The Engineering Projects

JK Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus

Hello Learner! I hope you are doing great. Welcome to another tutorial at The Engineering Projects. This blog is the part of series we have stated about the Digital Logic Circuits. Previous to this, we learned Implementation of SK Flip Flops in Proteus. at the present day, we'll seek the knowledge about the following points:

1. What are Flip Flops?
2. What are JK Flip Flops?
3. How can we record the Truth Table of JK Flip Flops?
4. What is the Procedure to Construct the circuit of JK Flip Flop through Logic Gates and IC circuit?

Moreover, we'll also have some useful bits of Information in Did you know Sections. Let' see the explanation of the concepts given above.

Flip Flops

The Flip Flops are the building blocks of many of  the Electronic Circuits. We define the Flip Flops as:

"The Flip Flops are the type of sequential Logic Circuits that are mainly made through the Logic Circuits and have the ability to receive, store, and show the output in the form of binary bits i.e, 1 and 0."

There are mainly four types of Flip Flops:

1. SR Flip Flops
2. JK Flip Flops
3. D Flip Flops
4. T Flip Flops

The main focus of this blog is JK Flip Flop so we'll discuss them in detail.

JK Flip Flops

JK flip Flops are the sequential Circuits and are the very much similar to SR Flip Flops. We introduce the JK Flip Flips as:

"The JK Flip Flops are the Universal Flip Flops containing two inputs, two outputs and a Clock in the Circuit. They have e the ability to avoid the invalid or Illegal condition of the Flip Flops."

The name of the inputs are said to be J and K respectively. Unlike SR Flip Flops ( where S stands for Set and R stands for Reset) the inputs of JK Flip Flops are titled autonomously. Somehow, related to the inventor of the JK Flip Flop "Jack Kilby".

DID YO KNOW???????????

JK Flip Flops are useful in many ways as: They have Low power dissipation. They are much Faster than their sibling Flip Flops.

]The output of the JK Flip Flops are named as Q and Q'. As the name implies , both the Outputs are opposite to each other. When Q is HIGH , the Q' is Low and same is the case with the opposite condition. The Truth Table Of JK Flip Flop is given next:

CLOCK	J	K	Q	Q’
High	0	0	Unchanged	Unchanged
Low			Unchanged	Unchanged
High	0	1	0	1
Low			0	1
High	1	0	1	0
Low			1	0
Low	1	1	1	0
High			0	1

There are two types of JK Flip Flop named as:

1. Basic JK Flip Flop.
2. Master-Slave JK Flip Flop.

Yet in this lesson, we'll make a clear idea about the Basic JK Flip Flop only. For best concepts, we'll not just observe the Circuit diagram of JK Flip Flop but we'll Construct a Circuit using different tools and Components in Proteus ISIS. We'll learn about the Formation of JK Flip Flop in two ways:

1. JK Flip Flop through Logic Gates.
2. JK Flip Flops through IC.

Rush toward your Proteus Software and learn how can you make this in just simple steps.

DID YOU KNOW????????????

The JK Flip Flops are the better version of SR Flip Flops and are better than those just using a NOR Gate.

JK Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus

• Start your Proteus Software.
• Get the following material from the Pick Library through "P" button..

Material Required

1. 3 input NAND Gate.
2. 2input NAND Gate.
3. Logic Toggle.
4. LED-RED.
5. Ground Terminal.
6. Connecting Wires.

• Get the first three elements from the Pick Library one by one.
• Select two 3 input NAND Gates and arrange them vertically at the working area one after the other.
• Repeat the same step for Two input NAND Gates just after the two gates set before.

• Get two Logic Toggles and arrange them just before the Gate 1 and 2.
• Take two LEDs and place them just after switch 3 and 4.
• Get a Clock and set it in between two logic Toggles.
• JK Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus is shown in image given below:

• Pop the Play button to start simulation.
• Change the values of the inputs and observe the output at each gate. You will get the following table:

CLOCK	J	K	1	2	Q	Q’
High	0	0	Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged
Low			Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged
High	0	1	1	1	0	1
Low			1	1	0	1
High	1	0	1	1	1	0
Low			1	1	1	0
Low	1	1	1	1	1	0
High			1	1	0	1

Hence this is the required output.

JK Flip Flop IC (Integrated Circuit)

Due to the usability of JK Flip Flop, Proteus ISIS has added many JK Flip Flop IC. In this way, we do not need to design all the circuit. Instead we can simple using JK Flip Flop IC.Let's see how it will work:

Material Required

1. JK Flip Flop ( IC)
2. Logic Toggle
3. LED-red
4. Ground Terminal

• Place the JK Flip Flop IC at the working area.
• Connect Logic Toggles and clock at the respective ports.
• Add the Led at Q and Q' ports.
• Ground the LED's through Ground Terminals.

• Change the values of the Logic Toggles again and again and check that does you get the required output or not.

Easily available JK Flip Flop IC

Proteus also contain many other ICs of JK Flip Flop. Some of them are as follows:

1. 74LS107 that contain a Dual JK Flip Flop with CLEAR.
2. 4027B is an IC that is Dual JK Flip Flop.
3. 74LS73 contains Dual JK Flip Flop with CLEAR.
4. 74LS76 has Dual Flip Flop with PRESENT and CLEAR.

Truss, Today we recalled that what are the Flip Flops, what are its types, learned a great information about JK Flip Flops and designed its circuit in Proteus ISIS in two ways. Hopefully, you got the required pieces of particulars. in the next Lesson, we'll talk about the Master slave JK Flip Flops.

Implementation of SR Flip Flops in Proteus

Hello Learners! welcome from the team of The Engineering Projects. We hope you are having a productive day. We are working on a series of Blogs based upon the core knowledge about Digital Logic Gates and Circuits. In this tutorial, we'll know about the SR Flip Flops and after brief introduction we will simulate SR Flip Flops in Proteus. Let's have a glimpse on the topics of today:

• What are Flip Flops?
• What are the types of Flip Flop?
• How does we design the Truth Table of SR Flip Flops?
• What are further classes of SR Flip Flips?
• Implementation of SR Flip Flops in Proteus.

Flip Flops

Flip Flops are extremely important Circuits of Digital Logic Design. We Introduce the Flip Flops as:

"Flip Flops are type of sequential Logic Circuit that contain two stable states "Zero" and "One" (because of the binary system). It is often used as Storage device and each state of Flip Flop stores one bit." 

They are the building blocks of the Electronics and play an important role in the world of Logic Circuits. Being the Binary circuits, they are essential for the computation in the computer system. The Inputs of the Flip Flops are named as "S" AND "R" that stands for Set and Reset respectively. There are two Outputs of the Flip Flop called Q and Q'. As the name suggest itself, both the outputs are the Inverse of Each Other. the Flips Flop are sequential Logic Circuits that mean they use a Clock called as "CLK"  in the circuit. the Function of clock is to synchronize the circuit. The Phenomenon in which the clock signal is change its value i.e, from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0, is called the edge of the clock.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

Flip Flops are also called as Bipolar Multi-vibrator because they can store the both the Conditions of the Binary system.

When we say that Flip Flops are the Storage Devices, we mean that they does not only calculate the output from the present data, but they can also work with the data stored previously in the Flip Flops.  

Types of Flips Flops

When we talk about the types of Flip Flops, we consider mainly Four types of Flip Flops as follow:

1. SR Flip Flop
2. JK Flip Flop
3. D Flop Flops
4. K Flip Flops

These kinds are same in the composition of circuits, but the working, Construction and the results are different from each other. We'll Describe the structure of each of them along with the simulation for best concepts one after the other.

DID YOU KNOW??????????????

Flip Flops can maintain a binary state as long as there is power in the circuit, therefore can store the Data.

SR Flip Flop

The full name of SR Flip Flop is Set Reset Flip Flop. In this type of Flip Flop the Value of Output Q depends upon the Value of the "S" input. once the input of the SR Flip Flop goes high (When S and R are high) the output goes to infinity or undefined therefore this Circuit is used to  store the information.

Truth Table of SR Flip Flop

When we talk about the Truth Table of SR Latch, we find some unique behavior. The Interesting point about the SR Latch is when Set and Reset are LOW i.e, 0 then the value of the Output does not change. The circuit does not show any alternation. Moreover, when the values of inputs are HIGH, the output is undefined as discussed above. Hence the design of Truth Table of SR Flip Flop is as follow:

S	R	Q	Q’
0	0	No change	No change
0	1	0	1
1	0	1	0
1	1	Undefined	Undefined

  The SR Flip Flops are further classified into two main types:

1. Active High SR Flip Flops.
2. Active Low SR Flip Flops.

we'll learn about their details and the structure of the circuit.

Active High SR Flip Flops

The Active High SR Flip Flops are the one in which the Set input and the output terminal Q collaborate with each other. When the S is 0, the output Q is 1 and vise versa. We know that Q is always opposite to Q' hence we get the output as expected. Let's Look at the circuit of Active High SR Flip Flop and work at it in Proteus ISIS.

Active High SR Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS

• Fire Up your Proteus Software.

Material Required

1. AND Gate
2. NOR Gate
3. NAND Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED-Red
6. Clock
7. Ground Terminal
8. Connecting Wires

• Click at the "P" button and Write AND Gate, NOR Gate, Logic Toggle, LED-Red, Clock one after the other and choose them through Enter button.
• Choose AND Gate from the Pick Library section and arrange two of them at the working area.
• Get two NOR Gates and arrange them just after the AND Gates.
• Get two Logic Toggles and Arrange them just before AND Gate for input.
• Choose two LEDs and fix them just after the NOR Gates.
• Ground each LED through ground Terminal Found in the Terminal modes at the left side of screen.
• Use a Clock in between AND Gates.
• Join all the components through wires just like the image given below:

Now Pop the Play button. Alter the Values of Input and observe all the outputs at each Logic Gate. You will get following Truth Table:

S	R	1	2	Q	Q’
0	0	0	0	No change	No change
0	1	0	1	0	1
1	0	1	0	1	0
1	1	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined

DID YOU KNOW???????????

The inputs of Active Low SR Flip Flops are denoted by a a bar , a complement or a "not" word along with their name.

Active Low SR Flip Flop

The Active Low SR Flip Flops have the same output as their twin Circuit Active High SR Flip Flop. The difference is in the construction of the circuit. We use the NAND Gate in the Construction of Active Low SR Flip Flop. all other arrangements and devices are same as the previous one.

Simulation of Active Low SR Flip Flop in Proteus ISIS

• In the above Circuit of Active High SR Flip Flop, pop the left click at gate 1.
• Left click>Delete the Gate 1.
• Repeat the same step with other gates as well.
• Add the NAND gate in all the places.
• Arrange the system again as shown in the figure below:

When we Test the Active Low SR Flip Flop we get the following outputs:

S'	R'	1	2	Q	Q’
0	0	0	0	No change	No change
0	1	1	1	0	1
1	0	1	1	1	0
1	1	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined

Hence this is another form of SR Flip Flop. Consequently, we learned about the Flip Flops, we saw what are its types , saw the subclasses of the Flip Flop and designed two types of SR Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS. Stay tuned for the other tutorial in which we'll solve the problem of undefined conditions of Flip Flops.

Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) Simulation in Proteus ISIS

Hello Learners, hope you are doing well. I am here with a new tutorial. We'll discuss about Junction Field Effect transistors. In this tutorial, we will learn the basic Introduction to JFET nad will also have a look at its practical Implementation and simulation in Proteus. Basically, Junction Field Effect is a type of transistor, similar to Bipolar Junction Transistors but they have different characteristics due to some reasons as discussed below:

Introduction to JFET

We Define the JFET as:

"Junction Field Effect transistors or simply JFET is the semiconductor ,Voltage Control, three terminal device that is present in both configurations either N channel or P channel."

JFET  are named so because the the operation of JFET relies on the Field of the input gate voltage thus they are voltage operated devices. The Input of JFET is called Gate whereas, the output is said to be Drain.

Explanation about JFET

Junction Field Effect Transistors are important Devices in the world of electronics. They look similar to the transistors but are different in their Production.

Terminals of JFET:

JFET's have two Ohmic connections at either side of the channels. These channels are called Source and Drain. the Connection of Drain and source is said to be Gate. This is the point where PN Junction is formed. Source and Drain Collectively makes resistive path through which the current Id passes due to the Voltage Vds. The channel is semiconductor due to which current is passed equally well at both sides. But, because of the resistivity of the channel, the voltage becomes less Positive when we move from Drain to Source. Subsequently, the PN junction contains the high reverse bias at Drain as compared to the Source. Thus, the a Depletion Region is formed due to biasing whose width increase with the increase in the Biasing and vise Versa.

Configuration of JFET:

We know that Transistors are made by two type of materials i.e, N type and P type. The Terminals are connected by a current path between Drain and Source. these two terminals work as Collector and Emitter, respectively. Hence we observe two Configurations of JFETs:

1. N-Type.
2. P-Type.

Within the P-Type Configuration, we observe the doping of acceptors. hence holes are abundant in this region. by the same token, N- type configuration contain the doping of the electrons hence we get the faster conduction in N-Type region. We'll use N type JFET for the experiment.

Types of JFET:

Base upon their Production, we classify the JFET in two types:

1. Standard JFET
2. Insulated Gate JFET

The 2nd type i.e, IGJFET is most Commonly called Metal Oxide Junction Field Effect Transistor or simply MOSFET.

Conduction of JFET:

JFET are unipolar Devices and their efficiency mainly depends upon the Conduction of holes and electrons in P-Channel and N-channel, respectively.

 Implementation of JFET in Proteus ISIS

The Junction field effect transistors has very specific characteristics that can easily observed on the graph at a glance. Hence, let's start the simulation for best understanding.

Material Required:

1. Junction Field Effect Transistor (2N3819)
2. DC Power Supply
3. Ground Terminal
4. Current Probe
5. DC Transfer Curve Analysis

Procedure for the characteristics of JFET:

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Pick Up the JFET from the Pick Library through the "P" button.
• Set the JFET on the working area.
• Foster the "DC" from the power Generation mood of the Proteus.
• Fix 1 DC power supply at the Gate Terminal and the other on the Drain Terminal.
• Pick the Ground terminal from "Terminal mode" and fix it with the Source.
• At this stage, the circuit should look like the picture given below:

• Place the Current probe taken from the side of the Proteus at the Drain.

One point must be clear here, the direction of the probe should be towards the drain showing that the current passes from the Current source towards the Drain terminal of JFET.

• Name the Gate source as "Vgs".
• Name the Drain power supply as "Vds".
• Mark the Current Probe as "Ids".
• Choose "Transfer" from the Graph mode at the left most bar of the Proteus.
• Click on the Working area and make a window of the "DC Transfer Curve Analysis".
• To get the output, we will drag the Id at the graph area.

• At the instance, we have to set the Graph according to our need. Truss, Double click the graph to edit the Properties.
•  Set the Values according to diagram:

Now, when we simulate the graph by left click>simulate the graph, we find a simulation log.

• Simulate the graph through the Play button.
• Maximize the screen through left click at Graph>maximize and Observe the output.

Observations of JFET Characteristics:

• Vgs applied to the Gate Controls the Current flowing between Drain and the Source.
• No current flow through the Gate hence the Source current that is flowing out of the device is equal to the Drain current moving into the device.

Mathematically,

Is=Id

• We observe the four types of regions here:

1. OHMIC Region: JFET acts like a voltage resistor when voltage VGS =0 because the depletion region at this point is very less.
2. Pinch-off region: Resistance is maximum when Vgs is sufficient to cause the JFET to act as an open Circuit. This region is also called Cut-off region.
3. Saturation Region: In this Region, the JFET becomes the Good Conductor and be controlled by Vgs. The Vds has very less effect.
4. Breakdown Region: We observed that the in this region, the Vds becomes maximum and is controlled.

Advantages of JFET:

• They are replaced by the BJT because they are similar to BJT in characteristics like efficiency , robust, instant operation but are smaller than the equivalent Bipolar Junction Transistors. Thus they are better.
• Due to the size, they have less power consumption and low power dissipation, therefore are ideal to use in ICs and the CMOS range of circuit.
• They have extremely high input Impedance tat can be more than thousands.

Consequently, We learnt about extremely important features of the Junction Field Effect Transistor, Perform the experiments for the characteristics and observed the Advantages of JFETs.

JFET Applications | Constant Current Source | Chopper

Hi Pupils, Welcome to another Experiment of Proteus at The Engineering Projects. Previously, we saw what are the Junction Field Effect Transistors. Today we'll learn about some of the applications of Junction Field Effect Transistors.

Just before the Experiment, it is useful to revise that: Transistors are three terminal, unipolar Devices. The terminals of Junction Field Effect Transistor are named as :

• Drain
• Source
• Gate

The Gate Terminal is common to both Source and Drain. Prior to start, let's clear some Concepts about Junction Field Effect Transistor.

Resistor

Resistor is an electrical device. we define the resistors as:

"A Resister is a two terminal Passive electrical device that shows the electrical resistance and is useful in almost every Circuit.

Resistors can be used to reduce or control the flow of current , terminate transition lines and such other functions.

Pinch off voltage

The basic Definition of Pinch off voltage is:

"The voltage applied between the Drain and the source at which the current maximum current flows through the circuit provided the Gate voltage is zero is called the Pinch off voltage."

when the value of voltages is less than the pinch off region, the voltage enters to another region called ohmic region of JFET and the transistor acts as a resistor in this region.

Controlling Voltage

The Controlling Voltage of Junction field effect transistor is defined as: "The controlling Voltage is the voltage of transistors from gate to source.  To set its value, the Voltage from gate to source is made negative and it is referred as Vgs." FET's are widely used in the worlds of electronics because of their size and the performance. We'll apply JFET's in the making of two of circuits:

1. Constant Current Source.
2. Chopper.

During the Implementation of the Circuits, we'll use N-type JFET because of the better flow of electron of this kind of JFET. In N-type JFET the majority charge carriers are electrons. I am going to explain it one after the other.

Constant Current Source

A Field Effect Transistor can be use as a constant current Source. That spell out that if JFET's are designed so, they can provide a constant current across the load resistor, no matter how much current is provided at its input. The ability is due to the near horizontal line in the drain characteristics of the JFET. Recall that resistor is a two terminal Device that reduces the current flow, divide voltage or adjust signal lines. But, carefully Controlled JFET can be used to overcome the resistance through the resistor that come in between the JFET and the Voltage source. In the circuit, when the Vgs is greater than the pinch off voltage. mathematically,

V-IR>|V|

Implementation in Proteus ISIS

To make the circuit for Constant current Source, we need the Components as:

Component Required:

1. Junction Field Effect Transistor
2. Resistor
3. Ground Terminal
4. Direct Current Power Supply
5. Connecting Wires

Procedure

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Choose the JFET and Resistor from the Pick library through the "P" button.
• Take the Ground Terminal from Terminals library from the left most tab.
• Take DC power source from the "Generator mode".
• To measure the Current we'll add a DC ammeter from the "Virtual Instrument Mode".

This is the step where the Circuit should be arranged so, to get the required output.

• Connect the Source with the Drain thorough a wire.
• Join the Ground Terminal with the wire that connects Source and Gate.
• Connect the Components on the Working area according to the diagram:

• Double Click the Battery and give it a value of 9 volts.
• Double click the voltmeter and change the display Range to milliamps.
• By the same token, Double tap the resistor and give it the value of 1k ohm.

NOTE: you can also use a variable resistor.

•  Record the values of the ammeter.
• At first observations, Change the value of resistor to 1kohm.
• Pop the play button.

The ammeter shows the value of the 0.40 miliamps.

• Take seven reading by changing the value of resistor and make a table.

  Resistance	Current
  1k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  2k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  3k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  4k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  5k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  6k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  7k ohm	0.40 *10-3

   

The same experiment can be done by varying the value of battery and recording the values.

Chopper

A Chopper is the application of Transistor that show us the output as the square wave. We define the Chopper as: "Chopper is an electronic circuit used to take the amplified Direct current by using some type of transistor or other device." One can use any kind of transistor  e.g Bipolar Junction Transistor tor make the Chopper circuit. But, Junction Field Effect Transistors are better for this purpose due to the field control of the JFETs. In Choppers, the FET act as a variable resistance.   Lets rush towards Proteus to apply the circuit.

Implementation of Choppers in Proteus ISIS

• Fire up your Proteus ISIS.

Material Required

1. Junction Field Effect Transistor
2. Resistor
3. Alternating current source
4. Ground
5. Oscilloscope

• Pick the Vsine , Resistor and JFET from the Pick library by the mean of "P" button.
• Take the Oscilloscope form "Virtual Instrument Mode" and fix it just above the Circuit.
• Connect Channel A just after the AC source and channel B with the Source.
• Put the Ground terminal below the circuit by choosing it from "Terminal".
• Change the value of resistance connected to AC as 100ohm.
• Change the value of resistance connected to Source as 200ohm.
• Give the frequency to 1000Hz and Amplitude of 12V to Vsine.
• Join the circuit according to the image given below:

Seems like our circuit is complete now.

• Press the Play button to simulate the graph.
• Set the Value of Channel A to 1V.
• Set the channel B to 20V.

The Output of the circuit is:   This Conversion is important in some Circuits. The output of the Chopper is in the form of square waves. Thus, today we learnt about the JFET along with the applications of JFET as Constant current and Chopper in detail and saw their Implementation in the Proteus.

AD623 Instrumentation Amplifier Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Friends! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to AD623.

The AD623 is an instrumentation amplifier integrated with a rail-to-rail feature. It is mainly used in battery-operated applications due to the low current of 500uA. It features a bandwidth of around 800 kHz which doesn’t require impedance matching since it incorporates buffer amplifiers that are attached to their input pins.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to AD623 featuring datasheet, pinout, features, equivalents, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to AD623

• The AD623 is an instrumentation amplifier that falls under the category of differential amplifiers that incorporate buffer amplifiers attached to their input pins, making it a suitable pick for test and measurement equipment.
• This device doesn’t require impedance matching which is a practice of making one impedance appear like another.

• Rail-to-Rail feature is used in this amplifier which allows the output voltage to reach its full potential of positive rail voltage or negative rail voltage.
• In a normal amplifier, this feature is not available as the output voltage of the amplifier is not equal to the supply voltage due to the presence of stage transistors which keep the amplifier from reaching its maximum positive or maximum negative voltage. Rail-to-Rail feature is used to overcome this problem.

• Moreover, this device comes with very high input impedance, high common-mode rejection ratio, low noise, low drift, and low offset.
• This kind of amplifier is mainly employed in the circuits where remarkable stability and accuracy is required.
• Instrumentation amplifier is a type of differential amplifiers where the internal amplifiers are arranged in a way ­– one amplifier is used to generate desired output with enough impedance and the other amplifier is used to buffer each input (+,-)
• Instrumentation amplifiers can be developed using standard individual amplifiers and precision resistors but also come in an integrated chip. This AD623 amplifier comes in an integrated chip that incorporates laser-trimmed resistors that provide a remarkable common-mode rejection ratio.

AD623 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of AD623.

AD623 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of AD623. The following table shows the pin description of each pin incorporated on the device.

Pin Description of AD623
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Inverting Gain Terminal connected to a resistor to set gain value	Gain (-Rg)
2	The Inverting input pin of the Op-Amp	Inverting Input (IN-)
3	The Non - Inverting Input Pin of Amplifier	Non- Inverting Input (IN-)
4	Negative supply terminal	Power (-Vs)
5	Output reference input. Normally connected to common	Reference
6	Amplifier output pin	Output
7	Positive supply terminal	Power (+Vs)
8	Non - Inverting Gain Terminal connected to resistor to set gain value	Gain (+Rg)

AD623 Features

The following are the main features of AD623.

• Gain Range = 1 to 1000
• Set gain with only one resistor
• Rail to Rail Instrumentation Amplifier
• Bandwidth = 800KHz

• Can operate on Single and Dual supply voltage
• Operating current Max. = 550uA
• Available Packages = 8-Pin PDIP, VSSOP and SOIC packages

AD623 Equivalents

The following are the alternatives to AD623.

• JRC4558
• LM4871
• IC6283
• AD620

Before you apply these alternatives to your project, it’s wise to double-check the pinout of the alternatives as it’s quite possible the pinout of the alternatives may differ from the pinout of the AD623.

AD623 Applications

The following are the main applications of AD623.

• Employed in calibration and test equipment
• Used in difference amplifiers
• Used in the control system process
• Employed in data Acquisition devices
• Incorporated in low Power Medical instrumentation
• Used in power-sensitive applications

That’s all for today. That was all about the Introduction to AD623. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can pop your comments in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

TDA1554 Audio Amplifier Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to TDA1554.

The TDA1554Q is an integrated class-B output amplifier mainly used for car radio applications. This device features 4 x 11 W single-ended or 2 x 22 W bridge amplifiers. It comes in a 17-lead single-in-line (SIL) plastic power package.

I suggest you buckle up and read this entire post till the end as I’ll discuss the complete Introduction to TDA1554 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to TDA1554

• TDA1554 is a 4*11W single-ended or 2*22W power amplifier IC which means the internal circuitry features a 4*11W single-ended or 2*22W bridge amplifier.
• It is an integrated class-B output amplifier that comes in a 17-lead single-in-line (SIL) plastic power package mainly used for car radio applications.

• Out of four amplifiers incorporated in the device, two are non-inverting and two are inverting amplifiers.

• Moreover, each amplifier comes with a gain of 20dB (26dB in BTL).
• These amplifiers carry low thermal resistance and are thermally protected.
• This device generates high output power and fixed gain.
• Plus, a mute or standby switch is incorporated with the device helping you mute the amplifiers anytime you want.
• This device can handle high energy on outputs and low voltage offsets at outputs and comes with good ripple rejection.

TDA1554 Datasheet

Before you apply this device to your electrical project, it’s better to scan through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the component. You can download the datasheet of TDA1554 by clicking the link below.

TDA1554 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of TDA1554. The following table represents the pin configuration of each pin incorporated on TDA1554.

Pin Description of TDA1554
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Non-inverting input 1	NINV1
2	Inverting input 1	INV1
3	Ground (signal)	GND
4	Supply voltage ripple rejection	RR
5	Positive Input Voltage 1	VP1
6	Output 1	OUT1
7	Power Ground 1	GND1
8	Output 2	OUT2
9	Not connected	NC
10	Output 3	OUT3
11	Power Ground 2	GND2
12	Output 4	OUT4
13	Positive Input voltage 2	VP2
14	Mute/Stand-by switch	M/SS
15	Not connected	NC
16	Inverting input 2	INV2
17	Non-inverting input 2	NINV2

TDA1554 Features

• Needs a few external components
• Mute/standby switch
• Remarkable ripple rejection
• High output power and fixed gain
• Flexibility in use - Quad single-ended or stereo BTL

• Can handle high energy on outputs (VP = 0 V)
• DC and AC short-circuit-safe to ground and VP
• Low offset voltage at outputs (important for BTL)
• Identical inputs (inverting and non-inverting)
• Protected with Electrostatic Discharge, Load Dump, and Reverse Polarity
• Low thermal resistance
• Thermal protection

TDA1554 Power Ratings

• Output Current = 4A
• DC output offset voltage = 100mV
• Supply Voltage Range = 6V to 18V
• Input Impedance range = 50k? to75k?
• Total Quiescent Current = 160mA
• Stand-by Current = 10uA
• Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio = 48dB

TDA1554 Applications

This component is mainly designed for car radio applications.

That’s for today. I hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you according to the best of my expertise. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Common Collector BJT Amplifier in Proteus ISIS

Hi Mentees, Welcome to a new tutorial at The Engineering Projects. Today You will unearth about Common Collector bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers. Before this, we learnt about two types of Configurations of Transistors named Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers and Common Base BJT Amplifiers.

In this tutorial We'll discuss about:

1. Introduction of Common Collector BJT Amplifier.
2. Basic Concepts for the Common Collector BJT Amplifiers.
3. Implementation of Common Collector BJT Amplifiers in Proteus ISIS.
4. Characteristics and advantages of Common Collector BJT Amplifiers.

So that, you can get the best understanding about the topic and its practical implementation.

Introduction

1st  of all, We'll have a brief definition of the Common Collector Amplifier: " A type of Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifier is called Common Collector BJT Amplifiers in which Collector is common to both Base, Base region is used for input and emitter is used to take the output of the Amplifier."  It is one of the Configuration of the Transistor and is used in many kinds of circuits due to its efficiency. Other two Configurations are;

1. Common Base BJT Amplifiers.
2. Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers.

All of them acquire their Own Construction, characteristics and advantages as we as disadvantages. Common Collectors are also called as Emitter follower Configuration as the emitter voltage follows the base voltage.

Basic Concepts:

It is Always useful to get core information about the circuit before its Implementation. Let's see what a Common Collector amplifiers is. Type of transistor: Recall that  the are two types of Transistors i.e, 1. NPN 2.PNP. the Transistor we are using NPN transistor for our Experiment because in this type, the electrons are majority carries that have more mobility than holes ( majority charge carriers in PNP transistors) therefore, we get quick and easy output due to best electron flow.   Current Gain: The current gain of this type of amplifier is also taken as the division of the Emitter current with the base current and mathematically it is stated as:

Current Gain = Emitter current/Base Current

? = I_E/I_B = ß + 1

Voltage Gain : Voltage Gain of Common Collector BJT Amplifier is considered to be the unity, i.e. 1 and is obtained by the formula given below: Voltage Gain=Vout/Vin where in Common Collector amplifier we give the input to Base and take the output from the emitter of the transistor. Emitter Current: in this Configuration the Emitter current is taken as the sum of base current and collector current. consequently, we say  Ie=Ib+Ic we can use this equation in others ways as,

Ib=Ie-Ic

Ic=Ie-Ib

we can also say that the collector current is approximately equal to Emitter current because base is very thin region and passes a minute amount of current through it.

Implementation of Common Collector BJT Amplifier in Proteus ISIS

At the instance, we will test the circuit given in the circuit diagram in Proteus. the material for the Circuit is given below. Material Required: 

1. Transistor (2N1711)
2. Capacitor
3. Resistor
4. Vsine
5. Oscilloscope
6. Ground

• Take 1st four components from the "Pick device" library presented at the left corner of the screen.
• Set them at the working area according to the circuit diagram.
• Add the ground terminal by left clicking the screen >Go to Place>Terminal>Ground and add the ground Terminal.

NOTE: You can also connect just one Ground terminal to the circuit if you connect the Circuit with a wire at the bottom. Now, the Circuit will look like this:

• Add the DC source from "Generation Mode" to just above the circuit.

Now, We need an output device to examine the output. Therefore, We'll use Oscilloscope. Choose it from "Virtual Instrument mode".

• Set the Oscilloscope just aside the circuit and Connect Channel A with input (Base) and the Channel B with the output ( Emitter).

Before Starting the simulation, I am going to change the values of the Components I used because the default values will not give us the required Output.

• we will use the 120V for the DC Power source.
• One can clearly examine that the Values of the Components are given according to the table given below:

Components	Values
Resistor R1	10ohm
Resistor R2	100ohm
Resistor R3	20ohm
Resistor R4	100kohm
VSine	Amplitude=220, Frequency=1000
Capacitor 1	50m
Capacitor 2	2m
Oscilloscope	Channel 5V, Channel B=5V, Time=0.2mS-1

 

• After setting the values  you can change the value of Oscilloscope to get the required output.

NOTE: The amplifiers are sensitive to the temperature and the type of transistor used, hence their must be the practice to get the best output.

Characteristics

• The input Resistance of Common Collector Amplifiers is high.
• The power gain of this kind of amplifiers is medium.
• It has low output resistance.
• It has non-inverting effect (opposite to other two Configuration that gives the inversion of the wave).
• It has zero voltage gain.

Advantages of Common Collector BJT Amplifiers

1. It is useful for the circuits where the high impedance is required.
2. It is mostly used as voltage buffers as the voltage gain is unity.
3. The Common Collector configuration is used in the Circuit where the engineers want the high current gain.
4. Due to its high current gain, it is applied in circuits to drive heavy loads.
5. We use it for voltage translation stage.

NOTE: Sometimes, It becomes the disadvantage of the Common Collector bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifier that they have no voltage Gain. Summary: Today, we ascertained the Basic Common Collector BJT Amplifiers, learnt some Concepts about it, saw the Implementation in Proteus ISIS, saw some characteristics and found the advantages of the Common Collector Configuration.

TDA2005 Amplifier Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Everyone! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to TDA2005.

TDA2005 is a 20-watt Class B dual audio amplifier integrated chip. It comes in a Multiwatt11 package and is carefully designed for car radio applications. It can support the current up to 3.5A which is quite high which makes it a suitable pick for constructing power booster amplifiers.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to TDA2005 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to TDA2005

• TDA2005 is a 20-watt Class B dual audio amplifier integrated chip. It is particularly designed for car radio applications.

• It comes with a high current capability and features a total of 11 pins on board.
• It supports low impedance loads of around 1.6 with an output power of more than 20 W.
• TDA2005 features a bridge or stereo setup and the total power dissipation is 30W.
• This device is mainly employed in applications where high-output audio power amplification is required.

• Incorporated with protection against load dump voltage surge, this device features a maximum supply voltage of around +28V.
• The repetitive current through each output is 3.5A while the maximum non-repetitive peak current through each output is 4.5A.
• The storage temperature range is -40°C to 150°C while the operating temperature range is -23°C to 130°C.
• This chip employed in stereo amplification applications will exhibit a voltage gain of 51 dB.

TDA2005 Datasheet

Before you apply this device to your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of TDA2005 by clicking the link mentioned below.

TDA2005 Pinout

The TDA2005 is an 11-pin device. The following figure represents the pinout diagram of TDA2005. The following table shows the pin name and pin description of TDA2005.

Pin Description of TDA2005
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Non-Inverting Input of amplifier 1	INPUT+(1)
2	Inverting Input of amplifier 1	INPUT-(1)
3	Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio	SVRR
4	Inverting Input of amplifier 2	INPUT-(2)
5	Non-Inverting Input of amplifier 2	INPUT+(2)
6	The ground is connected to this pin	GND
7	Amplifier 2 bootstrap capacitor	BOOTSTRAP(2)
8	The output of amplifier 2	OUTPUT(2)
9	Positive Power Supply	+VS
10	The output of amplifier 1	OUTPUT(1)
11	Amplifier 1 bootstrap capacitor	BOOTSTRAP(1)

TDA2005 Features

• Overheat protection and output short circuit protection
• A few components required to put the amplifier in working condition
• Operating voltage range = +8 to +18V
• High output power - Po=10 + 10 W @ RL = 2 ?, Po = 20 W @ RL = 4 ?
• Programmable gain and bandwidth

• Peak supply voltage = +40V for 50ms
• Loudspeaker protection against short circuit
• Incorporated with protection against load dump voltage surge
• Supply voltage Max. = +28V
• Comes with protection against fortuitous open ground
• Total power dissipation = 30W
• Comes with Bridge or Stereo setup
• Repetitive current through each output = 3.5A
• The non-repetitive peak current through each output Max. = 4.5A
• Storage temperature range = -40°C  to 150°C
• Operating temperature range = -23°C  to 130°C

TDA2005 Applications

The TDA2005 is used in the following applications.

• Employed in Car radio
• Used in Microphone amplifiers
• Used in audio power amplifiers
• Incorporated in Woofer amplifiers
• Used in Music players

That’s all for today. Hope you found this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions around the content we share so we keep creating quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Common Emitter BJT Amplifier in Proteus

Hi Learners, I hope you are doing good. This lesson is about implementation of one of the types of  Amplifiers i.e, Common Emitter BJT Amplifier. But, prior to this, we'll revise some basic concepts so that it will be easy for you to understand the roots of the Experiment. We'll talk about:

1. What are Common Emitter Bi-Junction Transistors.
2. Concepts of Common Emitter Bi-Junction Transistors.
3. Implementation of Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers in Proteus ISIS.
4. Why we use Common Emitter BJT in Amplifiers.

What are Common Emitter Bi-Junction Transistors

There are three types of Configurations of a transistor named:

1. Common Emitter Configuration
2. Common Base Configuration
3. Common Collector Configuration

We chose the Common Emitter Configuration due to its suitability (You will learn the reason). We can Define Basic Common Emitter BJT Amplifier as: "A type of amplifier circuit made by a Bi-Polar junction Transistor that uses NPN BJT Transistor, inverts the voltage output wave at 180 degree and is the one from the three basic BJT amplifier Configuration." Recall that A Transistor is made by combining two diodes in required manner. Hence, It there are two types of Transistors:

1. NPN configuration.
2. PNP Configuration.

Here N is the symbol for Negative doping and P is the symbol for positive doping.

Concepts of Common Emitter Bi-Junction Transistors

At this instance We'll look at some basic concepts, on the basis of which we chose these Components along with the values of Components  of amplifier. Current gain: In BJT Amplifiers, current gain is the ratio of change in collector current to the change in the current of base.

mathematically,           Current Gain= Change in collector current/Change in Base Current

ß=?Ic/?Ib

At the same token, Voltage Gain: The Voltage Gain of an amplifier is the product two Quantities. One is the ratio of output resistance of the collector to the input resistor of the base, and the other is the current gain.

Voltage Gain=ß(Rc/Rb)

During the Practical work we take  AC output voltage from collector with respect to emitter and the Output of Amplifier is taken from Collector. On the other hand, the input is given to the base terminal. It is obvious to notice that the emitter is Common to Base and Collector. It consist of Voltage divider biasing, hence one of the basic part of circuit is consist of two resistors so that their mid-point is used for supply Base Bias voltage. One more importance point to remember is gain is different from one transistor to the other. Biasing: Biasing is a technique  to add the Battery in a circuit. It is important in Electronic devices because it establishes the correct operating point of the Transistor amplifier when it is ready to receive the signal from input and hence the plays an important role in reducing the distortion in the output. If we look at the characteristics then we come to know that Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers has high voltage gain, the current gain is medium and the circuit has a high power gain.

Implementation of Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers in Proteus ISIS

For the practical verification of the circuit It is always Advisable to Perform it at any simulation software. Hence open Your Proteus ISIS. Components Required:

1. NPN transistor (2N171) .
2. Vsine
3. Capacitor
4. Resistor
5. DC Power source
6. ground Terminal
7. Oscilloscope

Procedure:

• Choose 1st four Components from the Pick Library "P" one by one by writing their name in it.
• Collect the DC power supply from "Generator mood" present on the left most tab.
• To get the Ground terminal, left Click on the working screen and go to Place>Terminal>Ground and fix it on the screen.
• Oscilloscope is present in the "Virtual Instrument Mood" on the same tab.
• Once you have chosen all the  required Device  then set them one by one on the Working area according to the Picture given below and connect them with the help of wires.

• At the Instance we will change the values of some devices So I have made a table for this:

• Components	Values
  Resistor R1	60ohm
  Resistor R2	500ohm
  Resistor R3	1000ohm
  Resistor R4	2000ohm
  Resistor R5	100ohm
  Oscilloscope	A=20V, B=2V
  Vsine	Frequency=1000Hz, Amplitude=110V
  DC source	10V

After substituting the value we get the prepared circuit for the amplifier as: It seems that all the things are ready. Once you play the simulation then you can change its values and You will acquire the following output.

• Select the Current probe from the left most bar and connect them in the circuit one with the Base wire and the other with the collector.

One can find the current gain by simply putting the values in the formulas given in the concepts portion.

here,

Current gain=6.2*10^-12/6.1

                             =1.01*10^-9

as it is a ratio, hence has no unit.

At the same token,

Voltage gain=1.01*10^-9*(500/2000)

 =2.5*10^-10

NOTE: The Gain is vary from transistor to transistor and the temperature is also an important feature. Therefore, the gain is always unpredictable.

•  We got the required output in the Proteus ISIS as required.

let's find out why we used this for our experiment.

Why we use BJT in Amplifiers

Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers are important in the World of Electronics. One can get the idea of their influence by the following points:

1. These Amplifiers are used in low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. The are useful because of their high power gain with medium voltage and current gain hence they are cheap.
3. The output impedance is high.
4. It has inverting effect so can be used in the different appliances for different purposes.

In today's tutorial, We learnt what is Common Emitter BJT amplifiers, some basic concepts along with the simulation in the Proteus ISIS. We also saw why these Amplifiers are used in the real life. The circuit and the output may vary for other circuits but don't worry about that because it is a very sensitive circuit.

Common Base BJT Amplifier in Proteus

Hi mentees, Welcome to The Engineering Projects. If you are seeking for the Practical Implementation of Common Base bipolar Junction Transistor amplifier then you clicked at the best website because we'll cover the basic concepts and the procedure step by step. So, Lets start the learning.

What is Common Base BJT Amplifier?

The precise definition of the Common Base BJT Amplifier is: "The type of Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers in which Base is Common to both emitter and Collector and Current gain is taken from the Base is called Common Base bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers." Recall that a transistor has three regions i.e, Base, Collector and Emitter. Hence we design our Circuit in such a way that we get the output of current from the base and get the best current gain.

Basic Concepts:

Some Important Concepts should be kept in mind so that it will become easy and interesting to Design the Circuit. Current gain: " The Current gain of Common base Amplifier is equal to the ratio of Current in the Collector to the Current in the Base provided by the constant voltage of base to collector." Mathematically,

Current gain=Collector Current/Base Current

ß=Ic/Ib

Voltage Gain: "The Voltage gain of the Common Base amplifier is obtain when we divide the Voltage of Collector to the voltage of emitter." mathematically,

Voltage Gain=Voltage of Collector/Voltage of Emitter

Av=Vc/Ve

Type of Transistor: In the Common Base amplifiers, we use the NPN transistor because in this way we get the require output more easily. In NPN transistors, majority is the electrons. The mobility of electrons is better than holes (in PNP Transistors) so they are faster. Biasing: Biasing is a technique  to add the Battery in a circuit. It is important in Electronic devices because it establishes the correct operating point of the Transistor amplifier when it is ready to receive the signal from input and hence the plays an important role in reducing the distortion in the output. Common base MUST  correctly Biased so that the base-emitter junction will remain forward Bias. Now, Let's move towards the practical implementation.

 Implementing Common Base BJT Amplifier in Proteus ISIS

To Perform the experiment. we need the Proteus ISIS then follow the steps: Material Require:

1. Transistor (2N1711)
2. Capacitor
3. Alternating Current Source (Vsine)
4. Resistor
5. Oscilloscope
6. Ground.

• Open Your Proteus software in the PC.
• Seek the Pick Library "P" button and write the name of 1st four Components one by one and select them.
• Place the current components on the working area.
• Acquire the Oscilloscope from the "Virtual Instruments mode" from the left most area and fix it just above the circuit.
• You can obtain the Ground Terminal by left click on the screen>Place>Terminal>Ground or just search it in the "Terminal mode".
• Connect all the Components through wires. The circuit looks like the image given below:

• At this instance , Change the name and values of resistors one by one by double clicking them. In this way, the circuit will work Perfectly.

• I labelled all the Resistors with different names and changed the values according to the need.
• At the same token, the name of Capacitor, battery cells and their values are also changed according to the table given below:

Components	Values
Resistor R1	400ohm
Resistor R2	30ohm
Resistor R3	100ohm
Resistor R4	200ohm
BAT	50
BAT 1	200
CIN	2mF
COUT	60uF
Oscilloscope	Channel A=20V, Channel B=20V, time=0.5m-1
VSine	Amplitude 220V, Frequency=1000

• Set all the values according to table.
• Once the values are selected (except Oscilloscope) just Pop the Play button.
• You can see an Oscilloscope screen showing the waves.
• Turn of the Channel C,D to avoid distraction.
• Set the values of Oscilloscope by matching with the table.
•  You will get the output just like shown in the following image:

The Yellow wave (channel A) indicates the input wave were as the Blue Wave (Channel B) indicates the output ( Amplified) wave. Hence by If we choose the Components and there value carefully, we get the best output. Lets Calculate the Current gain then Voltage Gain. I am using the previously Described precepts to calculate the Quantities:

• Connect the DC Ammeter from the "Generation Mode" and Connect one with the Base of transistor and one with the Collector.
• When we play the Simulation then we get the following Output:

Applying the values into the formula we get,

ß        =-1.43/-0.07

 =20.4

As it's a ratio so it doesn't have any unit. Moving towards the Voltage Gain,

• Take the "DC Voltmeter" from the same Portion and connect one Voltmeter with CIN capacitor and one with the COUT Capacitor. Note than the Voltmeter is always Connected in parallel to the required Components.

At the moment, When we start the simulation, we get the following output: Applying these Values for Av,

Av=53.1/3.75

    =14.16

So that the required Quantities are obtained.

Characteristics of Common Base BJT Amplifiers:

• It has High Voltage Gain.
• The Current Gain of Common Base BJT Amplifiers is Medium.
• We get High power Gain in this type of Amplifier.
• Common Base Amplifier does not have any reversal effect between input and output waves.
• The Input and Output resistance of the Common Base Amplifier is Medium.

Advantages:

• We Get the inverted output wave that may be useful in many electronic devices.
• The Input Impedance is Low.
• It is useful due to its high power gain.
• The output Impedance is High for Common Base Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers.
• The Output Impedance is high.
• When we need  Impedance matching then CB Amplifiers are useful because we can control the input Impedance.
• It Provides the constant Current Gain therefore can be used as buffer amplifiers.

Thus Today we Learnt about the Common Base Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers, cleared Some Basic Concepts about them, Implement the Amplifiers in Proteus ISIS and read about the characteristics and advantages of the Common Base Bipolar Junction Transistors Amplifiers.