The Engineering Projects

HC-06 Bluetooth Module Pinout, Datasheet, Features & Applications

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to HC-06. HC-06 is a class 2 slave Bluetooth module designed for serial communication. Once it is paired to a master Bluetooth device such as PC, smartphones, and tablet, its operations become easier to the user. It sends and receives data in a bidirectional manner. HC-06 is used in different devices which works on Bluetooth for sending and receiving data. In today's post, we will have look at its pinout, working, circuit diagram, protocol, etc. I will also share some links of projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino and some other microcontroller. Friends if you have any questions please ask in comments I will try my best to solve your problems and I will give you a comprehensive answer. So let's start with basic Introduction to HC-06: 

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	HC-06	Amazon	Buy Now

HC-06 Bluetooth Module

• HC-06 is a Bluetooth module which is designed to work on serial communication. When we paired it with Bluetooth working devices such as smarts phones and tablet, its use becomes easier for device users.
• Its working depends on the wireless system, for sending and receiving data, it uses transceiver module RS 232 TTL. We do not use any cable for sending and receiving data for this module.

• The main feature of this Bluetooth module is that it can easily achieve serial wireless data transmission protocol.
• The frequency band at which it operates is 2.4 GHz ISM frequency.
• HC-06 adopts famous 2.0+EDR Bluetooth standard. The benefit of this standard is that data can be sent in less time interval. It can send data in 0.5 seconds of an interval. By this feature, the workload on Bluetooth chip can be reduced and a large amount of data can be sent in small time.

Lets discuss some parameters and pin configuration.

PIN Name	PIN No	Description	Pad type	Note
GND	13 21 22	Ground pot.	Vss
1V8	14	Integrated 1.8 V (+) supply with On-chip linear regulator output within 1.7-1.9 V.	Vdd
AIO0.	9	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
AIO1	10	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO0	23	Programmable input/output line, control output for LNA (if fitted)	Bi-Directional RX EN
PIO1	24	Programmable input/output line, control output for PA(if fitted)	Bi-Directional TX EN
PIO2	25	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO3	26	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO4	27	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO5	28	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO6	29	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional	CLK_REQ
PIO7	30	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional	CLK_OUT
PIO8	31	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO9	32	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO10	33	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO11	34	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
RESETB	11		CMOS Input with weak intemal pull-down
UART_RTS	4	UART request to send, active low.	CMOS output, tri-stable with weak internal pull-up
UART_CTS	3	UART clear to send, active low.	CMOS input with weak internal pull-down
UART_RX	2	UART Data input.	CMOS input with weak internal pull-down
UART_TX	1	UART Data output.	CMOS output, Tri-stable with weak internal pull-up
SPI_MOSI	17	Serial peripheral interface data input.	CMOS input with weak internal pull-down
SPI_CSB	16	Chip select for the serial peripheral interface, active low	CMOS input with weak internal
Vcc	12		3.3V

  Lets discuss pinout of HC-06.

HC-06 PINOUT

• There is four main pinout of HC-06, now we discuss each one by one and their function.
  • Vcc: This pin is used for input supply. At this pin, we provide an input voltage to HC-06.
  • GND: This pin use for ground.
  • TXD: By this pin, data is transmitted by the serial interface.
  • RXD: The purpose of this pin is to receive data by a serial interface.
• For better understanding lets have a look at the pinout diagram of HC-06.

Let's discuss some features of HC-06.

Features of HC-06

• These are some features of HC-06.
  • Bluetooth protocol which we connect with it is Bluetooth 2.0+ EDR.  2.0+ EDR is a standard Bluetooth protocol which is used.
  • It is at the Bluetooth class 2 power level.
  • USB protocol used for it is USB v 1.1/2.0.
  • The frequency on which it operates is a 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band.
  • The modulation mode which is used in this module is Gauss frequency Shift Keying.
  • Its transmitting power is = 4 dBm.
  • Its sensitivity rate is =-84 dBm at 0.1% Bit Error Rate.
  • The speed at which it transmits data is 2.1 Mbps (Max)/160 kbps (Asynchronous) and 1 Mbps/1 Mbps (Synchronous).
  • The Safety feature which it provides is authentication and encryption.
  • Its supported configuration is based on Bluetooth serial port (major and minor).
  • Its supply voltage is 3.3 V DC  and operating current is 50 mA.
  • Its operating temperature is 20 to 55?.
  • The weight of this module is 4g.
  • The dimensions of this module are 36.5*16 mm.
  • Its Default baud rate is 9600.
  • This module can also be used in SMD.
  • This module is made through ROHS process.
  • Board of this module PIN is half hole size.
  • It based upon CSR BC 04 Bluetooth technology.
  • It has a high-performance wireless transceiver system.
  • It is a Low-Cost module.
  • It has the external 8 Mbit flash.
  • It has a built-in 2.4 GHz antenna, the user does not need a test antenna.

Now, let's discuss the HC-06 Application:

Application of HC-06

These are some applications of HC-06

• HC-06 is a Bluetooth module, it is used in different electronic devices such as a mobile, laptop, personal computer, etc.
• It can also use in different industrial projects for sending and receiving data, Let's see pictures of HC-06 use in projects.

I hope you enjoyed today's tutorial on the HC-06 module.  If you need any help about this module, please ask in comments. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial. Till then take care.....

Introduction to NRF24L01

Hello Friends, I hope you all are fine and having fun in your lives. In today's post, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to NRF24L01. NRF24L01 is basically a wireless transceiver, which is used to send and receive data by using radio waves. It is a single chip transceiver module. It uses SPI protocol for transmitting data. Its data transmission speed is up to 2Mbps. NRF24L01 is normally used in industrial devices and projects for data transmission. It is mostly used in computer, toys, remote control, games, and other electronic devices. In today's tutorial, I will discuss its working, protocol, pinout, and features. I will also share some links of its interfacing with Arduino and some other microcontrollers. if you have any questions regarding it, please ask in comment box & I will resolve your queries.  So let's start with Introduction to NRF24L01:

Introduction to NRF24L01

• NRF24L01 is a wireless transceiver module (works on SPI Protocol), which is used for sending and receiving data at an operating radio frequency of 2.4 to 2.5 GHz ISM band.
• This transceiver module consists of a frequency generator, shock burst mode controller, power amplifier, crystal oscillator modulator, and demodulator.
• When transmitting power is zero dBm it uses only 11.3 mA of current, while during receiving mode, it uses 13.5 mA of current.

• This module is designed for long distance and fast transmission of data.
• It is designed to work through an SPI protocol.
• Air data transmission rate of NRF24L01 is around 2 Mbps.
• Its high air data rate combined with power saving mode makes it very favorable for ultra-low power applications.
• Its internal voltage regulator controls a high power supply rejection ratio and power supply range.
• This module has a compact size, and can easily be used in confined spaces.
• This module is designed to operate at 3.3 volts.
• This module has an address range of 125 and it can communicate with six other modules. By using this feature, we can use it in mesh networks and other networking applications.

For better understanding, let's discuss NRF24L01 pinout and description:

NRF24L01 PINOUT & Description

• There is main eight pinouts of NRF24L01 but it also has some additional pins.
• Let's discuss all of its pinout with detail:

No.	Pin Name	Description
1	CE	This pin is chip enable, it used to activate RX or TX mode.
2	CSN	This pin is used for SPI protocol interfacing
3	SCK	This pin is used for serial clock provider.
4	MOSI	This is used to get data from a master microcontroller device and to send data to a slave device.
5	MISO	This pin is used to get data from a slave device and to send data to master device.
6	IRQ	This pin is used for interrupt data.
7	Vdd	At this pin, we apply 3.3V DC supply.
8	Vss	This pin is for ground.
9	XC2	This pin is used for analogue out put crystal providing pin.
10	XC1	This pin is used for analogue input crystal pin.
11	VDD_PA	This is pin is used to a power amplifier.
12	ANT1	This pin is used for antenna interfacing.
13	ANT2	This pin is also used for antenna interfacing.
14	Vss	This are two ground in NRF24L01, this is the second one.
15	IREF	This pin is used for reference current .
16	DVDD	This pin is used for Positive Digital Supply output for de coupling purposes.
17	GROUND	This is used for ground.

• Now let's discuss its transmission protocol which is SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface):

NRF24L01 SPI Interfacing

• NRF24L01 uses SPI protocol for transmission. SPI is an abbreviation of Serial Peripheral Interface.
• Let's have a look at How to interface NRF24L01 with any Microcontroller using SPI Pins.
• In the below figure, I have connected SPI pins (MISO, MOSI, SCK) with SPI pins of microcontroller, while the signal pins (CE , SCN) has connected with the GPIO pins of Microcontroller.
• Now Lets discuss the specifications and features of NRF24L01.

Features of NRF24L01

These are some features of NRF24L01.

• It is a single chip GFSK transceiver.
• It has complete OSI hardware layer.
• It has on air data rate of 1 to 2 Mbps.
• Its operation is 124 RF channel.
• It is fully compatible with nRF24XX.
• It has a 20 pin package (QFN 20 4x4 mm).
• It uses low cost +/- 60 ppm crystal.
• It uses low cost chip inductors and two layer PCB.
• Its power supply range is 1.9 to 3.6 V.
• Its nominal current is 50 mA. Its operating current is 250 mA.
• It uses SPI protocol for communication.
• Its baud rate is 250 kbps to 2 Mbps.
• Its channel range is 125.
• Its Maximum Pipeline or node is six.
• It is a low cost wireless solution.
• Its antenna can send and receive data up to 250 kb and it can cover a distance of 100 meters.
• Its sensitivity is 85 dBm at 1 Mbps.
• The communication mode it uses is Enhanced Shock Burst TM or Shock Burst TM.
• The mode of wiring it follows is Power Down Mode or Standby Mode.
• Its operating temperature is -40°C to 85°C and storage is 40°C to 125°C.
• It has a PA gain of 20 dB and LNA gain of 10 dB.
• Its Emission Mode operating current is 115 mA and receive mode operating current is 45 mA.
• This module can be easily programmed and can connect with a microcontroller.
• Its maximum output power is +20 DBm.
• Its compact size is 18 mm * 30 mm.

Applications of NRF24L01

These are some applications of NRF24L01:

•  It is used in wireless control applications.
•  It is used in mesh networks.
•  It is also used in RF Remote Controllers.

So friends this was all about NRF24L01, If you have any question regard it lease ask in comments i will tell you in every thing in detail. Take care....

Introduction to MPU6050

Hello friends, I hope you are all fine and will be doing something special in your life. In today's post, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to MPU6050. MPU6050 is a sensor for motion processing devices. It is the world's first six-dimension motion tracking device. It was designed for low-cost and high-performance smartphones, tablets and wearable sensors. It is capable of processing nine-axis algorithms, it captures motion in X, Y and Z axis at the same time. MPU6050 is used in different industrial projects and electronic devices to control and detect the 3-D motion of different objects. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout, protocol, it's interfacing with Arduino, features, applications, etc. I will also share some links of projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino and some other microcontrollers. Friends if you have any questions about it, please ask in the comment box I will resolve your queries in the simplest way possible. So let's start with a basic Introduction to MPU6050.

Introduction to MPU6050

• MPU6050 is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS), it consists of a three-axis accelerometer and a three-axis gyroscope. It helps us to measure velocity, orientation, acceleration, displacement and other motion-like features.
• MPU6050 consists of  Digital Motion Processor (DMP), which has the property to solve complex calculations.

• MPU6050 consists of a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter hardware. Due to this feature, it captures three-dimensional motion at the same time.
• This module has some famous features which are easily accessible, due to its easy availability it can be used with a famous microcontroller like Arduino. Friend if you are looking for a sensor to control the motion of your Drone, self-balancing robot, RC Cars and something like that, then MPU6050 will be a good choice for you.
• This module uses the I2C module for interfacing with Arduino.
• MPU6050 is less expensive, Its main feature is that it can easily combine with an accelerometer and gyro.

Now, Lets discus PINOUT of MPU6050.

MPU6050 PINOUT & Description

There is a main eight PINOUT of MPU6050, which are described here:

MPU6050 Pinout
Pin#	Pin Name	Description
01	Vcc	This pin used for Supply Voltage. Its input voltage is +3 to +5V.
02	GND	This pin use for ground
03	SCL	This pin is used for clock pulse for I2C compunction
04	SDA	This pin is used for transferring of data through I2C communication.
05	Auxiliary Serial Data (XDA)	It can be used for other interfaced other I2C module with MPU6050.
06	Auxiliary Serial Clock (XCL)	It can also be used for other interfaced other I2C module with MPU6050.
07	AD0	If more than one MPU6050 is used a single MCU, then this pin can be used to vary the address.
08	interrupt (int)	This pin is used to indicate that data is available for MCU to read.

 

• For better understanding lets see PINOUT diagram:

Now, let's discuss the features of MPU6050.

Features of MPU6050

These are some features of MPU6050.

• MPU6050 is the world's first integrated six motion tracking device
• The communication protocol at which it operates is I2C.
• It is built in 16 BIT ADC, which provide high accuracy.
• Its operating voltage is 3 to 5 volts.
• It consists of a digital motion processor, which provide high computational power.
• It is inbuilt in the temperate sensor.
• It can be used to interfaces with IIC devices like magnetometer.
• The pitch of its pins is 0.1 inch.
• Its Acceleration Range is  +/-2g, +/-4g, +/-8g, +/-16g.
•  Its Dimensions (excluding pins) are, 21.2mm (0.84") length x 16.4mm (0.65") width x 3.3mm (0.13") height.
•  Its weight is 2.1g.
• It has the smallest and thinnest QFN package for portable devices, 4x4x0.9 mm.
• Its operating current is 3.9 mA when its six motion sensing axes and DMP are in motion.
• It also has gyroscope feature like its  Gyroscope operating current is 3.6 mA.
• Its gyroscopic stand by current is 5µA. It also has low improved frequency noise performance.
• It works at Gyroscope range, ± 250 500 1000 2000 °/ s.

Now let's discuss the I2C protocol on which it operates.

I2C Protocol

As we earlier discus that MPU6050 works on I2C protocol, now discuss this protocol.

• MPU6050 was first introduced by the Philips semiconductors in 1982. For sending and receiving data between two or more devices we need a path which called BUS. I2C is a bidirectional two-wire bus which use to send data between integrated circuits.
• I2C consist of three data transfer speed which is, standard, fast-mode, and high-speed mode. I2C sports 7 bit and 10-bit address devices.
• I2C is the best choice where simplicity and low manufacturing cost are more important than speed.
• For a better understanding of how I2C protocol works, let's see is a picture.

MPU6050 Arduino Interfacing

Now let's have a look at MPU6050 Arduino interfacing.

• In the given diagram we have shown its interfacing with Arduino, the value which we can by using this module are given below The following data values can be obtained using this example.
  • Quaternion Components (w, x, y, z), Euler angles, Yaw, Pitch, Real world Acceleration, Roll, World frame acceleration and Teapot invent sense Values.
  Let's see the circuit. 

Applications of MPU6050

•  It is used for IMU measurement.
• It can be used in Drones / Quadcopters as direction controller.
•  It used in Self-balancing robots.
• It can use as Robotic arm controls.
• It can be used in Humanoid robots
•  It used in Tilt sensor.
•  It can be used orientation or Rotation Detector.
• It can be in Handset and portable gaming
•  It used inMotion-based game controllers
•  It used in 3D remote controls for Internet-connected DTVs and set-top boxes, 3D mice

Friend, that was about MPU6050, If you something else kindly asks in a comment box. I will further guide you in the next tutorial. Till then take care.....

Introduction to MFRC522

Hello friends, I hope you are all fine and doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at a detailed Introduction to MFRC522. MFRC522 is an RFID Embedded module used to read and write RFID cards and operates at 13.56MHz contactless communication. It is a less costly, low-voltage, and small-sized non-contact card chip. It is the best choice for intelligent instruments and portable handheld devices. It communicates with microcontrollers over SPI Protocol.

MFRC522 is used in different engineering projects, mostly for security purposes in offices, banks, plazas, etc. You must have seen in English Movies that a person just shows his ID card to the machine and its whole profile data pops up on the computer and if he is authorized then the front door automatically opens up. Those cards are normally RFID cards.

In today's post, we will discuss its pinout, protocol, working, circuit diagram etc. in detail. I will also share links to projects where I have interfaced MFRC522 with Arduino and other microcontrollers. If you have any questions about this device, please ask in the comments, I will try my best to solve your problems. So let's start with a basic Introduction to MFRC522:

Introduction to MFRC522

Let's start with a detailed introduction of MFRC522:

• MFRC522 module is a less costly, lower voltage, and small-sized noncontact card chip,  it is the best choice for security instrument and portable devices.
• This sensor-based on advanced modulation and demodulation concept, this concepts uses in all types of contactless communication methods.
• MFRC522 also supports crypt-01 encryption algorithm to verify Mifare products.

• It supports Mifare series of high-speed non-contact communication, by using this series we can send and receive data up to 424 kbit/s.
• A transmitter of MFRC522 is able to drive reader and writer antenna, which designed to communicate with IEC 14443 A/MIFARE cards. It works with this card without any special circuit.
• MFRC522 supports MF1xxS20 and MF1xxS70  products.
• There are two versions of MFRC522:
  • MFRC52201HN1
  • MFRC52202HN1
• The second version of MFRC522 is fully compatible with version one. It has some better features and improvements which are:
  •  This version has An additional timer pre-scaler.
  • It has more stability in rough conditions.

Now, let's discuss the PINOUT of MFRC522:

MFRC522 PINOUT & Description

There are main 8 pins of MRFC522 which are:

• PIN 01: SDA,  this pin use for SPI protocol.
• PIN 02: SCK,  this pin used for providing a clock.
• PIN 03: MOSI,  this pin is used for master device to get out data and for the slave device to get in data.
• PIN 04: MISO, this pin is used for the slave device to get out data and for a master device to get in data.
• PIN 05: IRQ,  this pin is for interrupt purpose.
• PIN 06: GND,  this pin is used for ground.
• PIN 07: RST,  this pin is used for reset-purpose.
• PIN 08: Vcc,  at this supply voltages are applied.

For better understanding let see a picture of PINOUT. Now, let's discuss some features of MFRC522:

Features of MFRC522

• These are some features of MFRC522.
  • Its operating current and voltage are 13 to 26 mA/DC 3.3V.
  • Its Idle operating current voltage is 10-13 mA/ DC 3.3V.
  • Its sleep current is <80 uA.
  • Its Peak current value is <30 mA.
  • Its Operating frequency is 13.56 MHz.
  • Its dimension is 40 mm×60 mm.
  • Its Ambient operating temperature is - 20 to 80 degrees centigrade.
  • Its Ambient storage temperature is - 40 to 85 degrees centigrade.
  • Its Ambient relative humidity 5% is 95%.
  • It has FIFO buffer handles 64 byte sending and receiving data.
  • It Supports MFIN/MFOUT.

Let's discuss the SPI Protocol on which it works.

SPI Protocol

• Serial peripheral interface (SPI) is supported to enable high-speed communication to the host. This interface can handle data speeds up to 10 Mbit/s.
• Communicating with a host, the MFRC522 acts as a slave, receiving data from the external host for register settings, sending and receiving data relevant for RF interface communication.
• An interface with SPI enables high-speed serial communication between the microcontroller and an MFRC522.
• MFRC522 acts as a slave during SPI communication. SPI clock signal SCK must be generated by the master. Data communication from the master to the slave device uses the MOSI line.
• MISO line is used to send data from the MFRC522 to the master.
• Data on both MOSI and MISO lines are sent with the MSB first.

For better understanding lets have a look at its circuit diagram.   Let disuses some applications of MRFC522.

Applications of MFRC522

• These are some applications of MFRC522.
  • MFRC522 is a highly integrated reader/writer IC for contactless communication.
  • It can be used for security purposes in office, banks, and some buildings.
  • It can be interfaced with Arduino for some industrial projects.

This was all about MFRC522. I hope you will get a lot of knowledge from this post. If you have any questions about MFRC522, please ask in comments. I will resolve your query. Thanks for reading. Take care!!!

Role of PCB in Modern Life

Hello friends, I hope you all are fine and will be doing something special in your life. In today's post, we are going to discuss The Role of PCB in Modern Life. A PCB  is a thin board made of fiberglass, composite epoxy or other laminate material. A conductive pathway is etched onto the board connecting different component on the PCB, such as transistors, resistors, and an integrated circuit. PCB is used in both desktop and laptop computers. It serves as a foundation many internal computer components such as video card, network interface card, controller card, an expansion card. These components are connected to the motherboard, which is also a printed circuit board. PCB is used in different industrial projects and electronic devices. PCB can be single sided, double sided or multi-layer. Large no of PCBs can be fabricated at the same time. PCBs can also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits. In today's tutorial, we will discuss its role in our life, working and also discuss electronic devices in which it uses. If you have any question about PCB, its construction and design, please ask in a comment I will try my best to resolve your problems in a comprehensive way. So let's start with the Role of PCB in Modern Life.

Role of PCB in Modern Life

• Before the development of the printed circuit board, the circuit was wired point to point on chassis. The chases were a sheet of metal frame or pan. The circuit on chassis was large, bulky, heavy and relatively fragile. Its production was labor-intensive, that way projects were expensive at that time.

• With the passage of time, as technology improves Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of radio set while working in the UK around 1936.In 1941 multilayer printed circuit used in German magnetic influence naval mines.  In 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After World War II PCB was available for normal life use in different products.
• After PCB brief history now we discuss modern PCB.
• A modern PCB consist of a flat sheet of insulating material and a layer of copper foil. Chemical etching divides the copper into separate conducting lines called tracks or pads for connections. The tracks function as wires fixed in place, and are insulated from each other by air.
•  A surface of a PCB may have a coating that protects the copper from corrosion and reduces the chances of solder shorts between traces or undesired electrical contact with stray bare wires.
• Printed circuit board have multiple copper layer. Two-layer board has copper on both sides, multilayer boards sandwich additional copper layers between layers of insulating material.
• Pattern to be etched into each copper layer of a PCB is called the "artwork". PCB design can be mass-reproduced in a way similar to the way photographs can be mass-duplicated from film negatives using a photographic printer.
• When a PCB has no components installed, it is less ambiguously called a printed wiring board (PWB). A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA).

Now let's discuss PCB manufacturing and printing.

Manufacturing of PCB

In the next few lines, we will discuss how PCB is manufactured. But if you don't want to get into trouble of PCB manufacturing then you can get them manufactured by awesome some PCB company named PCBWay. It's one of the most trusted PCB services available online. We have had a pretty good interaction since last two years and we always remained satisfied from their servicies. So, I would recommend PCBWay to you for all of your PCB manufacturing.

• Schematic for the Circuit

First of all, the designer creates a schematic. A schematic is like a road map for a circuit, it contains a series of symbols that represent of aspect of the circuit. This is helpful for troubleshooting any issue with your PCB.

• Use of EDA Software

After the Circuit Design is captured in a schematic, it is translated into an electronic design automation (EDA) software package like altium designer. Designed has to supported into industry standard format e.g. the Gerber format,. The resulting file acts as a set of instructions for the production phase of a PCB.

• PCB Printing

After creation of a Gerber file, we make print  PCB. Dimensions of PCB, along with how many layer it will have are decided and all of the components are positioned, ground,  laid out, and signal traces dictated by the Gerber file. There is a different requirement of a different board, so your PCB designer will tell you whether you need surface mount (SMT), single or double-sided fabrication and more.

• Test  of PCB for Functionality

After all, the process describes above we do, White-box testing will make sure your PCB is structured properly. The goal here is to test every possible output to ensure the PCB is functioning, the designer intended it to. For better under as standing of PCB manufacturing and its part, lets have a look at its figure.

Role of PCB in Medical Science

It will be interesting for you that PCB is not only playing a role in Electrical and Electronics industries, but it also plays an important role in Medical Science. Lets discuss its important role in Medical life.

• The range of printed circuit boards applications in the medical field is vast and ever-growing. You can find medical printed circuit board in everything from  pacemakers, defibrillators and heart monitors in the case of cardiovascular medical specification PCBs, to medical imaging systems, CT scans, MRI, ultrasonic equipment and more.
• You will also find PCBs for a medical device like blood glucose monitors, temperature monitor and electrical muscles stimulation equipment.
• Professionals of Medical Industry will often select flex or rigid-flex PCBs for their important medical devices. This is because medical devices often do not conform to typical standards of PCB size, shape and medical device professionals will want to make sure their printed circuit boards can fit into as small of an area as possible while still remaining resistant to damage.

In the given figure, these are some devices which uses PCB.

Applications of PCB

Now a days PCB has become most important in our modern life. It uses in almost each and every electrical and electronics component. These are some applications of PCB.

• PCB based Aluminum used in different electronics devices such as computer and in cars indicators.
• It also used in consumer instruments such as mobile, smartphones and computers.
• PCB also used in medical industry equipment such as ultrasonic, machine, MRI etc.
•  In industry, it has its applications in Dashboards, Engine Management Systems (EMS), power supplies, in car entertainment, fuel regulators, heater controls, and satellite navigation.

So this all about Role of PCB in modern Life. I hope you liked this tutorial. If you have any question please ask in a comment, I will resolve your query. Thanks for reading. Take care....

Introduction to LM35

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to LM35. LM35  is a type of commonly used temperature sensor, that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output compared to the temperature in (°C). In can measure temperature in a better way than a thermistor. LM35 is used in industries and commercial buildings where high accuracy of temperature measuring is needed. I will give you a detailed overview of this temperature sensor in today’s post where we will have a look its pinout, working, protocol, etc. I will also share some links of projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino or other microcontrollers. If you have any questions please ask in the comments, I will resolve your queries and will guide you in a comprehensive way. So, let’s get started with the basic Introduction to LM35:

Introduction to LM35

• LM35 is a commonly used temperature sensor, It shows values in the form of output voltages instead of degrees Celsius.
• LM35 shows higher voltage values than thermocouples and may not need the output voltage to be amplified.

• The output voltage of LM35 is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01 V/°C.
• One most important characteristics is that it draws just 60 microamps from its supply and acquires a low self-heating capacity.
• LM35 temperature sensor available in many different packages like T0-46 metal transistor-like package, TO-92 plastic transistor-like package, 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package.

Let's have a look at LM35 PINOUT configuration:

LM35 Pinout

• LM35 has three pinouts which are:
  • PIN 1: Vcc, it used as input at this pin we apply +5 V input voltage.
  • PIN 2: At this pin, we get output voltage.
  • PIN 3: This pin is used for ground.
• Here's the table for LM35 Pinout for better understanding:

 

No.	Parameter	Pin Type
1.	Vcc	Power Pin ( Connected to +5V )
2	Vout	Output Pin (It should be connected with an analog pin of Microcontroller)
3	Ground	Ground Pin ( Connected to 0V or GND )

For better understanding lets, have a look at LM35 Pinout figure. Let's have a look at working of LM35  Working.

Working of LM35

• LM35 is used to measure precise centigrade temperature. The output of this sensor changes describes the linearity. The output voltages of this sensor are linearly comparative to the Celsius temperature.
• The output voltage range of this sensor is from -55° to +150°C. It also has low self-heating power.
• Its operating voltages is 4 to 30 volts.
• In the most circuit, this sensor is used with an operational amplifier. An amplifier is a device which amplifies applied a voltage at a certain level.
• Operational Amplifier has three terminal, first two are inverting and noninverting inputs third one is used for output.
• By using LM35 with operational amplifier we can get amplification of output voltages of LM35.
• For better understanding lets have a look at circuit diagram.

LM35 Features

• Its maximum and minimum input voltages are 35 V and -2 V respectively. It typically operates at 5 V.
• It can measure temperature from -55°C to 150°C.
• Its Output voltage is directly proportional (Linear) to temperature (i.e.) there will be a rise of 10mV (0.01V) for every 1°C rise in temperature.
• Its Drain current is less than 60 uA.
• Its low-cost temperature sensor.
• It is small and hence suitable for remote applications.
•  It is available in TO-92, TO-220, TO-CAN and SO IC package.
• It is low self-heating, 0.08 C in still air n Non-linearity only ±1/4C typical.

Parameters of LM35

Let's discuss some working parameters of LM35

No.	Parameter	Conditions	Value	Unit
1.	Accuracy LM35, LM 35C	T A=+25°C	±0.4	°C
2	Accuracy, LM35D	T A=+25°C	±0.6	°C
3	Non linearity	T MIN=TA=T MAX	±0.3	°C
4	Sensor Gain	T MIN=TA=T MAX	+10.0	mV/°C
5	Load Regulation	T A=+25°C	±0.4	mV/mA
6	Line Regulation	T A=+25°C	±0.01	mV/V
7	Quiescent Current	V S=+5V, +25°C	56	µA
8	Change of Quiescent Current	4V=VS=30V	0.2	µA
9	Temperature Coefficient of Quiescent Current	-	+0.39	µA/°C
10	Long Term Stability T J=T MAX, for 1000 hours	±0.08	±0.08	°C

 

LM35 Interfaced with Aurdino

Now, let's discuss LM35 interfacing with Arduino and design a simple project:

• The project which we are gonna discuss is Temperature Monitoring on Virtual Terminal of Arduino.
• Temperature Sensor we are gonna use is LM35.
• In this circuit, Aurdino is the main component because it controls all functions.
• In this circuit LM35 senses the temperature and converts into an electoral (analog) signal, then this signal applied to Microelectronic Unit through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
• The analog signal is converted into digital format by the ADC.
• The value of temperature sensed by the sensor will be displayed on Serial Terminal or virtual Terminal if you are working on Proteus.
• You can download this complete Proteus simulation from Interfacing of LM35 with Arduino in Proteus.
• I have also shared Interfacing of LM35 with PIC Microcontroller, so if you are working on PIC Microcontroller then you should read that out.
• For better understanding lets see the circuit diagram of this project:

Now, let's discuss the advantage and application of this project. Let's have a look at applications of LM35:

Applications of LM35

These are some applications of LM35, let discuss them.

• It's used for measuring the temperature of a particular environment.
• It provides thermal shutdown for a circuit or component used in a specific project.
• It can be used for battery temperature measurement. It provides battery protection from overheating.
• It can be used in HVAC applications as a temperature measurement device.

I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial on this simple temperature sensor LM35. Let me know if you need any help with its projects. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial. Till then take care, have fun !!! :)

Introduction to HC-SR501

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to HC-SR501. HC-SR501 is a motion detector sensor, that uses infrared waves for the detection of an object. It is an automatic control device, and also has large sensitivity and high reliability. It is used in auto-sensing control devices, where we need to perform motion detection. HC-SR501 is used in industrial projects and buildings for security purposes. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, working, protocol, circuit diagram, etc. I will also share some links to projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino and some other microcontrollers. Friends if you have any questions please ask in the comments I will try my best to solve your problems and I will give you a comprehensive answer. So let's start with a basic Introduction to HC-SR501:

Introduction of HC-SR501

• HC-SR501 is a Passive Infrared (PIR) motion detector sensor.
• It is used for the detection of moving objects, particularly for the human.
• Such, a device consists of such components and is integrated as a component of a system that automatically performs a task or alerts a user motion in that area.
• They form a vital component of security,  home control, energy efficiency, automatic light control and other useful systems.

• Its module also contains time delay adjustment and trigger selection which allow for fine tuning with your application.
• Now let's have a look at the HC-SR501 pinout.

HC-SR501 PINOUT

• HC-SR501 has a total of three pinout, which are:
  • PIN 1: This pin is Vcc, it is used for input voltage. Its input voltage varies from 5V to 12V.
  • PIN 2: It's the OUT Pin which is fed to the microcontroller.
  • PIN 3: We have to apply ground on this pin.
• Now, for better understanding lets have look a at HC-SR501 Pinout figure:

• Lets have a look at working of HC-SR501:

Working of HC-SR501

• Every living object with a temperature above Absolute Zero (0 Kelvin / -273.15 °C) emit heat energy in the form of infrared radiations.
• The hotter an object is the more radiation it emits. Human body works on a similar pattern and emits heat energy.
• HC-SR 501 sensor is designed to detect such level of infrared radiation. It basically consists of two main parts:
  • A Pyroelectric Sensor.
  • A special lens called Fresnel lens which focuses the infrared signals onto the pyroelectric sensor.
•  For better understanding lets see figure and explain it.
• A pyroelectric sensor has two rectangular slots in it, which made of  such material which allow infrared radiation to pass through it.
• Behind these two slots, there are two sensor electrodes,
  • One responsible for positive output.
  • Second for negative output.
• The two electrode wire up so that they cancel each other out. If one half sees less or more infrared radiations  then other, the output will swing high or low.

Lets discuss these two conditions.

• When the sensor is idle: If there is no movement around the sensor, both slots detect the same amount of infrared radiations, resulting in a zero output signal.
• When a warm body like a human or animal passes by: If someone pass by as sensor then, it first intercept  one half of the sensor, which causes a positive differential change between the two halves. When the warm body leaves  the sensing area, the reverse happen, then the sensor generates a negative differential change.  The Corresponding pulse of signals results in the sensor setting its output pin high.

Using HC-SR501 as a Standalone Unit

• One of the reasons, HC-SR501 to be extremely popular is the fact that HC-SR 501 is a very versatile sensor that is pretty capable all on its own.
• By using it with other microelectronic such as Arduino you can expand upon its versatility even further.

Now lets have a look at its versatility by this circuit diagram. Lets discuss this circuit:

• Connection for this circuit is very simple. Batteries are connected with Vcc and GND of the sensor and small Red LED connected to the output pin through a 220O current limiting resistor.
• When the sensor detects motion, the output pin will go “high” and light up the LED.
• One thing is to be remembered is that once you power up the circuit you need to wait 30-60 seconds for the  to acclimatize to the infrared energy in the room.
• During this time LED may blink a little. Weight until LED is off and move around in front of it to  see led light up.
• Let discuss its circuit diagram with aurdino.

HC-SR501 Interfaced With Aurdino

• Now we have an understanding of HC-SR501 working, lets discus its interfacing with Aurdino. Connection of this circuit is very simple.
• HC-SR501 acts as a digital sensor so all you need to do is listen for the output pin to flip HIGH or LOW.
• For correctly working, you will want to set the jumper on the HC-SR501 to the H (Retriggering) position.
• You should also download PIR Sensor Library for Proteus so that you can easily simulate it in Proteus.
• You should also have a look at PIR Sensor Arduino Interfacing.
• Lets see a diagram of this circuit.

Lets now discuss some features of HC SR501:

HC-SR501 Features

• Wide range of voltages we can apply on its input varying from 4.V to 12V (+5V recommended).
• Its best feature is that it can distinguish  between men movement and object movement.
• Its Output voltage is High/Low (3.3V TTL).
• It cover a distance of 7 meter and an area of 110 degrees.
• It's operating temperature is  from -20° to +80° Celsius.

Now lets discuss HC-SR501 functional description.

HC SR501 Functional Description

Lets discuss HC-SR501 Functional Description with detail and know how it operate when someone come in its working range.

• When someone comes under infrared waves regions, then  sensor detect variations in infrared waves it  trip alarm and tell about someone appearance at that point. We can its adjustment according to our requirements.
  • HC-SR501 Initialization:
• When we start function on it, it require a minute for the initiate. During this period, it does not work properly. During this period for it to work properly, we need a circuit or controller to take this initialization period into consideration.
  • HC-SR501 Area of Detection:
• In the coming line, we will discuss about its detection area.
• It works in the range of 110 degree cone area and 3 to 7 meters.

 HC -SR 501 Applications

These are some application of HC-SR501:

•  It can be used as Automatically sensing light for Floor, bathroom, basement, porch, warehouse and in Garage.
•  It can also be used in the ventilator.
• We can use it for security purposes as well.

So, that was all about Passive Infrared motion sensor HC-SR501. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial. Let me know if you have any questions. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial. Till then take care !!! :)

Introduction to DS18B20

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to DS18B20. DS18B20 is a temperature sensor that can measure temperature from -55^oC to +125^oC with an accuracy of +- 5%. It follows 1 wire protocol which has revolutionized the digital world. Because of its 1 wire protocol, you can control multiple sensors from a single pin of Microcontroller.

DS18B20 is normally used in industrial projects where high accuracy is necessary. I will give you a detailed overview of this temperature sensor in today's post where we will have a look at its Pinout, working, protocol, etc. I will also share some links to projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino or other microcontrollers. If you have any questions, please ask in comments and I will try my best to resolve them all. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to DS18B20:

Introduction to DS18B20

• DS18B20 is a digital temperature sensor that follows a 1-wire protocol and can measure temperature from -55^oC to +125^oC ( -67^oF to +257^oF ) with an accuracy of +-5%.
• Data received from the single wire is in the ranges of 9-bit to 12-bit.

• As DS18B20 follows the 1-wire protocol so we can control this sensor via a single pin of Microcontroller. (We also have to provide GND)
• 1-wire protocol is an advanced level protocol and each DS18B20 is equipped with a serial code of 64 bit which helps in controlling multiple sensors via a single pin of the microcontroller.
• In simple words, it assigns different addresses to all sensors attached and by calling the address, you can get that sensor's value.
• So, now let's have a look at the DS18B20 Pinout:

DS1820 Pinout

• DS18B20 has 3 pins in total, which are:
  • Pin # 1: Vcc ( We have to provide +5V here ).
  • Pin # 2: Data Pin ( It's the 1-wire from where we will get temperature readings ).
  • Pin # 3: GND ( We have to provide ground here ).
• It is available in two packages, one is simple while the other one is waterproof DS18B20, both of their pinouts are shown in the below figure:

• Now let's have a look at some of DS18B20's Characteristics and features:

DS18B20 Features

• I have assembled a table where I have added all the features and characteristics of DS18B20.

No.	Parameter	Symbol	Value	Unit
1.	Supply Voltage	VDD	+3 to 5.5	V
2.	Pull-up Supply Voltage	VPU	+3 to 5.5	V
3.	Input Logic Low	VIL	-0.3 to +0.8	V
4.	Input Logic High	VIH	+2.2	V
5.	Sink Current	IL	4.0	ma
6.	Standby Current	IDDS	750 to 1000	na
7.	Active Current	IDD	1 to 1.5	ma
8.	DQ Input Current	IDQ	5	ua
9.	Drift		+-2	C
10.	NV Write Cycle Time	tWR	2 to 10	ms
11.	EEPROM Writes	NEEWR	50k	writes
12.	EEPROM Data Retention	tEEDR	10	years
13	Temperature Conversion Time	tCONV	93.75	ms
14.	Time to Strong Pullup On	tSPON	10	ms
15.	Time Slot	tSLOT	120	us
16.	Recovery Time	TREC	1	us
17.	Write 0 Low Time	tLOW0	120	us
18.	Write 1 Low Time	tLOW1	15	us
19	Read Data Valid	tRDV	15	us
20.	Reset Time High	tRSTH	480	us
21	Reset Time Low	tRSTL	480	us
22.	Presence-Detect High	tPDHIGH	60	us
23	Presence-Detect Low	tPDLOW	240	us
20.	Capacitance	CIN/OUT	25	pf

 

• Let's have a look at one wire Bus system:

 One Wire Bus System

• As I told earlier that DS18B20 follows 1 wire protocol, so in order to understand its working, we must have a look at this protocol first.
• The main advantage of 1 wire protocol is that we can control multiple 1-wire devices via a single pin of Microcontroller.
• You must have heard of the master-slave system, where 1 master device can control or communicate with all slave devices.
• 1-wire protocol follows a similar master-slave system, where microcontroller acts as a master and all our 1-wire devices e.g. DS18B20 act as slaves.
• If we have interfaced only one device with our microcontroller then such a system is called a single drop but if we interface multiple 1-wire devices via a single pin then it's called multidrop system.
• Now let's have a better understanding of One Wire System from the figure given below:

• Now let's have a look at DS18B20 Power Supply:

Power Supply of DS18B20

• There are two ways to power up this temperature sensor DS18B20, which are:
  • External Power Supply.
  • Parasite Power Supply.
• Let's discuss both of these power supplies in detail:                                    

External Power supply of DS18B20

• In this method, we provide power to DS18B20 by conventional method i.e. battery or adapter.
• This method is applicable for temperature below +100 degree Celsius.
• The main benefit of this method is, there is no extra load on the resistor which uses in this method and it performs work correctly. 
•  Let's have a look at the connections in the below figure:

Parasite Power Mode of DS18B20

• In this method, we do not need a special power supply.
• This method is used for temperature greater than +100 Celsius.
• In a normal situation, this method provides efficient current and voltage to DS18B20 
• But, in special work when DS18B20 convert temperature value into digital then current value increase to such value which can damage resister.
• To limit current in save the value and good working of DS18B20 it is necessary to use pull up mosfet.
• As it is used only for specific temperature value there we use an external power supply.

Now, let's have a look at pictures of this method

Working of DS18B20

• It works on the principle of direct conversion of temperature into a digital value.
• Its main features are to change its bit numbers according to change in temperature 
• Like, it changes a bit in 9. 10, 11, and 12  bits as temperature changes in values 0.5 ° C. 0.25°C,1.25 and  0.0625°C respectively.
• Its default bits value is 12 but it changes values according to Temperature Change
• It has alarm and LCD as temperature changes alarms work and temperature value changes which we can get from LCD.
• Now let's have a look at the DS18B20 memory map 

DS18B20 Memory Map

• There are are two types of memories which have DS18B20
•  One SRAM  and other is EEPROM.
• Sram is volatile memory it has data only in on the condition 
• EEPROM is Non-volatile memory it stores data in the off condition
• EEPROM also has a low and high alarm trigger 
• To have a better understanding of Memory Map of DS18B20 look at pictures which gives a better idea of a memory map of ds18b20 

• Now let's have a look at Function Commands of DS18B20

DS18B20 Function Commands

These are function Commands of DS18B20. These commands allow some to read and write data on DS18B20 scratched memory. Let's discuss them

• Convert T[44h]: This command starts the single temperature conversion.
• Write scratched Pad [4Eh]: In this command, we can write data on memory of DS18B20 to three bytes. Data is transferred in the least multiple bits first.
• Read Scratched Pad[BEh]: In this command, we can read data on a scratched pad memory of DS18B20.
• Copy Scratchpad [48h]: This command data from the scratched pad and send data to EEPROM in 2, 3 and 4 bytes.
• Read Power Supply [B4h]: This command tells about the power supply mode of DS18B20.

Now let's have a look at Applications of DS18B20:

Applications of DS18B20

DS18B20 is used for temperature measurement. There are some applications of DS18B20:

• We can use it in the thermostat controls system.
• It can be used in industries as a temperature measuring device.
• It can be used as a thermometer.
• We can use it in thermally sensitive devices.   
• It can also use in HVAC systems.

So, that was all about temperature sensor DS18B20. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial. IF you have any questions then ask in comments and we will resolve them all. Thanks for reading. Take care !!! :)