The Engineering Projects

Introduction to 2SD882

Hi Fellas! Hope you’re doing well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to 2SD882. 2sd882 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor used for amplification and switching purposes. It is a semiconductor device composed of silicon material and comes in the TO-126 package. As this is a bipolar transistor, here conductivity is carried out by two charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes where electrons are major charge carriers and holes are minority carriers. During the amplification application, the small input current across one pair of terminals is used to produce a large output current across other pairs of terminals. In this post, I’ll walk you through the working principle, pinout, power ratings, alternatives, applications, datasheet, and physical dimensions of the 2sd882 transistor.

Introduction to 2SD882

• 2sd882 is a medium power transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family. It contains two junctions… the base-emitter junction which is forward biased and the base-collector junction is reverse biased in forward active mode.
• This NPN transistor is composed of three layers where one is a p-doped layer that sits between two n-doped layers.
• 2sd882 carries three terminals called the emitter, collector, and base. The electrical circuit is connected with the transistor through these terminals.
• It is a high current and low saturation voltage device with common-emitter current gain ranging from 30 to 300. The current gain demonstrates the value of current this transistor can amplify. And this current gain varies depending on the voltage and current characteristics of the transistors.

• The collector-base voltage is 60V and the collector-emitter voltage is 30V. While the emitter-base voltage is 5V that indicates the amount of voltage it requires to bias the transistor and start the transistor action.

• In bipolar junction transistors, two charge carriers are used i.e. holes and electrons. And in this NPN transistor current flows from the collector to the emitter side with electrons as major charge carriers and holes as minority carriers.
• This NPN transistor is manufactured in such a way where the collector side surrounds the emitter side. In this construction, the electrons cannot escape the collector region emitted by the emitter terminal.

 

2SD882 Datasheet

The datasheet of any electronic device demonstrates the main characteristics of the component. This way you can get a hold of the current, voltage, and power ratings of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of 2sd882.

2SD882 Pinout

The 2sd882 comes with three pins known as: 1: Emitter 2: Collector 3: Base The following figure represents the pinout diagram of transistor 2sd882.

• All these terminals come with different doping concentrations. The collector pin is lightly doped and the emitter pin is highly doped compared to other terminals.
• The collector pin is 10-times less doped compared to the base pin. Moreover, the emitter side contains the entire current of the device.

2SD882 Working Principle

• When a positive voltage is applied at the base pin, it gets biased and the current flows from the collector to the emitter terminal.
• Recall, both electrons and holes play a key role in the conductivity process inside a transistor but holes are minority carriers and electrons are majority carriers.
• It is observed bipolar devices like this transistor are not symmetrical components. This means exchanging the emitter and collector terminals will prevent the transistor from working in forward active mode and put both terminals in the reverse active mode.
• This can affect and reduce the values of common-emitter current gain and common-base current gain.

• The lack of symmetry is caused by the different doping concentrations of both emitter and collector terminals.

• Common-emitter current gain is 30-300 in this transistor, which is denoted by beta and common-base current gain is always less than one which is denoted by alpha.
• And switching the emitter and collector terminals will put the alpha value somewhere around 0.5 and the beta value less than 300.
• Also, NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors since the mobility of electrons is far better and quicker than the movement of holes.

2SD882 Power Ratings

The following table demonstrates the absolute maximum ratings of 2sd882.

Absolute Maximum Ratings 2sd882
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	30	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	60	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	3	A
5	Current Gain	hfe	30 to 300
6	Power Dissipation	Ptot	12.5	W
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-65 to 150	C

• The collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 30 & 60 respectively.
• And total power dissipation is 12.5W which projects the amount of power released during the working of this device.
• The junction temperature is 150C and the storage temperature stretches from -65 to 150C.
• While working with the component, make sure the ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, they can damage the device, putting the entire project at risk.

• Plus, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability.

2SD882 Alternatives

The following are the alternatives to 2sd882.

• BD187
• MJE802
• BD185
• BD189
• BD349
• MJE182
• 2SC4342
• 2SD1693
• 2SD1712
• TIP122L
• BD131
• 2SD1018

Before installing this device into your electrical circuit, cross-check the pinout of alternatives with the original 2sd882. It is likely the pinout of the 2sd882 might differ from the pinout of the alternatives. Be on the safe side and do your due diligence beforehand. The complementary PNP transistor to 2sd882 is 2sb772

2SD882 Applications

2sd882 is used in the following applications.

• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Employed to support loads under 3A.
• Installed in the motor control circuit.
• Employed in the switched-mode power supply.
• Used in voltage regulator circuits.
• Used in H-bridge circuits.
• Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.
• Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.

2SD882 Physical dimensions

The following figure shows the physical dimensions of the 2sd882 device. By scanning the physical dimensions of this component you can audit the space required for your circuit and install the device appropriately. This is it. If you have any query, you can pop your question in the comment section below, I’d love to help you according to the best of my expertise. You are most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions in the section below and help us create quality content tailored to your exact requirements. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to D882

Hi there! Hope this finds you well. I welcome you on board. Thanks for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll be discussing the Introduction to D882 transistor.

D882 is a general-purpose transistor mainly famous for its high performance. It falls under the category of NPN transistor and is an ideal pick for commercial, educational, and hobbyists’ electronic projects. It comes in TO-126 with collector current 3A, projecting it can drive loads under 3A. There are three pins incorporated on the transistor which are used for external connections. The collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 30V and 40V respectively with emitter-base voltage 5V, indicating only 5V are required to bias the component.

Read this post all the way through as I’ll walk you through pinout, datasheet, alternatives, working principle, power ratings, applications, and physical dimensions of this tiny electronic component D882.

Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to D882

• D882 is a general-purpose transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family. It comes with collector current 5A and is mainly used for switching and amplification purpose.
• The amplification factor is 60-400. This factor indicates the amount of current this device can amplify.
• This NPN transistor contains three pins called the emitter, collector, and base. The small current at the base terminal is amplified and produced across the remaining two terminals. This process is used for amplification purposes.

• D882 consists of three layers where two are n-doped layers and one is a p-doped layer. This p-doped layer represents the base terminal which means a positive voltage supply is applied at the base terminal in contrast to the PNP transistor where the base terminal is negative indicating negative voltage supply is applied at the base terminal.
• As this is an NPN transistor, here current flows from collector to emitter in opposite to PNP transistors where current flows from emitter to collector terminal.
• This device controls the input current, the reason it’s known as a current-controlled device and is different than FETs (field effect transistor) that are voltage-controlled devices.
• Though both holes and electrons play a vital role in the conductivity of the transistor, here in this NPN transistor electrons are majority carriers and holes are minority carriers, indicating major part of the conductivity inside the transistor is done by the movement of electrons which is far better than the movement of holes.
• This NPN transistor is preferred over PNP transistors for the amplification purpose because electrons prove handy for conductivity compared to holes as they are fast carriers.

D882 Datasheet

The datasheet of any component gives you the characteristics of the device through which you can understand the main features of the component before employing it in your project. Click the link below and download the datasheet of D882.

D882 Pinout

D882 comes with three pins named as:

1. Emitter
2. Collector
3. Base

The following picture shows the pinout diagram of D882.

These pins are also called terminals. The small input current at the base terminal is used to produce a large current at the emitter and collector terminals.

D882 Working Principle

• The overall transistor action starts from the base pin. The base terminal behaves like a control valve that controls the number of electrons emitted from the emitter terminal which are then collected by the collector terminal that is coupled with a resistor to control the electrical current.
• Recall, in the NPN transistor the positive voltage supply is applied at the base terminal.
• The P-doped layer in the NPN transistor represents the base terminal and the other two n-doped layers represent emitter and collector terminals which are negative.

• Also, this base terminal controls the number of holes in the PNP transistors, as holes are the majority carriers in PNP transistors.
• When 5V is applied at the base terminal it gets biased and starts the transistor action. The small input current is used to create a large output current at the other two terminals.

D882 Power Ratings

The following table represents the absolute maximum ratings of the D882 transistor:

Absolute Maximum Ratings D882
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	30	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	40	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	3	A
5	Current Gain	hfe	60 to 400
6	Power Dissipation	Ptot	10	W
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-55 to 150	C

• This device exhibits a collector current of 3A which is ideal for driving LED, bulbs, motors, and relays. The maximum power dissipation is 10W which makes it a valuable pick for the output stages of audio amplifiers.
• It is important to note that these are the stress ratings which if exceeding the absolute maximum ratings, can badly affect the device and thus the entire project. Keep ratings during the working of this component below absolute maximum ratings.
• One more thing… don’t apply these ratings for maximum time. If you apply these ratings more than the required time, can affect device reliability.

D882 Alternatives

The following are the alternatives to D882.

• MJE802
• BD349
• BD185
• BD189
• MJE182
• BD187
• TIP122L
• 2SC4342
• 2SD1712
• BD131
• 2SD1693
• 2SD1018

The PNP complementary to 2SD882 is 2SB772. It’s important to remember, before installing alternatives in your project, double-check the pinout of the alternatives which might differ from the pinout of the D882. This will save you from the hassle that might happen later.

D882 Applications

The D882 is mainly used in the following applications.

• Used for amplification and switching purposes.
• Used to drive loads under 3A.
• Installed in H-bridge circuits.
• Incorporated in voltage regulators and power supply circuits.
• Used to drive motors and battery charger circuits.

D882 Physical dimensions

The following figure represents the physical dimensions of the D882. These dimensions help you evaluate the total space required for the entire electrical project.

That’s all for today. I hope you find this article helpful. You’re most welcome to share your feedback and suggestions in the comment section, they help us produce quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to BD136

Hello Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to BD136. BD136 is a medium power general-purpose transistor mainly used for switching and audio amplification purposes. It belongs to the PNP transistor family and comes with collector current 1.5A, indicating it can drive loads under 1.5A. The amplification factor ranges from 40 to 250, which means it can amplify the input signal up to 250 times. Both collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 45V while the emitter-base voltage is 5V, indicating only 5V is required to bias this transistor. I suggest you read this entire post, as I’ll be detailing complete introduction to BD140 covering pinout, working principle, power ratings, applications, and physical dimensions. Let’s get started.

Introduction to BD136

• BD136 is a PNP general purpose transistor mainly used for switching and amplification purpose. It comes with three terminals named as emitter, collector and base.
• The small input current at the base pin is used to produce large output current at the other two terminals. This process is used for amplification purposes.
• It carries amplification factor or current gain 40 to 250, projecting the capacity of the component it can amplify the current.
• BD136 is composed of three layers where one is an n-doped layer and the other two are p-doped layers. The n-doped layer sits between the two p-doped layers.
• The n-layer represents the base pin while the other two layers represent emitter and collector respectively.

• Though both electrons and holes play a critical role in the conductivity, as this is a PNP transistor, here majority carriers are holes in contrast with NPN transistor where majority carriers are electrons.
• In both cases, the base pin is the main terminal responsible for the entire transistor action. The base pin behaves like a valve that controls the number of holes in PNP transistors and electrons in NPN transistors.

• It is important to note that NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors for amplification purposes because the electrons’ movement is better and quicker than the mobility of holes in PNP transistors.

BD136 Datasheet

• Before you embed this component in your project, it is wise to have a look at the datasheet of the component that helps you better understand the main characteristics of the transistor.
• Click the like below to download the datasheet of the BD136 transistor.

BD136 Pinout

BD136 comes with three main terminals known as: 1: Emitter 2: Collector 3: Base The following figure represents the pinout of the BD136 transistor.

• All these terminal can be connected with the electrical circuit. Also, these terminals are different in terms of doping concentrations and working ability.
• The base and collector terminals are less doped compared to the emitter terminal. Plus, emitter terminals holds the current of the entire transistor.

BD136 Working Principle

• The working principle of this PNP transistor is simple and straightforward and works like an NPN transistor. Also, in NPN transistor the base pin is positive while it’s negative in PNP transistor.
• The transistor is turned ON and both emitter and collector terminals are forward biased when there is no current at the base side.
• And when there is current at the base terminal, the transistor is turned OFF, projecting both collector and emitter sides are reverse biased.

• Recall NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors for amplification purposes because the electrons’ movement is better and quicker than the mobility of holes in the PNP transistor.

Difference between PNP and NPN transistors

• In both transistors, the base pin is the main terminal used to bias the transistor. The base terminal acts like a valve that controls the number of electrons in the NPN transistor and the number of holes in the PNP transistor.

• The main difference stands between the voltages polarities and the current direction. In PNP transistor current flows from emitter to collector terminals while in NPN transistor current flows from collector to emitter terminal.

• Keep this thing in mind, both NPN and PNP transistors are interchangeable only if a bipolar junction transistor is composed of two back-to-back diodes with the base terminal being the common terminal.

 

BD136 Power Ratings

The following table represents the absolute maximum ratings of BD136.

Absolute Maximum Ratings BD136
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	45	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	45	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	1.5	A
5	Current Gain	hfe	40 to 250
6	Power Dissipation	Ptot	12	W
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-55 to 150	C

• The collector-base and collector-emitter voltages are 45V respectively. While emitter-base voltage is 5V indicating only 5V is used to bias the transistor.
• The amplification factor ranges from 40 to 250, demonstrating the transistor capacity to amplify the input signal. The collector current is 1.5A, which means it is capable to support loads under 1.5A.
• The power dissipation is 12 W and storage temperature is -55 to 150C.

• It is important to note that these are defined as the stress ratings. While working with your project, make sure the ratings don’t surpass the absolute maximum ratings, else they can damage the component and thus the entire project.
• Plus, if you apply these ratings for more than the desired time, they can affect device reliability.

BD136 Alternatives

The following are the alternatives to BD136.

• TIP127
• TIP42
• BC157
• 2N3906
• BC556
• BD140
• 2SA1943
• S8550

The BD135 is NPN equivalent to the BD136 transistor.

• While incorporating alternatives into your electrical project, check the pinout of the alternatives. As it’s quite likely the pinout of the alternatives might differ from the pinout of BD136.

BD136 Applications

BD136 is used in the following applications.

• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Used to drive loads under 1.5A.
• Used for constructing Astable bistable multivibrators.
• Used in current mirror circuits.
• Used in comparator and oscillator circuits.
• Employed for impedance buffering.
• Used to drive loads under 1.5A.
• Incorporated in H- Bridge circuits.

 

BD136 Physical dimensions

The following figure shows the physical dimensions of the component BD136. That was all about Introduction to BD136. If you have any question, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to keep us updated with your feedback and valuable suggestions, they help us create quality content. Thank you for reading this article.

Introduction to BD135

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to BD135. BD135 is a general-purpose medium-power transistor that falls under the category of NPN transistors. It is mainly used for switching and audio amplification purposes. It comes with a collector current 1.5A, indicating it can drive loads under 1.5A. Total power dissipation is 12.5W with storage temperature ranging from -55 to 150C. Bear with me for a couple of minutes as in this post I’ll be discussing the complete introduction to BD135 covering pinout, datasheet, working principle, power ratings, applications, and physical dimensions of transistor BD135. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to BD135

• BD135 is an NPN transistor made-up of silicon material. It is a medium power transistor mainly used for audio amplification and switching purpose.
• This NPN transistor comes with three terminals called emitter, base, and collector. Where small current at the base side is used to produce large current at the other two terminals. This process is used for amplification purposes.
• BD135 carries three layers where one is a p-doped layer and the other two are n-doped layers. The p-doped layer stands between the two n-doped layers.
• In this transistor, the base terminal is positive and represents the p-doped layer while the other two terminals are negative.

• It is important to notice that both electrons and holes play a vital role in conductivity. As this is an NPN transistor, here electrons are majority carriers in opposed to PNP transistors where holes are majority carriers.

• In both cases, however, the base terminal plays the key role to control the overall transistor action.
• In NPN transistor, the base pin controls the number of electrons emitted from the emitter side, and in PNP transistor this base terminal controls the number of holes emitted by emitter which are then collector by the collector side.

BD135 Datasheet

Before employing this component into your electrical projects, it is wise to have a look at its datasheet that will help you get a hold of the main characteristics this element holds. Click below to download the datasheet of the BD135 transistor.

BD135 Pinout

BD135 carries three terminals called: 1: Emitter 2: Collector 3: Base The following figure shows the pinout of the BD135. All these terminals are different in terms of functionality and doping concentration. Emitter pin is more doped compared to the other two terminals. These pins are used for external connection with the electronic circuit.

BD135 Pin Configuration

BD135 transistor is available in the following three configurations: 1: Common emitter configuration 2: Common collector configuration 3: Common base configuration

• Common emitter configuration is used for amplification purposes as it comes with the suitable voltage and current ratings required for amplification.
• The amplification factor or current gain is an important factor of the transistor that demonstrates the capacity of any transistor it can amplify the current. It is a ratio between collector current and base current and is denoted by ß. In this case, the amplification factor ranges from 40 to 250. As this is a ratio between the same element i.e. current it carries no unit.
• The current gain is another important factor that is mainly used to demonstrate the nature of the transistor. It is known as alpha and is denoted by a. It is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. The alpha value is always less than 1, commonly lies from 0.5 to 1.

BD135 Working Principle

• Recall, the base pin is responsible for the overall transistor action. This pin behaves like an electron valve that controls the number of electrons emitted from the emitter terminal.

• The base terminal behaves similarly in the PNP transistor but here it controls the number of holes.
• The small current at the base terminal is amplified and produced across the other terminals during the amplification process.

• And when BD135 behaves like a switch, it changes the small current present at one side of the transistor into a larger current across the remaining terminals.
• As BD135 is an NPN transistor, here the base pin is positive with respect to the emitter terminal and the collector voltage is more positive than the emitter voltage.
• Also, the collector side is connected with the resistor to limit and control the flow of current.

 

BD135 Power Ratings

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of BD135.

Absolute Maximum Ratings BD135
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	45	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	45	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	1.5	A
5	Current Gain	hfe	40 to 250
6	Power Dissipation	Ptot	12.5	W
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-55 to 150	C

• These are the stress ratings. Make sure ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings, else they can damage the component and thus the entire project.

• Also, if these ratings are applied for more than the required time, they can severely affect device reliability.

BD135 Alternatives

The following are the alternatives to BD135.

• BD131
• BD135G
• BD167
• BD137
• BD139G
• BD169
• BD137G
• BD139
• BD165
• It is important to note that… before employing these components in your electrical circuit, check the pinout of the alternatives, as it is likely the pinout of the alternatives differ from the pinout of the BD135. Early due diligence can help you avoid hassle later.
• BD136 is a complementary PNP transistor to BD135.

BD135 Applications

BD135 is used in the following applications.

• Used for amplification and switching purposes.
• Used in Astable and Bistable multivibrators.
• Used in sensor circuits.
• Used to control motor.
• Employed in H-bridge circuits
• Used in an audio preamplifier and amplifier stages.
• Used to drive loads under 1.5A.
• Employed in battery chargers.

BD135 Physical dimensions

The following figure shows the physical dimensions of the BD135 transistor. Looking into these dimension you can evaluate the space required for your electronic project. This is it. I hope you find this article helpful. If you need my help, I’d be happy to contribute in any way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable suggestions and feedback in the section below, they help us create quality content. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to BD137

Hi Folks! Hope this finds you well. Thank you for stopping by. In this post today, I'll be discussing the Introduction to BD137. BD137 is an NPN medium power transistor mainly employed in switching and audio amplification applications. It is composed of silicon material and comes in the TO-126 package. The collector-base and collector-emitter voltages are 45V and the emitter-base voltage is 5V which details that only 5V is required to bias this transistor and start transistor action. The collector current is 1.5A which documents that it can support loads under 1.5A. Power dissipation is 12.5W and storage temperature ranges from -55 to 150C. Read this entire post, as I'll walk you through the complete Introduction to BD137 detailing pinout, datasheet, working principle, power ratings, applications, and physical dimensions. Let's jump right in.

Introduction to BD137

• BD137 is a medium power transistor that falls under the category of NPN transistors.
• It contains three terminals known as emitter, collector, and base. The small input current at the base pin is utilized to create a large current at the other two terminals.
• BD137 is composed of three layers where one p-doped layer sits between the two n-doped layers. The single p-doped layer represents the base terminal which is positive and the other two terminals represent emitter and collector that are negative.
• As this is an NPN transistor, here current flows from the collector pin to emitter pin while the base terminal controls the number of electrons emitted from the emitter pin which are then collected by the collector pin.

• Though both holes and electrons play a vital role in conductivity, here in this NPN transistor, holes are minority carriers while on the other hand electrons are majority carriers.
• This is opposite in the case of PNP transistors where electrons are minority carriers and holes are majority carriers.

• It is important to note that the NPN transistors are widely used for amplification purposes and are preferred over PNP transistors because the movement of electrons is better than the movement of holes.

BD137 datasheet

While incorporating this NPN transistor into your electrical project, it is better to scan through the datasheet of this component that will help you get a better understanding of the characteristics of the component. To download the datasheet of BD137, click the link below.

BD137 Pinout

BD137 contains three terminals named 1: Emitter 2: Collector 3: Base The following figure shows the pinout of the BD137 transistor.

• These pins are used for the connection with the external circuit. All these terminals carry different doping concentrations and different functionality.
• The collector and base pins are less doped as compared to the emitter pin. Plus, the emitter terminal holds the entire current of the transistor.

Pin Configurations

BD137 is used with three main configurations. 1: Common-base configuration 2: Common-collector configuration 3: Common-emitter configuration

• The Common-emitter configuration is employed for the amplification purposes because it comes with the exact current and voltage required for the amplification.
• The amplification factor is an important factor of this transistor that defines the capability of the transistor it can amplify the input signal that is then produced as output across the other terminals. It is called beta and is denoted by ß. It is a ratio between the collector current and base current.
• The current gain is another important factor that defines the nature of the transistor. It is denoted by a and is known as alpha. It is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. The alpha value is always less than 1, mostly ranges from 0.5 to 1.

BD137 Working Principle

• No matter the transistor is… whether it’s NPN or PNP transistor, the base pin is used to trigger the overall transistor action.
• This base pin controls the number of electrons in the case of NPN transistor while it controls the number of holes in the case of PNP transistor. This base terminal acts as a control valve.

• In this BD137 NPN transistor, here the base terminal is positive with respect to the emitter side and the emitter voltage is less positive than the collector voltage.

• The small input current at the base side is amplified and created across the remaining two terminals during the amplification process.
• And BD137 also acts like a switch, where it changes the small current available at one side of the transistor into much larger current across the other two terminals.
• Plus, the collector side is coupled with the resistor to control and limit the flow of current.

BD137 Power Ratings

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of the component BD137.

Absolute Maximum Ratings BD137
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	45	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	45	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	1.5	A
5	Current Gain	hfe	40 to 250
6	Power Dissipation	Ptot	12.5	W
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-55 to 150	C

• The emitter-base voltage is 5V which means it needs only 5V to bias the transistor while collector-base and collector-emitter voltages are 45V.
• Power dissipation is 12.5W which projects that it releases 12.5W energy during the working of this transistor. The DC current gain ranges from 40 to 250 which demonstrates the amount of current it can amplify.
• These are main called stress ratings. Make sure while working with your electrical project these ratings don't surpass the absolute maximum rating or they can badly damage the component.

• Moreover, if these ratings are applied for a maximum period, they can affect device reliability.

BD137 Alternatives

• The BD135 & BD139 are the alternatives to BD137.
• While working with the alternatives, double-check the pinout of the alternatives before using them in your project, as it's quite likely the pinout of the BD137 may differ from the pinout of the alternatives.
• The complementary PNP transistor to BD137 is BD138.

Applications

BD137 is used in the following applications.

• Used to design audio amplifiers and drivers using complementary circuits.
• Used to control motor.
• Employed in an audio preamplifier and amplifier stages.
• Used to support loads under 1.5A.
• Employed in H-bridge circuits.
• Incorporated in battery chargers.

BD137 physical dimensions

The following figure shows the physical dimensions of the BD137 transistor. This will help you audit the space required for the entire project. That's all for now. Hope you find this read helpful. If you're unsure or have any query, you can pop your comment in the section below, I'll help you the best way I can. Keep sharing your feedback and suggestions around the posts we share, they help us create quality content. Thank you for reading this article.

Introduction to BD138

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll detail the complete Introduction to BD138. BD138 is a PNP transistor that is incorporated in audio amplification and switching applications. It is composed of silicon material and comes in the TO-126 package. It contains three terminals, where small input current across one terminal is used to produce large output current across the remaining two terminals. The collector-base and collector-emitter voltages are 60V with emitter-base voltage 5V that illustrates the amount of voltage it requires to bias the transistor. In this post I’ll walk you through the Introduction to BD138 detailing pinout, working, physical dimensions, applications, power ratings, and alternatives of BD138 transistor. Let’s get started.

Introduction to BD138

• BD138 is a medium-power transistor that is mainly used for amplification and switching applications.
• It contains three terminals known as emitter, collector, and base. During the amplification process, the small current at the base side is used to produce large output current at the remaining terminals.
• BD138 is composed of three layers. The two layers are p-doped that contains one n-doped layer.
• This n-doped layer represents the base pin that is negative and the other two p-doped layers represent emitter and collector respectively that are positive.

• As this is a PNP transistor, here holes are majority carriers.
• Even though both electrons and holes play a key role in the conductivity, here in PNP transistor holes are majority carriers indicating major conductivity process is done by holes while electrons are minority carriers.

• And it is opposite in the NPN transistor where holes are minority carriers and a major part of conductivity is done through the number of free electrons inside a transistor.
• It is important to note that, for amplification purposes, NPN transistors are commonly used instead of PNP transistors, because the movement of electrons is more efficient and quicker than the movement of holes during the conductivity process.

BD138 Datasheet

• Before you incorporate this component into your electronic project, it is wise to have a look at the datasheet of the component that will help you scan through the main characteristics of the transistor.
• Click below and download the datasheet of transistor BD138.

BD138 Pinout

The BD138 carries three main terminals named as: 1: Emitter 2: Collector 3: Base The following figure shows the pinout of the BD138 transistor.

• These three pins come with different functionality and different doping concentration. The emitter terminal contains the entire current of the transistor and comes with more doping concentration in contrast to both collector and base pins.
• These terminals are connected with the external circuits during the construction of any electrical project.
• It is important to note that, no matter the transistor, whether it’s PNP or NPN transistor, in both cases the base pin plays a key role in the overall transistor action.
• It controls the number of holes in the case of PNP transistor and it controls the number of electrons in the NPN transistor.
• Base pin is nothing but a control value that controls the majority carriers during the conductivity process inside the transistor.

BD138 Working Principle

Recall, the base terminal is negative in PNP transistor while it’s positive in NPN transistor. And the base terminal is the part of the transistor that triggers the overall electron action.

• Both collector and emitter pins are forward biased when the base terminal contains no current and in this situation, the component is turned ON.

• And it is turned OFF when base pin carries current and in that case, both emitter and collector pins are reverse biased.

 

BD138 Power Ratings

The following table represents the absolute maximum ratings of the transistor BD138.

Absolute Maximum Ratings BD138
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	60	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	60	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	1.5	A
5	Current Gain	hfe	40 to 250
6	Power Dissipation	Ptot	12.5	W
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-55 to 150	C

• You can witness, both collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 60V and the emitter-base voltage is 5V which indicates the voltage required to bias the component and start the transistor action.
• The collector current is 1.5A which signals the amount of load this transistor can support. And the power dissipation is 12.5W that illustrates the energy released during the working of this transistor.
• While working with the component, keep this in mind, the ratings don’t exceed the power ratings, otherwise, it can put you in deep trouble by damaging the component or entire project.
• Also, don’t apply these ratings for more than the required time, else they can affect the device reliability.

Difference between NPN and PNP transistors

• Both NPN and PNP transistors work in a similar fashion with a few exceptions.
• In NPN transistor the current flows from collector pin to emitter pin while this is opposite in case of PNP transistor i.e. current flows from emitter to collector pin. In both cases, however, the base terminal is used to bias the entire transistor.

• It is important to notice that, both PNP and NPN components are interchangeable given that the bipolar junction transistor is made up of two back-to-back diodes. And these diodes share a common base terminal.

 

BD138 Alternatives

• The alternatives to BD138 are BD136 and BD140.
• Double-check the pinout of the alternative before employing them into your project. It’s quite likely the pinout of the alternatives may differ from the alternatives of the BD138.
• The complementary NPN transistor to BD138 is BD137.

BD138 Applications

• Used for medium-power amplification and switching applications.
• Used to drive loads under 1.5A.
• Employed in H-bridge circuits.
• Used in Astable and Bistable multivibrators.
• Incorporated in the motor control circuit.

BD138 Physical dimensions

The following figure shows the physical dimensions of the BD138 transistor. These dimensions help you evaluate the space required for your electrical project. That’s all for today. Hope you find this read valuable. If you have any query, you can pop your question in the section below, I’ll help the best way I can. You are most welcome to share your feedback and suggestions, they help us to create quality content as per your needs and requirements. Thanks for reading this post.

Introduction to BD140

Hello Friends! Hope this finds you well. I welcome you on board. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to BD140. BD140 is a medium power bipolar junction transistor that is mainly used for switching and amplification purpose. It belongs to the PNP transistor category and comes in the TO-126 package. It is made up of silicon material with collector current 1.5A which indicates it can support loads under 1.5A. The collector-base and collector-emitter terminal voltages are 80V and emitter-base voltage is 5V which is used to bias the transistor. In this post, I’ll be detailing the complete introduction to BD140 covering pinout, working, absolute maximum ratings, physical dimensions, alternatives, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to BD140

• BD140 is a PNP bipolar junction transistor that is used to drive loads under 1.5A.
• It comes with three terminals known as emitter, collector, and base. The small current at the base side is used to produce large output current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• The reason it is mainly known as a current-controlled device for controlling the input current in contrast to FETs (field-effect transistors) that are voltage-controlled devices.
• BD140 carries three layers where one is the n-doped layer that stands between the two p-doped layers. The n-layer represents the base pin while the other two layers represent the emitter and collector terminals.

• As this a PNP transistor, here majority carriers are holes. Though both electrons and holes are necessary for the conductivity process inside the transistor, here in case of PNP transistor electrons are minority carriers and holes are majority carriers in contrast to NPN transistors where holes are minority carriers and electrons are majority carriers.

• Both NPN and PNP are termed as bipolar junction transistors and are used for amplification and switching purposes.
• NPN transistors, however, are preferred over PNP transistors for amplification purposes. Why? Because the movement of electrons inside the transistor is faster than the movement of holes in the PNP transistor.
• In rare cases, PNP and its complementary NPN are incorporated into a single electrical circuit.

BD140 Datasheet

Datasheet helps you understand the main and common characteristics of the transistor BD140. Before you install this component into your project, check the datasheet to get a hold of the main features of the transistor. Click below to download the datasheet of BD140.

BD140 Pinout

The BD140 consists of three pins named: 1: Emitter 2: Collector 3: Base The following figure shows the pinout of the BD140 transistor.

• These pins are also called terminals which are used for the external connection with the electrical circuit. All these terminals come with different functionality and different doping concentration.
• The emitter terminal is highly doped as compared to collector and base terminals. Moreover, this emitter pin consists of the entire transistor current.

BD140 Working Principle

• Whether it’s NPN or PNP transistor, the base pin is used to control the current. This base terminal controls the number of electrons in NPN transistors, and the number of holes in PNP transistors.
• In the case of this BD140 PNP transistor, when there is no current at the base side, the transistor is turned ON and both collector and emitter pins, in this case, are forward biased.

• And when there is current present at the base side, the transistor is turned OFF, leaving both collector and emitter terminals reverse biased.

Difference between NPN and PNP transistors

• Recall the base terminal is used to bias the transistor in both NPN and PNP transistors. There are, however, differ in terms of current directions and voltage polarities.

• In PNP transistor the flow of current is from emitter to collector terminal while it is opposite in NPN transistor i.e. collector to emitter terminal.

• In PNP transistor the current flows from emitter to collector terminal when a negative voltage supply is given to the base side and current flows from collector to emitter terminal in NPN transistor when positive supply is given to the base pin.

BD140 Power Ratings

The following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of BD140.

Absolute Maximum Ratings BD140
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	80	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	80	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	1.5	A
5	Current Gain	hfe	40 to 250
6	Power Dissipation	Ptot	12.5	W
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-55 to 150	C

• • These are known as stress ratings. While working with the component, make sure ratings don’t cross the absolute maximum ratings, else they can severely damage the component and ultimately the entire project.
  • The collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 80V and only 5V are needed for the emitter-base terminals.
  • This 5V voltage indicates that only 5V is required to bias the transistor and start the overall transistor action.

• The collector-current carries 1.5A which signals the amount of loads it can support.
• The power dissipation is 12.5W which illustrates the amount of energy it releases during its operation.

BD140 Alternatives

• The BD136 and BD138 are the alternatives to BD140.
• Before you incorporate these alternatives into your project, check the pinout of the alternatives. At times, the pinout of the BD140 differs from the pinout of the alternatives.
• The complementary NPN transistor to BD140 is BD139.

BD140 Applications

BD140 is used in the following applications.

• Used for amplification and switching purposes.
• Used to drive loads under 1.5A.
• Used in H-bridge circuits and motor control circuits.
• Used in Astable and Bistable multivibrators.

BD140 Physical dimensions

• The following figure shows the physical dimensions of transistor BD140.
• By looking at these dimensions, you can audit the total space required for the entire electrical project and you can install this component in the desired place.

That’s all for today. I hope you enjoyed the article. If you have any question, you can reach me in the comment section below, I’d love to help you according to the best of my knowledge. You are most welcome to pop your feedback and suggestions regarding the content I’m sharing, they will help us craft content based on your needs and requirements. Thanks for reading the article.

Software Can Be Customized to Fit the Need of Your Company

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I'll walk you through how software can be customized to fit the need of your company. Industries require complicated applications that make creating and keeping sensitive data quick and easy. Creating data pertinent to a specific business plays a critical role in today's world. We are living in a data-driven world. There are options to make the utilization of these complicated applications easier. One of the most popular options for managing the applications is called software as a service or SaaS for short. What SaaS does is provide and manage all the software a business needs. The software is tailored and customized to the business’s needs. SaaS platform developers will oversee the building of the system for a company. Recall, almost all industries need software that creates and stores the data to audit stored information and help in the strategic planning of the industries, ultimately assisting to meet their goals. Let’s have an insight into a few examples.

What Industries Need SaaS

The healthcare industry has gone through a data revolution in recent decades. No longer is a patient's individual history stored in some file cabinet in a hospital. Hospitals and healthcare professionals can now share a patient's history on the fly, thanks to the SaaS software, making information easy to reach, easy to store, and easy to handle. SaaS developers can implement a system that will collect advanced scans like cardiology or radiology. The scans will be stored and easily accessed in the software provided. SaaS developers can also create mobile apps that will use this data to track a patient's wellness. Another industry that SaaS can benefit is the financial sector. There are scores of companies that fall into the realm of the financial sector. Banking may be the largest and most well known but stock broker’s and investment companies also carry a big need for data handling software. SaaS developers can build a system that tracks stocks throughout the trading day or week and populate graphs and other files that aid traders in deciding where to invest. The popular FOREX software is just one example. For banking, SaaS developers can design software that tracks the bank's transactions and make sure they are legally compliant with the Sabanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This software can save a bank from government sanctions and fines. The online retail and e-commerce market has had a growing need for SaaS developers in recent years. Online shopping is blowing up with consumers turning increasingly to shopping from the comfort of their homes. Coming with all that extra commerce is thousands of online retailers competing for the business. SaaS developers can create systems for both B2B and B2C platforms. Their software can do anything from tracking inventory, sales to analyzing the best way to proceed in marketing. A few other industries that require SaaS software are engineering, utility, energy, and media for tracking the number of audiences they can hook to the television screens. SaaS can also help streamline the human resources department of any company. SaaS software, no doubt, proves handy for plenty of businesses and is capable to handle and store information as per the company’s needs and requirements. That's all for today. I hope you find this post helpful. If you have any question, you can approach me in the section below, I'd love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus

Update: Here are the latest versions of this library: Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V3.0 and Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0.

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Hello everyone! Hope you’re well. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll explain the Arduino Mini Library for Proteus. I’ve been creating and adding new libraries for the Proteus to help you better understand the working of Sensors and Arduino Boards. You can use these libraries in your Embedded projects. They are easy to understand and you can download and run these libraries yourself quite easily.

Before I proceed further let’s get to know what’s Arduino Mini and how it’s different from other boards. Arduino board is an open-source platform carrying both a ready-made hardware kit and software IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that we run to compute, program and control our boards.

Arduino Mini is a type of Arduino Board, available in two models i.e. 3.3V/8MHz and 5V/16MHz. The latter is almost similar to Arduino Micro and Nano and carries the same speed and voltage, while Arduino Mini 3.3V runs at a slower speed. Another difference is that Arduino Nano contains an FTDI chip that mainly includes a USB serial port while Arduino Mini doesn’t. Moreover, the Arduino Mini doesn’t contain USB and comes with fewer analog pins, but it carries more flash memory compared to both micro and nano since the Bootloader uses only 0.5kb of memory.

We've already detailed the Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus and Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus. And if your system doesn't contain proteus software, check this post that explains how to download and install proteus software. I hope you’ve got a brief introduction to Arduino Mini, let’s now dive in and learn how to get Arduino Mini Library for Proteus.

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus

• Click the link given below and download the Arduino Mini Library for Proteus.
• This downloaded file will come in zip format.

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus

• When you extract this zip file, it will return two further files named as ArduinoMiniTEP.IDX and ArduinoMiniTEP.LIB.
• Copy these two files given above and place them in the proteus library folder.

• Now you’ve placed these files in the proteus library folder. After doing this, start your proteus software and if it’s running already… restart again.

Note: We've already shared the Arduino Library for Proteus which contains six Arduino Boards in a single library.

• The next thing we do is search for our library in the pick libraries option of the proteus software. To do so, click the ‘P’ button of the proteus workspace and search Arduino Mini.

Select ‘Arduino Mini’ and click OK. When you press the OK button, your cursor will start appearing with the blinking Arduino board, indicating that you can place this Arduino board anywhere in the given proteus workspace. When you place your board in the proteus workspace, it will return the figure below. Let's now look into the Arduino Mini description.

Arduino Mini Description

• Arduino Mini contains an Atmega328 microcontroller mounted on the board.
• It carries 14 digital I/O pins where 8 are analog pins and 6 are PWM output pins. Arduino Mini is a tiny board i.e. 1/6^th of the total size of Arduino Uno.
• There are two versions available one regulated at 3.3V with 8MHz frequency and the other 5V with 16MHz frequency.
• This board contains no USB port and a built-in programmer. You can also identify the board by measuring the voltage between the GND and Vcc pin.
• Moreover, no built-in connectors are available. You can solder the connectors anywhere you like better depending on the available space and requirements of the project.
• This board is protected against overcurrent i.e. if the current exceeds the required limits it doesn’t harm the board.
• Arduino Mini carries 32KB flash memory where 0.5KB is required for the Bootloader. Flash memory is the place that stores the Arduino code. SRAM is 2KB and EEPROM is 1 KB.

Adding HEX File

The next task is to upload the HEX file on the Arduino board. To upload the HEX file, right-click the board and get to the ‘edit properties’ or double-click the board to reach the edit properties panel. As you do this, you will get the figure below.

• Now go to the ‘PROGRAM FILE’ option and browse for the HEX file in the library folder of Proteus software.

• Check this post covering how to get the HEX file from the Arduino board.

This is it. I hope you understand how to get the Arduino Library for Proteus. If you have any questions, you can ask me in the section given below, I’ll help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable suggestions and feedback, they help us create quality content. Thanks for reading this post.

MOSFET WHAT A MOSFET IS AND HOW IT WORKS

Hi Guys! Hope this finds you well. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I'll walk you through the Mosfet what the Mosfet is and how it works. The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) transistor is a semiconductor device widely used for switching and amplifying electronic signals. The MOSFET is a core of integrated circuit and it can be designed and fabricated in a single chip as they come in small sizes. The MOSFET carries four-terminal called: source(S), gate (G), drain (D) and body (B) terminals. The body of the MOSFET is connected to the source terminal, making it a three-terminal device like a field-effect transistor. The MOSFET is a common transistor that is used in both analog and digital circuits. The MOSFET works by electronically varying the width of a channel that contains charge carriers i.e. electrons or holes.  The charge carriers enter the channel at the source terminal and exit via the drain terminal. The width of the channel is controlled by the voltage on a gate terminal that is located between source and drain. It is insulated with an extremely thin layer of metal oxide.

The MOSFET can function in two ways

• Depletion Mode
• Enhancement Mode

Depletion Mode:

When there is no voltage on the gate, the channel shows its maximum conductance. As the voltage on the gate is either positive or negative, the channel conductivity decreases.

Enhancement mode:

When there is no voltage on the gate the device does not conduct. More the voltage on the gate, the better the device can conduct.
Video courtesy of Teko Broadcast.

Working Principle of MOSFET

• The MOSFET controls the voltage and current flow between the source and drain. It works almost as a switch. The working of MOSFET depends on the MOS capacitor. The MOS capacitor is a critical part of the MOSFET.
• The semiconductor surface at the below oxide layer is located between source and drain terminals. It can be inverted from p-type to n-type by applying positive or negative gate voltages respectively.

• When we apply the positive gate voltage the holes present under the oxide layer are pushed downward with the substrate. The depletion region is populated by the bound negative charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms, thus forming the electron reach channel.

• The positive voltage also attracts electrons from the n+ source and drain regions into the channel.
• Now, if a voltage is applied between the drain and source, the current flows freely between the source and drain and the gate voltage controls the electrons in the channel.
• Instead of a positive voltage, if we apply a negative voltage, a hole channel will be formed under the oxide layer.

• P-Channel MOSFET:

• The P-channel MOSFET has a P-channel region between source and drain. It is a four-terminal device such as a gate, drain, source, body.
• The drain and source are heavily doped p+ region and the body or substrate is n-type. The flow of current is due to positively charged holes.

• When we apply the negative gate voltage, the electrons present under the oxide layer are pushed downward into the substrate with a repulsive force.
• The depletion region is populated by the bound positive charges which are associated with the donor atoms. The negative gate voltage also attracts holes from p+ source and drain regions into the channel region.

• N- Channel MOSFET:

• The N-Channel MOSFET has an N-channel region between the source and drain. It is a four-terminal device such as a gate, drain, source, body.
• In this type of MOSFET, the drain and source terminals are heavily doped n+ region and the substrate or body is P-type. The current flows due to the negatively charged electrons. When we apply the positive gate voltage, the holes present under the oxide layer pushed downward into the substrate with a repulsive force.
• The depletion region is populated by the bound negative charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms, thereby forming the electron reach channel.

• The positive voltage also attracts electrons from the n+ source and drain regions into the channel.
• Now, if a voltage is applied between the drain and source, the current flows freely between the source and drain and the gate voltage controls the electrons in the channel.
• And if we apply a negative voltage, a hole channel will be formed under the oxide layer.

MOSFET SWITCH

• In this circuit arrangement, an enhanced mode and N-channel MOSFET is being used to switch a sample lamp ON and OFF. The positive gate voltage is applied to the base of the transistor and the lamp is ON (VGS =+v) or at zero voltage level the device turns off (VGS=0).

• In the above circuit, it is a very simple circuit for switching a resistive load such as a lamp or LED. But when using MOSFET to switch either inductive or capacitive load, protection is required to contain the MOSFET device.
• For the MOSFET to operate as an analog switching device, it needs to be switched between its cutoff region where VGS =0 and saturation region where VGS =+v.
• MOSFET is also a transistor. We abbreviate it as Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor. It will have P-channel and N-channel. It consists of a source, gate, and drain. Here we connected a resistive load of 24O in series with an ammeter, and a voltage meter connected across the MOSFET.

• In the transistor, the current flow in the gate is in a positive direction and the source goes to ground. In BJT’s, the current flow is the base-to-emitter circuit. But in MOSFET there is no current flow because there is a capacitor at the beginning of the gate, it just requires a voltage.
• We will get to know this by doing the simulation process by switching ON/OFF. When the switch is ON there is no current flow in the circuit, when we have taken a resistance of 24O and 0.29 of ammeter voltage then we find the negligible voltage drop across the source because there is +0.21V across MOSFET.
• The resistance between drain and source is called RDS. Because of RDS, the voltage drop appears while current flow in the circuit. RDS varies depending on the type of MOSFET (it could be 0.001, 0.005, and 0.05 depending on the voltage type).
• Finally, we will conclude that the transistor requires current whereas MOSFET requires a voltage. The driving requirement for the MOSFET is much better and simpler as compared to a BJT.