the LED does not show output, but the battery still charges.
• If the switch of battery is closed, the battery is getting charged and shows the output at a time.

One can stop the charging process by switching the solar panel off. The output of the battery will still be seen because of the charging process until the battery has the energy.

Simulation of the Solar Panel Inverter in Proteus ISIS

To simulate the circuit of the Solar Panel Inverter, go along with these steps:

Material Required

1. Solar Panel
2. Diode
3. Transformer
4. LED
5. Resistor
6. Capacitor
7. Switch
8. Battery
9. Ground
10. Connecting Wires

Procedure for the Solar Panel Inverter Simulation

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Create a new project.
• Go to the "P" button and choose the 1st eight elements given in the list above.
• Arrange all the components one after the other on the screen.

• At this time, we are going to change the values of some components.
• Change the value of R1=1K, R2= 18, C1=470uF,Battery=9V.
• Connect the components with one another by following the image given next:

• You can see in the image, the red-colored wire shows the voltage and the arrows are indicating the flow of current when both the switches are closed.
• You will notice, as soon as you play the button, the terminal of the Relay changes its position.
• The lights of the LEDs indicate the working of the circuit of the Solar power inverter.

Consequently, we saw about the theory and the practical performance of Solar inverters in Proteus ISIS and we learned how can we add the library of solar panels in the Proteus.

555 Timer TV Remote Control Jammer in Proteus

Hey pupils, welcome to The Engineering Projects. We hope you are doing great. In today's simulation in Proteus ISIS, we'll seek the knowledge of an interesting topic. We are going to design a Television remote jammer in Proteus. We all are familiar with the TV Remote controller device and know it works when a light signal emitted by it is sensed by the television. Have a glance at the topics we will see in detail today:

1. Introduction to 555 Timer TV Remote Control Jammer.
2. Components of the circuit.
3. Working principle of 555 Timer Jammer.
4. Simulation of the Jammer of TV Remote Control using 555 Timer.

Moreover, you will also learn some interesting facts about the topic in DID YOU KNOW sections. let's jump to our first topic.

555 Timer TV Remote Control Jammer

Remote controls do not require any introduction. We all use many types of remote controller devices in our daily lives. The TV Remote controls work on the principle of Infrared light. Yet, what if we do not want to give any access to other users or there is a requirement of blocking the signals from the remote controller device. In this case, jammers are useful because they do not alter any functioning of remote controls and just distract the television to sense the light signals. On this basis, we define the 555 Timer TV Remote Control Jammer as:

• The 555 Timer TV Remote Jammer is a device used to jam the Infrared Lights emitted by the remote control, by producing a constant pulse of signals and distract the remote controller signals.

Before starting the working of the TV Remote control Jammer, let's have a piece of quick information on how does the TV Remote works. When we press the button of the remote, it sequentially emits the pulses. These pulses are then received by the IR Reciever present in the Television. Each time, every button has its own frequency of pulses so that the IR Reciever can sense which button is pressed. Then the TV act according to our command.

Now, in the case, when we want to cease the television to sense these signals, we just create a pulse, more powerful than TV remote controller, to disturb the pulse from the TV remote controller, so that the TV will not be able to sense pulses from TV Remote. We'll find how does this works in a bit.

DID YOU KNOW?

• In electronics, the Jammer is any device that is used to prevent the instruments to sense the signals, waves or other mediums to cease their response.

Components used in TV Remote Jammer

In our circuit, we are going to use different components such as diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc. Out of them, 555 Timers and transistors are important to understand.

555 Timer in TV Remote control Jammer

The 555 Timer is an excellent Integrated circuit used in thousands of electronic circuits. It is used to transmit the pulses and control the flow of the circuit. The main reason behind its large number of projects and circuits is its modes. Basically, the 555 Timer can be used in three modes:

• Astable Mode
• Bistable Mode
• Monostable Mode

For our circuit, we'll go for Astable Multivariable mode. This mode is chosen so because the IR waves from the remote control have very specific wave frequencies. In this way, when the waves from TV control Jammer will be Astable, this will be better to distract the TV from the remote's pulses. The 555 Timers is an 8 pin IC. In our circuit, pin 5 and pin 7 of the 555 Timer will remain unconnected. Other pins will be connected according to their respected functions.

Transistor in Remote Control Jammer

It's an NPN Transistor with three terminals called Emitter, Collector, and Base Terminals. In our experiment, the BC547 transistor will be used. The transistor will act as an amplifier in the circuit to make the pulses generated by the 555 Timer more clear, strong, and effective.

Complete List of Components required

1. 555 Timer IC
2. Resistor
3. Diode
4. Capacitor
5. POT HG
6. LED
7. Battery
8. BC547
9. Ground Terminal

Working of TV Remote Control Jammer using 555 Timer

1. The working of the circuit starts when the 9V Battery starts its work.
2. This power enters 555 Timer through its two pins. The 555 Timer, in our case, is in Astable mode.
3. In this way, the 555 timer generates a pulse that is not stable.

1. To make the pulses more strong and effective, we use the Transistor. The transistor here works as an amplifier and amplifies the pulses coming towards it through its base terminal.
2. The output of 555 Timer IC then passes through a couple of Diodes that are connected to the base and Emitter terminal of the BC547.
3. Ultimately, the pulses of the 555 Timer IC pass through the LED and then to the collector Terminal of the Transistor.
4. The LED shows the speed of the output pulses.
5. This abrupt pulse is enough to distract the Infrared Reciever of the Television.
6. So, as a result, we get a strong pulse of 36KHz-38KHz carrier frequency,

TV Remote Jammer circuit using 555 timers in Proteus

The simulation of the circuit is easy if you follow the steps given below carefully. So Let's go ahead.

Procedure to design circuit of TV Remote Jammer

• Excite you Proteus Software and start a new Project.
• Hit the "P" button then choose the first 8 components from the window that appeared.
• Now arrange all the chosen components on the screen by following the image given next.

• Go to the left side of the screen>Termnals mode>Ground and attach this ground terminal below the circuit.

DID YOU KNOW?

• The mode of 555 Timer is identified by the components and their manner of connection with 555 Timer.
• You can change the frequency of the pulses by changing the values of the components.
• This change can easily be detected by observing the speed of the power entering the LED.

• To connect them, let's use connecting wires.
• You can alter the values of some components as:

POT HG: 1K, R1: 1K, R2: 5.6, R3:470, C:110nF,Battery:9V.

• Go to virtual instrument Mode>Oscilloscope and fix it with the LED's output.
• Finally, at the present moment, we are going to simulate our circuit.
• Click on the play button and set the values of voltage and frequency through nobs.
• The output of the oscilloscope will show that waves are formed frequently.

In the end, we conclude that we can design the circuit of the TV remote control jammer using the 555 Timer in Proteus. We had a short introduction to how does TV Remote works, we saw how can we jam its signal, we found how does the circuit works and at the end, we design a full circuit of a TV remote control jammer with the help of 555 timers in Proteus ISIS. This circuit emits a constant bit of 1.775 meters per second and the frequency ranges from 36KHz to 38KHz.

Traffic Light Circuit using 555 Timer in Proteus

Hey pals! Welcome to the board. We are talking about a fascinating experiment about The Engineering Projects. We all know about the Traffic Lights. But today, we'll see inside the Traffic Lights and find some interesting working of the circuit of Traffic Lights. Before this, just have a look at the topics of discussion:

1. What is the Traffic Lights circuit with 555 Timer?
2. What does the 555 timer do in Traffic Lights?
3. What is the purpose of the 4017 IC Counter in the circuit?
4. How does the circuit of Traffic Lights work with 555 Timer IC?
5. How can we perform experiments with the circuit of 555 Timer Traffic Lights in Proteus ISIS?

In addition, we'll see some important points about the topic in DID YOU KNOW sections.

Traffic Lights circuit with 555 Timer

Whenever we rush toward any road that has a heavy flow of vehicles, we always follow some traffic rules. One of the most fundamental traffic rules is to follow the traffic lights. These traffic lights direct the vehicles to start or stop moving at the road according to our turn. These turns are decided by the Traffic Lights. The traffic Lights show the different colored lights and these lights turn on and off in a sequence. We know all these things, but we are revising these to get the logic behind the scene. we define the Traffic Lights technically as:

"The traffic lights are the combination of three LEDs colored as red, amber and green that are connected in a specialized circuit that gives the output from the LEDs in a specific format and this format is used to control the flow of traffic."

These LEDs are enclosed in a metallic body. Traffic Light signals are so useful that 99% of the countries use them. This makes the circuit one of the most fundamental and common circuits to understand.

There are many devices through which the Traffic Lights may be controlled. Out of which, two are common:

1. Traffic Lights with the D Flip Flop.
2. Traffic Lights with 555 Timer

We have discussed the 1st method in our previous tutorial, Let's have a look at the next one.

555 Timer IC Performance in Traffic Lights

before starting the simulation, let's have a look at its components briefly. The circuit of Traffic Lights uses a very common yet powerful device i.e, 555 Timer IC. The 555 Timer is so useful that it is said that annually, a billion of 555 Timers are produced and it is considered as the most popular IC of the year 2017. We introduce the 555 Timer as:

"The 555 Timer is a common 8 pins Integrated Circuit used in a variety of oscillation generators and Timers to generate a pulse of the signals that control the output sequentially."

In our experiment, we'll apply the Mono-stable Multi-vibrator mode of the 555 timer. The output of 555 Timer in this mode is in the form of a single pulse of current that has a specific length. This pulse is sometimes called the one-shot pulse.

4017 IC in the 555 Timer Traffic Lights

The 4017 is the special IC that is usually coupled with the 555 Timer. It works on the pulse generated by the 555 Timer and the definition for the 4017 IC is given as:

• "The 4017 is 16 pins counter and decoder of 555 Timer IC that generates a decade counter output from its output pins and the outputs advances from one to another with the positive edge of the clock pulse."

Once the clock pulse of 4017 IC in the traffic Lights goes from low to high, the IC started its cycle again and we get a sequential Logic output. The pins 3 to 12 of the 4017 IC Counter are said to be the output pins of the 4017 and we'll connect the traffic lights with them.

Working of Traffic Lights using 555 Timer IC

1. The Working of the circuit starts with the power connected to the Vcc terminal of 555 Timer IC.
2. the power in the 555 Timer in Mono-stable Multi-vibrator mode produces a uniform pulse of current that is stabilized with the help of capacitors used with the 555 Timer IC.
3. The current is then fed into the clock terminal of the 4017 decade counter IC that decodes these pulses of 555 Timer IC and produces the stream of output at its output terminals.
4. The terminals of the 4017 IC are connected to the diodes in a specific manner. These diodes conduct the electricity on only one side and so that a specialized sequence of the current is found at the outputs of these diodes.
5. There are two sets of the diode connections. Four diodes are connected in a set and two in another. The output of 1st set is fed to Green Light of the Traffic Lights. The Amber and Red lights of the circuit are connected with the second set.
6. The output of these two sets is connected with the resistor and then finally this current passes to the traffic Lights signal.
7. In the end, we get a specialized, clear and automatic output from the traffic lights.

Simulation of the circuit of 555 Timer Traffic Lights in Proteus ISIS

At the moment, we are going to design the circuit of the experiments. So let's start.

Devices required for 555 Timer Traffic Lights

1. 555 Timer IC
2. 4017 IC
3. Capacitors - 3
4. Resistors - 7
5. Diodes - 6
6. Traffic lights

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Choose the material from pick Library through "P" button.

Let's divide the circuit design into three parts:

1. 555 Timer connections
2. 4017 IC Counter connections
3. Connection of 555 Timer and 4017 IC

555 Timer Connections

• Choose the 555 Timer from the component's area and arrange it on the left side working area.
• Select the resistor then  arrange three resistors with pin 3, 6 and 7.
• Take capacitor and set two capacitors with pin 2 and 5 of 555 Timer.

• Go to terminal mode and set a Ground terminal at the Ground pin of the 555 Timer.
• Connect all the components of 555 Timer IC as:

Connections of 4017 IC

• Go to components, choose 4017 IC.
• Select diode and arrange the 7 diodes with the output pins on the right side of 4017 IC.
• Take care with the direction of the diodes.
• Set a resistor between the pins 13 and 16 of 4017 IC.
• Arrange three resistors  just after the diodes.
• Now set a Traffic Light signal on the right side of the resistors.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????????????????

It is said by AAA, the average American spends 58.6 hours every year waiting at the red light of traffic signal.

• The circuit now looks like the image given next:

Connection of ICs

• Now, at the moment, we'll connect the ICs to finally set our circuit.
• Set a capacitor between both these ICs.
• Alter the names of the components by given them numbering so that Proteus may distinguish between different Resistors, Capacitors, diodes and ICs.
• Change the values of each component according to the table given next:

Component	Values
C1	0.01uF
C2	47uF
C3	6.8nF
R1	23k ohm
R2	10k ohm
R3	22K ohm
R4	100k ohm
R5	100 ohm
R6	100 ohm

• Observe deeply the image given below and connect all the components with the help of connecting wires.

• Our circuit is now good to go, Let's tap the play button and simulate the circuit.

The circuit shows the required output well. If you found any error, look at the steps given above again.

DID YOU KNOW????????????????

The working speed of the Traffic Lights can be varied by changing the values of capacitors connected with  pin 5 and 2 of the 555 Timer IC.

So, today we saw a fantastic circuit in which we learned that what are the Traffic lights signal using 555 timer, how does the ICs of 555 timer and 4017 IC Counter work with each other to show the output of the Traffic Lights and we designed the circuit of 555 Timer Traffic Lights in Proteus ISIS. If you have any questions, you can contact us through the comment sections.

Simplest LM386 Audio Amplifier in Proteus

Hey Learners, welcome to another exciting tutorial about electronics. We are talking about an audio amplifier using LM386. This is a very simple IC that we are going to used for the amplification of the audio signals. We shall go through the core postulation about the topic and then work on the practical implementation of the experiment. Just have a look at the topics of discussion:

1. Introduction to LM386 Audio Amplifier.
2. Components of LM386 Audio amplifier.
3. LM3386 Audio Amplifier Working.
4. Simulation of the LM386 Audio Amplifier Circuit in Proteus.

In addition, you will find interesting information in the DID YOU KNOW sections.

Introduction to LM386 Audio Amplifier

Audio signals play important role in many devices. These signals are used to regulate the life of the community in many ways. These signals, when required, are amplified by some means to use them more effectively and efficiently. Many devices can do this task. Yet, at the present time, we are going to discuss LM386 Audio Amplifier. Let's have its definition:

• "The LM386 audio frequency Amplifiers are the types of low power audio amplifiers used commonly in small amplifier systems and can be run on even a 9V battery."

The input signals once pass through the LM386, are amplified and the user senses a loud sound as compare to the input signal. This type of amplification is really important in the circuits where a signal is required to show the completion of the task, requirement of the involvement of the user or an error in the circuits.

Components of the circuit of LM386 Audio Amplifier

In this article, we're using the very simple circuit of LM386 Audio Amplifier to show the easy but understanding hypothesis of the topic. This circuit consists of capacitors, audio signals, LM386 IC, power source and speaker, out of which, we have to discuss the LM386 IC, Audio signals and speaker.

LM386 IC

The LM386 is a versatile chip that can easily be used in many kinds of circuits. The IC  runs no low voltage, therefore it is a very common yet power operational amplifier that is used even in DIY guitar pre-amplifiers. If we look at the basic definition of LM386 then we find:

"The LM386 is an 8-pin Dual inline integrated circuit that can work on very low voltage and when connected with some simple components can be used as an operational amplifier in a large number of amplifying circuits."

The power intake and efficiency depends totally upon the models of the LM386. Basically, there are three models of aLM386 IC as mentioned below:

Number of Pin	Name of pin
1	Gain
2	Negative input
3	Positive Input
4	Ground
5	Gain
6	Bypass
7	Input power
8	Output of IC

Being an op-amp, the LM386 has a very basic task. The IC gets the power from its input terminals and using its circuitry, it amplifies the power output signal on the rate of tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. The total output purely depends upon the input and the model of LM386.

Speaker

The speakers are the devices that takes the audio signals and convert them into voice. This conversion is done by the special mechanism of speaker. In this experiment, the output will me hear with the help of this speaker.

Variable Resistor

As the name describes, the variable resistor is the special device that is capable of changing the value of resistance according to the requirement of the user. The + and - terminal of variable resistor are used to increase and decrease the resistance respectively. In this way, the input audio signals can be controlled.

Working of LM386 Audio Amplifier

1. The working of the LM386 Audio Amplifier starts with the audio signal generation of audio generator.
2. These signals passes through the capacitor that regulates these signals and then pass them to the LM386.
3. The IC inputs these signals, the pin 6 of the LM386 is connected with the DC Source hence it powers it up. The IC now amplify the audio signals.
4. From pin 5 of the IC, the amplified audio signals are generated. Meanwhile, the resistor and capacitor regulates the signal so that the user may sense these signals in the right sequence of waves.
5. Finally, the speaker takes these signals as input and convert it in the form of sound so that the user can hear it easily.

Procedure to simulate the LM386 in Proteus ISIS

By availing all the information given above, let's simulate the circuit in Proteus ISIS. Just apply the instructions given below:

Material Required

1. LM386 IC
2. Resistor
3. Capacitor
4. POT HG
5. Speaker
6. Ground Terminal
7. Audio device

• Start your Proteus ISIS.
• create a new Project.
• Click on P button.
• Choose 1st five components mentioned in the list given above.
• Arrange all the components on the working area by following the image given next:

• Go to Terminal Mode from the left side of your screen and choose ground. Now, set it just below the circuit.
• Go to Generator mode>choose audio and set it just on left side of arrangement.

• Double click the audio probe>brows>upload this file.
• [audio wav="https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/file_example_WAV_1MG.wav"][/audio]
• Change the values of the components as described in the following table :

Component	Value
C1	1nF
C2	100F
C3	1uF
C4	47nF
C5	47 nF
C6	220uF
R1	10 ohm
R2	10 ohm
DC Power Supply	9V

 

• Once all the values are changes, just go to virtual Instrument mode and select the oscilloscope above the components.
• At this time, join the components with the help of connecting wires.

•  Hit the Play button with your mouse and simulate the circuit.
• Change the values of the voltages of terminals and current through the nobs to get the visible wavelengths.

one can see clearly that the output signal(blue waves) are more amplifier and strong than the input signals (Yellow waves).

Conclusion of experiment

The LM386 is the IC that can be used to amplify the audio signals. The input frequency and thus the volume of the sound amplifies and we can hear the loud sound. One can change the intensity of sound by using the active variable resistor.

RC Electronic Circuits Simulation in Proteus ISIS

Hello friends! Welcome to the Engineering components. Today, We are talking about the very common topic of electronic devices. In this tutorial, we'll pick very common components and learn about their role in circuits. If you are a beginner in the world of electronics, you must read this article till the end because we'll learn all the things from scratch till the completion of the circuit. In this article, you will learn:

1. Introduction to electronic circuits
2. Categories of electronic circuits.
3. Introduction to Resistor and Capacitor.
4. What are RC Circuits?
5. Simulation of R Circuits in Proteus ISIS.

Let's look at the description.

Introduction to Electronic Circuits

We come across many circuits in our daily lives, some of them are electrical circuits and some are electronic circuits. There are many differences between them but the main difference is, that electrical circuits do not have decision-making capacity whilst electronic circuits do have this ability. In electronic circuits, we power up the components with the mean power source and get the output. Hence we may define the electronic circuits as:

• "The electronic circuits are the types of circuits in which the individual electronic components are used that are connected to the power source with the help of wires so that the current can pass through the components."

The electronic circuits are also called discrete circuits because they are somehow, opposite to the integrated circuits. Most of the circuits use a combination of electrical and electronic circuits.

Categories of Electronic components

As we know, electronic components are used in many ways. For convenience, we divide the electronic components into categories. These are categories into two main sections:

1. Active Components.
2. Passive components.

The main focus of this article is passive components. The passive components include Capacitor, Resistor and Inductor. These are symbolized as C, R and L respectively. We'll learn about the first two of them today.

Introduction to Resistor and capacitor In electronic circuits

The Resistor and capacitor may be said to be the backbone of thousands of electronic circuits. To design a circuit, one should have a clear concept of these components. So, Let's have their introductions:

Resistor in Electronic Circuits

As the name implies, the resistor shows the resistance for the current in the circuit. It has a tube-like shape that has a molded figure and has a wire at the start and end. One may define the resistor as:

• The resistor is a passive, bi-terminal electrical component that is used in the circuit to have the electrical resistance in the current. When we use it in electronic circuits, it reduces the sudden current flow in the circuits, biases the active elements, divides the voltages in the circuit and performs such other tasks.

Current is the flow of electrons, this flow should be resisted by some mean, so that the components used in the circuit will be safe from damage. To control this opposition, one must have a clear idea about the resistance. The resistance is the measure of the property of the resistor to oppose the current in a circuit. The resistance of the resistor is symbolized by the strip of different colors. Each color has a meaning of different value.

Capacitor in Electronic Circuits

The capacitor works like a battery. The body of the capacitor is so simple and easy to understand, yet plays an important role in many types of circuits. The introduction of Capacitor is given next:

• The capacitor is an electrical component consists of two metallic plates and two wires connected with two plates that store energy passes through it in the form of an electrostatic field in between its two metallic plates. Its body is packed in an envelope.

As you can see in the picture, capacitors are manufactured in the form of a tube-like shape with two wires that are used to connect within the circuit. The capacitors are made in a variety of ranges according to their role in the circuit.

RC Electronic Circuits

As we know the Resistor is denoted as R and the capacitor is denoted by C. The RC circuits are the simple and easy circuits to understand.  We introduce the RC Electronic circuits as:

"The RC Circuits are the Resistor-Capacitor circuit in that consist of only resistor and capacitor as passive components of capacitor and these are connected with the current or voltage source according to the type of circuit."

One should keep in mind that we are talking about the category of passive components right now. Otherwise, some other components such as the power generating component are also used in the circuit. The are two categories of RC Circuits mentioned next:

1. RC Series circuit.
2. RC Parallel circuit.

RC Series circuits are the ones in which the resistor and capacitors are connected in series whereas, when we talk about the RC Parallel circuit, the R and C are connected in parallel to each other. RC circuits are also called the filter circuit or network circuit because many RC circuits are used to filter the unwanted frequencies of signals from the circuit and keep only the required ones. The RC Circuits are further classified on the basis of the number of components used in the circuit. The circuit is called the first-ordered RC Circuit if it contains only one resistor and one capacitor. Similarly, if it has two resistors and capacitors then the circuit is called the second ordered RC Circuit. To have a clear idea about the circuit, design it on the Proteus.

RC Electronic circuits in Proteus ISIS

To experiment, just follow the steps given next:

Required Components

1. Resistor
2. Capacitor
3. Battery
4. Connecting wires

Procedure

• Start your Proteus software.
• Click on the "P" button and choose the required components one by one.
• Arrange these components in the working area.
• Connect the components with connecting wires.
• Play the circuit with the play button present on the lower-left corner of the screen.

This image shows two types of circuits. The upper circuit is the RC Series circuit and the lower circuit is the RC Parallel circuit. Hence today, we learned about the introduction of Electronic circuits, we saw what are RC circuits, their components and their types depending upon different parameters. We also simulated the circuits in Proteus.