Plastic injection molding involves exposing plastic pellets to extreme temperatures to melt and become malleable. Afterward, manufacturers inject the melted plastic into a mold cavity so that upon cooling, the plastic adopts a specific shape producing the final product.
The versatility of the process makes plastic injection molding a highly beneficial method of producing plastic parts. It's similar to steel forging, finer grains are molded making the final product much stronger. If you decide to go for the plastic injection molding method of creating plastic parts, you will realize the reliability and simplicity that the technique provides. Here are some of the significant benefits of plastic injection molding to consider:
If you are looking for a way to produce plastic parts faster, plastic injection molding is your technique. This method of producing plastic parts offers high production output rates, making the process efficient and cost-effective. Many factors like the complexity and size of the mold will influence the speed at which you produce the final result.
However, cycle times remain tight, with the longest being two minutes, more than enough time to make more significant quantities of mold. Plastic injection molding is the best way to increase your profit margins. All you need to do is to leverage the short period between cycles that offer quick turn injection molding to produce more products for the market.
One of the things manufacturers seek when looking for a production method is handling complex part design and making precise replicas. The best way to ensure efficacy is to hire qualified designers to develop the right design that will maximize efficiency. Not all plans are immune to processing mistakes.
High-volume injection molding can help optimize efficiency in the process, but you will still need a good design that your machines can produce consistently. If you are a manufacturing manager, take time to learn about the fundamental design elements like wall thickness and rib design to ensure the injection process runs smoothly.
Before you begin the plastic injection molding process, you need to understand the flexibility and rigidity that the final product needs. Afterward, you can design a plastic part with appropriate integrating ribs or gussets that will offer the right strength to the final product.
Another essential factor in helping you determine how much strength and stability you need to incorporate into the plastic part is how the customer intends to use the product. It would be wise to carefully select suitable materials for your final product, especially considering its exposure to specific external environments.
One of the most incredible things about plastic injection molding is that manufacturers do not limit themselves to specific materials or colors. Although material and color are critical components influencing plastic parts creation, the possibilities are endless. If you want the best out of your injection molder, choose the one that can handle a wide variety of resin.
Some things to consider when choosing a plastic injection molder are water absorption, impact and tensile strength. Moreover, there are various coloring systems for plastics. Consider each coloring system's unique benefits, properties, and drawbacks before settling on one.
Manufacturers must comply with a company's green initiative. The production process should accommodate sustainability and safety while still preserving quality. It is not uncommon to generate excess plastic during the production process.
The wise thing to do would be to implement a circular economy model by finding another company, a recycling company, to help manage the excess plastic. Alternatively, manufacturing managers should have effective machinery to minimize waste.
Plastic injection molding offers high output rates. This advantage, coupled with the high-level production of plastic parts, contributes towards cost savings and effectiveness. Moreover, the entire process usually requires minimal supervision because molding equipment typically has automatic tools that ensure streamlined operations.
The final result of the plastic injection molding process is high-quality plastic parts that enhance customer satisfaction. The low labor costs enable manufacturers to enjoy high-profit margins.
If you are seeking a way to make high-quality plastic parts, purchase computerized and automated plastic injection machinery to enjoy the manufacturing advantages of this production method.
The usage of 3D printing has received a lot of attention, but what exactly is FDM 3D printing or FFF 3D printing? FDM 3D printing is used in a variety of sectors. Automobiles and a broad range of consumer products makers are among the industries. They use FDM to aid with product design, prototyping, and manufacturing. Some product companies employ FDM 3D printing since the thermoplastic utilized during creation is ideal for children's toys to sports gear.
FDM, as previously said, is among the most democratized 3D printing services, enabling hobbyists and amateurs to produce new goods quickly. They can quickly develop, iterate, revise, and print parts that meet their specifications.
The gifting business is also adopting 3D printing technology to make present products, riding the wave of customization. FDM 3D printing technology is ideal for gifting since it provides dimensionally correct, durable, and cost-effective options.
Furthermore, FDM 3D printed parts can be post-processed in various ways, allowing for the creation of visually pleasing goods.
It's a widespread misperception that FDM 3D printing can only be used to make gift items and prototypes. FDM is well-known for producing durable and valuable items that may be put in end-use applications.
Manufacturing 3D printers can generate end-user application components in aerospace, automobiles, production, and healthcare implementations.
FDM 3D printing innovation has aided many physicians worldwide in better planning surgeries by supplying them with organs that are an identical reproduction of the patient in question. They have a precise structure, may be made hollow or solid depending on the requirements, and can be printed in a matter of hours.
This has enhanced surgical preparation and quality, decreased surgery duration, and even helped patients have a more significant operation encounter.
This is one of the initial examples of FDM printing in action. It is well known that 3D printing was developed to produce prototypes fast, and as a result, 3D printing was dubbed Rapid Prototyping for a long time.
Because FDM printing can manufacture incredibly intricate items, it's an excellent alternative for companies that have to produce parts that must be fit and form checked.
As a result, prototyping remains one of the most common applications of FDM technology. FDM provides a simple, cost-effective, and rapid way to create prototypes.
Architectural prototypes of housing projects, power stations, arenas, and other structures were once created using various materials such as wood, polystyrene, acrylic, and other similar materials. In addition to the considerable production lead time, these were not only more expensive to produce but also more cumbersome to move.
Architectural models may now be quickly manufactured, carried in parts, and assembled on-site thanks to the advent of FDM 3D printing technology. They also have a strong resemblance to the original design.
Because of its ease of use and low cost, this additive manufacturing process is quite prevalent among businesses. Fused deposit modeling is a lifesaver for beginners, aspiring engineers, and bootstrapped firm owners.
Figuring out what to do can become even more overwhelming when you start asking whether you need a custom-made solution or you can purchase one off the shelf, if you need to simply upgrade a system or if an entire overhaul is necessary, and how much can be done in-house. You can find yourself lost in the details before you have even had a chance to really examine the big picture. However, the good news is that there is still a process you can follow even when the situation is a complex one. Consider the points below as you move forward.
Do you know what your problem is? Before you say yes, think carefully. It is not uncommon to confuse symptoms with the cause. It may be worthwhile to talk to others within your organization to make sure that you are correctly identifying the issue. If the issue is one that affects your customers, you may want to get some feedback from them.
You might be struggling with meeting compliance standards when it comes to dealing with refrigerated assets. You might assume that the issue is with some of your staff or with how these assets are handled. This could cause you to overlook the fact that reliable refrigeration monitoring systems are what you need. Reefer monitoring solutions are cost-effective, but you might need to dig to the root of your problem to identify them as the answer. Of course, there are a few additional steps you should also go through from examining the impact on employees to choosing the tech solution.
If your employees are affected by the change you're making and they are resistant to that change, you need to figure out why. It could be because there is something that you are unaware of in their processes that will be negatively affected. It might be because they have higher priority issues that they want you to address or because they have a different perspective on what the solution should be, which is one reason why you should seek feedback widely in the planning stages.
On the other hand, if the change is necessary, you will need to get them on board. This can be tricky because while there may be an overall advantage to the company, their own processes might become more cumbersome in certain ways. You will need to find a way to present the change to them that shows how it can benefit them as well. There is also simply the issue of resistance to change that many people have. In this case, they will eventually adjust, but you may need to provide incentives or find another way to balance the inconvenience of a potentially frustrating learning curve. Letting them be part of the discussion and the process can also help prevent the feeling that a top-down decision is being imposed on them.
Your solution needs to be in alignment with your organization's strategic plan over the next few years and your goals. How does it complement the priorities you have set? This can also help you decide whether the problem is something that needs to be addressed immediately or if there are other issues you should be focusing on more instead.
Sometimes, as in the case of compliance issues around refrigerated assets mentioned above, the issue is not one that can be shelved for a later date, but often teams and individuals can find themselves distracted by shiny new tech that can certainly deliver but which may not aid you in meeting your most important benchmarks in the years ahead. Taking all of this into account can also help you narrow down which solution might be the best since some may be better at aligning with your medium-term aims than others.
Planning can help you avoid some of the pitfalls described above. Is it true in other areas of life, like preventing your car from theft and putting identification on your pets’ tags in case they run off, planning does not prevent problems, but it can make them more manageable. There should be two aspects to this plan for finding tech solutions for your business.
First, if you develop a kind of blueprint for implementation, you can see how the tech fits into the overall operation, including existing systems and processes. Like a good business plan, this can also highlight gaps in your thinking and anything else you may have overlooked. The other aspect of the plan is articulating criteria that will tell you whether the solution was the right one. This criterion should be as specific and measurable as possible in the same way that a goal should be. In fact, once you have established it, you can use it to work backward and see if what you have chosen is likely to deliver the necessary results.
When you start to look at the actual tech, there are a number of things you should consider before you make your decision. To start with, look for something that is scalable so that it can grow with your business. You should also look for an effective user interface. Look at how adaptable and customizable it is. Consider as well what kind of balance you want between accessibility and security. It may be important that employees can access a platform from anywhere.
However, you also need to make sure that any important data is protected. Be sure that you consider how much training will be necessary. Even if your employees are enthusiastic about the new tech, if learning how to use it is going to be very costly in terms of time and money, you may want to consider another option. Another thing to look at is how much support you will get with the transition, installation, updates and any troubleshooting. In all of these areas, see what experiences others report as well. You may not be an early adopter, but the advantage of this is that you can be more certain that the tech you have chosen is stable and reliable.
Table runners are available in various fabric materials such as linen, polyester, cotton, and satin that might make the purchasing process of the table linens a daunting task. No matter if you’re purchasing table runners for the first time or want to replace your old table runners, you should know the variation and availability of fabrics for the table runners. Here are the top 4 fabrics for table runners.
Cotton is one of the most durable fabrics for table runners. As per Fabrictime, cotton is versatile. Additionally, the maintenance of cotton table runners isn’t complicated. The tight weave of the cotton table runners creates embroidery designs whereas; the material can also be dyed into various colors without compromising your choice. Another great benefit of cotton table runners is that they are highly absorbent. This way you can prevent spillage from damaging the table surface. You can wash them in the machine with bleach or stain treaters that will help you to clean the table runners perfectly.
Polyester is one type of chemically made fabric that offers similar advantages to cotton. However, the polyester table runners come with a couple of additional perks. Just like cotton table runners, polyester table runners are also durable. They are also machine-washable and available in various designs and colors. Additionally, polyester table runners don’t shrink like cotton yet provide a thinner experience. Polyester table runners are cost-effective. You can use them multiple times without damaging their appearance. This is why polyester table runners are an ideal choice for casual and formal events.
If you want to purchase table runners for informal dining, you should consider vinyl as the material for a table runner. The vinyl table runners are highly weather-resistant. If they do get dirty, you can also clean them easily. Vinyl table runners are also waterproof and they protect the surface of the table from air exposure, UV rays, and stain. Vinyl table runners are available in massive color patterns to complement any color scheme. However, they aren’t perfect for luxurious and formal events.
Satin is another alluring example of synthetic fabric. But, the satin table runners are glossier and smoother than the polyester table runners. The fabric provides an eye-catching allure that binds both elegance and glamor perfectly. Apart from that, satin table runners are highly customizable. Despite being durable, satin table runners require tremendous care and maintenance.
These are the top 4 best fabrics for table runners. Table runners are undoubtedly one of the most attractive décor materials. However, make sure you determine the purpose of using the table runners before purchasing them.
We are discussing these logic gates because they are the main building block of complicated logic. Normally, complex logic is designed using multiple logic gates. So, today, we will simulate the basic logic gates i.e. AND, OR, and NOT, while in the next lecture, we will simulate NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR in PLC Simulator. So, let's get started:
In very simple language, it is a Boolean decision that has one of only two values either “TRUE” or “FALSE”, not both. For instance, the decision to run or shut down a motor, open or close a valve etc. Well! For deciding such Boolean nature thing, there are two things, inputs and logic to apply on those inputs. On the other way, logic gates apply some sort of logic to the inputs to determine the state of the output.
It’s a table that lists all possible combinations of the inputs and the state of the output for each record. For example, a gate with two inputs has four possible combinations of the inputs and four states of the output. inputs.
There are seven basic logic gates. Some of them have only one input while others have two inputs. There are seven basic logic gates which are “AND”, “OR”, “NOT”, “NOR”, “XOR”, “XNOR”, and “NAND”. So let us enjoy a short journey with them having a fast stop at each one’s station. Our trip will include, how they work, design, timing diagram, and connection with ladder logic programming.
Table 1: Truth table of the AND, OR, NOT logic
| Switch A | Switch B | Motor |
| AND LOGIC | ||
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
| OR LOGIC | ||
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
| NOT LOGIC | ||
| Switch | Output | |
| 0 | 1 | |
| 1 | 0 | |
The “AND” logic gate has two inputs and one output. Like its name, the only condition for having the output become true, is by having both inputs, input A and input B are true. Table 1 lists the truth table of the “AND” gate and Fig. 1 images the symbol of the “AND” gate. In addition, Fig. 2 shows a sample of ladder logic rung that uses “AND” gate logic. It decides the status of the motor based on two switches. The two switches must be in true status for running the motor. ‘to sum up, the logic of the “AND” gate, is that, the output comes to true when and only when both inputs A and B are true.
| Input A | Input B | Output |
| False | False | False |
| True | False | False |
| False | True | False |
| True | True | True |
Fig. 1: symbol of “AND” logic gate [1]
In the ladder logic rung shown in Fig. 2, there are two contacts I1 and I2, they are of normally open (NO) type, these two contacts are connected in series, so the only way to set the output to true is that both contacts I1 and I2 must set to true. For full imagination, please notice the timing diagram of the inputs and output signals shown in Fig. 3. It shows the output is only high when both inputs are high.
Fig. 3: The timing diagram of the “AND” logic gate
Figure 19: Simulating AND logic
This logic gate has two inputs and one output like the “AND” gate. Like its name, the output comes true when either input A or input B comes true as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4: The symbol of “OR” logic gate [1]
Table 2 lists the truth table of the “OR” gate. It lists all possible combinations of inputs and the output status as well. It shows that the output comes to true when input A or input B comes to true.
| Input A | Input B | Output |
| False | False | False |
| True | False | True |
| False | True | True |
| True | True | True |
Figure 5 shows an example of a ladder logic rung that implements the “OR” logic. We can implement this by connecting two inputs I1 and I2 in parallel branches and to the output. like this way of connection, the output can be set to true by simply setting I1 or I2 or both true. Once more, let us see the timing diagram in fig. 6, it is clearly shown that the output goes high as long as either one or both of the inputs are true.
Fig. 5: sample ladder logic rung for “OR” logic [2]
Fig. 6: the timing diagram of the “OR” logic gate
Figure 20: Simulating OR logic
This logic gate has only one input and one output. In a very simple language, the output is the invert logic of the input. So when the input is true, the output would come to false and vise versa as shown in Fig. 7.
Table 3 lists the truth table rows of all possible combination of input and output.
Table 3: the truth table of the “NOT” logic gate
| Input | Output |
| True | False |
| False | True |
Figure 8 depicts a very simple example of a ladder logic rung that shows the output Q1 is the reverse logic of the input I1. In addition, Fig. 9 shows the timing diagram of input and output of the “NOT” logic gate. It shows clearly that, the output is the reverse of the input.
Fig. 8: Sample of the ladder logic rung representing “NOT” logic [2]
Fig. 9: The timing diagram of the NOT logic gate
Before going further with the logic gates, I want to let you know the good news that, you can implement any logic by using the aforementioned three logic gates “AND”, “OR”, and “NOT”. However, for simplification, the other logic gates are designed based on using these three logic gates in different topologies to perform a specific logic functions.
Figure 21: simulating Not logic
Now! I appreciate your follow-up to our PLC tutorial. I am very happy to feel that, by moving further in our plc tutorial our experience is getting increasing bit by bit. However, some questions may come to our mind like does the operator needs to keep pressing input like the push button to keep the motor running? What happens if he released it, does the motor stop? Well! By asking such questions, I can affirm you start your way to master PLC programming and its logic. And let me say the answer to your questions is yes the operator needs to keep pressing the input push-button until the motor has done its task. But that is not the best practice in the real life. There are other techniques to keep the motor running by one touch of the push button, thanks to latching, setting, and resetting techniques as we will show you in the next sections.
Table 2: The first three scan cycles of latching operation
| Scan cycle | Run (I0.0) | Motor status (Q0.0) | Motor coil (Q0.0) |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
We may be sure of the logic we wrote for coding the ladder logic of the latching technique. However, at this point how about going to the simulation lab to work out our latch ladder logic program to enjoy validating our ladder code by putting it in the simulator and see how far it match what it is designed for.
Figure 24: simulation result of the first ladder program
We will concentrate on moving forward with ladder coding which is our target. However, we just tried to show you at any time you can validate your ladder at any point to enjoy and confirm you are on the right track as long as you are working on your project.
Let’s use another approach for latching which is based on using set and reset coil. Figure 25 shows the set and reset methods.
Well! The rational expectation is that the motor won’t be able to start. However, the good thing is there is a magic solution to differentiate between the situation of this is a normal stop request by the operator or the button is hold pressed unintentionally or due to an issue with the switches. The one-shot technique can magically recognize the event of pressing or releasing the pushbuttons. Therefore, when it is held for a long time or forever that is only one button press event and for triggering it needs to release and pressed once again. That’s amazing but how does it work? Well! Let’s go demonstrate the concept of how it works, implementation using ladder logic, and give an example to understand it consistently and enjoy the magic of one-shot action.
Figure 25: set and reset for easy latching output
Two edges happened when a pushbutton pressed and released which are falling edge and rising edge as shown in figure 26. It depicts the rising edge when the button is pressed and the falling edge when it has been released. Now, let's move to ladder logic, there are two equivalent rising and falling edge contacts that can be used to tell the PLC this is a one-shot signal. Figure 27 shows how the use of the rising edge of the reset pushbutton |P| at address I0.3. it shows that despite the reset being pressed, its effect in the moment of pressing and then it needs to be released and pressed again to reset the valve at Q0.1. in the next section, let’s get to business and work out one practical example which represents a real problem in the industry just to harvest the fruit of what we have learned so far.
Figure 26: The rising and falling edge [2]
Figure 27: The effects of one-shot technique in ladder logic
So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture. In the next tutorial, we will simulate Advance Logic Gates using Ladder Logic Programming. We will design NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates in the next lecture. Thanks for reading.
Hello readers, I hope you all are having fun in your lives. Welcome to the 2nd Chapter of Section-2 in the ESP32 Programming Series. In today's lesson, we'll go over another built-in feature of the esp32 module that helps it stand out from the competition: BLE or Bluetooth Low Energy.
In the previous tutorial, we discussed the Classic Bluetooth in ESP32, which is considered the predecessor of Bluetooth Low Energy(which we are going to discuss today). We will first look at, what is BLE? and why is it used?, and then will design some examples to utilize the ESP32 BLE in Arduino IDE.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Bluetooth Technology was created with the intention of allowing data to be streamed indefinitely. That implies you can send and receive a large amount of data over a short distance with Bluetooth.
Although Bluetooth Low Energy differs from the previous Bluetooth Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate protocol, both can be supported by the same device: the Bluetooth 4.0 specification allows devices to implement any or both of the LE and BR/EDR systems.
Because both, Bluetooth Low Energy and traditional Bluetooth use the same 2.4 GHz radio frequencies, allowing dual-mode devices to use a single radio antenna.
It defines a data structure that is visible to all BLE devices linked to it. GATT defines how BLE devices can communicate with each other. Understanding this structure is crucial to understand the working of BLE.
The GATT protocol includes a set of commands that allow the client to learn more about the server.A service is nothing more than a collection of data, such as data from a temperature sensor.
The characteristic attribute is always held by a particular service, and it is where the hierarchy's real data is stored.
The characteristic has two attributes:
It essentially consists of the operations that can be used like Indicate, read, write, notify, broadcast etc.
BLE uses Star and mesh topology for communication.
A Broadcast Type or a Connection Type communication between two BLE devices is possible. The 'broadcaster' BLE Device sends data to any 'observer' BLE Device in broadcasting. It's a data transfer that only goes one way.
A 'Connection' between the BLE Devices is required for two-way communication. A Central (Master) BLE Device continuously checks for advertising data packets sent by a Peripheral (Slave) BLE Device.
Note:
In this code, ESP32, BLE will be used as a server.
https://www.uuidgenerator.net/
20 bytes per packet.
Unfortunately, BLE isn't built to handle large amounts of data. The maximum data size per packet in the BLE specification is 20 bytes, so if you wish to communicate more, you'll have to divide it up into many packets. Fortunately, this isn't a challenging task. Simply put, use a delimiter like "!" or "*" or something unique at the end of your whole message to signal the app that the message is done and to start listening for future communications. If you want to send + > 20 bytes cumulatively, for example, you can send and then proceed with the next message if needed.
After creating a BLE server using ESP32, we can use a BLE application available on the Play store for testing purposes.
Demonstration with BLE scanner app:
This concludes the tutorial. I hope you find it helpful.
Hello readers, I hope you all are doing great. Today, we are going to start the second section of the ESP32 tutorial series and today's our first tutorial, where we will have a look at How to Create a Web Server with ESP32. In our previous tutorial, we introduced you to the basics of the ESP32 microcontroller. where we discuss How to set up Arduino IDE to program ESP32. In this tutorial, we will discuss creating a web server using the ESP32 module.
One of the most interesting features of the ESP microcontroller series is its wireless connectivity via WiFi & Bluetooth. Wireless connectivity protocols supported by ESP32 are:
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
A web server is software or hardware that stores, processes, and delivers web pages to users on request. In other words, it serves users all over the World Wide Web (www). The web server uses the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP or HTTPS) for communication with the clients(normally, web browsers). We know that HTTP is a set of rules to format and exchange messages.
The following are some important features of a web server:
Hence, a web server has multiple features to serve the users on the web.
A client is an entity that initiates communication with the web server and then the server provides the information required. In simple words, the client is a program, device, or user that requests services or resources from the devices, such as the web server. The communication and relationship between these two is called the server-client model. The following are the general server-client model steps that will help to understand the whole scenario:
The client sends an HTTP request to the server. The request includes the URL of the web page that the client wants to retrieve.
Web browsers like Chrome, Firefox, and Safari are examples of clients.
The ESP32 is a microcontroller famous for its wireless capabilities, which makes it ideal for a large number of fields, especially IoT. We are talking about WiFi connectivity as a web server and here are the key features of this module related to it:
We know that the ESP32 has a built-in WiFi feature. This makes it suitable to use as a server. The example of the server-client relationship we have just discussed shows the internet connection of the whole world. The ESP32 can be used for the intranet connection, which is defined as:
"An intranet is a private network that has limited functionalities and is only accessible to users within a specific organization/location."
Usually, this network may consist of different devices, such as mobile phones, computers, laptops and tablets. The Arduino IDE is for the programming of the ESP32, just like we have done in the previous session. If your Arduino IDE is ready with the boards and ports, then let us try the built-in example of the ESP32 to use as a server.
In the experiment we are just performing, the user has to replace the SSID with their own SSID to connect with the ESP32.
Using the ESP32 as a server is easy with the web server example. It has the basics, and here are the steps to follow:
client.print("Click <a href=\"/H\">here</a> to turn the LED on pin 2 on.<br>");
client.print("Click <a href=\"/L\">here</a> to turn turn the LED on pin 2 off.<br>");
Note: Make sure you have installed the port and board before you try this code and have selected all the right options; otherwise, you can face errors.
#include <WiFi.h>
const char *ssid = "My-SSID";
const char *password = "My-Password";
WiFiServer server(80);
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(1000);
Serial.println("Connecting to WiFi...");
}
Serial.println("Connected to WiFi");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
server.begin();
}
void loop() {
WiFiClient client = server.available();
if (client) {
Serial.println("New Client.");
while (client.connected()) {
if (client.available()) {
String request = client.readStringUntil('\r');
client.flush();
// Check if the request contains a specific message
if (request.indexOf("GET /message") != -1) {
int startPos = request.indexOf("message=") + 8;
int endPos = request.indexOf("HTTP/1.1") - 1;
String message = request.substring(startPos, endPos);
Serial.println("Received message: " + message);
// Send a proper HTTP response
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");
client.println("Content-type: text/plain");
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println();
client.print("Message received!");
// Close the connection
client.stop();
Serial.println("Client disconnected.");
break;
}
}
}
}
}
http://192.168.43.251/message?message=I_am_using_The_Engineering_Projects
http://192.168.43.188/
http://192.168.43.188/26/on
http://192.168.43.188/26/off
If it looks too complicated, don't worry. These things will get more clear when we will cover the Arduino coding.
Note:ESP32 Wi-Fi module includes a number of useful characteristics, including the ability to use a soft access point mode, a station mode, or both modes at the same time. Only station mode will be discussed in this session. I'll also cover how to use this board in soft access mode in future tutorials.
Connect the peripherals to the ESP32 board which you want to control through the ESP32 Web Server.
Here, we are going to control two external LEDs connected to LED1 (GPIO 26), LED2 (GPIO 27), and an inbuilt LED.
The following are the requirements for creating an ESP32 webserver to control peripherals:#includeNote:// Replace with your network credentials char* ssid = "ESP32"; //enter SSID char* passphrase = "asdfgf@123"; // enter the password // Set web server port number to 80 WiFiServer server(80); // Variable to store the HTTP request String header; // Auxiliar variables to store the current output state String output26State = "off"; String output27State = "off"; String builtin_led_state = "off"; // Assign output variables to GPIO pins const int output26 = 26; const int output27 = 27; // Current time unsigned long currentTime = millis(); // Previous time unsigned long previousTime = 0; // Define timeout time in milliseconds (example: 2000ms = 2s) const long timeoutTime = 2000; void setup() { Serial.begin(115200); // Initialize the output variables as outputs pinMode(output26, OUTPUT); pinMode(output27, OUTPUT); pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT); // Set outputs to LOW digitalWrite(output26, LOW); digitalWrite(output27, LOW); digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // Connect to Wi-Fi network with SSID and password Serial.print("Connecting to "); Serial.println(ssid); WiFi.begin(ssid, passphrase); while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); } // Print local IP address and start web server Serial.println(""); Serial.println("WiFi connected."); Serial.println("IP address: "); Serial.println(WiFi.localIP()); server.begin(); } void loop(){ WiFiClient client = server.available(); // Listen for incoming clients if (client) { // If a new client connects, currentTime = millis(); previousTime = currentTime; Serial.println("New Client."); // print a message out in the serial port String currentLine = ""; // make a String to hold incoming data from the client while (client.connected() && currentTime - previousTime <= timeoutTime) { // loop while the client's connected currentTime = millis(); if (client.available()) { // if there's bytes to read from the client, char c = client.read(); // read a byte, then Serial.write(c); // print it out the serial monitor header += c; if (c == '\n') { // if the byte is a newline character // if the current line is blank, you got two newline characters in a row. // that's the end of the client HTTP request, so send a response: if (currentLine.length() == 0) { // HTTP headers always start with a response code (e.g. HTTP/1.1 200 OK) // and a content-type so the client knows what's coming, then a blank line: client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); client.println("Content-type:text/html"); client.println("Connection: close"); client.println(); // turns the GPIOs on and off if (header.indexOf("GET /26/on") >= 0) { Serial.println("GPIO 26 on"); output26State = "on"; digitalWrite(output26, HIGH); } else if (header.indexOf("GET /26/off") >= 0) { Serial.println("GPIO 26 off"); output26State = "off"; digitalWrite(output26, LOW); } else if (header.indexOf("GET /27/on") >= 0) { Serial.println("GPIO 27 on"); output27State = "on"; digitalWrite(output27, HIGH); } else if (header.indexOf("GET /27/off") >= 0) { Serial.println("GPIO 27 off"); output27State = "off"; digitalWrite(output27, LOW); } else if (header.indexOf("GET /LED_BUILTIN/on") >= 0) { Serial.println("BUILTIN LED on"); builtin_led_state = "on"; digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); } else if (header.indexOf("GET /LED_BUILTIN/off") >= 0) { Serial.println("BUILTIN_LED off"); builtin_led_state = "off"; digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); } // Display the HTML web page client.println(""); client.println(""); client.println(""); // CSS to style the on/off buttons // Feel free to change the background-color and font-size attributes to fit your preferences client.println(""); // Web Page Heading client.println(" ESP32 Web Server
"); // Display current state, and ON/OFF buttons for builtin led client.println("LED_BUILTIN - State " + builtin_led_state + "
"); // If the LED is off, it displays the ON button if (builtin_led_state=="off") { client.println(""); } else { client.println(""); } // Display current state, and ON/OFF buttons for GPIO 26 client.println("LED_1 - State " + output26State + "
"); // If the output26State is off, it displays the ON button if (output26State=="off") { client.println(""); } else { client.println(""); } // Display current state, and ON/OFF buttons for GPIO 27 client.println("LED_2 - State " + output27State + "
"); // If the output27State is off, it displays the ON button if (output27State=="off") { client.println(""); } else { client.println(""); } client.println(""); // The HTTP response ends with another blank line client.println(); // Break out of the while loop break; } else { // if you got a newline, then clear currentLine currentLine = ""; } } else if (c != '\r') { // if you got anything else but a carriage return character, currentLine += c; // add it to the end of the currentLine } } } // Clear the header variable header = ""; // Close the connection client.stop(); Serial.println("Client disconnected."); Serial.println(""); } }
Here, we'll take a closer look at the code to see how it works.
Now, we are done with all the basic settings in the setup function. Let's have a look at the code in the Loop function:
A screenshot of a Web Browser on a laptop accessing the ESP32 Web Server is shown below.
Hence, We have done a lot of work on the ESP32 by using it as a server. In the beginning, we saw what is a web server and studied its features in detail. After that, we saw that ESP32 can be used as a server and we saw the feature that makes it ideal for this task. Then we experimented to learn the concept, in which we saw the built-in example of ESP32 as a server in Arduino IDE. We saw the step-by-step procedure to experiment and once it was completed, we moved on to a more complex example. I hope you find this tutorial useful and have performed it by yourself but if you are stuck at any point, you can ask in the comment section.
Using the ESP32 web server and the preceding process, you can control the peripherals linked to the ESP32 module from any mobile, tablet, or computer. The only need is that all of the devices to be linked to the same network.
This concludes the lesson. I hope it becomes useful to you. In the next tutorial, we will have a look at How to work the ESP32 BLE, so stay tuned. Have a good day. :)
The two most significant hazards to the agriculture industry are the need for extensive labor and a scarcity of water. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) organization, water shortages might affect two-thirds of the world's population by 2025, putting both the ecosystem and human health at risk. The use of automatic plant watering systems eliminates both of these problems by watering plants at specified times and amounts while monitoring their hydration levels through measuring moisture in the soil surrounding the plants. Automatic plant watering systems can be used in homemade gardens and can also be deployed in fields for large-scale use. Whenever designing an automatic watering system, it is important to keep in mind that the system should be expandable, allowing for the simple integration of new devices in order to broaden the applicability of the system.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | Buzzer | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 2 | LEDs | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 3 | DS1307 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 4 | LCD 20x4 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 5 | Arduino Uno | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Three main components of an autonomous watering system are:
It is necessary to integrate the water level sensor with the microcontroller before it can be installed within the water reservoir. The location of the water level sensor within the reservoir is variable and is determined by the user and the application for which it is being utilized. The Arduino receives continuous data from the water level sensor and warns the user when the water goes below a certain level, either by an alarm or a buzzer, as appropriate.
The soil moisture sensor operates in a manner similar to that of the water level sensor. The tip of the sensor is inserted into the soil near the plant, and the sensor is activated. In the case of a moisture sensor, the closeness of the sensor to the plant is also variable, and the user may adjust it depending on the features of the plant for which it is being used. In vast agricultural fields, a single sensor may be used for numerous plants if they are closely spaced and their hydration levels can be determined by measuring the soil moisture at one location that overlaps with another spot on the soil surface.
The RTC module operates on the same concept of time monitoring in the background as other electronic devices such as computers and smartphones; even when these devices appear to be turned off, they continue to keep track of the current time. The RTC module, on the other hand, is capable of exchanging time information with the Arduino board. On a specific day of the week, at a specific time of day, the Arduino is pre-programmed to turn on the water pump and turn off the water pump after a specified length of time.
Figure # 1: Arduino UNO
Figure # 2: Soil Moisture Sensor
Figure # 3: Water Level Sensor
Figure # 4: RTC Module
Figure # 5: 12V Relay
Figure # 6: PCF 8574
Figure 7 shows the circuit diagram of the system. Proteus was used to simulate the circuit and Arduino App was used for the simulation of the Arduino code. The circuit was designed in a way that is easy to understand and further integrated easily. We will now go through a step-by-step guide on how the circuit was built.
Figure # 7: Proteus Circuit diagram
A normal Arduino code has two main segments:
Figure # 12: Arduino Code
Figure # 13: Arduino Code
Figure # 14: Arduino Code
Figure # 15: Arduino Code
Figure # 16: Arduino Code
Figure # 17: Arduino Code
Figure # 18: Arduino Code
Figure # 19: Arduino Code
Figure # 20: Arduino Code
Figure # 21: Arduino Code
Figure # 22: Arduino Code
Figure # 23: Arduino Code
Figure # 24: Arduino Code
If you see the code closely, you may see the function of the right hour, which is called various times in the main code. The function code in itself is written at the bottom of the main code. This function is used for displaying the time and date on the LCD and also for fixing the date and time.
Figure # 8: Proteus circuit simulation when soil is soggy
Figure # 9: Proteus circuit simulation when soil is moist
Figure # 10: Proteus circuit simulation when soil is dry
Figure # 11: Proteus circuit simulation when soil is dry and it is time to water the plant
As you can see from figure 8 that our simulation is running according to the program set at Arduino. You can increase or decrease the values coming from the sensors through the Potentiometer. So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture. If you have any questions, please ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.Are you here to learn about Databases and CRUD operations in the C# programming language? If so, then you will be an expert in no time. Learning Databases and CRUD operations in C# is not a piece of cake. But, if you know all the terms and steps of CRUD operations and databases in C#, it will not be rocket science for you. This article contains all the information you should know regarding databases and CRUD operations. So, keep reading till the end!
We know that you are already aware of the C# programming language. So, here is a quick overview of the C# programming language before we move to the actual topic:
C#, also known as C-Sharp, is an object-intended coding language that operates on the .NET Platform and is developed by Microsoft. ISO and ECMA have certified the C# programming language. C# is a broad programming language that can help accomplish hundreds of activities and purposes in different fields. It resembles Java, C++, and other programming languages but, it is truly one of a kind. The best thing is that it is object-oriented and is easy to use. It has an infinite list of advantages.
Some of the advantages of the C# are listed below:
All the above advantages make the C# programming language stand out in other languages. It is undoubtedly the most contemporary and exceptional language out there!
Before we begin learning about CRUD operations in a database within the C# programming language, it is crucial to know what a Database is.
A database is basically a coordinated set of formatted data kept digitally within a computer network. A database administration tool is generally in charge of a dataset. The DBMS, the dataset, and the programs that interact with these are collectively called a database platform. Every database operation can access a single relational database. It is generated as an inclusion within the data catalog by the data proprietor (usually a database manager with authority for that collection), who gives it a title and a specification. Several databases utilize structured query language (SQL) when generating and accessing data.
Here is the most awaited section of the entire article: CRUD operations. Please grab a notebook to note every detail for your better understanding. And if you do not wish to write these, you can always read our article from the website. Let us begin:
The abbreviation CRUD refers to Create, Read, Update, and Delete in software coding. Permanent memory has these four primary functions. Additionally, every letter of the abbreviation may relate to every functionality within a relational network program that is linked to a standard HTTP service, SQL declaration, or DDS action.
It may also apply to consumer-interface standards that let users browse, explore, and alter data using computer-based documentation. Objects are viewed, produced, modified, and removed in this way. Furthermore, CRUD is data-driven, and HTTP operation verbs are regulated.
The CRUD feature is present in almost all programs. CRUD is something that every coder has to use at some stage. In the C# programming language, CRUD operations in the database are quite crucial to learn because they are a fundamental component of programming. CRUD is important because of its Create, Read, Update, and Delete features. A brief explanation of these features is listed below:
In this section, we will discuss the steps required to operate the standard CRUD operations in ASP.NET MVC within the C# programming language. So, please pay extra attention to this section so that you do not have to face any difficulty while coding.
You must be thinking about the term MVC. Well, MVC abbreviates for Model View Controller. It is actually a development paradigm that isolates the business strategy from the display strategy and information. In a nutshell, it is a framework for designing online applications. According to MVC, the program can be divided into three layers:
Now that you know about the MVC, we can begin the discussion of the steps of CRUD operations in C#:
Afterward, select the initial activity outcome and select AddView. Choose to Generate as your theme, model type as your developed model, and info context category as your EDMX developed prototype. After that, execute the project.
Then, insert the View. However, make sure the style is set to List. After that, launch the project.
Next, insert a view in the same way you did before, but ensure to set the theme to Edit. After that, launch the project.
Now, just set the theme to Delete and execute the program.
Please remember that you can always change the HTML according to your needs. We hope that you understood how CRUD operations work in databases of the C# programming language.
We want our readers to have crystal clear concepts regarding CRUD operations in the C#. That is why we also included this brief section of CRUD operations in C# connecting the SQL Database. Let us begin:
Please remember these steps. If you mess up in one step, your program will not execute the right way. So, it would be great for you if you note the steps down!
Now that you know about the launch of CRUD operations in databases within the C# programming language, it is time to know the benefits of using CRUD operations. You must have this question that why do programmers prefer CRUD? In simple words, developers use CRUD because of its exceptional productivity. Additionally, performing CRUD operations protects against SQL manipulation attacks. Because all SQL Entries utilize saved methods rather than string synthesis to generate flexible queries from client input info, everything entered into a variable is quoted.
It would not be wrong to say that CRUD is just too crucial to be overlooked. Mastering it initially can help you feel more confident when working with unknown stacks. CRUD Operations help in our daily desktop tasks. Some of these are:
These are just some of them. CRUD is a part of everyone’s life whether one is a programmer or not.
Program permissions are a SQL Administration feature that allows code to alter credentials without requiring the person's permission. Individuals should have the necessary rights on the relational records to execute ad hoc SQL queries. Clients can view and change data in apps like Microsoft Excel, PowerPoint, and others after authorization is allowed. Customers can even ignore the app's corporate rules.
However, it is an undesirable scenario that may be avoided by using the Application Authority. Such kind of flaws can be prevented by combining database access protection with an Application License. Because Application licenses are uploaded to the system via a recorded method, CRUD is required. It can also be done by providing authorization to run the CRUD saved methods and removing immediate table entry.
After an Application Account is established, authorization and passcode are granted. The passcode is also hard to change because it is programmed into the program. CRUD is indeed the procedure to utilize while modifying data. Thus, the world of programming would be incomplete without CRUD Operations.
In this article, we discussed the CRUD operations in databases within the C# programming language. We also discussed Standard CRUD Operations In ASP.NET MVC as well as in Connecting SQL Databases Utilizing C#, with some benefits of using CRUD. These might seem complicated to you. Once you become an expert, all the CRUD operations in the C# will not be rocket science for you. Just make sure to follow all the steps correctly to avoid any mistakes.
Happy Programming Precious Readers!
Hello everyone, I hope you're all doing well. In the previous lecture(Chapter 0: ESP32 Pinout), we discussed the ESP32 features & specs in detail. Today, we are officially starting this ESP32 Programming Series. In this ESP32 Programming Series, we will start with basic concepts and will gradually move towards complex topics. I will try to keep this ESP32 series as simple as I can. But still, if you encounter any issues, please ask in the comments, will try to resolve the issues as soon as possible.
As ESP32 has numerous features & applications, so I have divided this series into different sections. I have named the 1st section "ESP32 IDEs". In this section, we will discuss different IDEs used to program ESP32 boards. In each Chapter of this section, we will install one of these ESP32 IDEs and will test a simple LED Blinking Code in it. We will set up the ESP32 Development Environment for Windows, Mac, and Linux users.
As I am sharing the 1st Chapter today, so first we will unbox the ESP32 board, set up the most commonly used ESP32 IDE i.e. Arduino IDE, and test a simple WiFi Scan Code on the ESP32.
Here's a video lecture for better understanding:
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
IDE is an abbreviation of Integrated Development Environment. IDE is a software package used to write & compile the code. As ESP32 is one of the most popular microcontroller boards, there are numerous third-party IDEs available to program it, and each IDE supports its own programming language. So, if you are a C# developer or an Arduino expert, you can quickly and easily get your hands dirty with ESP32. The below table shows the most commonly used ESP32 IDEs along with their supported programming language:
| ESP32 IDEs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. |
ESP32 IDEs |
Programming Language |
||
| 1 |
Arduino IDE |
Arduino C |
||
| 2 |
Thonny IDE |
MicroPython |
||
| 3 |
Visual Studio Code |
Arduino C |
||
| 4 |
PlatformIO IDE |
C++ |
||
| 5 |
ESP-IDF(official IDE by EspressIF) |
C |
||
| 6 |
nanoFramework |
C# |
||
In today's lecture, we will install the Arduino IDE and configure it for ESP32 Programming. So, let's get started:
First of all, we need to install the Arduino IDE itself. To program ESP32 with Arduino IDE, we need to install the ESP32 Boards in Arduino IDE. Before installing the ESP32 Boards, we first need to add a JSON File containing information about ESP32 Boards. JSON format is used to share information between two computers. So, this JSON file will add the information of ESP32 boards in the Arduino IDE. So, let me summarize these 3 steps in proper order:
We need to first download & install the Arduino IDE.
After installing the Arduino IDE, we need to add the ESP32 JSON File in it. So, follow the below steps:
Steps to install ESP32 JSON File in Arduino IDE:
Now, we are ready to install the ESP32 Boards in Arduino IDE:
In some cases, the Arduino IDE won't automatically detect the ESP32 COM Port, so here we need to install the COM Port driver for ESP32. Let's do it:
If you don't find the ESP32 COM Port in the Port Section of Arduino IDE, then you need to install the COM Port Driver manually. So, follow the below steps:
After installing this COM Port Driver, restart your Arduino IDE and it's recommended to restart your computer as well.
So, we have successfully installed the ESP32 Boards in the Arduino IDE. Now, let's upload a simple LED Blinking Code in the ESP32:
Now that the Arduino IDE is ready to handle the ESP32 Dev Kit module, you can write the code for the ESP32 module. We will just upload a simple WiFi Scan Code to verify that our ESP32 installation is correct.
That concludes today's discussion. We hope you found this post informative. In the next tutorial, we will install the ESP32 Boards in the Visual Studio Code. If you have any questions, please ask in the comments. Take care. Have a good day.