Welcome to today's article on our comprehensive Raspberry Pi 4 programming guide. As we saw in the previous article, the Raspberry Pi 4 may power a single seven-segment display. In addition, we also interfaced a Raspberry Pi with 4 Seven-Segment Display Modules to display the time. However, this guide will show you how to construct a Raspberry Pi 4 crypto miner that uses very little electricity.
Cryptocurrencies have been the subject of widespread conversation for some time now. It's possible to use your computer to create them, and they can be used as currency. Because of this, the Raspberry Pi can also be used for Bitcoin mining. It's also possible to mine other cryptocurrencies. One drawback of mining is that the cost of electricity often exceeds the revenue it brings in. So, let's check out how to construct a solar-powered, money-making cryptocurrency miner with a Raspberry Pi.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | Raspberry Pi 4 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
A pool account
Bitcoin Wallet
Raspberry Pi
Raspbian image SD card
USB Bitcoin miner
Crypto mining, the digital equivalent of the gold mining industry, involves a combination of complex mathematical calculations and blind luck. Mining is crucial for cryptocurrencies as it is the only way to update the distributed ledger (Blockchain).
Despite Bitcoin's popularity, there are other digital currencies available. All cryptocurrencies use blockchains to ensure that all transactions are legitimate and that users cannot spend the same cryptocurrency more than once.
To simplify things for the unfamiliar in the web3 environment, let's say that a blockchain is a distributed ledger that maintains track of all transactions made over it. Similar to how a bank keeps a record of who gave money to whom, how much was sent, and when it was sent, blockchain stores this unchangeable data within distributed blocks linked together via a network.
Users, known as miners or validator nodes, provide the network's computational power to verify all of the blockchain's transactions. This blog post will not delve further into smart contracts, which are computer programs that can be set up to run automatically on a blockchain if and only if specific criteria are met.
Bitcoin and Ethereum miners are sometimes pictured as a large server farm full of powerful graphics processing unit (GPU) or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) devices that work tirelessly to solve complex cryptographic puzzles issued by the blockchain in exchange for financial rewards. The consensus technique for validating submissions and awarding incentives varies from blockchain to blockchain.
Raspberry Pi users can choose from several different coins to mine, but not all are profitable. The most profitable option is the one you should choose. The USB miner is crucial to mining since it dramatically boosts productivity. In mining, you have two primary options:
For anyone interested in beginning mining using a USB miner like NEWPAC, selecting a cryptocurrency that uses the SHA-256 algorithm is a must. Bitcoin (BTC), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Bitcoin SV (BSV), and many others are just some of the cryptocurrencies that use the SHA-256 algorithm. However, Bitcoin is the most lucrative and should be explored first if you plan to mine using a Raspberry Pi.
The Raspberry Pi's central processing unit (CPU) can be used to begin mining in the absence of a dedicated USB miner. In such a scenario, you should go with Monero (XMR), the coin that can be mined with the least effort using a Raspberry Pi.
After calculating electricity and equipment costs, I found that bitcoin mining with a regular computer could have been more worthwhile. Most bitcoins are now mined using specialized computers called ASIC bitcoin miners; nevertheless, amateurs and enthusiasts still have some success mining by joining a mining pool. What if we set up a mining rig powered by a Raspberry Pi and solar panels and "deducted" the cost of the equipment? As the number of miners for Bitcoins increases, the difficulty of mining rises, and the rewards for miners decrease, the industry has become very competitive. Despite this discouraging information, I've decided to move on with this plan and shift my focus to alternative crypto assets.
Since we are utilizing a Raspberry Pi rather than an ASIC bitcoin miner, individual crypto mining was not an option. Despite my best efforts, I could not locate any mining pools that supported the Raspberry Pi operating system among the many available for Windows and macOS. Since Linux miners are written for the x86 architecture, Raspberry Pi cannot participate in the mining process. Linux mining software that runs on x86 processors like those found on most personal computers is supported.
Please note that the purpose of this paper is to promote further study of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies, not to create any of those assets. The techniques outlined here are workarounds that need to be endorsed by the developers. Instead, you can download the free software linked with your preferred mining pool and install it on your personal computer.
We'll first sign up for an account on minergate, a crypto mining pool with over 3.5 million users worldwide that supports Bitcoin, Gold, Zcash, Ethereum, Ethereum, and monero. Since Monero is the only crypto I have had success with, this guide will focus solely on that one.
Turn on your Raspberry Pi.
Press Ctrl-T or launch a Terminal window in Raspberry Pi OS using Desktop. Please use the standard login procedures while using Raspberry Pi Lite.
If you're already in the Terminal, you can install the updates and prerequisites immediately.
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade -y
sudo apt install git automake autoconf libcurl4-openssl-dev libjansson-dev libssl-dev libgmp-dev
cd cpuminer-multi
Please use the below three commands to compile the mining code. This process will take a few minutes if you're using a Raspberry Pi 4.
sudo ./autogen.sh
sudo ./configure
sudo ./build.sh
Let's begin monero mining once we've installed and set up the mining program on our Raspberry Pi. To activate the miner, run the following line in the Terminal, substituting YOUR EMAIL with the address you used to create your minergate account.
./cpuminer -a cryptonight -o stratum+tcp://xmr.pool.minergate.com:45700 -u YOUR_EMAIL
The mining software will begin running, and if you're lucky, you'll see some 'accepted' shares marked with a "yes."
Please log in to minegate/internal so we can inspect your Minergate Dashboard. This can be done on a PC or laptop using the Chromium web browser or on a Raspberry Pi using the Raspberry Pi Desktop interface. Find the Monero icon at the bottom of your screen. The ONLINE status will be displayed if Monero is connected and functioning correctly. Congratulations! You have started Monero mining!
Now that we have a basic understanding of blockchain and cryptocurrencies, the issue of which currency is superior naturally emerges. The original cryptocurrency was Bitcoin, but there are now thousands of others, each with unique characteristics.
Though Bitcoin transactions may be traced back to specific senders and recipients through their hash values, this is a significant drawback of the cryptocurrency.
Monero is a cryptocurrency with unique rules in this regard. It's likewise mineable and based on a blockchain, but unlike bitcoin, the transactions here are anonymous and difficult to track. This is why most exchanges will not let you buy or sell Monero and why mining is the best option if you want some.
Many more cryptocurrencies exist besides Bitcoin and Monero, such as the technically superior coins Ethereum and the humorous currency Dogecoin. The Raspberry Pi can be used to mine a large number of them.
We'll utilize the Crontab approach to ensure that our cryptocurrency miner is always running on our Raspberry Pi.
crontab -e
If you haven't already, you'll see the message "no crontab for pi, Choose an editor" when you try to set the crontab.
Select 1 and press Enter.
Clicking here will launch a new crontab file; once it has opened, go to the bottom and add the following command, substituting YOUR EMAIL with the email you used to sign up for your Minergate account.
@reboot sudo /cpuminer-multi/cpuminer -a cryptonight -o stratum+tcp://xmr.pool.minergate.com:45700 -u YOUR_EMAIL
To keep your crontab, hit Ctrl-X and then y.
Type "sudo reboot" into the Terminal to restart the Pi.
After being powered on for almost 8 hours, my Raspberry Pi 4 has successfully calculated 357 good shares. Successful miners receive compensation when their shares are valued. If I do the math and get the appropriate answer, but my Pi is slower than another computer, I get a bad share. Only the first miner will be compensated if a miner submits a valid response before anyone else. Every invalid share is a penalty for the miner because of the possibility of fraud. I began to worry when my first four shares were flagged as invalid.
357 good shares = 0.000001410642 Monero = 0.00015569 USD
For 8 hours, I earned $0.000100, which is less than a penny. I was required to have at least 0.05 Monero (equivalent to about $5.811 USD) to make a withdrawal. (As of the date this article was published, the exchange rate was.) To attain the minimum withdrawal criterion of 0.05 Monero would take me 3,762 years at a rate of accumulating 0.000001410642 Monero per 8 hours.
As was mentioned at the outset of this piece, the aim of this activity was education regarding bitcoin, not financial gain.
Mined cryptocurrency rewards are divided up based on hash rates and shares. My hash rate swung between 1.6 and 33.3 hashes per second. The pool averaged 10.27 MH/s, around 3 million times faster than my Pi. As a point of comparison, 1 MH/s equals 1,000,000 hashes/ sec.
Additionally, a tiny commission is added to your transactions by the Minergate. Choose a Pay Per Share structure or one based on chance (with more significant potential gain).
Many 'time out' and send line failed' errors appeared on my Pi as I wrote this essay. On occasion, a Pi reboot was required, but on other occasions, the miner resumed operations without any more intervention.
Even though my Raspberry Pi wasn't a "money maker" in the cryptocurrency mining game, we still had a great time seeing it effectively compute and accumulate excellent shares.
A person can easily mine bitcoins at home with minimal equipment. A powered external USB hub may be the way to go if you want to avoid shelling out the cash for a desktop PC. Bitcoin mining can be facilitated and made more profitable by using a powered external USB hub. Raspberry Pi version B, compatible with most PCs, is also readily available and inexpensive. You can use Bitcoins to buy and sell on websites or keep them safe in a digital wallet
when you have Bitcoins.
Remember that large commercial Bitcoin miners employing thousands of computers will be your main competition. Still, a Pi 4 mining system is a fantastic (and entertaining) method of earning Bitcoins with little work. Because of the high cost of maintaining the hardware, mining Bitcoin using a Pi 4 is not financially sound. For Bitcoin mining, you'll also need hardware that's up to the task.
To be sure, a Pi 4 mining system can be a fantastic (and entertaining) method of earning Bitcoins without much effort on your part. However, even if you only make a few Satoshi, you'll still gain valuable experience and knowledge, so it's a good use of time. Be mindful of your monthly electricity costs, though.
Although you might make a few dollars mining on a Raspberry Pi, you won't become filthy rich overnight. Your electric bill may skyrocket if you've amassed a sizable Raspberry Pi fleet for mining. You can generate a small profit with a solar panel designed for the Raspberry Pi. The revenues won't make you rich, though; mining Monero with a Pi 4 and 100H/s of hashing power will net you just $1 per year. Making an annual average of $20 from mining using a USB miner is possible with Bitcoin.
We have developed a cryptocurrency miner that generates no additional costs whatsoever. The hash rate is a severe drawback of this design. Bitcoin mining on the Pi 4 is only profitable if the values of cryptocurrencies are supposed to remain the same. The upfront investment in equipment is more than the yearly return on investment from mining. One's perspective could alter if one were to speculate on the possibility of dramatically increasing prices. Those who are just sitting on unused hardware are in the same boat. A little setup is not worthwhile. The following guide will teach you how to set up a fingerprint sensor on your Raspberry Pi 4.
Thank you for being here for today's tutorial of our in-depth Raspberry Pi programming tutorial. The previous tutorial taught us how to install a PIR sensor on a Raspberry Pi 4 to create a motion detector. However, this tutorial will teach you how to connect a single seven-segment display to a Raspberry Pi 4. In the following sections, we will show you how to connect a Raspberry Pi to a 4-digit Seven-Segment Display Module so that the time can be shown on it.
Seven-segment displays are a simple type of Display that use eight light-emitting diodes to show off decimal numbers. It's common to find it in gadgets like digital clocks, calculators, and electronic meters that show numbers. Raspberry Pi, built around an ARM chip, is widely acknowledged as an excellent Development Platform. Its strong processing power can do amazing things in the hands of electronics enthusiasts and students. If we can figure out how to have it talk to the outside world and process data via an output, then we'll have a real chance of accomplishing all this. We analyze the data by viewing it on an LCD screen or other Display. Numerous sensors can detect specific parameters in the physical world and convert them to the digital world. It would never make sense to utilize a PI LCD panel to display a minimal quantity of information. Here, a 7-Segment or 16x2-Alphanumeric LCD panel is the preferred method of presentation.
There are few uses for a 7-segment display that don't need an LCD panel, even though a 16x2 LCD is preferable in most. If all you need to do is show some numbers, then an LCD, which has the downside of having a small character size, is excessive. Compared to a regular LCD screen, seven segments have the upper hand in dim environments and can be seen from wider angles. Let's get started.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | Breadboard | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 2 | Jumper Wires | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 3 | Raspberry Pi 4 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Jumper wires
Seven segment display
1KΩresistors
Breadboard
The seven segments of a 7 Segment Display are each lit up by an individual LED to show the digits. To show the number 5, for example, you would make the glow pins for segments a, f, g, c, and d on the 7-segment high. This particular 7-segment display is a Common Cathode version, although there is also a Common Anode version.
The wiring diagram for connecting a 7-segment display to a Raspberry Pi is shown below. Here, 7-Segment Common Cathode has been utilized.
So, we'll simulate an 8-bit PORT on PI using its eight GPIO pins. Here, GPIO12 is the Most Significant Bit (MSB), while GPIO13 is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) (Most Significant Bit).
If we wish to show the number 1, we must activate both segments B and C. We must supply voltage to GPIO6 and GPIO16 to power segments B and C. Accordingly, the hexadecimal value of "PORT" is "06," and the byte value of "PORT" is "0b00000110." If we raise both pins to their highest positions, the number "1" will be shown.
The value for every displayable digit has been recorded and saved in a Character String with the label 'DISPLAY .'We have then used the Function 'PORT' to call those values one at a time and display the relevant digit.
Once everything is wired up according to the schematic, we can power up the PI and begin using PYTHON to write the program. Below is a function that allows us to program the GPIO pins on the PI, and we'll go over the few commands we'll be using in the PYTHON program to do so. We are also changing the name of the GPIO pins in the hardware from "GPIO" to "IO," which will be used throughout the code.
import RPi.GPIO as IO
The general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins we need to use may be occupied with other tasks. If that's the case, the program's execution will be interrupted by warnings. The below command instructs the PI to continue running the software regardless of the warnings.
IO.setwarnings(False)
Pin numbers on the board and pin functions can be used to refer to PI's GPIOs. This GPIO5 is similar to the one labeled "PIN 29" on the board. Here we specify whether the number 29 or the number 5 will stand in for the pin.
IO.setmode (IO.BCM)
To use the LCD's data and control pins, we have assigned those functions to eight of the GPIO pins.
IO.setup(13,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(6,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(16,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(20,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(21,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(19,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(26,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(12,IO.OUT)
If the condition between the brackets evaluates to true, the looped statements will be run once. The value of PIN13 would be HIGH if and only if bit0 of the 8-bit 'pin' is true. There are eight 'if else' conditions, one for each of bits 0 through 7, so that each LED in the seven-segment Display can be set to either the High or Low state, depending on the value of the corresponding bit.
if(pin&0x01 == 0x01):
IO.output(13,1)
else:
IO.output(13,0)
As x increases from 0 to 9, the loop will be run 10 times for each command.
for x in range(10):
The following command can create an infinite loop, with which the statements included within the loop will be run repeatedly.
While 1:
All other commands and functions have been commented on in the following code.
import RPi.GPIO as IO # calling for the header file, which helps us use GPIO's of PI
import time # calling for time to provide delays in the program
DISPLAY = [0x3F,0x06,0x5B,0x4F,0x66,0x6D,0x7D,0x07,0x7F,0x67] # string of characters storing PORT values for each digit.
IO.setwarnings(False) # do not show any warnings.
IO.setmode (IO.BCM) # programming the GPIO by BCM pin numbers. (like PIN29 as‘GPIO5’)
IO.setup(13,IO.OUT) # initialize GPIO Pins as outputs
IO.setup(6,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(16,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(20,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(21,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(19,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(26,IO.OUT)
IO.setup(12,IO.OUT)
def PORT(pin): # assigning GPIO logic by taking the 'pin' value
if(pin&0x01 == 0x01):
IO.output(13,1) # if bit0 of 8bit 'pin' is true, pull PIN13 high
else:
IO.output(13,0) # if bit0 of 8bit 'pin' is false, pull PIN13 low
if(pin&0x02 == 0x02):
IO.output(6,1) # if bit1 of 8bit 'pin' is true, pull PIN6 high
else:
IO.output(6,0) #if bit1 of 8bit 'pin' is false, pull PIN6 low
if(pin&0x04 == 0x04):
IO.output(16,1)
else:
IO.output(16,0)
if(pin&0x08 == 0x08):
IO.output(20,1)
else:
IO.output(20,0)
if(pin&0x10 == 0x10):
IO.output(21,1)
else:
IO.output(21,0)
if(pin&0x20 == 0x20):
IO.output(19,1)
else:
IO.output(19,0)
if(pin&0x40 == 0x40):
IO.output(26,1)
else:
IO.output(26,0)
if(pin&0x80 == 0x80):
IO.output(12,1) # if bit7 of 8bit 'pin' is true, pull PIN12 high
else:
IO.output(12,0) # if bit7 of 8bit 'pin' is false, pull PIN12 low
While 1:
for x in range(10): # execute the loop ten times incrementing x value from zero to nine
pin = DISPLAY[x] # assigning value to 'pin' for each digit
PORT(pin); # showing each digit on display
time.sleep(1)
The process of displaying a single number character on a 7-segment display is complete. However, we'd need more than a single 7-segment display to express information with more than one digit. Therefore, we will use a 4-digit seven-segment display circuit for this session.
Four individual Seven-Segment Displays have been linked up here. For a 4-digit 7-segment display, we know that each module will have 10 pins, so there will be 40 pins total. Soldering that many pins onto a dot board would be a hassle for anyone; thus, I recommend that anyone using a 7-segment display do so by purchasing a module or creating their PCB. See below for a diagram of the relevant connections:
In the preceding diagrams, we can see that the A-lines of all four displays are linked together as one A, and the same is true for B, C.... up until DP, which is essential for understanding how the 4-digit seven-segment module functions. Put another way, if trigger A is activated, the state of all 4 A's should be high.
Nonetheless, this never occurs. The four extra pins labeled D0 through D3 (D0, D1, D2, and D3) let us select which of the four displays is driven high. As an illustration, if I want my output to appear solely on the second Display, I would set D1 to high and leave D0, D2, and D3 at low. Using pins D0–D3 and A–DP, we can easily choose which displays should be on and which characters should be shown.
Let's check the many options for interfacing this 4-digit seven-segment Display with the Raspberry Pi. As can be seen in the diagram below, there are 16 pins on the 7-segment module. Even if your module's resources are limited, it will provide at least the following.
Segmented pins, either 7 or 8 segments (pins 1 to 8)
Pin holder to the ground (here pin 11)
A 4-digit code to unlock the door (pins 13 to 16)
See below for the wiring diagram of a digital clock built with a Raspberry Pi and a 4-digit Seven-segment display module:
You can also use the following table to ensure your connections are correct and follow the diagrams.
Locating the module's pins is the first step in making electrical connections. Identifying the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins can be tricky; I've included an image to help.
Here, RPi is programmed in the Python programming language. The Raspberry Pi can be programmed in a wide variety of ways. Since Python 3 has become the de facto standard, we've opted to use that version as our integrated development environment (IDE). At the bottom of this guide, you'll find the whole Python code.
We'll go over the PYTHON instructions we'll be using for this project: first, we'll import the library's GPIO file; next, using the below function, we'll be able to program the Pi 4's GPIO pins. We are also changing the name of the GPIO pins in the hardware from "GPIO" to "IO," which will be used throughout the code. We've brought in time and DateTime to get the current time from Rasp Pi.
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time, DateTime
The GPIO pins we're trying to use are already being used for something else. The program's execution will be interrupted with warnings if this is the case. The PI will be instructed to disregard the errors and continue with the software using the below command.
IO.setwarnings(False)
The physical pin number and the corresponding function number can refer to PI's GPIOs. As with 'PIN 29,' GPIO5 is a physical component on the circuit board. In this case, we specify whether the number "29" or "5" will stand in for the pin. GPIO. In BCM notation, GPIO5 pin 29 will be represented by a 5.
IO.setmode (GPIO.BCM)
As is customary, we'll start by setting the pins to their default values; in this case, both the segment and digit pins will be used as outputs. In our code, we organize the segment pins into arrays and set their values to zero by declaring them to be GPIO.OUT.
segment8 = (26,19,13,6,5,11,9,10)
for segment in segment8:
GPIO.setup(segment, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(segment, 0)
We do the same thing with the digital pins, but we set them to output and set them to zero by default.
#Digit 1
GPIO.setup(7, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(7, 0) #Off initially
#Digit 2
GPIO.setup(8, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(8, 0) #Off initially
#Digit 3
GPIO.setup(25, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(25, 0) #Off initially
#Digit 4
GPIO.setup(24, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(24, 0) #Off initially
Numbers on a seven-segment display must be formed into arrays. To show a single digit, we need to toggle the on/off status of all but the dot pin of the 7-segment Display. For the numeral 5, for instance, we can use this setup:
For all alphabets and numerals, there is an equivalent sequence number. You can write on your own or utilize the handy table provided.
Using this information, we can create arrays for each digit in our Python code, as demonstrated below.
null = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
zero = [1,1,1,1,1,1,0]
one = [0,1,1,0,0,0,0]
two = [1,1,0,1,1,0,1]
three = [1,1,1,1,0,0,1]
four = [0,1,1,0,0,1,1]
five = [1,0,1,1,0,1,1]
six = [1,0,1,1,1,1,1]
seven = [1,1,1,0,0,0,0]
eight = [1,1,1,1,1,1,1]
nine = [1,1,1,1,0,1,1]
Let's bypass the function in the code that would otherwise be executed before entering the while loop and begin displaying characters on our 7-segment Display. If you hook up a Raspberry Pi to the internet, it will read the current time and divide it into four separate variables. For instance, when the time is 10.45, the values assigned to h1 and h2 will be 1 and 0, while m1 and m2 will be 4 and 5, respectively.
now = DateTime.DateTime.now()
hour = now.hour
minute = now.minute
h1 = hour/10
h2 = hour % 10
m1 = minute /10
m2 = minute % 10
print (h1,h2,m1,m2)
These four numbers will be displayed on one of our four digits. The lines below can be used to convert a variable's value to a decimal. Here, we show the value in variables on the 7-segment Display by using the function print segment (variable) with the digit 1 set to the highest possible value. You may be asking why we turn off this digit and why there's a delay after that.
GPIO.output(7, 1) #Turn on Digit One
print_segment (h1) #Print h1 on segment
time.sleep(delay_time)
GPIO.output(7, 0) #Turn off Digit One
This is because the user will only be able to see the full four-digit number if all four digits are shown at once, and we all know that this isn't possible.
How, then, can we simultaneously show all four digits? With luck, our MPU is considerably quicker than the human eye. Therefore we offer one number at a time but exceptionally quickly. The MPU and segment display are given 2ms (variable delay time) to process each digit before we go on to the next. A human being cannot detect this 2ms lag; therefore, it appears as though all four digits illuminate simultaneously.
Understanding how to use print segment(variable) is the final puzzle piece. Arrays that have been declared outside of this function are used within it. As a result, the value of any variable passed to this function must be inside the range (0-9) so that the character variable can use in a meaningful comparison. Here, we check the variable against the value 1. The same is true for all comparisons with numbers between zero and nine. Assigning each value from the arrays to the appropriate segment pins is what we do if a match is found.
def print_segment(character):
if character == 1:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], one[i])
Use the provided schematic and code to connect your components and set up your Raspberry Pi. Once you've finished setting everything up, you can open the software and check the 7-segment Display to see the time. However, before doing this, you should check a few things.
If you want to be sure your Raspberry Pi isn't stuck in the past, you should update its time.
If you want to utilize a 7-segment display on your Raspberry Pi, you'll need to plug it into an adapter rather than a computer's USB connection because of the large amount of current it consumes.
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time, DateTime
now = datetime.datetime.now()
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
#GPIO ports for the 7seg pins
segment8 = (26,19,13,6,5,11,9,10)
for segment in segment8:
GPIO.setup(segment, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(segment, 0)
#Digit 1
GPIO.setup(7, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(7, 0) #Off initially
#Digit 2
GPIO.setup(8, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(8, 0) #Off initially
#Digit 3
GPIO.setup(25, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(25, 0) #Off initially
#Digit 4
GPIO.setup(24, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(24, 0) #Off initially
null = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
zero = [1,1,1,1,1,1,0]
one = [0,1,1,0,0,0,0]
two = [1,1,0,1,1,0,1]
three = [1,1,1,1,0,0,1]
four = [0,1,1,0,0,1,1]
five = [1,0,1,1,0,1,1]
six = [1,0,1,1,1,1,1]
seven = [1,1,1,0,0,0,0]
eight = [1,1,1,1,1,1,1]
nine = [1,1,1,1,0,1,1]
def print_segment(charector):
if charector == 1:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], one[i])
if charector == 2:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], two[i])
if charector == 3:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], three[i])
if charector == 4:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], four[i])
if charector == 5:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], five[i])
if charector == 6:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], six[i])
if charector == 7:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], seven[i])
if charector == 8:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], eight[i])
if charector == 9:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], nine[i])
if charector == 0:
for i in range(7):
GPIO.output(segment8[i], zero[i])
return;
while 1:
now = DateTime.DateTime.now()
hour = now.hour
minute = now.minute
h1 = hour/10
h2 = hour % 10
m1 = minute /10
m2 = minute % 10
print (h1,h2,m1,m2)
delay_time = 0.001 #delay to create the virtual effect
GPIO.output(7, 1) #Turn on Digit One
print_segment (h1) #Print h1 on segment
time.sleep(delay_time)
GPIO.output(7, 0) #Turn off Digit One
GPIO.output(8, 1) #Turn on Digit One
print_segment (h2) #Print h1 on segment
GPIO.output(10, 1) #Display point On
time.sleep(delay_time)
GPIO.output(10, 0) #Display point Off
GPIO.output(8, 0) #Turn off Digit One
GPIO.output(25, 1) #Turn on Digit One
print_segment (m1) #Print h1 on segment
time.sleep(delay_time)
GPIO.output(25, 0) #Turn off Digit One
GPIO.output(24, 1) #Turn on Digit One
print_segment (m2) #Print h1 on segment
time.sleep(delay_time)
GPIO.output(24, 0) #Turn off Digit One
#time.sleep(1)
A similar section should appear below if everything is functioning as it should.
Typically, only 16 hexadecimal digits can be shown on a seven-segment display. Some show the digits 0-9, whereas others can show more. Seven-segment displays can only show a maximum of 16 values due to a lack of input leads. However, LED technology does allow for more than this. Even with the help of integrated circuit technology, the possible permutations of the seven parts on the screen are very few.
This guide taught us how to connect a 7-segment screen to a Raspberry Pi 4. The seven-segment Display, which we learned is employed in digital timers, clocks, and other electrical gadgets, are a cheap, basic electrical circuit and reliable module. Seven-segment displays can either be "common-anode" (where the common point is the power input) or "common-cathode" (where the common end is grounded). After that, we coded some python scripts to show numbers on a single seven-segment model and the time across four such screens. Next, we'll see how to use a Raspberry Pi 4 as the basis for a low-power Bitcoin miner.
Thank you for being here for today's tutorial of our in-depth Raspberry Pi programming tutorial. The previous tutorial demonstrated the proper wiring of the photoresistor sensor to the GPIO pins. Finally, we learned how it might be included in a Python script for data collection and analysis needs. We also looked at the functions of each component in the circuit. However, I'll walk you through installing a Pi 4 Print Server in this guide. While installing the program is straightforward, setting it up so that a Windows network can locate the print server requires a little more effort. Rather than spending hundreds of dollars upgrading to a laser printer, you may easily upgrade your current USB printer to laser quality by installing a print server.
Because of this software, you no longer have to have the printer physically linked to a single computer, and you may place it wherever you choose and share it with as many computers as you like. In addition, it's a fantastic method of printer sharing that eliminates the need for a pricey tower computer to be on and active all the time. CUPS is the program we'll be using to make this happen. Common Unix Printing System, or CUPS, is the foundation of Linux printing applications. But, the program facilitates communication between your computer and printer. It would help if you visited available printing to verify that the CUPS printing software supports your printer model.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | Raspberry Pi 4 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Raspberry Pi 4
Wi-Fi
USB Printer
Since the Raspberry Pi print server is included in the Debian Jessie distribution, setting it up is a breeze. In this lesson, I'll be using Raspbian, so if you're unfamiliar with it and would like to learn how to set it up, check out my guide on how to do so.
We must ensure the Raspberry Pi is up-to-date with the most recent software to get started. Just type in the appropriate instructions into the terminal to accomplish this.
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
We can begin setting up the print software after the Pi 4 has been upgraded. Here, we will be setting up CUPS.
CUPS, short for Common Unix Printing System, is a printing system designed for computers running UNIX-like operating systems. The software transforms the host computer into a print server. A CUPS-enabled server may receive print jobs from various client devices, sort them, and send them to the correct printer for output. Conveniently, this program can handle the administration of your printers, whether they're linked locally through USB or remotely via the network. Using the terminal, enter the following command to install the software. Considering HP has CUPS that support its open source project, HP printers, in particular. Even if your specific printer model isn't listed as being directly supported by CUPS, you may still be able to find a compatible generic driver online that will get the job done. These links will take you to a list of CUPS-compatible printers.
sudo apt install cups
We still have some work to do after CUPS's installation is complete. The first step is to include the pi user in the lpadmin set of users. With this group, the pi user can manage CUPS settings without logging in as the superuser.
sudo usermod -a -G lpadmin pi
To make sure it functions properly on your home network, there is one more thing we must do to CUPS: make it available to every computer on your network. At this time, Cups is configured to refuse connections from addresses outside the local network. By entering the following two commands, we can make it listen to all incoming connections:
sudo cupsctl --remote-any
sudo systemctl restart cups
After this, any machine on the network can send prints to the Pi 4 print server. The following command can be used if you need to know your Raspberry Pi's local IP Address.
hostname -I
If you know your Raspberry Pi's IP address, you can use it to access the website at the address below. Be sure to replace "192.168.1.105" with your IP address.
We'll examine how to configure SAMBA so that Windows can find the Raspberry Pi print server. Furthermore, we will demonstrate how to install a printer using the CUPS interface.
A proper SAMBA configuration is required if you use your print server in conjunction with Windows. To get SAMBA up and running with the CUPS print drivers, we'll have to install it and tweak its settings.
First, check that SAMBA is installed; to do so, we can use the terminal's built-in install command. Just by typing this into the terminal, we can accomplish our goal.
sudo apt install samba
Now that SAMBA is installed on our Pi 4, we can access its config file and make some changes. The following command will cause the file to be opened in the nano text editor:
Sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf
Once the file has been opened, it must be scrolled to the end. To do this quickly, press the Control key plus the V key. The following lines should be added or edited once you reach the very end of the file. The file already contained the "[printers]" and "[print$]" sections; all I had to do was update the values to reflect the following.
[printers]
comment = All Printers
browseable = no
path = /var/spool/samba
printable = yes
guest ok = yes
read only = yes
create mask = 0700
[print$]
comment = Printer Drivers
path = /var/lib/samba/printers
browseable = yes
read only = no
guest ok = no
To save the file, hit CTRL+X, Y, and ENTER. SAMBA needs to be restarted to pick up the updated settings. The following command, when entered into the terminal, will restart SAMBA.
sudo systemctl restart smbd
It's easy to set up a printer using CUPS, but first, we need to open the program's graphical user interface. For the IP address of your Raspberry Pi, enter "hostname" into the terminal.
hostname -I
To access the IP configuration page for your Raspberry Pi, type the following into your web browser and enter the IP address you just jotted down. Replace "192.168.1.105" with your IP address when entering this address.
The following homepage is what you should see. Here, we'll go to "Administration" on the main menu.
You'll be directed to Cups's control panel when you click here. On this page, select the "Add Printer" option.
The "Add Printer" screen has been brought up, allowing us to choose the printer we wish to configure Cups with. That printer is a Canon MG2500 series machine. When you've made your print choices, click the "Continue" button.
Ensure the printer is turned on and plugged into the Raspberry Pi through a USB connection if it does not appear here. If your Raspberry Pi still doesn't show up, try restarting it while ensuring your printer is on and connected.
Choose your printer's model from the dropdown menu here. CUPS will automatically identify the printer model and install the appropriate driver when possible. However, this may only sometimes work, so you may need to sift through the list to locate the proper driver manually. Once you've double-checked everything and are pleased, click the "Add Printer" button.
After completing the steps on this screen, the printer will have been added successfully. Here, you can give it a name and a summary that mean whatever you choose. If you have more than one printer in your residence, specifying its location will make your life easier. If you want other computers to be able to use the printer, you must also turn on "Share This Printer." If everything looks good, hit the "Continue" button.
After finishing the printer setup process, you will see the screen shown in the image below. Several of the printer's more nuanced settings are accessible through this panel—the number of pages printed, the quality of the printout, and so forth.
Having finished setting up our Raspberry Pi print server, we will now discuss how to add it to Windows. Having SAMBA set up earlier in the course should make this step less painless.
Installing a CUPS printer on Windows requires selecting the driver that will allow Windows to communicate with and comprehend the printer. Launching "My Computer" or "This PC" and then clicking "network" in the left-hand navigation pane is a quick method to get to Windows' network page, where you can get started. When you get there, you should see a screen like the one below, where your Raspberry Pi's hostname (in my instance, RASPBERRYPI) is displayed. If you double-click your Raspberry Pi's share, it may prompt you to log in. If entering anything other than "enter" fails to log you in, try "pi."
The printers used with your Pi 4 print server should now be displayed on the screen. Select the printer you wish to use by double-clicking on it.
You'll see the cautionary message below if you try to double-click this. Select "OK" to proceed with the tutorial.
Select your printer brand on the left, and then select your printer model from the available drivers for that brand on the right. If your printer isn't listed here, you can identify its model online and install the necessary drivers. For me, that meant tracking down the Canon MG2500 series. When you've decided which printer to use, you may move forward by clicking the "Ok" button.
The procedure will now initiate a link to your printer. Select "Printer" > "Set as Default Printer" to make this the system's default printer.
Now that the printer has been installed on your computer, you can use it with any application that supports printing. By printing a test page, you may verify that the printer is configured correctly.
If you're having trouble printing a file, check to see if you've picked the correct printer driver in CUPS and Windows. Ensure the printer is turned on as well; the Canon MG2500 series, for example, do not immediately restart when a print job is delivered. Adding Apple AirPrint capability to your Pi 4 print server is a great way to expand its capabilities.
Apple's AirPrint printing technology eliminates the requirement for users of Apple products to acquire and install the separate printing software. By adding AirPrint functionality, you may quickly and effortlessly print from your iOS smartphone to any nearby printer. You can run an AirPrint server from your Raspberry Pi, and Cups is the software that will power it. It will take care of talking to your printer on your Raspberry Pi's behalf.
The "Avahi daemon" must be set up before AirPrint may be used on your computer. The following command will install the package onto your Raspberry Pi.
sudo apt install avahi-daemon
Using this package, you can make Apple's Zeroconf design a reality. Bonjour has become widely used to refer to this type of network architecture. Using Bonjour, AirPrint can link disparate gadgets like an iPhone and a Raspberry Pi. Once you've selected the files you'd like to print, the Bonjour daemon will forward them to the designated printer.
Let's restart the machine to see whether the AirPrint server has worked appropriately, and everything is ready. Execute this command to force the Raspberry Pi to restart.
sudo reboot
After rebooting your Raspberry Pi, you can check to see if anything went wrong. This should get you to the point where you can print from any AirPrint-enabled device.
Have you succeeded in following this guide and setting up a Pi 4 network print server? If you've followed these steps carefully, your Raspberry Pi should be ready to function as a network AirPrint server. We were able to accomplish this by putting the Avahi daemon in place. This daemon implements the bonjour protocol used by AirPrint. Feel free to leave a message below if you have any thoughts, suggestions, or problems you'd want to discuss. The following tutorial will review the steps for monitoring a patient's heart rate with a Raspberry Pi 4.
Hello students! Welcome to the new tutorial on Python. We all know that Python is one of the most popular programming languages, and there are hundreds or thousands of developers that are earning a handsome amount with the help of this easy programming language. In the previous lecture, we studied the range in the sequence, and in the present class, our concern is having the command on the sets in Python. We know you are curious about the set's details, but before this, I want to share the list of topics that will be covered in this class.
What is a set in the Python programming language?
What are some properties that distinguish the set from other data types?
What is the mutable data type, and how is it related to the set?
Introduction of the Jupyter notebook.
Can we have duplicate elements in the set?
How to add, remove, and update the elements in the set while using the Jupyter notebook.
How can we access the elements using a loop?
Give an example of how to use the length function with sets and why it is important.
All of these are important interview questions, and we will not only find the answer to them but also elaborate on them with the help of simple but understandable examples taken from daily life routines. Your duty is to perform each and every code, not only by copying it from the lecture but also test your knowledge and practising more and more by making your own examples.
Since the last few tutorials on Python, we have been studying a lot about the sequence, which is basically the representation of a collection of data types with homogeneity or heterogeneity in the elements. If we talk about the sets, these have the same properties and procedures as their other group, such as list and range, but a slight difference in their property makes them a different data type. This can be elaborated with the help of its basic definition:
“The set is the type of sequence that contains the group of different data types, and it is the collection of unordered or unindexed data types together.”
Until now, the sequence discussed had been represented exactly as it was written by the programmers in the code. Yet, in the sets, the order is not exactly the same all the time. If you are thinking it is strange, then you must know, in the higher level of programming, this property of the set works great because we get the elements in random orders.
Another difference between the set and the other sequences is the usage of the bracket, or, in other words, the declaration of the sequences. To tell the compiler that we want a set in the sequence, the programmers use curly brackets. You must have noticed that it is very rare to use curly brackets in Python, and therefore we can say that the representation of the set in Python is unique.
As we have a lot of information about the sequences, we can openly discuss the properties of the set, and the reader will easily understand them by comparing them with others. So, here are some of the properties that can be compared:
Sets are represented with curly brackets.
The elements of the set can not be duplicated; that is, all the elements are uniquely defined, and no element should be repeated; otherwise, the compiler will show the output in which the duplicate values are shown only once.
The set is a heterogeneous collection of elements, and therefore, the programmers can add one or more data types to a single set according to their choice.
The set can be empty, that is, declared with zero elements.
The set can be updated after its formation if the programmer wants to make some changes to it afterwards.
There are certain built-in functions of the set that, when used with the sets, have great applications in Python programming.
Each of these properties can be explained well with the help of TensorFlow. We have been using the Jupyter lab of TensorFlow since the start of this tutorial, and now, I want to tell you a better and more professional way to run the code with the help of TensorFlow. For this, you do not have to install any other software but the Jupter notebook already installed on your PC. Simply go to your search bar and run the Jupyter notebook. It will add a new tab with the label "home." Here, go to the “New” dialogue box and select Python 3. This will add the new project to a new tab. You can name it, but by default, it is named "untitled."
If you are practising all the codes with us by hand, you will observe that the Jupyter notebook has a better user experience, and it adds the ending of common syntaxes such as the double quotation and parentheses by itself when the programmer starts them. We will talk more about it in later lectures, but for now, we are moving towards the codes and properties.
The first thing that we want to revise here is the definition of mutable elements:
“In programming languages, mutable objects are those that are used to group different items and can change their value according to the instruction of the programmer.”
We have learned many mutable sequences, such as lists, and here, the point is to revise it to a set and not use the mutable sequences as the elements. Only data types such as strings, integers, etc. can be used as the elements in the set; otherwise, the programmer will face an error. This can be explained with the help of the code given below:
#Starting new list
myList=["Physics", "chemistry", "biology"]
#declaring a new set
mySet={myList,'a','e','i','o','u'}
print(mySet)
As a result, it is demonstrated that programmers can combine simple data types into sets, but it is not possible to create collections of mutable objects or collections of collections within sets.
In the properties, we have mentioned that the process of feeding the duplicate elements into the set is not useful because it checks for each and every element while providing the output, and if the element is being repeated, the sets ignore them. As a result, if we have the element more than once in our input, the number of elements in the input and output are not the same.
#Declaring the set
MySet={21,23.6,55,'Peach', 'Almond', 23.6,21,'Almond'}
#using iteration to print the set
for item in MySet:
print(item, end=" ")
print()
#calculating the length
length=len(MySet)
print('Numbers of elements = ',length)
This property will be more clear with the help of the following screenshot:
Hence, out of eight elements, the two duplicate elements are removed by the compiler, and we only get five elements that were calculated by the length function.
This is an interesting method that is compatible with the set in Python. Consider the situation where the programmer has declared a set and then needs to add an element to the same pre-defined set. In such cases, the addition method is useful, with the help of which the programmer simply uses the syntax of the add method and there is no need to recreate the whole set again.
NameOfSet.add(element to be added)
If the question arises about the position of the element, this will be clear with the help of an example that we are going to check:
#Initializing the set
mySet={'eggs', 'bread', 'jam',23,67,132,55}
print('Elements of my set is= ', mySet)
#adding a new element
mySet.add("oats")
#printing the set with the added element
print('Elements of my set with new element= ', mySet)
Keep the scenario in your mind that we have discussed above, but this time, there is a need to remove the lament from the set, and for this, Python has another method that simply searches for the required element from the set and removes it. Afterwards, the results can be printed on the screen to check whether the task is complete or not. The keyword to remove the element is "discard,” and it is used in the same way as the add keyword.
#Initializing the set
mySet={'eggs', 'bread', 'oat','jam',23,67,132,55}
print('Elements of my set is= ', mySet)
#removing the element "oat"
removeValue=mySet.discard('oat')
#printing the set with the removed element
print('Elements of my set with discarded element= ', mySet)
So, the removal process is also very simple and understandable but the syntax must be kept in mind and before using the final set in this case, always check for the results by printing the elements on the screen as we are doing here because a little mistake on the syntax results in no removal and it may cause the problem in the code. So it is a good practice to have an eye on the elements.
The updating process of the set may include different types of updates, such as increasing the size or changing the elements' sizes. For a better understanding, the best way is to learn how two or more sets can be merged into one large set. In the previous lectures, we have seen this type of process where merging is done with the help of a method. To discuss a new method with you, here we are using the update method. The process and syntax are the same as we have seen in the previous two methods.
setToBeAdded.update(setToBeUpdated)
As a result, the final set has elements from both of these sets. But it is important to notice that both sets have to be declared first, and in the third step, we get the merged or updated search with the help of the command given above.
#Initializing the first set
myFirstSet={'eggs', 'bread', 'oat', 'jam',23,67,132,55}
print('Elements of first set is= ', myFirstSet)
#Initializing the second set
mySecondSet={'Python', 'Java', 'C++'}
print('Elements of second set is= ', mySecondSet)
#Updating the sets
myFirstSet.update(mySecondSet)
#printing the final set
print('Elements of final set= ', myFirstSet)
Hence both of these are merged together and as we are using the sets, the order of the final set is different and unarranged. Well, it is a good practice to check for the numbers of elements using the length function all the time.
We hope by now you have an idea of the for loop and how we use it with different data types in Python. Similar to the list, the programmers can access each and every element with the help of iterations (loops). So, let us review the elements of a set with the help of the for loop.
#declaring our set with the name to-do list.
ToDoList={'assignment', 'coding', 'prayer', 'washing cloths', 'doing dishes'}
#starting for loop
for work in ToDoList:
print(work, end=" ")
If we look at the output, we get the following results:
Hence, it was an interesting tutorial on the sets where we learned a lot about the topic and the details were interesting and related to our daily life. At the start, we saw the basic definition and a brief introduction to the topic. We have seen some properties of the sets that were resembling the types of sequences but these were also different in many ways and we not only studied them in detail but practically proved them in the Jupyter notebook. It was nice to use the Jupyter notebook that we are going to use onward in this series. In the next tutorial, we will put light on some other features so stay tuned with us because we are preparing our next lecture on Python.
Hey peeps! Welcome to the new lecture on the sequence data type, where we are discussing the range data type. We are interested in working on deep learning, and for this, we are learning the Python programming language from scratch. If we talk about the previous episode, we saw the byte and byte array methods that were amazing for converting the different data types into bytes. The current lecture will discuss the range data type, which is slightly different from the other types of sequences, so students will learn new and interesting concepts in the lecture; however, before we get into the details of our topic, take a look at today's highlights:
What is the range function?
How can you elaborate on the syntax of the range function in detail?
What are the three types of range functions?
Give us some examples of range functions in Python.
What are some basic questions the answer of which should be kept in mind while using the range function?
The answer to each question above will be provided before the end of this lecture. All the examples will be tried on TensorFlow for better understanding.
The range is a type of sequence in the data type that also represents the group or collection of the items together in different ways, just like other types of sequences. It is also the built-in function in Python, and while using it, the programmer gets the range object. The range is one of my favorite data types because it is easy to use and, in just a few simple steps, it provides us with the sequence of the integers according to our choice. Usually, the loops play an important role while dealing with the range function. Right now, as we have not learned about loops, you will simply have an idea of the workings and output of this data type.
The good thing about using the range function is that, unlike loops, the programmer does not have to use the logic behind the series but just has to put the values in the range function, and the results are great. Keep in mind that the range function is used with the loops, and there is less versatility in the range function when compared with the simple logical loops, but for basic workings, it is important to learn about the range, and this function is great.
The syntax of the range function is also easy, just like its group mates. You have to know about the three parameters and will determine all of them according to your requirements:
MyRange=range(start,stop,step):
for i in range(MyRange)
print(i)
Here, the semicolon at the end indicates that the syntax of the range function is complete, and the compiler now has to calculate the range arguments. Furthermore, if the programmer wants the result to appear on the same line as the interval, he can add end=" " at the end of the print. In this way, the compiler will not jump to the next line, but the results will be printed on the same line with a space between each element. Of course, the programmer has to save the result of the range function into a variable so that it can be used in the other functions. But here, it is important to mention that all of these parameters are not compulsory, but the range function gives you the independence to use one, two, or three of them.
The for loop is the iteration in the programming languages and you will learn them in detail in the coming lectures but for now, keep in mind that the range function alone can not do anything but it is fed into the for loop so that compiler can work on the iterations. The variable (usually i) is used in this loop and the results of the range function are input in this loop.
Another thing that must be mentioned here is the programmer has to choose the number of arguments according to the complexity of the series of numbers he or she wants. So here are the details of each case:
This is the most basic type of range function, in which the programmer simply specifies the point where the compiler has to stop making the range series. In all types of range functions, there is always a need for a stop parameter. Three things are to be mentioned here:
By default, the range starts at zero, and if the user does not have any particular choice for the start, the range function can be used with the only stop parameter.
Only whole numbers are printed on the screen.
The stop number, which is the limit of the range function, will not be printed on the screen.
When you put this value equal to zero, the result will be an empty range and you will get nothing.
for i in range(3):
print(i,end=" ")
Just think about the case where the default value, which is zero, is not to be used. Instead, the programmer has the option of printing the series of numbers without missing any of them and then specifying the start and stop ranges in the range function. But, as in the previous case, the stop number will not be printed on the screen, so you have to give the range of stops that you do not want on the screen, but the number before it is required there.
for i in range(3,34):
print(i,end=" ")
The third function, as expected, is the complete range function, into which the programmer feeds another step parameter. With the help of this, the programmers are able to get the series of numbers that starts from the point they want and have uniform intervals between the numbers and the ending point that is expected by the number. In short, the whole series is under the control of the programmer, but you have to notice that the steps are always uniform. The step function must not be zero and you will get the reason for this statement soon in this lecture. We can put the step value in the code discussed above and in this way, if 2 is the step value, the programmers will have half of the series as given above.
for i in range(3,34,2):
print(i,end=" ")
Here comes the action because, till now, the examples you have seen are simple examples with a simple series, but now, we are dealing with some exceptional cases that will clear some related concepts in your mind. We have divided the examples into some questions, and we will try to get the answers with the help of codes:
Till now, integers are being used in the range function but we know that integers and floats are the two most related data types and will try to attempt the range function with the help of floating values as the parameters.
for i in range(3.5,77):
print(i,end=" ")
As you can see, the compiler is throwing the error that it is not possible to use the float in the range function because it is designed only for integers. The same program will run when you remove the decimal part from the first value, which is the starting point.
Let me tell you the interesting way to get the range series with the help of inter tool chain method. But before this, you have to look at the basic definition of this tool.
“The iter-tool iterator is the pre-define module in python that provides the complex applications of the iteration in simple ways. The methods are defined in this module, and the programmers have to import them before using them.”
So, the chain method is also saved in this method, and when the programmers need to use them in a different way, they simply use the import keyword and use it in programs. As we are dealing with the range function, the iter-tool chain function is used to connect the results of two or more results in the form of a single series. Have a look at the code given next, and then read this paragraph again to get the point.
#import the chain method from the iter-tool library
from itertools import chain
# Printing two methods in a row
print("Concatenating the result")
MyChain = chain(range(4,7), range(34,55,2))
#using the method in the range
for i in MyChain:
print(i, end=" ")
The extraction of the concepts used in this program:
We can import the chain method from the library of itertools that have the iteration tools in it.
To import the method, we use from and import keywords that are represented with the green bold colour in the program.
Concatenation is the process of connecting two or more data types into a single line.
When using concatenation, the for loop is used by making a variable and saving the results of two connected ranges together in the variable.
The independence to use the number of arguments between one to three is the same in the concatenation as in all cases.
In the for loop, when using concatenation, only a variable is used.
The other way to get the same results is by using both ranges with the for loop, but the code will not be very clear in that case.
If the programmer wants to get the results in column form, he or she can simply delete the “end” part in the code.
The simple answer to the question is yes, and when we go into the details, the range function simply gets the indexes the programmer wants and can provide them with the single values they require. In simple words, the programmer tells the range function its stop value, and it assumes the whole series and picks the one number demanded by the programmer. The stop range is described in parentheses when the index to be picked is mentioned in the square bracelets.
#Give the range and pick the element through the index
MyRange = range(5)[2]
print("3rd element out of 5 =", MyRange)
print()
MyRange = range(3,34)[23]
print("23rd element of this range with start and stop value =", MyRange)
print()
MyRange = range(28)[5]
print("5th element of this range with start, stop, and step value =", MyRange)
Hence, the programmer can make a range of choices and then pick one element.
During the discussion of step, we saw the basic discussion of the step argument but keep in mind, if the programmer does not want the step function, he can simply ignore it. There is not need to input the step function as zero because, in such cases, the error will be shown on the screen.
for i in range(3,23,0):
print(i,end=" ")
Hence, from the above code, it is clear that the range of the stop argument is always greater than zero. Moreover, in the same code, if the value of the step argument is greater than the stop argument, it just shows the starting point of the range and does not give the other values or any errors because logically, it is true.
Truss, in this lecture, we saw many interesting concepts about the type of sequence called range function. This is a pre-defined function that is used to represent the group of numbers, and we can control the starting, ending, and interval values between the series of this number according to our wishes. This is always used with the for loop, and different cases of range functions were discussed in this lecture. Stay with us for more Python tutorials.
We're glad you could join us for another lesson in our comprehensive Raspberry Pi programming guide. I will show you how to install and connect the RFID card chip to your Raspberry Pi through step-by-step instructions.
Modern security systems would only be complete using radio frequency (RFID) devices. To control who can enter a facility or which rooms they can access, RFID chips and card readers are employed. The RFID card's unique identification number can be read wirelessly with a wall-mounted RFID reader. A door will only unlock and allow entry if the RFID card's unique identification number matches a list of approved cards.
It's fun to tinker with this circuit, and it may be used in many other applications, from opening locks to taking attendance. The MFRC522 microcontroller underpins the RFID RC522, a cheap RFID (Radio-frequency identification) reader/writer. The RFID tags can connect with this microcontroller using an electromagnetic field it generates at 13.56MHz and sends to them via the SPI protocol. If you want to use your RFID RC522 with tags, you must ensure that they are 13.56MHz compatible. We'll walk you through the wiring of the RC522 and the creation of Python programs to communicate with the chip, allowing you to read and write RFID tags. Adding a 16x2 LCD to the Raspberry Pi is a simple extension of this tutorial, and it can be helpful if you need to show the user some information or provide a visual prompt.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | Breadboard | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 2 | Jumper Wires | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 3 | Raspberry Pi 4 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Raspberry Pi
Micro SD Card
Power Supply
RC522 RFID Reader
Breadboard
Breadboard Wire
An RFID reader reads the tag's data when a Rfid card is attached to a specific object. An RFID tag communicates with a reader via radio waves.
In theory, RFID is comparable to bar codes because it uses radio frequency identification. While a reader's line of sight to the RFID tag is preferable, it is not required to be directly scanned by the reader. You can only read an RFID tag up to three feet away from the reader. The RFID tech quickly scans many objects, making it possible to identify a specific product rapidly and effortlessly, even if it is sandwiched between several other things.
Major components of Cards and tags include an integrated circuit (IC) that stores the unique identification value and a copper that acts as the antenna.
Inside the Rfid reader is another copper wire coil. This coil produces a magnetic field when current flows through it. Magnetic flux creates a current inside the wire coil when the card is brought close to the reader. This current can power the card's internal integrated circuit. The reader then takes in the card's serial number. A card reader will send the card's serial number to a central processing unit (CPU) like a Raspberry Pi for further processing.
When you buy an RFID RC522 Reader, you may discover that 90% of them do not have the header pins pre-installed. Due to a lack of pins, you'll have to solder them yourself; however, this is a relatively easy task, even for amateurs. Assuming the header pins that came with your RC522 are too large, you may snap them in half to reduce them to a single column of eight.
Start by inserting the header pins into the RC522 from the top. The circuit may be easily placed on top of the connector pins by inserting the large side of the pins onto a breadboard. The breadboard's secure holding of the pins will make soldering them to the RFID circuit much simpler.
Solder each pin individually by carefully heating your soldering iron and applying it to the pins. Remember that heating the junction slightly before to solder application increases the solder's adhesion and decreases the likelihood of generating a cold joint. When using solder, we advise you to be conservative. When you've finished soldering the header pins onto your RFID circuit, you'll be ready to move on with the guide.
There are eight different connectors on the RFID RC522. Except for the IRQ, we need to connect all these to the GPIO pins on our Raspberry Pi.
This guide shows how to connect an RFID RC522 to a Breadboard and then to the Raspberry Pi's GPIO Pins, although you could also wire the components straight to the Pi.
Simply connecting 7 of the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins to the RFID RC522 reader is all needed to get it up and to run. Refer to the GPIO pin locations detailed in our tutorial and the table below when deciding how to wire your RC522.
SDA connects to Pin 24.
SCK connects to Pin 23.
MOSI connects to Pin 19.
MISO connects to Pin 21.
GND connects to Pin 6.
RST connects to Pin 22.
3.3v connects to Pin 1.
We need to adjust the Raspberry Pi's settings before we can use the RFID RC522. Inconveniently, our RFID reader circuit relies on the Raspberry Pi's SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which is disabled by default. Worry not, though, as it is easy to restore this interface; follow our instructions below to set up your RPi and Raspbian to use the SPI port. Launch the raspi-config utility by opening a terminal and typing the following command.
sudo raspi-config
A menu of choices will appear when you use this tool. You may read up on all of these options in the raspi-config documentation. Choose "5 Interfacing Options" using the arrow keys. Select this choice, and then hit the Enter key. Once "P4 SPI" is selected in the next screen, press Enter once more to confirm your selection. To continue, use the arrow keys to choose "Yes" and then press Enter when prompted to confirm that you want to activate the SPI Interface. For the raspi-config utility to finish enabling SPI, you'll have to be patient for a while.
The raspi-config tool's success in enabling the SPI interface will be shown by the display of the message "The SPI interface is enabled." Activating the SPI Interface requires a full reboot of the Raspberry Pi. Press Enter, and then ESC, to return to the terminal. If you want to restart the RPi, enter the following Unix instruction into the terminal.
sudo reboot
It is time to verify that Raspberry Pi has been activated now that it has rebooted. Checking if spi bcm2835 is available is as simple as running the following command.
lsmod | grep spi
If you get spi bcm2835, you're good to go with the rest of the tutorial. If you tried the preceding command and it didn't work, try the following three things. If the SPI component is not enabled, we can manually modify the boot config file by issuing the following code to our RPi.
sudo nano /boot/config.txt
You can use CTRL + W to search the configuration file for "dtparam=spi=on" If you think you have discovered it, look if it has a number in front of it. If there is, delete it because it disables the code. If you cannot find the line, add "dtparam=spi=on" to the very end of the file. To commit your modifications, use CTRL + X, followed by Y and Enter. You can double-check that the module has been activated by restarting your Raspberry Pi, as in Step 5.
After connecting our RFID circuit to the RPi, we can turn it on and start writing Python scripts to communicate with the chip. You'll learn how to read and write information to RFID chips by composing scripts like the ones we'll provide. These will serve as the foundation for future RFID RC522 tutorials and provide you with a fundamental understanding of how data is handled. The Raspberry Pi must be brought up to date with the most recent software versions before we can begin programming. Get the latest version of Raspbian for your Pi by running these two commands.
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
Installing the python3-dev, python-pip, and git packages is the last thing to do before moving forward. To get your RFID reader set up with this guide, type the following command into your Raspberry Pi's terminal.
sudo apt install python3-dev python3-pip
Now that we have python "pip" installed on our Raspberry Pi, we can install the spidev Python library. An integral part of this guide, the spidev library allows the RPi to communicate with the RFID via the SPI. Run the following command to get spidev set up on your Raspberry Pi via pip. It's important to remember that we're using sudo to guarantee that the package gets installed for everyone's usage, not just the logged-in user.
sudo pip3 install spidev
After getting the spidev library up and running on our Raspberry Pi, we'll move on to setting up the MFRC522 library with pip. Two files, in particular, are used by us, both of which are part of the MFRC522 library:
This library, MFRC522.py, implements the RC522 interface for communicating with RFIDs via Raspberry Pi's SPI port.
Simplifying the MFRC522.py file so that you only need to work with a small subset of its many functions, SimpleMFRC522.py is a significant time saver.
Enter this command into your terminal to have pip setup the MFRC522 library on your Pi 4:
sudo pip3 install mfrc522
Now that the library has been transferred to the Pi, we can start writing code for the RFID RC522. First, we'll explore how to use the RC522 to program your RFID cards. Move on to the following part, where we will write our first Python code.
In this first Python script, we'll go over the steps needed to send information from the RC522 to RFID tags. This is made more accessible by the SimpleMFRC522 script, but we'll still break down the code's individual components for you. To begin, let's create a directory to hold the scripts we'll be using. Create the "pi-RFID" folder by using the following command.
mkdir ~/pi-rfid
To get started, navigate to the folder you just cloned and create the Write.py script in Python.
cd ~/pi-RFID
sudo nano Write.py
Add the following blocks of code to this file. This code prompts you for some text, which it then uses to update the RFID Tag.
#!/usr/bin/env python
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
from mfrc522 import SimpleMFRC522
The very first line of the code snippet instructs the terminal to use Python rather than another scripting language like Bash to parse and run the file. To guarantee that the GPIO Pins are reset when the script terminates, we must first import the RPi.GPIO package contains all the necessary functions for communicating with the GPIO Pins. The second import is our SimpleMFRC522 library, which will be used to communicate with the RFID RC522. Compared to the standard MFRC522 library, it dramatically simplifies working with the chip.
reader = SimpleMFRC522()
In this line, we make a new instance of the SimpleMFRC522 object, use its setup function, and save the result in our readers variable.
try:
text = input('New data:')
print("Now place your tag to write")
reader.write(text)
print("Written")
We enclose the following section of code with a try statement to ensure that any unforeseen problems are handled, and the code is cleaned up correctly. Python is whitespace sensitive; it uses tabs to distinguish between code sections, so keep them after trying. In this case, the second line reads a command-line input and stores it in a text variable using Python 3's input function.
The third line makes advantage of print() to prompt the user to set the RFID tag onto the reader. After that, on line 4, we utilize our scanner object to instruct the RFID Circuit to write the text field's contents to a certain sector of the RFID tag. On line 5, after successfully writing to the RFID tag, we call print() once more to inform the user.
finally:
GPIO.cleanup()
The script will terminate in the last two lines of code. The finally statement always follows the try statement. Thus the GPIO.cleanup() method is called after each iteration of the try block. These lines are essential because improper cleanup can disrupt the functionality of other programs. Upon completion, your script should be like the example given below.
The file can be saved by pressing CTRL Plus X, Y, then ENTER once you've double-checked the code and are convinced it's correct. Now that the script is written, we need to put it through some testing. Get an RFID tag ready before running the script for testing. When you're ready, open the terminal on your Raspberry Pi and enter the following command.
sudo python3 Write.py
In this situation, we're just going to type in "any word" because it's easy to remember and short. Press the Enter key when you have finished writing and are ready to send. After that, your RFID Tag can be placed directly above your RFID circuit. It will immediately update the tag with fresh information when it does. You'd see the word "Written" on the command prompt if it worked. Now that you have your Write.py script completed, we can move on to explaining how to read information from the RFID RC522.
We have successfully programmed our RC522 to print to RFID tags and can now move on to writing a script to retrieve the data from the tags. First, we'll make sure we're in the correct location by switching directories, and then we'll use nano to start drafting the Read.py script.
cd ~/pi-rfid
sudo nano Read.py
Incorporate the following code into this document. When an RFID tag is placed in the RFID reader, the script will wait until the tag's data has been read before displaying the results.
This file's first line of code instructs the operating system on how to proceed when the user clicks the "Run" button. If you don't specify that it's a Python file, it'll try to run it like any other script. An initial RPi.GPIO import is made. Importing this library ensures that the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins are cleaned up after script termination, as it contains all the necessary functions. SimpleMFRC522 is the second import. With the assistance functions included in this script, reading and writing to an RFID RC522 is a breeze, whereas, with them, the scripts would quickly grow to be manageable.
This line is crucial because it invokes SimpleMFRC522's creation method, which returns an object that is subsequently stored in our reader variable.
try:
id, text = reader.read()
print(id)
print(text)
The following code section will be encapsulated in a try block to allow us to handle any unforeseen errors gracefully. Because Python is sensitive to whitespace, you must use the 'tabs' as displayed following try:
In this scenario, the second line of this code block initiates a call on our scanner object, instructing the circuits to begin scanning any Rfid card that is positioned on top of the reader. On the third and forth lines, we use print() to display the data we gleaned from the RFID Chip; this includes the tag's unique identifier and any text it may consist of.
finally:
GPIO.cleanup()
The script ends with the last two lines of code. No of what happens inside the try block, the final statement is always executed afterward. No matter what, the GPIO.cleanup() code will be executed thanks to this try statement. It's vitally important, as not doing so can disrupt the proper operation of other scripts that rely on the GPIO. Your completed Read.py script for the RFID RC522 should resemble the example below.
When you've double-checked your code and are satisfied with it, press Ctrl + X, then Y, and finally ENTER to save the file. The time has come to put our completed Read.py script to the test. Get ready to test the script by picking up any of the RFID tags. If you're all set, enter this command into the terminal on your Raspberry Pi.
sudo python3 Read.py
Now that the script is active, you can set your RFID Tag atop your RFID circuit. When the RFID tag is placed on top, the Python program will immediately begin reading the information from the tag and display the results on the screen. What a finished product might look like is shown below as an illustration.
To test whether your Raspberry Pi is properly connected on the RFID RC522 Circuit, run the Read.py script and see if it returns any data that matches the text you wrote to the card in the Write.py script.
Connecting an RC522 RFID module to a Pi 4 makes reading MIFARE chips and cards is now possible. This might be very useful in security systems and other applications where identifying an item or person is required without the user having to physically interact with the device by pressing buttons, switching, or activating any sensors. Eventually, you should be able to use this to decipher the UID encoded on your MIFARE tags. You should know that these cards can be duplicated and assigned a new unique identifier (UID) if you plan on employing this technique in a security system. To ensure the safety of your system, you must ensure that no one learns your UID or gains remote access to your devices. The contactless tags are convenient because they can be attached to a keychain, and the cards are convenient because they can be carried in a wallet. Both things can be concealed inside others to give them a hidden identifier that the Pi can access. With the help of our Pi 4-powered RFID attendance systems guide, you can learn how to set up your RFID Reader/Writer for use in checking attendance. Our exploration of the RFID chip and the scripts above will continue in subsequent guides. A door security system is one of the fantastic DIY Pi ideas we'll look into. The next lesson will teach you how to connect a 16x2 LCD screen to a Raspberry Pi 4.
Hey peeps! Welcome to another tutorial on data types in Python. Our purpose in Python education is to get a grip on the basic concepts so that we may work on deep learning easily. In the previous lecture, we read a lot about lists as we are working on the subtypes of the sequence data type. In the present lecture, you are going to understand more types of sequences. If you know the list well, this lecture will be a piece of cake for you. We will start the introductions in just a bit, but before that, there must be a quick review of the topics that you are going to understand:
How do you introduce the tuples in Python?
What are some important characteristics of a tuple that must be kept in mind when we are dealing with it?
How can you practically perform the tuples in TensorFlow?
How do you associate tuples with the list?
Can you delete, update, add, or delete the elements in a tuple? If yes, then how?
Which is the way to delete the tuple entirely?
All of these are important interview questions about the tuple and if you are dealing with these data types, you must know and perform these by yourself in TensorFlow. All the information about tuples will be discussed with you and you have to practice more and more in the code to understand the concepts.
For the concept of a list, we have given you the reference of an array. This time, we will be mentioning the name of the list for better understanding. If we talk about the topic of today, a tuple is also a group of items that are arranged when required in Python. The working and the definition of the tuple seem like a list because both of them are types of a single data type, which is the sequence. But there are some differences that make them ideal for different kinds of situations. The following points will make this more clear:
The tuple is represented by enclosing the data in parentheses.
A tuple is immutable, which means that once you declare the items in the tuple, you can not change them as you can in a list.
When you try to change the value of the element in the tuple, an error is shown on the screen, so while declaring the new tuple, you have to be very clear about what is on your mind and what you want to do with the tuple.
In a tuple, you can also use the function in the tuple and it becomes easy to perform different tasks through codes.
A single element in the tuple is necessary to build the tuple. In other words, unlike the strings, the tuple must contain at least one element in it.
In the tuple, any data type can be saved whether it is boolean, int, or string. Moreover, there is a possibility to add different types of data in a single tuple. So we can conclude that we can have a homogeneous or heterogeneous tuple according to our choice.
As we have mentioned, when using the tuple, we get the ordered list of objects, which means we get the specific order, and this order, once mentioned, can not be changed, unlike other data types of the sequence.
Not just the order, but the size, sequence, and entries are unchangeable, so during the initialization and declaration of the tuple, the concept must be clear about what you want from the particular tuple.
Another thing that must be kept in mind is, the tuple has the index form, and therefore, every element has a specific number of indexes. This is the reason, the elements are easily accessible, and hence, you can also have duplication in the tuple. The elements are recognized by the index number, and therefore, the compiler knows when which element is being called.
The length is the number of elements in the tuple, and we have read about the length function in the previous lecture. Similar to the list, a tuple can also be used in the length function, and the programmer gets the length of the tuple. Right now, this function is not looking very attractive because we are dealing with small tuples. But take the case in your mind when the tuple contains hundreds or thousands of elements and get the length of the tuple in just a few moments.
It is now time to go over some basic tuple-related code using TensorFlow. The steps for starting it are the same as those we always follow; have a look at these steps:
Open your Anaconda Navigator by browsing it from your window panel.
Search for the Jupyter lab in the environment section.
Wait for the PC to open the new tab in your browser.
Go to the new cell.
Start coding.
With the help of code, we will try to create a tuple, and then, by using the function on it we will try to retrieve the data from the tuple in different ways. So, have a look at the code given next and then guess the output in your mind.
print('Make a tuple with stationaries item')
myTuple=('pen', 'paper', 'eraser', 'pencil', 'sharpener', 'notebooks')
print('The tuple has following items: ',myTuple)
print()
print('print only the third item of the tuple:', myTuple[3])
print()
print('print the item by using the index: ',myTuple[1])
Now, have a look at the output. Is it exactly the same as you were expecting?
You can see how simple it is to get the item from the tuple when it is declared in the tuple. This is the same as what we did with the list. But what if we want more than one element from the tuple at the same time?
print('Make a tuple with fruits and prices in dollars')
myTuple=('strawberry','kiwi','banana','orange','apple', 2.5,3,12, 4,6)
print('The following items in the fruit shop are available: ',myTuple)
print()
print('print only the forth fruit of the fruit shop:', myTuple[-7])
print()
print('print the name of only fruits: ',myTuple[0:5])
Looking at the code, you will observe that the negative number is used in the index. This is the way to tell the compiler that we are counting from the end of the index. Moreover, the index on the end side starts at 1 instead of zero. Another point to notice is that the start and end limits are specified by separating them with the colon, and as a result, we get the whole tuple in the output.
A new concept that is to be shared is that when you are providing the limits to the tuple, you have to take care that the right numbers are being used because it will then not work properly. You must be thinking that the compiler will throw the error when you feed the wrong limits in the tuple, but instead, the output will be empty, and you will get the parentheses with nothing in them.
Another thing that must be mentioned here is that you can check whether the tuple has a specific element or not. For this, we get the help of a statement. We know that, until now, we have not learned about the statements, and therefore, we suggest just looking at the code and output to understand the concept.
print('Make a tuple with fruits and prices in dollars')
myTuple=('strawberry','kiwi','banana','orange','apple', 2.5,3,12, 4,6)
print('The following items in the fruit shop are available: ',myTuple)
if "apple" in myTuple:
print("Yes, 'apple' is in the present in the fruit shop")
This program searches for the elements specified in the “if condition” and then prints the result on the screen.
If you are reading this lecture from the beginning, you must be thinking we have mentioned again and again that a tuple is immutable and unchangeable. Yet, programmers have the logic and solutions to every problem, and if the programmers have specified the tuple and want some changes made to it, they can do so with the help of the list. It is one of the reasons why we have discussed the list before in this series. Have a look at the following code and output, and then we will discuss it in detail.
print('Make a tuple with fruits and prices in dollars')
myTuple=('strawberry','kiwi','banana','orange','apple', 2.5,3,12, 4,6)
print('The following items in the fruit shop are available: ',myTuple)
myList=list(myTuple)
print(myList)
myList[2]='pear'
print(myList)
myTuple=tuple(myList)
print(myTuple)
Copy this code and run it on your TensorFlow, you will get the following output:
First, look at the brackets carefully and check the output in a sequence with the points given next:
At the start, the string message is shown, which shows the main title of the tuple.
The name of the tuple here is “myTuple” and it contains the fruits’ names and prices.
To make the changes in the tuple, we have to use another approach, and we know the reason why. For this, we are using the list. It is possible to convert the list into a tuple and vice versa, and we are doing the same in this. We are just using the name of the data type as a function and inputting the name of the data type to be changed. So, we changed the tuple into a list and then made the changes according to our choice.
By using the index number and feeding the value into the list, the list is updated. This can be observed with the help of square brackets.
Once we have seen the updated list, we can now easily convert it into a tuple again.
The conversion is done with the same procedure, and we get the updated tuple.
This was a simple example, other operations such as the addition of the new element, deleting the elements from the tuple, removing the single elements from the tuple, etc. are done with the help of lists.
Now that you know all the ways to initiate, use, and update the tuple in detail, a last method for the tuple is ready for you. In some cases, when you do not want to use a particular tuple for any reason, such as if you are no longer using it, you can do so in just a simple step. This is used in the programs when long calculations and collections of data types are needed for a particular time and then there is no need for them anymore. So for this, we use the delete operation. The programmers have to simply use the del keyword before the name of the tuple to be, and the compiler has to do its job well. Have a look at the example given next:
Tuple = ("Artificial Intelligence", "Machine Learning", "Deep Learning")
print(Tuple)
del(Tuple)
print(Tuple)
So, when the compiler was on the second line, it showed us the results, but on the next line, when we deleted the declared tuple, the compiler was not able to show us the result because it had been removed from its memory.
So, it was an informative data types lecture in which we clarified many concepts about tuples. These are the data types that belong to the class of sequences. We read a lot about it and started the discussion with the introduction. The tuple characteristics were thoroughly discussed, and then, with these in mind, we tested the functions of the tuple using TensorFlow examples. We attempted similar examples and carefully observed the operation of tuples, which also involved the list. In the next lecture, you will know more about the data types in Python, so stay connected with us.
Hey, peep! This is a connected tutorial from the previous one where we saw the detail of numeric data types. This time, we are moving forward with the other data types in Python. We are understanding all these concepts with the help of examples and practising the little but understandable codes in TensorFlow. Different types of operations are also performed on these data types so that you may have an idea of why we are differentiating all these data types and how we can categorize all of them into different groups. Keep in mind that all of these concepts are for deep learning, and we want to make sure that we will not face any problems in the complex work of deep learning; therefore, we are moving slowly and steadily in Python. So, have a look at the content you are learning in this tutorial, and after that, we’ll start the introduction.
What are the strings in Python?
How do you declare the string in different ways while working in Python?
What are escape sequences in Python?
How can you use the triple quotation in Python and why it is useful?
Each concept will be discussed with the help of simple and easy codes and the description of each of them is discussed in detail in this lecture. This is a connected part of the lecture that was discussed in the last lecture and other data types will be mentioned in the next lecture.
A string is nothing but the combination of different alphabets in a specific sequence. In programming, the concepts are a little bit different from those in the real world. The way we speak in English is said to be "string" in the programming language, and it is an important data type in any programming language for non-programmers, anything that comes on the screen must be easy to understand, and string is the best way to print the message on the screen. Let us define the string in simple words.
"The string is the sequence of characters or alphabets that specify the message on the screen and it is denoted by 'str' in Python."
We always say that python is simpler and easier than other programming languages, and it is true for the concept of string as well. In Python, the string can be denoted by using single or double quotation marks and the usage of commas is according to the choice of the programmer. In other words, you can use the single or double inverted commas around the alphabet to represent the string. Moreover, you must know that string has no limited length same as in the case of integers. The only thing that limits the length of the string is the memory space of the system you are using. Have a look at the syntax of the string while you are working on Python.
First of all, you have to look at the syntax of the string. The syntax of all the data types is the same; therefore, we are mentioning just this one, and after that, you will have an idea of how to implement the other data types. We have mentioned in the previous lectures that you just need the name of the variable and then the value of the variable in the form of any data type you want, so the syntax is given as
string = "I am learning Python for Deep learning."
The name may be anything, but it is important to use inverted commas (either single or double). TensorFlow will make this clearer, but there is a short procedure to get TensorFlow up and running.
Search for the “Anaconda Navigator” on your PC.
In the environment section, click on the Jupyter lab and launch TensorFlow.
The new tab will open in your browser with the name “Local host.”
Go to the new cell and start coding there.
Now, you have to write the following code in the new cell and run the program to get the output.
string="I am learning at TheEngineeringProjects"
print(string)
a=" "
print(a)
b='Python is best for Deep learning'
print(b)
The output of this code is given as:
From the code and output, we can conclude with the following point:
The name of the variable may be anything.
We can use single or double inverted commas for the string and the result will be the same.
A string may be an empty space so we can say that length of the string is zero to positive infinity.
The output of each print function is always shown in the next line in normal conditions.
So, the best way to show any message to non-programmers is in the form of a string.
In most high-level programming languages, there are certain words that are chosen to be used for a special task in Python with the help of their special sequence. These are known as the escape sequence. These are defined as:
"The escape sequence in Python is the combination of characters that, when used inside a string or character, does not show itself but does the specific task according to its functionality."
It is important to notice that these are important concepts in Python because it is very difficult and in some cases, impossible to do the same task without using the escape sequence. Now, have a look at some of these in the next section and you will get the detail of some important escape sequences.
As you can see, in the previous code, we made a space between two lines with the help of an empty string. But, what if we want to print a new line in the message? For this, we use a special operator in the string message and it is used in places when the output is long or there is the need for more than one line to represent the message more clearly. The operator is a backslash with an “n” that can be used at any place in the text. Have a look at one example to do so.
print('The backslash with "n" is used to \nprint a new line')
The output of this single-line program is interesting.
It is important to notice that if you want to work with this operator, you have to use it properly. You can not use any additional space between the text and this new line operator; otherwise, you will get an error message from the compiler.
We all use the tab on the keyboard but what if you want a space between the text? You can do so by applying the space between the text while you are printing the message but it is not the professional way. To do this with convenience, just like some other programming languages, Python has a special operator. Same as we use the n in the new line operator, if you use the t with the backslash, you can print the space between the text that is equal to eight space bars.
print('The backslash with "t" is used to \tprint a tab space in the line')
Let’s see what we have in the output of this code.
Same as these operators, we also have some other commands that do the work similar to this and the syntax of all of these is the same. For the convenience of the reader, we have made a table that contains all the information about these operators. Have a look at the table and after that, we will run all of these at once in our code in TensorFlow.
Name |
Representation |
Description |
New line |
\n |
It creates a new line in the text even if you are using it in the middle of the line. |
Tab space |
\t |
It is used for the space tab between the text. |
Bullet |
\a |
For the bullets in the text, we use this operator. |
Delete space |
\b |
To delete the space in the text, we use this operator. In this way, the text obtained only removes the space from the place where this operator is being used and the other text remains the same. |
Ignore the line |
\r |
By using the working of this operator, the text before the operator is deleted, and you will get the text after this operator only in the output. |
Arrow |
\v |
If you want to show a small arrow in the text, you will use this operator. |
To test each of the commands discussed before, we are rushing towards the TensorFlow, where we are using all of these in a similar ways to show the difference between all of these. Keep in mind, the syntax of each of them is the same. These are not the proper functions but are the pre-defined commands that are used less commonly in Python. Here is the homework task for you. You have to look at the code we are giving below and without cheating will guess the output.
print('We use \ncups for tea')
print('The tab create \teight spaces in the text')
print('\aBullets can be made using this operator in Python')
print('If you want to delete the \bspace, you can use the operator in Python')
print('This part will be ignore \ronly this will be printed on the screen')
print('\vThis small arrow looks cute')
Once you have guessed the output, now check this in your compiler, and then match the output with the one that is given next in the image.
The last arrow can also be used as the bullet in the text you want to show on the screen. Another task for you is use the different text and practice the code and string with your own message. It is the simplest and interesting task that you must try on your TensorFlow.
Here is another way to indicate that you want to declare the string. This is a less common way to represent the string, but if you are studying the string, you must know this. You can use double and single inverted commas around the text at the same time, and this will not cause any errors. Let me tell you about the workings of this kind of string. After that, I’ll show you how you can use it for different purposes.
print('''Deep learning is the subclass of the artificial intelligance''')
So, we are using three quotation marks around our text and getting the same output as for the single and double inverted commas. Here is the output:
The advantage of using this method is, you do not need any new line operators to start the text on a new line, but you will write the code as you want the output.
This is a more interesting and convenient way to write your text. Right now, you must be wondering why we are highlighting such uses and creating this hype. Yet, you must know, the aforementioned ways of writing the codes will help you a lot when you will go to the complex and long codes for the deep learning. One of the application of this way to declare the string is in this lecture. We can use this way to declare the string and can perform all the escape sequence command by declaring a single string in different lines so that we may not have to write “print command” every time when we are working with a new escape sequence.
Hence, we have read a lot about strings today. It was an interesting lecture where we saw what strings are and how we can use them in our coding in different ways. We say the representation, working, and the escape sequence between the string. The syntax of each case was clarified with the help of examples in TensorFlow. You will get information about more data types in the next lecture.
Hey fellow! Welcome to the next episode of the Python series, where we are learning the basics of Python to implement them in deep learning. In the previous lecture, our focus was on string data types. With the practical implementation of TensorFlow, many interesting points were discussed in depth. I hope you completed the home task that I assigned you during that lecture. Today, we are moving forward with the next data type, which is a sequence. You will know the different sub-groups of this data type as well in the next lecture, but today, the focus will be totally on the list because, once you understand them well, other data types of the sequence will be at your fingertips. Yet before starting, it's time to look at the content that you will learn today:
What is a sequence?
How do you classify the sequence into different types?
How do you understand the list?
What are some characteristics of this list that make it useful and different from the others?
The workings and characteristics of the list are interesting, and these will be well understood when we start our TensorFlow for different examples taken from our daily lives. We hope you have a strong grip on the integers, strings, and floats because, in our example, we will use them and will try to make changes in the list to show the difference in detail. So, without using your time, I am going to start the learning phase in Python.
In programming languages, we use a lot of items, objects, classes, and related concepts, and when we talk about the sequence, that is a data type that provides us with the concept of a collection of things. These are useful concepts that allow us to work with them in a useful way. We define the sequence in the following way:
"The sequence in Python is a generic term that defines the ordered set of items in such a way that any of the items can be easily referred to."
Here, the word “ordered set” is important to notice. We’ll talk about it in detail in just a bit, but before that, let me tell you that the string is also considered to be the sequence because it contains the sequence of the characters. We have read a lot about the string, and therefore, we know that the ordered sequence of the characters, or alphabets, is called the string. Yet, I had a lot of data to tell you about these concepts; therefore, I have discussed them separately. There are two natures of the sequence that are listed below:
Homogeneous sequence
Heterogeneous sequence
The difference between these two is that a homogeneous sequence contains a group of items of the same kind.
Homogeneous Sequence |
Heterogeneous Sequence |
A homogeneous sequence contains a group of items of the same kind. |
A heterogeneous sequence contains a group of items of different kinds. |
{"Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"} |
[Cup, knife, banana] |
It is important to know this difference because, on the basis of it, you will get the further types of the sequence.
The collection of the data can be represented in different ways, and on the basis of these types, we can divide the sequence into six major types. All of these are important to understand because we use the sequence often while programming and when dealing with complex subjects such as deep learning (in which we are interested), and the sequence plays a vital role in organizing the data in an understandable way. So, have a look at the types of sequences:
String
List
Tuple
Byte sequence
Byte array
Range objects
Out of them, the strings have been discussed in detail in the previous lecture. So, we are skipping that for now. You will be familiar with the remaining ones in depth, and things will become clearer to you with the help of examples. Thus, have a look at them:
In some other programming languages, such as C++ and C#, there is the concept of arrays that we study a lot. Yet, in the Python programming language, this concept is not used; instead, lists are used. The list is indicated by the square brackets just like the arrays, but it is a little bit different from them. The list is the type of sequence that contains an ordered group of different items. More information about the list can be found in the table below:
Name |
Attribute |
Representation |
Square brackets |
Nature |
Heterogenous sequence |
Example |
[‘cups’, ‘eggs’, ‘yolk’, ‘tea’] |
Here, it is important to notice the representation of the list with the square bracket because the bracket is the only way to differentiate it from the other types of sequence that you will learn in the coming lectures. The operation of the list will be explained in simple steps in a moment, but first, let us open the Python workspace for practical implementation. For this, you simply have to follow the steps again that we always mention:
Search for the Anaconda Navigator on your personal computer.
Go to the environment section and look for the “Jupyter lab” or “Jupyter notebook." For this tutorial, we are using the Jupyter lab.
Go to the new cell and get ready for the coding.
The list's information does not end with the table mentioned above. Certain characteristics make the lists useful, and you will learn about them in the following section.
One of the most significant features of Python is its mutable nature. To know the meaning of the line we have just said, you must know that when we declare a list, we define the size of that particular list by mentioning the number or directly feeding the elements in it. The list's advantage is that the programmer can change the elements at any time to meet the needs of the situation. In addition to this, if you want to change the individual value of the list, you can do so easily. Not only this, but you can also change the order of the elements while working on the code. It means if you want to swipe or change the position of elements 1 and 3, you can do so easily. In short, you can say that, while working with the list, all the controls are in your hands.
MyIntList=[1,56,8,12,56,90,3,67]
print('The homogenous integer list is : ', MyIntList)
MyFloatList=[1.2,56.2,8.2,12.2,56.2,90.2,3.2,67.2]
print('The homogenous float list is : ', MyFloatList)
You can see that all the elements belong to the same data type, so we are calling it the homogeneous list. In the second code, we want to do something different, so have a look at the code.
list=['eggs', 2.0, 34, 'plates']
print('The elements of the list are : ', list)
print('The element at position 2 is : ', list[2])
print('The elements before the second position are : ', list[:3])
list=[ 34,2.0, 'eggs', 'plates']
print('Now the new list is: ', list)
By looking at the code given above, we can conclude the following points:
To declare more than one type in a single list, the programmer simply has to use the accurate way to declare them in the list, and nothing special has to be done during the declaration of the list.
To get a specific element from the list, simply the position of the element is mentioned.
The position in the elements start from the 0 just like the arrays and you have to declare the element accordingly.
The order of the elements can be changed easily and to do this, the programmer have to merely change the elements according to the will with the same number. Here we have used two types of lists with the same name but by changing the order of the elements and the code is working well.
To get the elements of the list to a certain limit, there is a need of mentioning that number of position along with a colon. Keep in mind, here we specify the position 2 and all the elements before the third position are shown to us. Same can be done to get the elements after the mentioned number and it is your homework to know how can you do so.
When you compare the list to the array, you can better understand Python's dynamic nature. Let me remind you that arrays have a fixed size and cannot be changed once declared in your code. But in the case of the list, once you start working on it and need to change its size, you can increase or decrease its size by merely mentioning it in just one line. In other words, your list can grow or shrink according to your choice. To understand this you must know about a built-in function in Python.
The length is a built-in function in Python that provides the length of the functions made in the code. You simply have to input the name of the function in it and it will show you the number of elements specified in that particular function. The syntax of the length function is:
len(name)
By using this function in the list mentioned above, the number of elements can be obtained with the help of this code:
list=['eggs', 2.0, 34, 'plates']
print('The length of list is : ',len(list))
list=[34,2.0, 'eggs']
print('The new length of list is : ',len(list))
The output of the code is given next:
Keep this in mind the next time you go grocery shopping and want to buy something else; make a list for it. It will contain vegetables, meat, cloth, spices, and other things of the natural world. Because of its heterogeneous nature, the list is the same. It feels like a relief that you can make a list that contains strings, integers, and any other data types in one place. In this way, you can deal with multiple types of data at once. In arrays, this is not possible. You can also add functions to the list that contain elements of different types. You have understood it well with the previous examples in TensorFlow, but I want to show you this by mentioning a built-in function in it.
Mylist=[23,'decoration', False ]
print(Mylist)
Yet, there is a bit of difference between the keywords and loops; therefore, you can not mention the loops in the list; otherwise, you will face the same error as given next:
Here, the error is demanding that you write the code in the valid syntax. It is because the compiler is not able to understand that the for loop is an element of the list, but it demands the proper syntax for the for loop and is expecting an iterative procedure. Another thing to notice here is the color of the word “False” in the list. All the keywords, while coding, are shown in green, showing that it is a built-in function or keyword and that the compiler has understood the default functionality of that particular keyword.
Hence, it was an interesting tutorial, through which we learned a lot about the list data type. We initially understood what list data types were and why we were learning them. After that, a detailed overview of the list was discussed, through which we found the characteristics of the list. It was easy to understand as we practically performed each step of the TensorFlow with the help of different examples that were related to the general examples, so we were able to understand it well. If you have a clear understanding of the list, the following lectures will be simple to grasp because they are related concepts. So, stay tuned with us to get more information about Python.
Hello learners! Welcome to the engineering projects where we are working on deep learning. In this series, we are at the part where Python is under our observation. In the last session, we saw the Python built-in functions and the practical implementation of some important pre-defined functions of Python. In the current lecture, you will learn about the fundamental concept of Python. It is not wrong to say that if you want to work in any high-level programming language, you have to understand its data types; otherwise, you will not be able to code complex or long programs using it. More details will be discussed in the next section, but before this, you should have a glance at the concepts you will learn in this tutorial.
What are the data types?
How are Python data types different from other programming languages?
What is the syntax to use the data types in Python?
What is the difference between floats and integers?
How can you practice other concepts along with the complex number in TensorFlow?
What is the casting process in the Python programming language and how can you use it for changing the type of data you enter?
What is the “type” function in Python and how do you use it?
For your convenience and detailed learning, we are just discussing the numeric data types in this lecture, and you will learn more types in the next lecture because I want to discuss each type with the practical implementation of different operations on these data types.
Consider the case where we use different types of numbers in mathematics and apply the operations to these different types of numbers. We know that only numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, etc. The same is true for data types. When dealing with programming languages, we have to deal with different kinds of objects, and it is important to use them wisely because of the memory storage. Have a look at the basic definition of the data types in the programming languages:
"In programming languages, the data type is the basic concept that declares the type of object being used in a specific way, and based upon the data types, the memory space is occupied by the compiler."
In simple programs, such as the ones we used in our examples, we don't notice much of a difference when we occupy more space in the program, but this is not the best practice because, in long and complex programs, we need to use the exact data type. Hence, the compiler runs perfectly and we can apply the specific operations to the particular data type.
The declaration of the data type is always required in most programming languages so that the compiler can fully understand the data type. So, you can declare the integer as a float and vice versa according to our will, but it causes problems in the compilation.
As we always say that Python is an easy programming language, and here is one of the main reasons why. In Python, the compiler itself is intelligent enough to understand the type of data you are putting into it, so your program may run well if the code is well-written. It feels like a relief that you do not have to remember the names of different data types, and there is no need to memorize the space occupied by the data type so that you may compare and choose the perfect data type for your code. The name of the data types is almost the same as the other programming languages that we have mentioned before, but the way these work with different operations may seem a little bit different. The declaration of different data types in the Python programming language is given in the next section.
The best way to learn any concept in programming is to learn the syntax first instead of going into the example and understanding how that concept works. When we talk about the syntax of data types in Python, this section is very important. You have to keep in mind that unlike some other high-level programming languages such as C++ and C#, you have only two items:
Variable name
Value of the data type
Now it's time to go over the various data types one by one. The syntax of all of these appears to be the same, but the examples will demonstrate the differences in how each of them works. For your convenience, the different data types are divided into six categories:
Numeric
String
Sequence
Mapping
Boolean
Set
These categories also have sub-categories, and the same category works in the same way, but you have to keep the differences in mind, especially if you are a beginner because it becomes easy to understand the code and the way you work with it. Other details will be clear when you see the implementation in the tensor flow. For this, I want to share the procedure for starting code in TensorFlow in a straightforward way:
Fire up your Anaconda navigator.
In the environment sector, you have to search for “Jupyter Lab” and hit the launch button there.
A new local host will appear in your browser. Go to this local host.
In the new cell, begin coding.
We all know what the numbers are, and there is no need to provide you with the details of the numbers, but to refresh the concept in your mind, we have to tell you that there are three classes of numeric data types that are introduced in Python:
Integer
Float
Complex
A short description of each of them is given next:
The first and simplest data type that you will see in every tutorial is an integer. These are whole numbers and do not contain any extra parts. These are the signed integers that have a non-limited length. It means that on the positive side of the numbers, you can have the length of an integer as long as you want. One thing that has to be considered here is the memory of the system you are using, but when purely talking about the integer, it does not have any limit in length.
Are you ready with your TensorFlow to practice all the data types and apply the different operations on them? Ok, we hope your TensorFlow is launched, and have a look at the simple representation of the integer in it.
integer=1257859304284756327
a=3824374269873874
print("integer= ", integer)
print("a = ", a)
add=integer+a
print("integer+a = " ,add)
Here, you can see that:
We can name the variable anything we want, whether it is a special name or any combination of the alphabet, but it must follow the rules that we specified in the previous lecture. The results of the code are given next:
The length of the integer does not matter, as integers can be long or short according to the requirement.
The addition can take place with the integers. Similarly, other operations such as subtraction, and multiplication is also possible.
The next is the float, which in some cases looks like an integer, but if you are a science student, you must have the idea that integers and floats are not the same. The floats contain a decimal floating number just after the integer part. So, even if the number after the decimal point is zero, it will still be called the "float." Another thing to be noticed in the floats is, you can use the 15 digits in the float, and these are not unlimited as the integers are.
In TensorFlow, I want to perform the subtraction on the float this time, and I want to show you by code that when we do not add any decimal part to the float, the compiler itself adds the zero in the decimal part and provides us with the result. Moreover, you will observe that it takes the most significant number after the decimal part; therefore, in the code, when we add the zero as the last digit, it ignores it and the results are shown with the significant numbers.
We've all learned about complex numbers in math class, and according to the requirements, these complex numbers play an important role in programming. The representation of the complex number in Python is a little bit different than in mathematics class. Have a look at the code, and after that, we will discuss it in detail.
The representation of the complex number is the same as what you were expecting. We have to use the i and j for the complex part, and the sign of addition or subtraction represents the difference between the real and complex parts.
# Step 1
z = complex(a,b);
print(z)
# Step
print ("The real part of complex number is : ",c.real)
#Step 3
print ("The imaginary part of the complex number is : ", c.imag)
Here is the first step, we have assigned the duty to the compiler to make a complex number for us. For this, we have used the “complex” built-in function. We have discussed it in lecture number 10 of this series.
The step is completed when we print the complex number to show you how the functions are working here.
We are naming the complex number “c” and keep in mind, it consists of the real and imaginary parts.
In the next step, we are simply using the “real” and “img” keywords to separate these parts of the complex number.
The good thing is, we are using the same line to print the description and the result of the code. You can also do so by using the additional line of print, but I like simple and shortcodes.
So, the overall result can be observed in the following image:
The result is shown in the form of floating numbers, and in our case, the real part is 0 by default.
Till now, we have seen simple declarations in the Python programming language, but now it's time to discuss another method of variable declaration, which is casting. Because of the various forms in which metals are cast, we've heard of this term before. The concept of casting is related to the same idea. In Python, this process is defined as:
"Casting in Python is a process in which the original type of the variable is changed to any other type by specifying it in the code in a particular way."
We have mentioned before that the Python compiler automatically detects the type of content, and therefore, in some special cases, we want to occupy the space from memory that does not match the value you are entering. If still it is confusing for you, do not worry because it will be clear in just a bit when you will look at a simple example to do so in TensorFlow.
a=23.56
b=type(a)
print("Here 'a' is a float", b)
c=int(23)
d=type(a)
print("After using the casting, the result is" , d)
Here is the output of this code, which tells you the details by itself.
The type function was covered in the previous lecture, so I hope you understand what it does. If not, you can review the previous lectures. Since the data types are so long that it becomes difficult to explain in a single lecture, you will get the details of other data types in the next lecture. Until then, you must continue to practice with these data types. We have seen the introduction of the data types and the ways to work with the data types in Python. We've also seen a comparison of other languages and Python on the same topic, and this lecture is heavy on numeric data types. I hope it was fruitful for you and that you will go to the next lecture for more data types.