The Engineering Projects

Arduino Keypad Interfacing

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, we are going to work on Arduino Keypad Interfacing. First of all, I would like to tell you a bit about the keypad. After getting the basic idea about the keypad, we will start our discussion about Arduino Keypad Interfacing.  You should also have a look at Interfacing of Keypad with PIC Microcontroller.

In this tutorial, I am going to use a 4×4 keypad. It has sixteen buttons having four alphabetic characters. Let's have a look at the Arduino Keypad Interfacing:

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	Jumper Wires	Amazon	Buy Now
2	Keypad 4x4	Amazon	Buy Now
3	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

What is Keypad?

• The keypad consists of multiple buttons, arranged in the form of a matrix(rows & columns) and is used in embedded projects.
• They are cost-efficient and are easily available from online electronic stores.
• Keypads are normally available in a 3×3, 4×3 and 4×4 format.
• Keypad has several applications in real life based projects e.g. mobile phones, calculators, laptops, personal computers, television remote, toy remote, microwave oven, photocopy machine, bank’s ATM machine, tablets and a lot more.
• A simple 4x4 Keypad is shown in the figure given below:

 

Keypad Pinout

• I am using a 4×4 keypad in this tutorial, it has total of eight (8) pins.
• All of these pins are provided in the table shown in the figure below:

• From the above table, we can see that keypad’s first four pins are associated with its four rows.
• The last four pins are assigned to the four columns of the keypad.
• 4×4 Keypad’s pins functions are listed in the table provided in the figure given below.

Components Required for Arduino Keypad Interfacing

• Components required for this project are:
  • Arduino UNO.
  • 4x4 Keypad.
  • Jumper Wires(Male to Female).

Keypad & Arduino Connections

• The connections between the keypad and Arduino are provided in the figure given below:

Circuit Diagram of Keypad Arduino Interfacing

• I have made a circuit diagram for keypad interfacing with Arduino.
• A complete labeled circuit diagram is given in the figure shown below:

• You can make a similar diagram and can easily test & verify your results on the serial monitor.

Arduino Code

• You just need to copy this code into your Arduino software.
• After successfully uploading the code to your Arduino board you will be able to verify the results.

#include <Keypad.h>

const byte ROWS = 4; //four rows
const byte COLS = 4; //four columns
//define the cymbols on the buttons of the keypads
char hexaKeys[ROWS][COLS] = {
  {'1','2','3','A'},
  {'4','5','6','B'},
  {'7','8','9','C'},
  {'*','0','#','D'}
};
byte rowPins[ROWS] = {9, 8, 7, 6}; //connect to the row pinouts of the keypad
byte colPins[COLS] = {5, 4, 3, 2}; //connect to the column pinouts of the keypad

//initialize an instance of class NewKeypad
Keypad customKeypad = Keypad( makeKeymap(hexaKeys), rowPins, colPins, ROWS, COLS); 

void setup(){
  Serial.begin(9600);
}
  
void loop(){
  char customKey = customKeypad.getKey();
  
  if (customKey){
    Serial.println(customKey);
  }
}

• First of all, I have defined the number of rows and columns of the keypad.
• Then I have declared the complete keypad characters in terms of rows and columns.
• After that, I have defined the row and column pin of the keypad attached to the Arduino pins.
• Then I have simply read the data sent from the keypad and displayed it on the serial monitor.
• You can download a completely labeled wiring diagram and Arduino source code here by clicking on the below button:

Wiring Diagram & Arduino Code

In the tutorial Keypad Interfacing with Arduino, I have explained the basics of the keypad as well as the keypad interfacing with Arduino UNO. I have tried my level best to cover up all the necessary information. If you found something missing, please let me know then. I will update my tutorial correspondingly as soon as possible. I hope you have enjoyed the complete tutorial and I am hoping for your positive response. If you have any problem you can freely ask as in comments anytime. I will share different topics in my upcoming tutorials. Take care and bye till the next tutorial :)

Introduction to MC34063

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share a detailed Introduction to MC34063. It's normally required for the construction of DC to DC converters. MC34063 has a high current output switch, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controller with current limiting, compensated reference of internal temperature, a comparator and a driver. For the inverting, boost and buck applications there is no need of a huge complicated external components, instead they can be performed using minimum external components. MC 34063 operates properly in the temperature ranging from 0 to 70 degree celsius. MC34063 ha s wide range of applications in real life e.g. portable equipment, Human Machine Interface (HMI), test and measurement, telecommunications, computing and consumer, cable solutions etc.

Introduction to MC34063

• MC34063 is basically a monolithic control circuit having all the functions required for the construction of DC to DC converters i.e. buck converter, boost converter or inverters etc.
• It consists of multiple functions, which are:
  • Comparator.
  • Oscillator.
  • High current output switch.
  • Active Peak Current Limit.

• MC 34063 requires minimum externals equipment for buck, boost applications.
• It has a lot applications including, cable solutions, blood gas analyzer, telecommunications etc.
• The current, voltage and power ratings of MC 34063 are shown in the table given below:

MC34063 Maximum Ratings
No.	Parameter	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Power Supply Voltage	Vcc	40	V
2	Comparator Input Voltage Range	Vir	-0.3 to +40	V
3	Switch Collector Voltage	Vc(switch)	40	V
4	Switch Emitter Voltage	Ve(switch)	40	V
5	Switch Collector to Emitter Voltage	Vce(switch)	40	V
6	Driver Collector Voltage	Vc(driver)	40	V
7	Driver Collector Current	Ic(driver)	100	mA
8	Switch Current	Isw	1.5	A

1. MC34063 Pinout

• MC34063 is available in DIP, SOIC & SON packages.
• These packages of MC 34063 has eight (8) pins each.
• Each of these pins along with its name is shown in the table given below:

MC34063 Pinout
Pin No.	Pin Name
1	Switch Collector
2	Switch Emitter
3	Timing Capacitor
4	Ground (GND)
5	Comparator Inverting Input
6	Voltage (Vcc)
7	Ipk
8	Driver Collector

• I have also labelled these Pins on the IC for better understanding:

2. MC34063 Pins Configuration

• MC 34063 pins configuration along with the functions associated each of the pin is provided in the table shown below.

• All the eight pins of MC 30463 with the functions associated with them are shown in table above.

3. MC34063 Proteus Simulation

• As I have told earlier, MC34063 is used mostly for buck or boost applications.
• So, I have designed this simple buck converter Proteus Simulation of MC34063, where I have converted voltage from 12V to 5V.
• Here's the circuit diagram of buck converter shown in below figure:

• You can see in above figure that input voltage of this buck converter is 12V while the output voltage is 5V.
• The circuit I have designed in Proteus is kind of a basic circuit of MC34063.
• By changing the values of resistors and inductor, you can change the output voltage.
• You can download this Proteus Simulation of buck converter by clicking below button:

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4. MC34063 Packages

• MC 34063 has different packages, a few of which are shown in the table given below.

• The three packages including PDIP, SOIC and SON along with their dimensions are shown in the above table.

5. MC34063 Features

• The different features associated with MC 34063 are provided in the table shown below.

• The description of the features associated with the device MC 34063 are provided in chronological order in the table shown above.

6. MC34063 Schematic Diagram

• The internal circuitry of the device MC 34063 is shown in the figure given below.

• From the above figure, you can see that MC 34063 consista of oscillator, 1.25V reference regulator, gate and a combination of transistors etc.

7. MC34063 Applications

There are a lot of applications associated with MC34063, a few of which are given below.

• Human Machine Interfaces (HMI).
• Portable devices.
• Measurement and test.
• Gas and blood analyzer.
• Consumer
• Computing
• Telecommunications.
• Cable solutions.
• These are the few applications associated with MC 34063.

So, that is all from the tutorial Introduction to MC34063. I hope you enjoyed this exciting tutorial. If you are facing any sort of issue regarding anything, you can ask me in comments anytime you want, without even feeling any kind of hesitation. I will try my level best to sortout your problems, if possible. Our entire team is also 24/7 there to entertain you. I will explore further hardware equipment in my upcoming tutorials. So till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to LM386

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to explain you about Introduction to LM386. Its a power amplifier specially designed for low voltage consuming applications. The gain of LM 386 is set around 20 internally. But the gain could be increased due to the insertion of external resistor and capacitor between the pin number 1 and 8. The gain could increase to any value from 20 to 200. The LM-386 inputs are ground referenced. The output are biased to the half of the input voltage levels automatically. When LM 386 operates on 6V, its quiescent power drain is around 24mW. This property of LM-386 makes it ideal for the battery operation. Its major features include battery operation, minimum external parts / equipment, low quiescent current drain, wide supply voltages. LM 386 has avery wide range of applications including intercoms, power converters, TV sound systems, ultrasonic drivers, portable tape player amplifiers, line drivers, AM FM radio amplifier, small servo drivers. Futher detail about LM-386 will be given later in this tutorial. [otw_is sidebar=otw-sidebar-7]

Introduction to LM386

LM386 is a power amplifier used for low voltage application requirement. Its gain is internally set around 20 but due to the external resistor and capacitor gain can vary between 20 to 200. It is assumed to be ideal for the battery operation when operating around 6V. Its has a lot of real life applications e.g. servo drivers, line drivers, TV sound systems, FM radio amplifier etc. LM-386 is show in the figure below.

1. LM386 Pinout

• LM 386 has eight (8) pins in total having different individual functions.
• All of the pins along with their symbol are given in the table shown below.

2. LM386 Pins Configuration

• A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
• I have made a completely labeled diagram of LM-386 diode along with its animation.
• The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of LM 386 is shown in the figure below.

3. LM386 Packages

• LM 386 has different type of packages LM386N-1, LM386N-3, LM386N-4 and LM386M-1.
• All of theses packages along with their dimensions and part number are given in the table shown below.

4. LM386 Ratings

• The current, voltage and power ratings of any device shows its power requirement i.e. how much amount of current and voltage is sufficient for its operation.
• I have provided LM 386 current, power and voltage ratings in the table shown below.

5. LM386 Schematic

• The schematic diagram of a device helps us to understand its internal functionality.
• I have provided the labeled schematic diagram of LM-386 as shown in the figure below.

 

6. LM386 Applications

• LM386 has a wide range of real life applications, a few of which are given below.
• AM-FM radio amplifiers.
• Amplifier with a gain of 20 shown in the figures below.

• Whereas the amplifier with a gain of 200 shown in the figures below.

• Line drivers.
• TV sound systems.
• Ultrasonic drivers.
• Power converters.
• Small servo drivers.
• Portable tape players.

So, thats all from the tutorial Introduction to LM386. I hope you enjoyed this amazing tutorial. If you have any sort of problem, you can ask me in comments, any time you want, without even feeling a bit of hesitation. I will try me level best to sort out your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/7 available to help you out. I will explore further IC's and diodes in my upcoming tutorial and will share them with you as well for sure. So, till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to UA741

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you an elaboration on Introduction to UA741. UA 741 is basically a general purpose operational amplifier. This amplifier is considered to be ideal for the voltage follower applications because latch-up operations are no there in its case and it moreover it has High Common Mode Input Voltage Range (HCMIVR). UA-741 is a high performance operational amplifier made up of single silicon chip. UA 741 is stable without using external components, due to the internal frequency compensation and this device is safe from the short  circuiting. In order to cancel the effect of offset voltages we can use a small valued potentiometer/resistor. UA-741 can operate in a temperature ranging from 0 degrees celsius to 70 degrees celsius. This device has several different features including latch-up free operation, large common mode input voltage ranges, short circuit protection, large differential voltage ranges, capability of nulling offset voltages. UA 741 has a lot applications e.g. Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) recorders, audio mixers, DVD players etc.

Introduction to UA741

UA741 is a general purpose amplifier. It is known as an ideal amplifier for voltage follower applications. UA 741 has good stability without even using the external components. This stability is due to the latch-up free operations and high common mode input voltage ranges. It has amazing features like short circuit protection, latch up free operation, no frequency compensation, offset voltage nulling capability, large common mode voltages etc. Its real life applications include audio mixers, DVD recorders, DVD players etc. UA-741 is shown in the figure below.

1. UA741 Pins

• UA741 has eight (8) pins in total each having different functionality.
• All of the eight pins along with their names are shown in the table given below.

2. UA741 Pins Description

• Each of the 8 pins has its own individual feature.
• The function associated with each pin is given in the table show below.

3. UA741 Pinout

• Labeled pinout diagram of any equipment provides help in better understanding of the user.
• A completely labeled diagram of UA 741 along with its animation and schematic is given below.
• The complete pin diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of UA-741 is shown in the figure below.

 

4. UA741 Packages

• UA 741 has 3 type of packages PDIP (8), SO (8), and SOIC (8).
• The all packages are provided in the table given below below.

5. UA741 Packages Dimensions

• Each of the three packages has different dimensions.
• All of the three packages are shown in the table given below.

6. UA741 Ratings

• The ratings of any equipment like voltage rating, current rating and power rating show the power requirement of that device e.g. how much power, voltage and current is required for its operation.
• UA 741's current, voltage, power ratings are given in the table shown below.

7. UA741 Schematic

• Schematic representation of an equipment presents the internal functionality of that equipment.
• A labeled schematic diagram of UA-741 is given in the figure shown below.

8. UA741 Features

UA741 has several different features as given below.

• Latch-up free operations.
• High gain.
• No frequency compensation required.
• Large input voltage range.
• Short circuit protection.
• Capability of nulling offset voltage.
• Large differential voltage ranges.

9. UA741 Applications

UA 741 has a lot of real life applications, few of those applications are given below.

• Functions generator.
• Integrators.
• DVD recorders.
• Summing amplifiers.
• DVD players.
• Active filters.
• Audio mixers.
• Voltage followers.

This is the detailed discussion about Introduction to UA741. I hope you have enjoyed this exciting tutorial. If you have any of problem, you can ask me in comments any time you want, without feeling any hesitation. I will try my best to solve your issues in some better way, if possible. Our team is also here to help you. I will explore further IC's in my later tutorial and will surely share all of them with you as well. Till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to NE555

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to NE555. NE 555 is a precise timing circuit device. It can produce the precise time delays and oscillations. The time interval can be controlled by external resistor and capacitor when NE-555 operates in mono stable mode.Whereas in adjustable mode two external resistors and one capacitor controls the duty cycle and frequency. NE555 is an Integrated Circuit (IC/Chip) which can be used in different types of timers.  The output circuit is capable of bearing current up to 200mA. NE-555 timer works on voltage ranging from 5V to 15V. The output level have compatibility at 5V supply. NE 555 timer can be used in oscillator applications and pulse generation as well. Further detail about NE-555 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to NE555

NE555 is a timing circuit Integrated Circuit (IC). It produces the accurate oscillations and time delays. It has two modes of operations i.e. mono stable mode and adjustable mode. In mono stable mode time interval is controlled by external resistor and capacitor. Whereas adjustable mode includes the control of duty cycle with two external resistors and a single capacitor. NE 555 timer has several different applications including finger print biometric, RFID reader, Iris biometrics etc. NE 555 timer is shown in the figure below.

1. NE555 Pins

• NE555 timer has eight (8) pins in total four (4) on the left side of the IC and the remaining four (4) on the right side of the IC.
• All of the pins are shown in chronological order in the table shown below.

2. NE555 Pinout

• A properly labeled pin diagram of the device helps user in their better understanding.
• I have provided a properly labeled diagram of NE 555 along with its animation and schematic.
• A proper pin diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of NE-555 is shown in the figure below.

 

3. NE555 Packages

• NE 555 has four (4) different types of packages TSSOP, SOIC (16), PDIP (16) and SOP (16).
• All of the four packages are given in the table shown below.

4. NE555 Package Dimensions

• Each of the package has different individual dimensions.
• The dimensions of all of the MAX 232 packages are shown in the table given below.

5. NE555 Functional Diagram

• The functional diagram of any device presents the complete working of that device.
• Functional diagram of NE 555 is shown in the figure below.

6. NE555 Features

The features associated with NE 555 timer are given below.

• Timing from micro seconds to hours.
• Adjustable or mono stable operation.
• Adjustable duty cycle.
• TTL compatible output up to 200mA.
• Lead (Pb) free/
• RoHS compliant.
• Green molding compund.

7. NE555 Ratings

• Current, power and voltage ratings of a device presents the power requirement of that device i.e. how much voltage, power and current is necessary for its operation.
• I have provided NE555 current, voltage, power ratings in the table shown below.

8. NE555 Applications

NE 555 timer has several different real life applications, some of them are given below.

• RFID reader.
• Finger print biometrics.
• Iris biometrics.

So, that was all the necessary detail about Introduction to NE555. I hope you enjoyed my tutorial. If you have any sort of problems, you can ask me in comments, any time you want so, without even feeling any type of hesitation. I will try my best to sort out your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also available to entertain you. I will explore further IC's in my upcoming tutorials and will share all of them with you as well. So, till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to TL072

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to TL072. TL 072 is basically a high speed Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET). It is also known as the dual operational amplifier. It has a bipolar transistor and high voltage JFET in its case. TL-072's important features include low offset current, high slew rates, low input voltage, low offset temperature coefficient etc.

Some of the major features may include low power consumption, low noise, common mode input voltage range includes Vcc, latch-up free operation etc. TL 072 has a very wide range of applications including oscilloscope, solar inverters, AC inverters and VF drives, audio mixers, Un-interruptable Power Supply (UPS) etc. Further detail about TL-072 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to TL072

TL072 is a Junction Field Effect Transistor abbreviated as JFET. Sometimes it is also known as a dual operational amplifier. It has several different amazing features including low noise, low power consumption, high slew rates, latch-up free operation, low temperature coefficient. It can be used in UPS, audio mixers, solar inverters, oscilloscope, AC inverters etc. TL-072 is shown in the figure below.

TL072 Pinout

• TL 072 has eight (8) pins total, each of the pins has a different individual function.
• All of the eight pins are given in the table shown below:

TL072 Pinout
No.	Parameter Name	Parameter Value
1	Pin # 1	Output A
2	Pin # 2	Inverting Input A
3	Pin # 3	Non-Inverting Input A
4	Pin # 4	Ground(GND)
5	Pin # 5	Non-Inverting Input B
6	Pin # 6	Inverting Input B
7	Pin # 7	Output B
8	Pin # 8	Vcc

• The properly labeled TL072 pinout diagram including its animation, real image and symbolic representation, is shown in the figure below:

TL072 Internal Amplifier

• The internally used amplifier in TL 072 is shown in the figure below.

• TL-072 uses two internal amplifier as shown in the section below.

TL072 Symbolic Representation

• The symbolic representation of any device shows the internal structure of that device.
• The symbolic diagram for TL-072 is shown in the figure below.

• You can see in the above figure there are two amplifiers in the internal structure of TL 072.
• The inputs of 1st amplifier are attached to pin 1 and 3 and its output is attached to pin 1.
• The inputs of 2nd amplifier are attached to pin 5 and 6 and its output is attached to pin 7.

TL072 Schematic Diagram

• The schematic diagram of a device shows its internal operations.
• A completely labeled schematic diagram of TL-072 helps a lot in better understanding of the new user.
• Properly labeled schematic diagram of TL 072 is shown in the figure below.

TL072 Package and Order Codes

• While ordering and device or while purchasing that device we must its order code.
• Some of the major order codes of TL-072 are given in the table shown below.

TL072 Ratings

• The current, power and voltage ratings must be known to a user before using the particular device.
• They show how much power is consumed by the particular device.
• The current, power and voltage ratings along with their typical values and SI units, are shown in the figure below.

TL072 Features

TL 072 has different amazing features, a few of the major features associated with TL 072 are given below.

• Wide common mode voltage.
• Low bias voltage.
• Low input offset current.
• Low noise.
• Low power consumption.
• Internal frequency compensation.
• High slew rates.
• Latch-up free operation.
• Output short circuit protection.

TL072 Applications

TL 072 has a lot of different applications, some are given below:

• Audio mixers.
• AC inverters.
• VF drives.
• Oscilloscopes.
• Systems with DLP front projection.
• Solar inverters.
• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS).
• A quadruple oscillator, a complete circuit design is shown in the figure below.

This tutorial has elaborated the detailed discussion about Introduction to TL072. I tried my level best to cover almost all of the important things related to TL 072. Let me know if I have missed something. If you feel any kind of problem you can ask me in the comments anytime. I and my entire team are always here to help you out. Further IC's will be explained in the later tutorials. Till then, Bye :)

Introduction to PIC12C508

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to PIC12C508. PIC 12C-508 belongs to the family of high performance and cost effective micro controllers. It is a fully static eight (8) bit device. PIC 12C 508 micro controller is Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) which is based on EEPROM, EPROM and ROM. PIC 12C-508 Microcontroller has Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) having thirty three (33) instructions based on single words. Except program branches all of the instructions are single cycled i.e. 1 millisecond. Whereas two cycles are taken by the program branches. PIC 12C 508 has a lot amazing features e.g. eight (8) bit real time clock, power on reset, wake-up from sleep on pin change, device reset timer, select able oscillator options, power saving sleep mode etc. Its applications may include security systems, small foot print, personal appliances etc. Further detail about PIC 12C-508 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to PIC12C508

PIC 12C508 is a low cost and high performance PIC Microcontroller. Its an 8 bit device based on EEPROM and EPROM CMOS as explained above. Its has reduced RISC with all information having 33 single words except program branches. Program branches take two (2) cycles. PIC 12C 508 is shown in the figure below.

1. PIC12C508 Pins

• PIC 12C 508 has eight (8) pins, four (4) on the right side and other four (4) on the left side of the IC.
• Pins are different in different PIC Microcontrollers like PIC16F877a Microcontroller has 40 Pins.
• All of the eight pins are given along with their number, in the table shown below.

2. PIC12C508 Pins Description

• Each pin has different features associated with it.
• The description of each pin is given in the table shown below.

3. PIC12C508 Pinout

• Pinout diagram basically shows the initial necessary information about any device e.g. pins information.
• PIC 12C508 pinout diagram along with animation and symbolic representation is shown in the figure below.

4. PIC 12C508 Block Diagram

• The block diagram of an equipment shows its proper step by step working, that how the device works sequentially.
• PIC 12C508 block diagram is shown in the figure below.

5. PIC 12C508 Characteristics

• Characteristics may include operating speed, EPROM program, RAM data, ROM data etc.
• PIC 12C 508 characteristics are given in the table shown below.

6. PIC 12C508 Stack and Program Memory

• Program memory and stack presents the flow of programming.
• PIC 12C 508 is shown in the figure below.

7. PIC 12C508 Clock Cycle

• Clock input is divided into four parts internally in order to generate four non overlapping clocks named as sQ2, Q3 and Q4.
• All of these clocks are shown in the figure given below.

8. PIC 12C508 Features

PIC-12C508 has a lot of features, a few of which are given below.

• Power on reset.
• Device reset timer.
• More than 40 years of EEPROM data retention.
• Wake-up on sleep while changing the pin.
• Internal weak pull-ups on input/output puns.
• Programmable protection of code.
• Select able oscillator options.

9. PIC 12C508 Applications

PIC 12C508 has several different real life applications e.g.

• Security systems.
• Personal care appliances.
• Low power remote transmitters.
• Low power remote receivers.
• .Small foot print packages.

That was the detailed discussion about Introduction to PIC 12C508. I tried to cover all the important details about PIC 12C508. Let me know if have missed any point. If you have any problems you can freely ask me in comments anytime. Me and my team is 24/7 available here to entertain you. Further IC's will be explained in the upcoming tutorials. Till then, take care :)

Introduction to LM117

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely and having fun. Today, I am going to give a detailed discussion on Introduction to LM117. Lm 117 is basically a voltage regulator. It is most commonly known as positive (+ve) voltage regulator used to regulate the voltage up to the desired positive level. Lm-117 can regulate the voltage ranging from 12.5V to 37V and provides the current around 1.5A. LM 117 has three (3) pins and is quite easy to use. To obtain the desired output voltage we need to connect the two external resistors. There are three types of regulations in LM-117 i.e. line regulation, fixed regulation and load regulation. The line regulation & load regulation both are far better than fixed regulation. LM 117 provides overload protection e.g. over current protection, thermal load protection etc. When Adjust terminal is not enable even then LM 117 provides all of these protections. We can improve its transient response by adding an external capacitor at output terminal. High ripples can be rejected through bypassing the adjustment terminal. LM-117 can also be used as a precise current regulator, if we add an external constant resistor between its output terminal and the adjustment terminal. LM 117 has a lot of features including short circuit protection, wide temperature range, ripplerejection up to 80dB. Its real lide applications are battery chargers, constant current regulators, automatic LED lightning etc. The further detail about LM 1117 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to LM117

LM117 is a voltage regulator. It is able to regulate the voltages at the output ranging between 12.5 to 37V and provides the 1.5A ofoutput current. By connecting the two external resistors, it provides the desired output, so it is very easy to use it. LM 117 provides different types of itself security e.g. short circuit protection, thermal load protection. It can be used in battery chargers, LED lightning, current regulators etc. LM-1117 is shown in the figure given below.

1. LM117 Pins

• LM 117 has three (3) different pins, vout, vin and adjust.
• These three pins are given in the table shown below.

2. LM117 Pins Description

• Each pins has its own separate function or importance.
• So the functions of each of three (3) pins are given in the table shown below.

3. LM117 Pinout

• In order to understand the pin configuration of any device we must see its pinout diagram.
• LM 117 pinout diagram is shown in the figure below.

4. LM117 Packages

• LM 117 has two different packages i.e. TO (3) and TO-3 (2).
• Both of these packages are given in the table shown below.

5. LM117 Packages Dimensions

• Each package is available in different size in order to identify the newer one.
• The dimensions of Lm-117 packages are shown in the table given below.

6. LM117 Features

• Any Integrated Circuit (IC) or a device can be recognized from its features for a particular purpose.
• LM-117 major and normal features are given in the table shown below.

7. LM117 Ratings

• Ratings of a device presents the amount of voltage, current and power for its operation under normal circumstances.
• LM-117 rating are given in the table shown below.

8. LM117 Applications

• Applications and features are such characteristics of any device which make a particular device different from all other devices.
• LM-117 has a lot real life applications, a few of them are give below.

• The circuit design for LM-117's typical application is shown in the figure given below.

Here is the detailed discussion about Introduction to LM117. Almost everything about LM 117 has been covered in this article. Let our team know, if there is something missing. If you have any problem, you can ask us in comments anytime. Our team is always here to help you. I will explain information further about different IC's in my upcoming tutorials. So, till then take cae :)

Introduction to LM318

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give a detailed discussion on Introduction to LM318. LM 318 is basically a high speed Operational Amplifier (Op-amp). It provides higher slew rates and wide range of bandwidth. LM-318 has processing speed 10 times higher than the common operational amplifier. It has unity gain frequency compensation. External components are not required for its operation. Feed forward compensation increases the slew rate up to 150 V/us for inverting applications. It also doubles the bandwidth as compared to the earlier. In LM 318, in order obtain the high stability level we overcompensation can be used with amplifier. LM 318 setting time can be reduced by adding an external capacitor. LM-318 is very useful in analog to digital converters and oscillators because of its fast setting time and high processing speed. It performs its normal operations in the temperature ranging from 0 degree Celsius to 70 degree Celsius. LM-318 has different amazing features including input/output overload protection, internal frequency compensation, pin compatibility with general purpose Operational Amplifiers (Op-amp). LM-318 can be used in digital to analog converter amplifiers, wide band amplifier, high frequency absolute valued circuits, fast integrators etc. The further detail about LM-318 will be given later in this tutorial. [otw_is sidebar=otw-sidebar-7]

Introduction to LM318

LM318 is basically an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp). It has high processing speed. Its processing speed is almost ten (10) times higher than the processing speed of general normally available operational amplifier. LM 318 provides higher slew rates. In inverting applications it is able to double the frequency and increase the slew rates too up to a certain level. LM 318 can be used in fast integrator, wide band amplifiers and digital to analog converter. LM-318 is shown in the figure given below.

1. LM318 Pins

• LM 318 has eight (8) pins in total, each having different functions.
• All of the 8 pins are listed in the table shown below.

2. LM318 Pinout

• To understand the pin configurations of any device we must need take help from its pinout diagram.
• LM-318 pinout diagram is shown in the figure below.

3. LM318 Symbol Representation

• Symbolic representation presents the internal structure of any equipment.
• LM 318 symbolic representation is shown in the figure below.

4. LM318 Voltage Follower

• Voltage follower can be designed using LM 318 and some of the resistors.
• The designed circuit for voltage follower is shown in the figure given below.

5. LM318 Ratings

• The power requirement of any device can be estimated from its ratings.
• All the three power, current and voltage ratings of LM 318 are given in the table shown below.

6. LM318 Electrical Characteristics

• Mostly, electrical characteristics consist of input resistance, input offset current and voltage.
• Some of the major electrical characteristics of LM-318 are listed in the table shown below.

7. LM318 Features

LM-318 has several different features, some of them are given below.

• Inout/output overload protection.
• Pins compatibility with general purpose Op-amp.
• Internal frequency compensation.
• Input voltage range of 5 to 20V either with positive (+ve) polarity or negative (-) polarity.

8. LM318 Applications

• LM 318 has a lot of real life applications, a few of them are given in the table shown below.

So, that's all from the tutorial Introduction to LM318. I hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and will appreciate my effort. You can ask as any type of question regarding you issues or anything else. Our team is always here to help you and for satisfaction. I will share information about other IC's in my later tutorials. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to CD4051

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to CD4051 today. CD 4051 is an analog multiplexer and demultiplexer. It has very low OFF leakage current and low ON impedance. Over full voltage ranges, very low power is dissipated by CD-4051. CD-4051 is an eight (8) channel multiplexer and has three control input named as A, B and C. These inputs connect only 1 out of 8 channels to the output in order to obtain the desired output. Channel I/O terminals became outputs and common O/I become input terminals when CD 4051 is used as a demultiplexer. CD-4051 has a lot of amazing features e.g. binary address decoding on chip, break before make switching eliminates channel overlapping, wide ranges of analog signals as well digital signal levels. CD-4051 can be used in signal gating, analog to digital converter, digital to analog converter, analog and digital multiplexing and demultilplexing. The further detail about CD-4051 will be provided later in this article.

Introduction to CD4051

• CD4051 is an 8 channel analog multiplexer & demultiplexer, controlled by digital signal. So, they are commonly referred as Digitally-controlled Analog Switches.
• It has low ON impedance and very low OFF leakage current. It dissipates a very low power over full VDD-VSS & VDD-VEE voltage ranges. eliminatiing channel overlapping and wide ranges of analog signals are its main feature.
• It can be used for analog to digital (A / D) as well as digital to analog (D / A) conversions.
• 16-Pin CD-4051 is shown in the figure given below.

CD4051 Datasheet

• If you want to get indepth knowledge on any electronic component, then best thing is to read its datasheet.
• You can download CD4051 datasheet by clicking below button:

Download CD4051 Datasheet

1. CD4051 Pinout

• Pinout diagram helps us to understand the pins configuration of any electronic component.
• CD 4051 pinout diagram with labels, is shown in the figure below:

• As you can in above CD4051 pinout Diagram that it has:
  • 3 Input Pins.
  • 8 I/O Pins.
  • 3 Power Pins.
  • Pin # 6 is Inhibit.
  • Pin # 3 is O/I Pin.
• These CD4051 Pins are explained in depth in below sections.

CD4051 Pins

• CD 4051 has sixteen pins, some of them act as input and some as output.
• All of the pins are listed in the table shown below.

CD4051 Pins Functions

• Each pin has different individual function associated with it.
• The functions followed by each of the pin are given in the table shown in the figure below.

2. CD4051 Packages

• Packages just show the different models of the same device.
• CD-4051 has 5 different packages, all are given in the table shown below.

CD4051 Packages Dimensions

• Each package has its different individual dimensions.
• All the 5 packages along with their dimensions are given in the table shown below.

3. CD4051 Features

• On the basis of features we can identify the efficiency and popularity of the device.
• Some of CD-4051 major features are listed in the table shown in the figure below.

4. CD4051 Ratings

• Power requirement of a device can be estimated by the ratings of that particular device.
• CD 4051 ratings are given in the table shown in the figure below.

5. CD4051 Applications

• CD-4051 can be used in a lot applications.
• Some of the major applications are listed in the table shown below.

The tutorial Introduction to CD4051 has explained almost each of the necessary information about the use of CD 4051 Integrated Circuit (IC). If you find something missing let us know about the particular point. We will update this article accordingly. You can ask about each kind of issues which you face. We will try our best to resolve your problems. Other information about different IC's will be share with you guys in upcoming tutorials. Till then take care :)