The Engineering Projects

Introduction to HC-12

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at a detailed Introduction to HC-12. It is a wireless data transmitter and receiver module, that uses 433 megahertz frequency and can communicate to one thousand meter distance. It can communicate with more than one microcontroller. This module operates from 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts.

This Bluetooth module is installed in industries to control different processes and machines. It is also used in the circuitry of different security systems. This module uses silicons LABs Si4463 for (radio-frequency) RF data transmission. In today's post, we will look at its working, features, pinout and applications in detail. So let's get started with Introduction to HC-12.

Introduction to HC-12

•  HC-12 is an RF module, used for wireless data transmission.
• Its operating frequency range is from 433.4 to 473 megahertz, large no of channels can be tuned on this frequency range.
• The maximum sending information power of this module is one hundred megawatts or twenty-decibel milliwatts.
• The data receiving strength is -117 decibel milliwatts with a baud rate of five thousand bytes per second in the air.
• This device uses stamp hole packaging for patch soldering, having a dimension of 27.8-millimeter x 14.4-millimeter x 4 millimeters, consisting of an antenna cap that makes it easier to install in different circuitry.
• This module also consists of a printed circuit board (PCB) antenna socket and an external antenna can be connected by coaxial wire.
• This data transmission module also consists of the microcontroller, used to generate the data protocol.

HC-12 Pinout

• Now we discuss the pinouts of HC-05.

 

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Vcc	At this pin input supply is provided to this module, the range of direct current source is 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts, and the load connected with it should be two hundred milliamperes. One thing you should keep in mind that when this module sending data tries to connect 1N4007 diode in series voltage source if its value is larger than 4.5 volts for reduction of heating.
Pin#2	GND	This pinout is connected with the ground.
Pin#3	RXD	It is UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) input data and TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) pinout. The resistance of one kilo is linked in series within the module.
Pin#4	TXD	it is UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) output data and TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) pinout. With this pinout, one-kilo ohm resistance is connected in series.
Pin#5	SET	This pinout is for the setting of different parameters at active low level. One kilo ohm resistance is also connected with it in series.
Pin#6	ANT	This pinout is for 433 megahertz antenna.
Pin#7	GND	it is the ground pinout.
Pin#8	GND	This pinout is also connected with the ground.
Pin#9	NC	It is not used for any connection.
ANT1	ANT	It is IPEX20279-001E-03 antenna socket.
ANT2	ANT	433MHz spring antenna solder eyelet.

 

• The pinout from one to six consists of 2 bonding pads, with exterior half- holes bondings pads are manufactured for soldering.

• When the interior bonding pad antenna (ANT2) of pinout six is employed for linking, then the antenna connected with spring can be soldered with the hand.
• Let’s see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of HC-12

• This module can send and receive data to almost one thousand kilometers with a baud rate of five thousand bps.
• Its operating frequency range is from 433.4 to 473 megaHertz, to the hundreds of communication channels.
• Its data transmission power is almost a hundred megawatts or twenty decibels.
• It operates at 3 different modes according to the circuitry in which it is employed.
• A microcontroller is configured on this module so there is no need for a special programming device.
• It transmits a large number of bytes bits to the receiving module.
• It used a serial port for data transmission.
• Its operating voltage range is from 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts.
• It used the UART and TTL protocols for interfacing with other devices.
• It operates at minus forty degrees Celsius to plus eighty-five degrees Celsius.

Where to use HC-12

• These devices are used in pairs only and simple transmission of data is done by this device. That means its transmitter is used only for sending of data and its receiver for receiving data.
• With sending information to one thousand meter distance it is also used for short-range almost three meters of data transmission.

HC-12 Applications

• These are some important applications of HC-12 that are described here in detail.
•  Different wireless sensors consist of this module.
• For the control of robotic instruments, it is used in these modules.
• In industries, different machines are controlled from a larger distance.
•  POS (point of sale) systems also used this module.
• It is also used in the keyless automobile entry system.

That is a complete article on HC-12 I have mentioned each and everything related to HC-12 in this post if you have any questions ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.

What is Bistable Multivibrator

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Bistable Multivibrator and how it can be used in different circuits. In this type of multivibrator, the circuitry can operate in any state according to a signal provided at its input while it does not happen in a monostable multivibrator. This arrangement is also defined as a flip flop because flip flop also operates at more than one condition. It also has the ability to store a single bit of information so it is mostly used in logic circuits and in computer data storage part.

This vibrator like other vibrators is used for the production of square waves with providing some delay. These circuits are constructed with numerous kinds of semiconductor components. The most used semiconductor device circuits are operational amplifiers. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, construction, applications and different parameters related to it. So let's get started with What is Bistable Multivibrator.

What is Bistable Multivibrator

• Bistable Multivibrator has 2 operating conditions so it is called bistable, it is also known as a 2-shot multivibrator.
• Due to working at two different modes it needs 2 input signal for shifting from one operating mode to others.
• When first input signal is provided it shifts its operation to second state when second signal provided it come back to previous state.

• Its another name is flip-flop multivibrator because like flip flops its changes its operation state and regain it after some interval.
• In the given figure, its structure is shown that consists of 2 NPN transistors that is denoted as Q1 and Q2.
• At both of these transistors collector 2 loads resistors, RL1 and RL2 are attached.
• The output terminal of the first transistor is connected with the input of the second transistor through resistor R1 and output of the second transistor is provided at input of first transistor through the resistor R2.
• Both of the resistance R1 and R2 are connected with a capacitor in parallel. The purpose of these two capacitors is to enhance the switching feature of circuitry so they are also known as commutating capacitors.

Bistable Multivibrator Working

• Now we discuss the working of this vibrator, for this, we discuss the circuitry that given below figure its construction and components we already discuss so now we the working of these components.
• When input power is provided to the input terminals of first transistor-transistor starts its operation due to a difference in its feature than the other transistor.
• When it first transistor starts its operation it goes into saturation state. Due to this value of voltage decreases at the collector terminals.
• As we know the collector of Q1 is connected with the base terminal of a second transistor due to this it goes into the cutt-off region.
• Then the voltage at the collector increases to Vcc, this increment in voltage causes to further saturate the first transistor as this voltage is connected with base of Q1 through the resistance R2.

• It is the first operating condition of bistable multivibrator in which first transistor Q1 is in working state while Q2 is off.
• This first condition continuous to that point we do not provide the negative signal to first transistor Q1 and positive polarity to transistor Q2.
• Now if we provide the positive polarity signal to the second transistor Q2 by the capacitor C2 connected with it.
• This Process will change the second transistor Q2 from saturation mode to cut-off mode, and voltage will decrease at a collector of Q2.
• As the collector of transistor Q2 is attached with the base of transistor Q1 with the decrement in the voltage at the collector of causes to decrease voltage at transistor Q1 base.
• This cause to the second transistor obtain saturation state and it is the second operation mode of this module in which the first transistor is off and second is in an operating state.

Bistable Multivibrator Waveform

• The output waveform generated by the has smaller wavelength or larger according to circuit requirement in rectangle shape.
• The first end of the rectangle waveform depends on the first input signal and vary according to it and second relies on the second input signal, the resultant waveform is drawn in a given figure.
• Switching variation among these 2 modes can create bistable circuitry but in some cases it is possible.

TTL Bistable Multivibrators

• As we above constructed this circuitry by using 2 different transistors now we use integrated circuits for the production this vibrator.
• The given circuitry explains the circuitry of a bistable vibrator having two NAND gates.

• This kind of circuits arrangments is known as the Bistable Flip-Flop, in this circuitry, there is a switch that is single pole through a switch (it is such switch that takes one input and can regulate 2 different output). This switch provides logic one and zero to this circuitry.

Application of Bistable Multivibrator

• These are some applications of the bistable multivibrator.
• It used in different storage devices and for counting of binary numbers.
• For frequency division in different circuits.
• It used for the production of different clock pulses.
• It used for different relay controller.
• It used in the different circuit as a toggle switch.

That is complete post on bistable multivibrator I have mentioned each and everything related to this module in this tutorial.

What is Monostable Multivibrator

Hello fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Monostable Multivibrator. It is a simple electronic circuit, used to produce a pulse at its output also known as one shot. It generates output pulses according to corresponding circuitry requirements. Its main feature is that after the generation of the output pulse, it regains its stable state and does not produce any further output pulse till not triggers again.

This circuitry can be considered as a biased form of multivibrator (such circuitry that is used for implementation of 2-state modules like timers) that is (on) operating in the starting condition till the triggered point and then becomes unstable on its own. In today's post, we will have a look at its circuitry, construction, working and related parameters. So let's get started with What is Monostable Multivibrator.

What is Monostable Multivibrator

• Monostable Multivibrator is used for the generation of a square waveform in electronic circuitry.
  
• This wave generator belongs to a group of wave generators known as Relaxation Oscillators.
• It has a simple circuit where 2 switching circuits are designed using transistors(acting as a switch).
• The transistors are assembled in a way that the output of one transistor is the input of the second transistor.
• This circuitry also consists of a capacitor and resistor network to create feed-back tank circuitry.
• There are 2 different working conditions in any multivibrator circuit but monostable has only one 'on' state.
• This vibration generator comes back to its original condition after a set time of resistor-capacitor circuitry.

 

Construction of Monostable Multivibrator

• In its construction, 2 transistors are connected in such a configuration that both of these operate as input and output providers to each other.
• The collector (c) of the first transistor is linked with the base (b) of the second through a capacitor denoted as C1 and base terminal of first transistor that denoted as Q1 is attached with a collector of second transistor by the resistance R2 and capacitor.
• A direct current source is connected with base (b) point of first transistor by the resistance R3. The input pulse is provided to base (b) of first transistor with the capacitor denoted as C2.
• In figure resistance, (RL1) and resistance (RL2) is the load connected with these two transistors.
• When any transistor goes into stable state, then at input pulse is provided to vary its condition. With variation in condition, transistor stays in this condition for time interval set by the resistance-capacitor time constant then get the earlier condition.

Monostable Multivibrator Waveform

• This wave generator produces a waveform of rectangle shape having low and higher amplitude, the first end of this wave generates with the input trigger signal and the second end generates resistor-capacitor time constant.
• This resistance-capacitor time constant changes its value to generates large no of pulses that have a specific time interval between them by following the trigger signal provided at input. This assembly is shown in a given figure.
• The resistor-capacitor time of this vibrator can be change by changing the capacitance of capacitor or resistance value of both.
• The circuits also have the ability to do increment in the dimensions of a wave as the frequency of output wave remains similar to input signal the difference between them is the width of the waves.

TTL Monostable Multivibrators

• Above we discussed that this vibration generator can be constructed from individual elements like a transistor, but it can also be manufactured by different ICs.
• This given circuitry explains how the using only two NOR gates we can construct monostable vibrator.
• As we are familiar with the operation of NOR gate that its input is low than output will be high and if input is high then the output will be low (0).
• So at the start, the input is 0 then the output will be higher mean '1'.
• The resistance Rt linked with the input is also at a high level '1' it means that the quantity of charge at the plates of capacitor is similar.
• The voltage (V1)  is equivalent to this voltage so the output of NOR is at level 0.

• If the positive signal is provided to the input at a time (t=0) then the output of NOR gate will be '0' due to this the capacitor will get a discharge.
• Due to the discharging of the capacitor, the input of second NOR gate is '0'  that converts into high output '1'. This condition is called second condition of circuitry, in which output voltage is equivalent to (+Vcc).
• This condition continuous on second NOR gate until the capacitor does not get charged again.

Applications of Monostable Multivibrator

• These are some important applications of Monostable Multivibrator that are described here.
• Due to time delay capability, it is mostly used in different timer circuits.
• It also used in different storage circuits.
• It also used to provide input to other pluse generator circuits.
• It also has ability to reproduce damage pulses again.

Advantage of Monostable Multivibrator

• These are some benefits of this pulse generator over other pulse generation modules.
• It needs only one single pulse to start its operation there is no need of extra pulse for its operation.
• Its construction is very simple and can be constructed easily.
• Due to simple construction its price is also less.

So, this is the complete article on  Monostable Multivibrator if you have any questions about it ask in the comments. I will solve your problems. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to Darlington Transistor

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at detailed Introduction to Darlington Transistor. It was named "Darlington" as its inventor's name was Sidney Darlington, who was an electrical engineer and belonged to the United States of America. Such a circuit configuration that consists of 2 PNP or NPN transistor makes Darlington configurations. This transistor configuration is used for amplification and switching circuits. The signal amplified by the first transistor also amplified by the second transistor & due to this two-time amplifications, this arrangement provides a high gain output signal. This transistor operation is similar to normal single transistor that has a base, emitter and collector. Its current gain value is almost one thousand. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, structure, applications and other related factors. So let's get started with Introduction to Darlington Transistor.

Introduction to Darlington Transistor

• Darlington transistor ( also known as Darlington pair) comprises of 2 bipolar junction transistors, connected in such a way that they behave like a single transistor.
• This transistor converts low base current to high output current (collector current).
• Its construction is such that emitter terminal (E) of the first transistor that is input connected with the second transistor base (B) terminal and collector (C) terminals of both transistors are linked together with one another by a wire.

• In this configuration current amplified by the first transistor further amplified by the second transistor and its give high gain output.
• There are two kinds of power dissipation occurs in this transistor first is maximum Collector-emitter (CE) and second is direct current gain. The value for maximum Collector-emitter (CE) is thirty volts, sixty volts, and eighty volts.
• As the gain value of this transistor is one thousand so less value of IB needs to using it in different amplification and switching circuits.
• Its most important factor is that its impedance at the input is high that cause to decrement at the output due to this we get a high-value signal.

Darlington Transistor Structure

• The physical construction of the Darlington pair is drawn in given below figure. In this figure, we are working on NPN transistors for construction of the required circuitry.

• You can see that collector of these 2 transistors are linked with each other and emitter terminal of transistor denoted as TR1 connected with the base (B) of the second transistor to provides the current at base.

• This circuitry gets ß multiplication due to Ib and Ic, in this case, the value ß  is larger than one, its mathematical form is.

IC= (IC1+IC2) IC= (ß1) . (Ib)+ (ß2). (Ib2)-----(1)

• While the value of Ib of TR1 is equivalent to the emitter current of it and the emitter of the first transistor is linked with the base of second transistor TR2.

(Ib2) = (Ie1) =(Ic1) + Ib) =(ß1).(Ib) +(Ib) = (IB).(ß1 + 1)

• If we put the value of Ib2 in equation (1) then we have.

Ic=(ß1). (Ib)+ ß2.Ib(ß1+1) Ic= (ß1).(Ib)+ (ß2).(Ib)(ß1) + (ß2).(Ib) Ic= (ß1+(ß2.ß1)+ ß2).Ib

• In these equations the ß1 is the gain of first transistor and ß2 is the gain of second transistor.

Sziklai Transistor Pair

• This type of transistor configuration was first time created by George Sziklai who belongs to Hungry, its name is due to this scientist who created it. It comprises of NPN and PNP transistor that are connected in given below configuration.

• The arrangement of NPN and PNP transistors in circuitry has a benefit that this Sziklai combination does a similar function like normal Darlington transistor, but it needs 0.6 volts extra for its starting operation.
• The circuitry of this transistor combination is shown in the given above figure.
• You can see that the voltage drop of this configuration across base and emitter terminals is equivalent to the voltage drop across a single transistor.
• The operation of Sziklai is slower than the Darlington pair transistor. These transistor pair are normally used for pull-push arrangements and different sound amplifier circuits.
• But common thing in these two transistor arrangments is that they use in NPN and PNP transistor for their construction.

Darlington Transistor Example

• For a practical understanding of the Darlington pair transistor, we solve an example.
• Let's suppose that we have a load that consuming the power of sixty watts is connected with fifteen volts supply and 2 NPN transistor in Darlington pair arrangements.
• The gain value of the first transistor is thirty and another transistor gain value is ninety-five. So by using these given parameters, we calculate the value of Ib to operate the load.

• When the output load starts to operate then collector current flows this collector current is equal to the current consumed by the load.

IL= Ic

• As we know that P=VI. So,

Ic= P/I

=60/15= 4 amperes

• As above we discussed that the value of ß is 30 and for second is 95, so the value of Ib can be calculated by this equation.

Ic =[ß1 +(ß2 x ß1)+ ß2] x Ib

Ib=(Ic)/[ß1 +(ß2 x ß1)+ ß2]

Ib=4/[30 +(95 x 30)+ 95]

Ib=4/2975

Ib=1.3mA

• From this, we can conclude that if we provide 1.3 milliamperes to the first transistor, load start its operation when we disconnect current load will off.

Advantages of Darlington Transistor

• These are some important benefits of this transistor arrangement that are described here with detailed.
• It gains value is very high almost one thousand and sometimes greater than it, so a small value of Ib will be amplified to the larger output current.
• Its resistance at the input is very very high that decreases the resistance value at its output.
•  As this circuit is very easy to construct so it is easily available in numerous structure in a single casing.

Disadvantages of Darlington Transistor

• Where it has some benefits there it also has some drawbacks that are described here.
• Its main disadvantage is that its saturation voltage is higher than the normal transistor.
• The value of saturation voltage is 0.65 volts for Darlington pair while in case of a transistor is 0.1 to 0.2 volts.
• Another problem is that its switch time increases if the first transistor does not send Ib to the second current within the required time. That makes its operation slow.
• In the presence of large frequency signal, it shows the high phase shift that is low in a single transistor, due to this it losses stability when negative feedback is provided to this circuitry.

That is the detailed article on the Darlington Transistor I have mentioned every aspect related to this transistor. If you have any issue ask in comments.Thanks for reading.

Top PCB Designing Software in 2020

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Top PCB Designing Software in 2020. The printed circuit board has become very common to us from your handheld device like mobile to GPS (global positioning system) this circuit board is used. There are many types of the printed circuit board, that used in different electronic and engineering projects according to their specifications. Due to the general use of this circuitry board, there are many software has been developed for designing of PCB. These software provide different features and designing techniques for printed circuit board production. In today's post, we will have a look at different PCB designing software and features and related parameters. So let's get started with Top PCB Designing Software in 2020.

Top PCB Designing Software in 2020

• There are numerous designing software available in the market to design and construct PCB. These software provider companies offer different techniques for PCB and customer can also give information according to their requirements.

• According to your circuit requirements for which you are using PCB, the circuit board can be constructed like single layer, double layer, etc.
• These are some PCB designing software are listed here.
  • Allegro Cadence
  • PADS
  • OrCAD
  • Kicad
  • Altium Designer
• Let's discuss these software with details and discuss their features, advantages, and disadvantages.

PCBWay

• PCBWay is very cost-effective and high-quality PCB manufacturer, its headquarter is located in china.

• The main thing that attracts me to use the services of this manufacturer is, it provides PCB prototyping, less volume production and PCBA all in one package.
• Nowadays there are many engineers, industries and students are using PCB in their projects manufactured by the PCBway I am also one of them. You can see in a given figure the PCB that I purchased from PCBWay.

• I am impressed with the quality of the boards, the delivery time and response to all my questions. Best price excellent service and speedy delivery. When I need another board I will certainly use this supplier.
• PCBWay strives to be the easiest manufacturer for you to work with. PCBWay – PCB Prototype the Easy Way!
• The main products provided by the PCBWay are HDMI, Server board, lift CPU Main control board, punch CPU,

  Industrial Motherboard, Lenovo, DSP board, GPRS Communication Products, wifi Module.

Allegro Cadence

• This PCB designing software provides a lot of features for the printed circuit board construction. This software has a lot of units that are linked to one another.
• Every unit sport the operation of other unit operation, in simple words working of every part, rely on other parts.
• This software is not good to observe the hardware execution needs. But can operate well in if used in different machines with the five hundred twelve megabytes random access memory.

• If your personal computer or that you using for your work is a single option than the Allegro is the finest option for your computer.

Advantages

• These are some benefits of Allegro Cadence software.
• It is the best choice for less execution hardware.
• This software is used to solve the complicated projects designed on PCB.
• It is used for such projects that use large no of components.
• It also offers compatible management environment.
• For auto-routing of arbitrary signals, it offers router technology

Disadvantages

• Its one drawback is that its operation is complicated and require special arrangements for operation.

 PADS

• One of the cheapest and easily available printed circuit board designing software is Pads.
• It is the best option for such technicians and designer that run their small company on their behalf and for a group of some designers.
• The main thing is that almost all small organization use this designing software for the PCB, due its less cost.

Advantages

• These are some advantages of Pads software.
• Its price is very less as compared to other designing software.
• Its installation and usage are also very easy.

• In operation is very simple you can easily lean it
• If we compare with other less cost designing software then it will be the best solution for you.

Disadvantages

• Its drawback is that it is not good for multiple layers of circuit boards.

OrCAD

• This software offers fundamental functions and capacities required for the designing of different printed circuit board projects.
• But such projects that have large dimensions and complicated design not use this software.
• The standards of this software offer complete functions for the uncomplicated circuit boards without particular conditions for placing speed signals or differential pairs.
• The main feature this software provides is that complicated higher operating speed printed circuit board cand be manufactured without any separate functions.

Advantage

• These are some advantage of this software.
• The installation and uses of this software are very simple.
• It offers a favourable user interface.

Disadvantage

• It is not helpful for complicated and large sizer projects.

Kicad Software

• This software is used C++ language for its operation. This software has numerous tools and services for designing the printed circuit board.
• This software also consists of various libraries that have many electronic components.
• This software has the ability to uses these electronic components to make three-dimensional models.
• By using this software you can design different dimensions of circuits according to your requirements.
• It also provides a feature to vary the design of a circuit at any point from start to end.
• Its quality is less than more advanced or paid software but still enough that we can easily understand it, but the three-dimensional formats like .iges and * .step  are not supported by this software.
• By providing different features it has some difficulties like it is difficult to understand and need special documentation for learning.

Advantages

• These are some advantages of this software.
• it is the best option for less performance hardware.
• It provides the edit options for designing.
• It is free software.
• In this software, we can construct our design in three dimensions way.

Disadvantages

• These are some drawback of this software.
• It is not good for complicated designing.
• it provides a non-friendly user interface.

Altium Designer (PROTEL)

• This printed circuit board software is the oldest designing software, using from almost the last thirty years.
• This software with time become etalons different electronic designing tools and provides different features to other manufacturers.
• Nowadays this software providing a more advanced solution known as Altium Designer. Having older features it also providing new features to customers.
• Many engineering universities teaching about this software, how to use it and its practical implementation.

Advantages

• These are some advantages of this software.
• It is the best software for single and double layer PCB boards.
• Its operation is high speed.

Disadvantage

• The use of this software for such PCB that has more than four layers.

That's all about Top PCB Designing Software in 2020 if have mentioned each and everything related to this article. If you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

PCB vs Breadboard

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at PCB vs Breadboard. For the production of electronic engineering projects and electric circuits, numerous circuit board are used but the most common are PCB (printed circuit board) and breadboard. In printed circuit board there are different conductive layers of copper are designed for the construction of different circuits. Base material that also named as a substrate is created with the epoxy resin or fibreglass. Copper layers are designed on this substrate material and symbols of different components are also drawn on this for so easily circuit can be constructed. While in breadboard arrangments like PCB are not exists, and no permanent circuit can be made on it. The main benefit of the breadboard is that it can also be used for other circuits. But in PCB it is difficult to make it reusable. The breadboard name is given to this board due to its bread-like structure. In today's post, we will have a look at PCB and breadboard with the detailed and compare their different parameters. So let's get started with PCB vs Breadboard.

PCB vs Breadboard

What is PCB?

• PCB stands for printed circuit board this circuitry board is used in different electronic projects, devices like mobile, computer, etc.
• This board has many types like single-sided PCB, double-sided PCB, multilayer PCB, according to requirements of project and circuits.

• This circuitry board is manufactured with the fibreglass, a resultant module is known as a base on which different layers of copper are made to create circuits.
• Different electronic components symbols like a capacitor, resistance, ICs, etc are designed on these conductive layers do make a connection.
• The printed circuit board is used in different medical instruments like an X-ray machine, computed tomography, etc.

PCBWay

• PCBWay provides less cost and high quality printed circuit board. The headquarter of this famous PCB manufacturer is located in China but its services available all over the world.

• Its most important features that urge me to use the services of this PCB manufacturer are, it provides PCB prototyping, less volume production and PCBA all in one packaging.
• Almost every technician, an engineering student, electrical and electronic industries using PCB board manufactured by this PCB producer. You can see in a given figure the PCB that I purchased from PCBWay.

• I am impressed with the quality of the boards, the delivery time and response to all my questions. Best price excellent service and speedy delivery. When I need another board I will certainly use this supplier.
• PCBWay strives to be the easiest manufacturer for you to work with. PCBWay – PCB Prototype the Easy Way!
• The main products manufactured by the PCBWay are HDMI, Server board, lift CPU Main control board, punch CPU, Industrial Motherboard, Lenovo, DSP board, GPRS Communication Products, wifi Module.

What is Breadboard?

• The breadboard is such a circuitry board for which there is no need of solder device like a printed circuit board. That makes it effective for use more than on time.
• In this board, there are numerous holes that are connected electrically with one another, components of circuitry are placed in these holes for circuit connections.

Breadboard Working

• As we discussed earlier that we can use breadboard again and again for circuit creation. For circuit construction, we draw a sketch of that circuit and make connections of circuits according to designing.

• There are two types of hole assembly at the surface of breadboard in centre two central layers of holes exits that have five holes in one column and at ends side, different holes are exits that used for input supply and power connection.
• This board is best choice for such circuits that used integrated circuits, these ICs have a large number of pins so breadboard is the finest choice for them.

Advantages of Breadboard

• These are some benefits of breadboard that make effective over the PCB.
• Its main benefit is that if some connection is not according to circuit requirements than we can easily change it according to requirements.
• The construction of different circuits is very easy as no fixed connection need for the layout of circuit.
• After making one circuit we want to add or replace some components we can do it very easily.
•  We can connect current meter for the for current measurement at any branch of circuitry, but in printed circuit board first, we need to remove a connection of circuitry than add resistance for calculation of current.

Advantages of PCB

• These are some benefits of PCB over breadboard.
• The circuit designed on this board for a long time and can be used in different electronic devices for circuit manufacturing.
• In the printed circuit board large amount of current can pass as compared to breadboard, we can draw current paths for large current requirements.
• We can also construct different points for exterior components linkage.

• We can also connect heat absorber on this board to reduce the heating during circuit operation.
• This circuit board is more common to use in different engineering projects breadboard.
• Due to open wiring system on the breadboard, it looks complicated but conductive paths are designed on the PCB board so its circuit construction is very simple.
• The connection on the board is very easy to understand on a printed circuit board while it not possible in a breadboard.

Should you use a PCB or a Breadboard?

• Both of these board printed circuit board and breadboard has their own limitations and benefits that define where to use them. So let's discuss them one by one.

When to use a Breadboard?

• The creation of circuits on this board is not permanent so it can be used for testing of different circuits before making them permanent.
• These board can also be used for such circuits where less amount of current is required.

When to use a PCB?

•  The printed circuit board is used in different circuits and electronic devices. After performing tests of different circuits on the breadboard we can design different projects on this board.
• So it widely used in different electronic devices and instruments.

That is the detailed tutorial on PCB vs Breadboard, I have mentioned each and everything related to both of these board. Also, discuss these uses, advantage and disadvantage and disadvantage. If You have any question about these board ask in comment. Thanks for the next tutorial.

Future of Online PCB Industry in 2019

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Future of Online PCB Industry in 2019. The first printed circuit board was created by the Paul Eisler in 1943 until its creation it has become more sophisticated and advanced. Nowadays there are many types of PCB like single-sided, double-sided, multilayer PCB are exiting. The current PCB is available at less cost and more designing options than its creation time. If we look ten years back different PCB design like HDI (High-Density Interconnector), microvias, and  Field Programmable Gate Array were considered most expensive but nowadays they are easily available to all over the world. With the new inventions of electronic industries, the use and demand of PCB also increased. The basic element in every engineering project and the electronic component is printed circuit board over which all components of the circuit are designed. In today's post, we will have a look at the future of different PCB industries and their products. So let's get started with the Future of Online PCB Industry in 2019.

Future of Online PCB Industry in 2019

• The printed circuit board has future and its industry will grow widely in coming days as the electronic industry growing day by day and without PCB electronic devices can not be manufactured.
• Current PCB is available in very less price and different packages and also have space for further development in its designing and components attached to it.
• Due to different inventions in electronic industries, there is also variation in the design of PCB essential.

• There are also new manufacturing techniques introducing to industries due to different printed circuit board complicated structures.
• So we describe some areas that will explain the future of the printed circuit board and its industry.

PCBWay

• PCBWay is famous printed circuit board manufacturing company that provides PCB prototype, PCBA, SMD stencil and Flexible PCB packaging at the same time.
• This manufacturer provides its services to almost one seventy countries. It processing almost twenty-one hundred orders in a single day.

•  I have used many other PCB manufacturer's services for my projects, but I feel that PCBWay is best in all services like less price, order delivered in a given time, and all featured were present in the product that was I asked them to be added in my order.

• You can see in a given figure the PCB that I purchased from PCBWay.

• I am impressed with the quality of the boards, the delivery time and response to all my questions. Best price excellent service and speedy delivery. When I need another board I will certainly use this supplier.

• PCBWay strives to be the easiest manufacturer for you to work with. PCBWay – PCB Prototype the Easy Way!
• The main products manufactured by the PCBWay are HDMI, Server board, lift CPU Main control board, punch CPU, Industrial Motherboard, Lenovo, DSP board, GPRS Communication Products, wifi Module.

PCB Board Cameras

• Such types of cameras that are assembled on the circuitry board are known as PCB (printed circuit board) cameras.
• These cameras comprise on the aperture, image senor, and lenses and have the ability to make videoes and photos.
• The size of these cameras we can design according to our requirements. It means that we can construct a camera such size that can easily fit into the circuit of any electronic device like an example of this is a mobile camera.
• After the inventions of these cameras, they become very common for picture and video capturing. Nowadays their video and image quality has become very high than previous cameras.
• After few years board camera will further grow and many new features will come to these cameras that will also increase the features of electronic device that used this product.

3D Printed Electronics

• In the current era, one of the most interesting technology is three-dimensional printing. 3D printing technology is probably one of the most exciting technological innovations in recent years.
• Due to three-dimensional printing, numerous new innovations have been given to our electronic industries such as firearms and ammo.
• The three-dimensional printing is one of famous innovations of printed circuit boars like three dimensional PE, three dimensional (3D) printed electronics that are directing us how electric system will grow in the next few years.

• The three dimensional PE offers numerous scientific and assembling advantages to PCB users as well as PCB producers. Such as new design of PCB, high efficiency, etc.

PCB Autoplacers

• Most of the printed circuit board manufacturer use autoplacers for in their circuit board to this autoplacer will distribute the equal electronic functionality over the complete layout of the board. It makes the processing of circuit board easier.
• But the use of this component of the board is a little bit difficult and expensive, but its use increase processing speed by integrating electric and mechanical CAD (computer-aided design).

High-Speed Capabilities

• Nowadays everyone is trying to save his time and asking for everything to work fast as well operation of technology.
• To fulfil this faster operation demand of users there is need of variation in the features of a printed circuit board as it is the basic component in every electronic instruments and device.

Biodegradable PCBs

• Nowadays waste products of different electronic products and AKA e-waste (Byproducts from electronic gadgets are dangerous to our health and our climate) are a serious issue for us.
• This wastage material consists of electronic instruments like laptops, television, mobile phone and other portable instruments that consists of some elements that are not good for our health and environment.
• As this electronic wastage creating problem to reduce this e-scrapping has been used in different industries.
• The printed circuit board is a very important part of this electronic wastage some material used in the construction of PCB not disposed of properly so they make polluted our water and environment.

That is the detailed tutorial on the Future of Online PCB Industry in 2019 in this tutorial I have explained each and everything related to PCB and its future industry. If you have any question about it ask in comments.

Introduction to ADC0804

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to ADC0804. In electronic engineering different modules used to conversion of analog signal into a digital signal. These tools are recognised as analog to digital converter or ADC. Thes signal converter also used to find the value of input current and voltage. Normally the output of these converters are 2 binary numbers but other values are also possible. These analog to digital converter are available in different structure scheme but mostly they are available in integrated circuits packaging. The working ability of these signal converter depends on their bandwidth and signal to noise ration (SNR). Their bandwidth can be fined by their sample rate (sample rat is the elimination of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal). The signal to noise ratio can be measured by the resolution (resolution of the converter designates the number of discrete values it can create over the series of analog values), accuracy of signal, aliasing (It is an effect that makes different signals to become indistinguishable). In today's post, we will have a look ADC0804 analogue to digital converter, its pinout working, applications, advantage and some other related parameters. So let's get started with Introduction to ADC0804.

Introduction to ADC0804

• The ADC0804 is integrated circuitry that used to transform anlog input into the digital output. This eight-bit analog to digital converter has twenty pinouts.
• This integrated circuit is mostly used in different microcontrollers such as Raspberry Pi etc. To triggering this ADC module there is no need of external clock this module has its own clock.

• This component is the best choice if you are looking such analog to digital converter having the finest resolution and eight bits.
• Earlier microcontrollers do not consist of analoge digital converter that used separate hardware for this purpose but currently, microcontrollers comprise of the ADC converter.
• These signal converter mostly used for temperature measurements like in homes or industries to measure the temperature of heating elements used in different machines. In automobiles like a car, it also used for measurement of temperature.
• This module is not used only for the temperature calculation but used in such applications where analog signal is used.

Pinout of ADC0804

• These are the main pinouts of this module that are described here with the detailed.

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	Chip Select  Pinout	If more than one analog to digital converter is working with this module.
Pin#2	Read command pinout	This pinout should be grounded to read the analog signal.
Pin#3	Write command	For data, conversion this pinout has a large pulse.
Pin#4	Clock in command	The exterior clock signal can be linked at this pinout.
Pin#5	Interrupt	Interrupt command is provided at this pinout.
Pin#6	Vin positive	For differential analog input attach analog to digital converter here.
Pin#7	Vin negative	For differential analog input, link to ground terminals.
Pin#8	Gnd	At his pinout analog ground terminal is connected.
Pin#9	reference voltage	This pinout is used to provide reference voltage during analog to digital conversion.
Pin#10	Gnd	At this ground pinout, the digital ground is connected.
Pin#11 to 18	Data bit 0 to bit 7	Seven output Data bit pins from which output is obtained
Pin#19	Clock R	This is RC timing resistor input pinout for interior clock generator.
Pin#20	Data Pin 6	This pinout is used to connect input plus five volts for analogue to a digital module.

Features of ADC0804

• These are some features of ADC0804 that describe with detail.
• This module can easily connect with other microcontroller and can also work alone in any circuitry.
• This is eight-bit analog to digital converter module.
• At this module, interior clock exists there is no need of special clock oscillator.

• Its digital output values change from zero to two fifty-five volts.
• This module is available in twenty pinouts PDIP (dual inline packaging) and SOIC (small outline integrated circuits) packaging.
• It takes one hundred ten microseconds for the conversion of analoge to digital values.
• Its interior clock frequency is six fort kilo-hertz.
• It can measure the voltages from zero to five volts by operating on the five volts input supply.

Working of ADC0804

• Now we discuss the working of ADC0804 with the detailed.
• As we discussed above that this module consists of the interior clock and there is no need of any separate clock.
• But if for use of this interior clock we have to connect RC circuitry with this module. This module must be linked with the plus five volts power supply and both ground pinouts linked with the ground terminal of circuitry.
• For the construction of resistance-capacitor (RC) circuitry use ten-kilo resistance and capacitor of hundred pico-farads after that attached the pinouts CLK R and CLK in as shown in a given figure.
• The pinouts CS and R should be linked with the ground. The reference pinout is not connected with any point since it will be linked with the plus five volts.
• In given circuitry you can observe that the input analog voltage is provided at the IN (+) pinout and digital output will be obtained at the DB0 and DB7 pinouts.
• You can also see that the second terminal of a source is connected with the ground for analog to digital conversion.
• Before starting of analog to digital transformation the WR pinout should be high this condition can be obtained by linking this pinout with the input or output pinout of Microprocessing Unit and it set to high value.

• In the circuit you can also see that potentiometer is linked to varying the voltage from zero to five volts at the input pinout.
• In the given figure, you can also see that voltage value is 1.55 volts and its corresponding binary value is (01001111) .
• Now we discuss how we can  convert this binary value into the analog,
• As our binary value is (01001111)
• First of all, we convert it into decimal.

Binary  to Deci = (0 x128)+(1 x 64)+(0 x 32)+(0 x16)+(1 x 8)+(1 x 4)+(1 x 2)+(1 x1)

                                       =   79 Analoge value will be= Deci x step size

                             = (79) x (19.53)mV = (1.54)V

• As you can observe that obtained value is (1.54 volts) and 1,55 volts is measured value both of these are approximately close to each other.

Applications of ADC0804

• These are some applications of ADC0804, let's discuss with the detailed.
• It can function with an eight-bit processor.
•  Normally it used with the different microprocessors like Raspberry PI, Beagle Bone, etc.
• It can easily be linked with the sensing devices, voltage sources and transducers.

So, friends, it is the detailed tutorial on the ADC0804 if you have any question about ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller. This microcontroller is a new category of a microcontroller family it is a thirty-two-bit microcontroller also compatible with the ARM and Cortex M processor. Due to thirty-two bits compatibility, this module provides good performance, processing of digital signal and consumes less power and voltage. The modules used in most of the industries due to their compatibility with the cortex M0, M0+, M3, M4.

In today's post, we will have a look at its working, features, pinouts, applications and some other related parameters. So lets with the Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller.

Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller

• The STM32 is a type of microcontroller that offers the ARM Cortex-M thirty-two bits processor.
• This type of microcontroller is mostly used in different engineering projects.
•  This module has numerous series and parallel combinations for the connections so many other electronic devices can be linked with this module such as LCD display, a sensing module, electrical motors, etc.

• All modules of the STM32 are mounted with interior memory storage and random access memory (RAM).
• The price of some other STM family modules is higher. And STM series like STM32F0 and STM32F1 is consists of the twenty-four megahertz and sixteen pinouts.
• The STM32H7 modules use four hundred megahertz and have two forty pinouts at its casing.
• The sophisticated modules of STM series are used for FPU floating-point units applications where there is need of some special arrangements.

Pinout of STM32 Microcontroller

• Now we discuss the pinouts of STM32 with the detailed, that is described here with the detail.

Pin names	Pin Types:	Parameters
IOREF	It is power pinout.	At his pinout reference, 3,3 volts are applied.
RESET	It is power pinout.	This pinout is used to reset the controller.
+3.3 volts	It is power pinout.	At this pinout, 3.3 volts are applied as output that can also be used to give input to the microcontroller.
+5 volts	It is power pinout.	This pinout is only for five volts outputs.
GND	It is power pinout.	It is ground pinout.
A0-A1	Analog Pins and I2C	At this pinout, analogue voltage is found.
A4 and A5	Analog Pins and I2C	At this pinouts, I2C transmission of data is done A4 is SDA (Serial Data) pinout and A5 is SCL (Serial Clock) pinout.
D8-D15	Digital Pins and SPI	These are digital GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins.
AVDD	Digital Pins and SPI	At this pinout, the analogue reference voltage is applied.
GND	Digital Pins and SPI	It is ground pinout.
D13, D12. D11 and D10	Digital Pins and SPI	These pinouts work as SCK (serial clock), MISO (master in slave out), MOSI (master out slave in) and CS pins respectively for SPI communication.
D0 to D7	Digital Pins and USART	These pinouts are Digital GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins
D0 and D1	Digital Pins and USART	These pins act as Rx (receiver) and Tx (transmission) pins respectively for USART communication.
PC0, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC10, PC11, PC12, PC13, PC14, PC15	These are Port pinouts	All these are digital pinouts of port c of the module.
PD2	It is Port pinouts	It is the input and output pinout of Port D.
PA0, PA1, PA4, PA13, PA14, PA15	These are Port pinouts	All of these are input/output pinouts of Port A.
PB7, PB8 and PB9	These are Port pinouts	These are input/output pinouts of PORT B.
PH0 and PH1	These are Port pinouts	These are input/output pinouts of port H.
VBAT	It is power pinout.	This pinout used to provide power to the module form the battery.
+3.3 Volts	It is power pinout	This pinout provides 3.3 volts as output that can be used to power up the module.
+5V	It is power pinout	It is five volts output supply pinout.
VIN	It is power pinout	It is unregulated input power pinout.
RESET	It is power pinout	It used to Resets the microcontroller.
IOREF	It is power pinout	This is reference voltage pinout.
PC4, PC5, PC6, PC7, PC8, PC9	These are Port Pinouts	These are the input and output pinout of Port C.
PA2, PA3, PA4, PA6, PA7, PA10, PA11 and PA12	These are Port Pinouts	These are the Port A inputs and outputs pinouts.
PB1, PB2, PB3, PB4, PB5, PB6, PB8, PB9, PB10, PB12, PB14, PB15	These are Port Pinouts	These are the Port B inputs and output Pinouts.
U5V	It is power pinout	It is five volts power pinout.
GND	It is power pinout	It used to ground the controller.
U5V	It is power pinout	It is analog ground pinout.

• Now we see the pinout diagram of STM32.

Applications of STM32

• These are some practical applications of STM32 that are described in detail.
• This module is used in less power consuming hand-held electronic devices.
• This microcontroller is also used in Robotics and different electronic projects.
• It is also used in system automation.

It is a detailed tutorial on the STM32 I have explained each and everything related to this microcontroller. I tried my level best to describe this module in the simplest way, but still, if you have any question and query about this module please as in comments. Thanks for reading.  see you in the next tutorial. Have a nice day.

Introduction to PT2272

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to PT2272. It is a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) that use to design simple wireless controlling of instruments installed at some distance. This module is normally used for controlling the circuits of garage door, speed control of the fan, robots and for monitoring the alarm connected at different places for security purposes. This integrated circuitry uses non-variable code address and no built-in encryption due to these parameters it not used for such circuits where high security is need but uses only for small or less cost security circuits such as used in home security alarms etc. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout,  applications and some other related parameters. So let's get started with the Introduction to PT2272.

Introduction to PT2272

• The PT2272 is a decoder coupled with the PT2262 use the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technique.
• The use of PT2262 with this module to work as a transmitter for the PT2272 that work as a receiver and decodes the data sent by the transmitter.
• The output pinouts of this module are transistor-transistor logic that can be connected with the other circuitry and microcontroller.

• The operating voltage of the transmitter (PT2262) is five volts to twelve volts dc and the operation voltage of PT2272 are also five volts dc.
• This module consists of twelve bits of tri-state address pinout that offers three hundred twelve address codes.
• This module has features like large no of output data pinouts, latching and temporary output.
• The complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technique (CMOS) technique used in this module offered the use of less power, less sound to noise ratio, twelve tri-state address pinouts, six data pinouts many ranges of voltages operation.
• This integrated circuitry is the finest option for security circuits used in different vehicles like cars, door alarm, robotic controls and some other home automation circuits.

Pinouts of PT2272

• Now we discuss the pinouts of PT2272 with the detailed, that is described here with the detail.

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
A0 to A5	Input pinout	These pinouts are address pinouts. All these six pinouts are used to get input coming from the transmitter and then encode the data.
A6/D5 ~ A11/D0	Input and output pinouts	These 6 pinouts are used for such data that has a large number of bits and also on the type of PT2272 module used.
DIN	Input pinout	When these pinouts are operating as inputs, these pins behave as tri-state input pinouts and every pin can set at the three different levels one, zero and floating. If we use these six pinouts as When used as output pins, these pins are driven to VCC if (1) the address decoded from the waveform that was received matches the address setting at the address input pins, and (2) the corresponding data bits received is a “1” bit. Otherwise, they are driven to VSS.
OSC 1	input pinout	It is oscillator pinout no one.
OSC 2	Output pinout	It is oscillator pinout number two. A specific value of resistance connected among them finds the value of the fundamental frequency of PT2272.
VT	Output	This pinout is used for the output gain
VCC	-	At this terminal positive input is provided.
VSS	-	This terminal is used to provide a negative supply.
NC	-	This is open pinout.

Features of PT2272

• These are some features of PT2272 that are described here with the detailed.
• This module used complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technique.
• This module used a small amount of energy for its operation.
• Its provides larger immunisation from the noise.

• This module has twelve tri-state code address pinouts.
• This module has six data pinouts.
• Its operating volt re from four to fifteen volts.
• This module also consists of a single resistance oscillator.
• It is also available in dual in-line package and in small outline package.
• Its operating span is from five volts to twelve volts.
• Its input voltage is five volts dc.
• This module has already assembled light-emitting diode on its assembly.
• This module also has four outputs of transistor-transistor logic.
• Its transmitter is dimensions are thirty-six milli-meter by twenty-six milli-meters.
• Its receiver dimensions are forty-five to twenty-six millimetres.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of PT2272

• Now we discuss the ratings of PT2272 with the detailed.

Parameter	Symbol	Rating
Input Voltage	Input voltage denoted as VI.	The value of these voltages is -0.3 VCC+0.3 volts.
Supply Voltage	Denoted as VCC	The value of voltage is -0.3 to 16 volts.
Storage Temperature	This temperature denoted as Tstg.	The temperature value is -65 to 150 Celsius.
Operating Temperature	It denoted as Topr.	Temperature value from -40  to +85 celsius.
Output Voltage	This voltage denoted as VO.	This temperature is from -0.3 VCC+0.3 volts.

DC Electrical Features of PT2272

• Now we discuss the pinouts of PT2272 with the detailed, that is described here with the detail.

Parameter	Symbol	Conditions
Supply Voltage	This voltage denoted as VCC.	-
Stand-by Current	This current is denoted as ISB.	The conditions for this voltage is VCC is twelve volts. DIN is zero volts. OSC1 is zero volts.
DOUT Output Driving Current	It denoted as IOH.	The voltage VCC is eight volts. The voltage VOH is four volts.
DOUT Output Sinking Current	It is denoted as IOL.	The value of VCC is five volts. The value of VOH three volts.
“H” Input Voltage	This input voltage is denoted as VIH.	VCC
“L” Input Voltage	VIL	VCC

Applications of PT2272

• These are some applications of PT2272 described with the detailed.
• It uses in circuits of a different security system.
• It is used in circuits of automatic on and off of garage door circuits.
• It used for the automatic control fan speed circuits.
• Security circuits of home.
• It used in different robotics circuits.
• It used in industries for the control of different machines.

It is the detailed tutorial on the PT2272 if you have any question about it ask in comments thanks for reading.