The Engineering Projects

Police Siren Project using 555 Timer in Proteus

Hey Geeks! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. We hope you are having a reproductive day. We know that sirens are the special sounds that are the symbol that something unusual is occurring or about to occur. You may have experienced the Siren of the Walkthrough Gates at the airport when a person having the knife or other forbidden material pass through it. Or you have heard the Siren of the ambulance and seen that all the traffic gives the way to the ambulance when they hear the special Siren of the Ambulance. The same is the case with the police Siren. The Police sirens are the special sound and it is set with the help of 555 Timer Integrated Circuit. You will learn how can one design a Police siren using the 555 Timer circuit in this tutorial. Let's have a quick list of the topics that will be clear in our tutorial.

1. What is the 555 Timer Police Siren?
2. What are the 555 Timer and its modes?
3. How does the circuit of 555 Timer police Timer Circuit works?
4. How can you design the circuit of 555 Timer Police Siren in Proteus?

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	555 Timer	Amazon	Buy Now
2	LEDs	Amazon	Buy Now
3	Resistor	Amazon	Buy Now

555 Timer Police Siren

The Police Siren we have seen many times in real life as well as in Television shows and Movies are made of the special arrangement of the 555 Timer. The Siren has a loud voice that can be heard at a distance of many feet. This Project has a very simple yet amazing arrangement of some basic electronic devices. The heart of Police Siren is the 555 Timer integrated circuit. In the police siren, two 555 timers are used. This is a Multi-functional chip that is widely used in different types of the industrial as well as household applications. If we look at the configuration of 555 Timer Integrated Circuit then we can generate a table just as shown next:

Pin Number	Attachments
1	Ground
2	Trigger
3	Output
4	Reset
5	Control
6	Threshold
7	Discharge
8	Vcc

Technically, The 555 Timer works in 3 modes:

• Monostable Mode
• Astable Mode
• Multistable Mode

Monostable Multivibrator Mode in 555 Timer

This mode of the 555 Timer contains a single stable state that can be used to get only one single output pulse of a specific width that may be high or low by applying an external trigger pulse. In this circuit, the 555 Timer uses only one resistor but two capacitors.

Astable Mode in 555 Timer

As the name shows, the Astable mode does not have any stable state. The Astable mode of 555 Timer has 2 quasi-steady states that change from one state to another one after the other. In this way, the 555 Timer in this state, alters the output from high to low and vise versa after the time settled by the user. It uses two capacitors and two resistors connected with the specific pins in a specific manner.

Bistable Mode of 555 Timer

In this mode of 555 Timer, the pins are connected with two resistors, one capacitor and two switches. The switches turn the state of 555 Timer to high and low and thus we obtained the high and low output waves at a time.

Working of the 555 Timer Police Siren

The working of the 555 Timer Police Siren starts from the Direct Current power supply that is supplied to pins 8 of the 555 Timer.

1. Both of these 555 Timers are in the Astable mode that means their pulse output changes continuously.
2. The 555 Timer at the left produces a pulse that is fed into the right 555 Timer as an input.
3. The values of Resistors control the width of the pulses.
4. The capacitors connected with the 555 Timers charge and discharge without any interval.
5.  At the end, this DC power supply enters the speaker with a continuously varying pulses of the current and produces a special sound.
6. If you want to change the output voice, you can change the values of Resistors and capacitors.

Circuit design of 555 Timer Police Siren in Proteus

To design this circuit, simply follow these step given next as it is.

• Start the Proteus Software.
• Choose the required devices from the pick library by clicking the "P" button and writing the names of the devices.

Required Components fpr 555 Timer Police Siren:

1. NE555 Timer (We'll use 2 ICs)
2. Diode
3. Resistor
4. Direct current power supply
5. Speaker
6. Capacitor

• Get the 555 Timer from the library and arrange it at the working area.
• Repeat the step above.
• Choose Resistor, capacitor, Diode and speaker and arrange them on the screen.
• Change the alignment of 4 resistors and diode by left click on screen> Rotate Clockwise and set the whole circuit as shown in the figure:
• Go to Generation Mode>DC and fix it at above the working area.

DID YOU KNOW ???

"If you have the Proteus 8 software, then you can have a real time Siren sound by choosing the Speaker and a piano symbol with it."

• Label the Components by double-clicking it because Proteus throws an error for the duplicate devices.
• Double click the components mentioned below and change their values according to the table given next:

Device	Value
R2	68k Ohm
R3	68K Ohm
R4	8.2K Ohm
R5	8.2K Ohm
C1	100uF
C2	100nF
C3	0.01uF
C4	10uF
Vcc	4V

 

• Go to Terminal Mode>Ground and Set the Ground terminal just below the circuit.

•  Join the 555 Timer's pins with the components as described above in the 555 Timer section.

• Pop the Play button and simulate the circuit.

Task

Now, change the values of capacitor and resistor in different sequence to have the different voices as an output.

Have you heard the siren? If yes then cool. Yet, if no, then look at the circuit deeply and fix the mistake. Truss, today we saw that what is the Police Siren, how does the 555 Timer circuit works, what is the working mechanism of the 555 Timer Police Siren, how does we design the circuit of 555 Timer Police Siren in the Proteus. If you found it useful, give us feedback. If you faced any difficulty, share with us i the comment section. Stay with us with more Proteus Projects.

Python Homework Help on Your Way to Academic Excellence

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Digital Counter using 4026 IC in Proteus ISIS.

Hello Mentees! Welcome to the board. We hope you are doing great. We are working on another interesting yet easy Project in the Proteus ISIS and that is Digital Counter using 4026 IC in the Proteus. Counters are used in thousands of electronic experiments as well as in our daily life. Who is not5 familiar with Digital Watches and calculators. At the same token, the counters are used in the digital display microwave ovens and many household appliances as well. In this session you will find the answers to the following questions:

1. What is 4026 IC?
2. What are Digital counters using 4026 IC?
3. How does Digital Counter using 4026 IC works?
4. How does we design the circuit of the Digital Counter circuit using 4026 IC in Proteus ISIS?
5. How can you convert this Circuit from 1 digit counter to many Digit Counter using 4026 IC?

In addition, you will also have some interesting chunks of information about the topic in DID YOU KNOW sections.

What is 4026 IC in Digital Counters

Integrated Circuits play a vital role in the field of circuits and electronics. These are the combination of different fundamental devices in very specific yet functional ways. The 4026 belongs to the family of the Integrated Circuits in the series of 4000. The 4026 IC is introduced as:

"The 4026 is CMOS seven Segment counter  integrated Circuit that is the designed in decade Based and counts in the decimal digits and consist of total 16 pins." 

The output of the 4026 digital counter is usually fed into a 7 segment display Light Emitting Diode that shows the counter output of the 4026 IC Counter. Being an IC, the pins of the 4026 Digital counter IC are very specific. By looking at the block diagram of 4026 IC Counter, we can generate a table that shows us the proper configuration of the 4026 IC.

Pin Number	Pin Name	Description of the Pin
1	Clock (CLK)	With each positive clock Pulse, it increments the counter.
2	CI (Clock Inhibit)	It is the Active high. When high, the counter freezes. When low, the clock pulse increments 7 segments.
3	DE (Display Enable)	Chip will ON when this is high and vise versa.
4	DEO (Display Enable Out)	Chaining 4026s.
5	CO (Carry Out)	It completes a single cycle after every 10 clock input cycles. It is used to change the clock manner of 1 counter into a multi counter.
6	F	This Pin is connected to ‘f’ of the 7 segment.
7	G	This pin is connected to ‘g’ of the 7 segment.
8	VSS	It is the Ground PIN
9	D	It is Connected to ‘d’ of the 7 segment.
10	A	It connects with the  ‘a’ Pin of the 7 segment.
11	E	It Connects the ‘e’ of the 7 segment with it.
12	B	It Connects to the  ‘b’ of the 7 segment.
13	C	It is Connected to ‘c’ of the 7 segment.
14	UCS ( Un-gated C-Segment)	It is an output for the seven-segment's C input that is not affected by the input of  DE . When the count is 2, it is high.
15	RST (Reset)	Reset the counter to 0 when HIGH. Hence it is Active High.
16	VDD	Power supply PIN

In out experiment, we'll set all these pins according to our requirements to get the desired output. but some of the points here are pending to discuss. You may noticed the functioning of 6, 7, 9 to 13 pins of 4026 IC Counter. Let's have a look what does we mean by the description.

Seven Segment Display with 4026 IC Counter

This is the electronic device that is used to show the output of the counters such as 4026 IC. We define the Seven Segment Display as:

"The Seven Segment Display is a collection of 8 Light Emitting Diodes in a rectangular fashion that is an output device used to display the outcomes of different counters." 

For the convenience of connections, each LED of the Seven Segment Display is named i alphabetically and hence each pin of Seven Segment Display is connected with pins of 4026 IC Counter. 

Working of 4026 IC Digital Counter

1. The Simulation of the circuit starts with the pulse generation at the Clock Pulse. These Pulses enters the BC547 MOSFET that regulates the pulses.
2. The LED Connected to the BC547 MOSFET blink and we get the idea about the speed of the Pulse Generation.
3. The Pulse enters the 4026 IC Counter and the counter Passes these pulses to the seven segment Display device.
4. Each pulse from the 4026 IC power ups the respected LED of the seven segment display in a specific manner that we always get the digit as a result.
5. The power is then Grounded connected to the seven segment display terminal.
6. The output can be reset to the initial state with the button. This button is connected to the reset terminal of 4026 IC.

DID YOU KNOW ???

"You may skip the part of MOSFET and LED in the circuit but in some cases, when the error of the pulse occure, it may be difficult to examine whether the Pulses speed is low or there is another issue with the circuit."

Circuit Design of Digital Counter using 4026 IC in Proteus

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Choose the first five devices given next from the Pick Library.

Material Required:

1. Seven Segment Cathod LED
2. Resistors
3. 4026 IC Counter
4. MOSFET BC547
5. Button
6. Clock Pulse
7. Led
8. Ground Terminal
9. Power Terminal

• Arrange the material taken from the Pick Library at the working screen with the help of following image:

• Go to generation mode and choose "Clock Pulse" then arrange it just after the left most resistor at the screen.
• Go to Terminal Mode and get  "Power" terminal. You will use three Power Terminals.
• Attach power Terminal with pin 3 of 4026 IC Counter, with the MOSFET.
• Get a ground terminal from terminal mode and attach it with the lower pin of seven segment display.

Repeat the above step for the pin 2 of the 4026 IC Counter.Tip of circuit

"Why don't you try different colors of the seven Segment Display from the Proteus Pick Library of your choice? You have to change the names of the components by double clicking it and changing the label because Proteus does not recognize the components with the same names and through an error."

• Change the values of the Components by double tapping them with the cursor.

Component	Value
Resistor 1 to 8	220 Ohms
Resistor 9	10k
Frequency of Clock Pulse	1 Hz

• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires. Be careful with connection and follow the image below:

• Hit the play button to simulate the circuit.

Two Digit Counter using 4026 IC

If you want to make a two Digit counter, simply select the 4026 IC and Seven Segment Display>left click>click "block copy".

• Paste this block at the screen.
• Manage both the Seven Segment Displays side by side.
• Change the names of the Resistors and  4026 IC to resist the duplication.
• Connect the Pin 5 of 1st 4026 IC with the Pin 1 of the 2nd 4026 IC.
• Connect Pin 15 of 2nd 4026 IC with the button given above.
• Pop the Play button again and observe the result.

Result

1. When the Frequency of the Clock Pulse is 1. The Digital counter 4026 IC shows us the value from zero to one in normal speed.
2. Clicking the button resets the 4026 IC Digital Counter to the initial value, i.e, zero and starts the cycle.
3. Changing the value of clock pulse to 10 will increase the digits changing the speed of the seven segment Display output.
4. In two digits 4024 IC Counter, we can count the values till 99.
5. One can make the 3, 4 and so on digit counter using the same method.

Consequently, we learned an Interesting Circuit today, we saw what are the 4026 IC counter and with the combination of Seven Segment display and Transistor , how can we design a Digital counter circuit in the Proteus. Stay connected for other interesting circuits on The Engineering Projects.

Questions You Need To Ask A Forex Broker

Foreign exchange trading has now become quite popular than before.it is accessible to everyone out there and can be done from the comfort of your home. If you use the right knowledge and have a good understanding of the market, you can earn a lot of profit as well. However, if you don’t, you should consider hiring a forex trading coach. They are great at what they do and help you earn a lot of profit through forex trading.

Now, if you are someone who has hired a forex trading coach, have a look down below at some of the questions you must ask in order to increase your knowledge.

What strategies do you use to trade?

Many forex brokers don't reveal the strategies they use. However, they only provide the main points of a few trading strategies. You should ask a forex trader how to analyze the entire market and know when to invest. Moreover, don’t forget to ask how one can understand the basic trends of the market.

If your trading coach is an expert, answering the questions won’t be a huge deal at all. Moreover, the strategy best forex brokers go for tells a lot about the trading style you should use. You can understand that and get a better idea.

What is the right time to place trades?

The right timing is what affects a lot. The forex market is open at all times. Traders have the chance to place a trade from Monday to Friday at any time they want. However, even though one has an opportunity to trade at all times, there are a few things one must keep in mind before trading. You can't just place your trade whenever you want. You should ask your forex broker regarding what's the right time to place trades and analyze them.

How much can I risk per trade?

Trading is all about risk. Sure, if you've experienced the field, the risks are quite low. However, remember that the trends are changing every now and then when it comes to the foreign exchange market. Things can change overnight.

The risk you take should protect your capital, cut your losses, and make you profit. A forex broker will help you understand in a much-elaborated way. However, the rule is not to take more than 2% of your trading account.

What is the amount of trades you should have open at one time?

Lastly, you must ask your forex broker how many trades you should have open at a time. Your broker will answer according to the best strategies used out there and your trading style as well. However, it is recommended that you do not go above the number three as you don't want to take a lot of risks.

Wrapping it up

Your forex broker will do the job for you; however, this is the best time to learn from them. Ask them as many questions as you want and understand stuff.

Five Ways To Make Training Programs More Employee-Focused

Learning & development professionals in every company strive to provide employees impactful training content. While their aim is to ensure employee growth, that hardly turns out to be effective in bringing about any major change. Granted you want to ensure employees learn new skills, but shouldn’t it be important to consider what exactly do employees want to learn? Think of how interested employees would be if the training content was focused completely based on their needs.  This brings to light the need to create training programs that are more employee-centric. So how do you curate such a program? Here are five ways to achieve that:

• Collect employee feedback

The easiest and quickest solution is asking the employees about their experience after they have undergone training. You can record this data through a feedback form and make changes to your training content accordingly. Failing to pay attention to their needs can lead to employees feeling disengaged and not making the most of their training. That’s why it is crucial to understand how impactful a training session has been for them.

• Provide flexibility

With eLearning becoming the new norm, it's now easier than ever to make training more flexible and manage it with the help of Learning Management Systems. Most LMSs come with mobile learning capabilities that allow employees to learn on the go. Being able to access training content on their mobile phones allows employees to start learning at any time from anywhere. And the best part is, you don’t have to spend a fortune for an LMS. There are various LMS available in the market with all kinds of pricing models. For instance, the Docebo pricing structure is based on the number of active users accessing the learning content. This becomes a highly beneficial feature for large enterprises since they do not have a constant number of employees working at one time.

• Verify LMS data

With the assessment tools in modern LMSs, you can get your hands on a lot of statistics that highlight learning patterns. This shows employees are engaging majorly with which content, thus allowing you to make informed decisions.  For instance, if you notice employees passing a certain assessment with very low scores, it can mean two things - either the topic is too complex and needs to be explained in more detail, or the employees find it irrelevant so they don’t want to spend a lot of time on it.

• Provide customized learning solutions

When employees are made to go through generic content for hours and hours, it leads to a wastage of time and causes resentment in them towards the training. This happens because the learning content is not in line with their role nor helps them get any better at fulfilling their responsibilities. To make the training more employee-centered, personalize the training content based on an employee’s role. This way, they will be able to relate to the content better and save time on learning too since there is no irrelevant data to go through.

• Foster healthy competition

If ever given a choice between learning the basic way and learning with fun elements, everyone will undoubtedly pick the latter. To make training programs employee-centric, make them interesting by bringing it the social element of fun. An activity that leads to healthy competition can engage employees and help them learn at the same time. You can motivate employees by providing rewards or badges to top performers. 

Conclusion:

An organization that is invested in its employees must ensure that their learning needs are understood and duly met. This is possible by implementing the above-mentioned strategies. Is your training approach employee-focused or the traditional learning-focused? Share with us in the comment section below.

5 ways LinkedIn Connections can help you to get hired

LinkedIn is a social media platform where employment opportunities and professional networking is facilitated. With 200+ million users, LinkedIn has become immensely popular where jobs are being sought. While people have learned how to set up their profile and the importance of building connections, being hired is still a nightmare. With a rise in the number of hiring managers and recruiters who keep checking the profile to find a suitable job candidate; the pressure on potential individuals is immense. How to stand out from the crowd? How to get hired? These are some of the questions that haunt individuals. Fret not, for the list below is a small guide on how to get hired on LinkedIn. 

Customize your URL Addresses

The address on the website of your LinkedIn page is your URL. When you customize it, it will help you top the Google search result which will make you visible. The chances of connecting also increase manifold times. To customize the URL, just visit your profile page where you will find the ‘edit’ option, just right to your name. Then click on the drop-down menu after which click the “Public profile settings.” Scroll down, you will find a grey bar that says “Your public profile URL.” Underneath you shall find a blue bar saying “Customize your public profile URL.”  Click on it and customize it based on your name or whatever you want which will be seen after the following: “linkedin.com/in/.”

Add Skills & Experiences to your Profile

A new feature that LinkedIn added was the option of “Skills & Expertise” that you shall find below the experience and education option. It will take 10 minutes but is very effective and improves your chances of getting hired because it shows to the employers what you are good at. It also allows your co-workers or friends and connections to praise and endorse you and your certain skills. The more connections you get, the more endorsements you can enjoy which are like a badge of honor on LinkedIn. Fill and edit under the Skills & Expertise heading wherein you can add your related skills. In fact, the page will show you a group of people who possess the same skill. Apart from filling the skills, also fill out the experience section which gives you an opportunity to showcase your online resume. Fill in the significant details of your career that has helped you build the career you have. You don’t necessarily have to fill in all the jobs you have done up to date. This will help you develop an image that will enable you to get hired. 

Get Recommendations

Recommendations help you get hired in various ways as it will allow you to put in a good name with the employers. It might seem very repetitive and gratuitous but it is very helpful as it will show up on the LinkedIn page of yours. Moreover, it also can be seen on the recommendation page of the writer from where all your connections can read. The recruiters will also be able to read those recommendations. It must incorporate specifics about all your skills and previous experiences and the details of the one who has recommended you. It will improve your chances of getting a job as it will improve your visibility. You can even opt for some part time jobs available in both online and offline mods. 

Showcase your work on the Profile

LinkedIn has various features that can help you in getting hired. You are not just selected on the basis of your skills, previous experience but also work samples. Add the samples of your work in the form of links if you have some article or paper published or the author's website, if you have one. If you are a designer or a photographer, add links to your social media or personal website where you have your work samples ready. Adding work samples improves your chance of getting hired because those who are your connections would get an idea of what work you do, how you do it. Essentially, it gives you an edge that always has a competitive advantage.

Build Connections

LinkedIn is all about connections that form the backbone of the social media website. You accrue immense benefits when you have a large connection base. It establishes a strong network through which you can approach people and companies that you like. Moreover, the major parameter to assess your credibility and goodwill is the number of LinkedIn connections you have. The larger the connectivity base, the higher credibility attached to your name. Likewise, if you have a great many connections, your goodwill automatically increases as people spread the good word. Also, when you have a large number of LinkedIn connections, automatically there will be an increased engagement on your posts which in turn would increase the traffic on your website which eventually improves your chance of getting hired because more people check out your website. You can even buy LinkedIn connections for your profile to get the best engagement rate. The chances of users checking out your profile also increase. You must build connectivity because that helps you get recognition and visibility on your published posts as LinkedIn sends notifications to its users whenever any of their connections post their published content. The last, but not least benefit of building connections is that it improves your chances of topping the search results which will not just improve your visibility but also the chance of getting hired as more people will visit your profile. The responsibility is yours if you strive for victory. Want to stand out from the crowd or stay ahead in the competition race, ensure that you set up a remarkable profile and have a large connection base. The list mentioned above is not the rule of thumb, it’s just a guide for you to get started. 

Automatic Light Detector using LDR in Proteus

Hello Learners! We hope you are fine. Welcome to The Engineering Projects. The Automatic Light Detector is the device that automatically senses the light incident on it. Let's have a glance about the main points of discussion:

1. What is Automatic Light Detector?
2. What are different components and their functions in the Automatic Light Detector?
3. How does the circuit of Automatic Light Detector works?
4. How can we implement the circuit of Automatic Light Detector in Proteus ISIS?

Moreover, you'll have some chunks of interesting information in DID YOU KNOW sections.

Automatic Light Detector

Automatic Light detectors or automatic Light sensors are interesting devices. They have special mechanism in their circuit that senses the density of the light and after that, the mechanism automatically changes the condition of the Light detector according to the need. Thus an Automatic Light Detector is defines as:

"An Automatic Light Detector are the photoelectrical devices that works with the principle of flow of current and turn the circuit components on/off automatically when the light incidents on its circuit." 

The Automatic Light Sensor is an elementary electrical component Which is usually used to handle the electrical Appliances such as coolers, fans, lights etc. without any manual efforts. In this way the manually switching of the electrical components can be controlled more easily. Their working depends upon the intensity of light around them.

DID YOU KNOW????????????

A very simple and usual application of the Automatic Light Detector is the Automatic Street Lights system. Have you ever noticed that there are hundreds of street lights around you when you go for a ride. If someone had a duty to turn them on and off manually, even they have a combine circuit. But it would be a time taking job. Moreover, there will be more chance of energy wastage. But all the street light have the Automatic Light Detector system so that they turn on and off automatically.

Components of Automatic Light Detector

Prior to start the construction of the circuit, Let's have some brief about the components of the circuit for Automatic Light Detector. The circuit that we'll use depends upon the following components:

1. LDR
2. n-p-n Transistor
3. Simple
4. Variable resistor
5. Battery
6. LED

LDR in Automatic Light Detector

LDR or Light Dependent Resistor is the heart of Automatic Light Detector. These are the electronic components, made up of high resistance semi-conductor material, that detect the light and alter the operation of the whole circuit according to the type of the circuit. The LDR is passive and it does not produces any electrical energy. LDR are used in many cases because of their rugged nature. They are not sensitive to dirt and rough environment and therefore have a long life and can be used in outdoor lights. Other different types of Light Sensors are:

• Photodiode
• Photo-voltaic cells
• Photo-multiplier tubes
• Charged Couple Devices.

n-p-n Transistor BC647 in automatic Light Detector

The full form of n-p-n Transistor is the negative positive negative Transistor. In this type of  It is designed to pass electrons from emitter to collector. so the emitter "Emits" the electrons to the base. Obviously, in case of conventional current the current flows from the collector to the emitter. In this Circuit the base of the n-p-n Transistor is connected with the one end of variable resistor and the LRD, emitter is connected with the battery and the variable resistor and the collector is joined with the LED directly.

Resistors in Automatic Light Detector

Resistors are the passive devices consist of two terminals and the body. These are the electric components that are widely use to resist the sudden flow of electricity through a circuit. In many case, they are life saving for the components of the circuits. Other uses of resistors includes:

• Bias active elements
• Terminate Transmission lines
• Adjust signal level to device voltage.

The Automatic Light Detector uses two types of resistors:

1. Simple Resistor
2. Variable Resistor

The key difference between them in the circuit of Automatic Light Detector is, the resistance (Resisting ability) of variable resistor may be change according to the need of time.

Battery in ALD

A battery is the Lead-acid type cell that consists of the collection of four 1.5V D battery cells. It gives the energy to the components of the circuit for their functioning. The Battery will give the power to the circuit so that the flow of the current will illuminate the light or pass through the LDR.

LED ALD

The full form of LED is the Light Emitting Diode. It is a simple device used in our daily life as well that illuminates when the energy in the form of current or voltage is applied to it. In our circuit, the main function is the turning the on/off of this LED.

Working of the Automatic Light Detector Circuit

When we look at the circuit of Automatic Light Detector, we found that the whole working start from a 6v DC Battery. This battery give the energy to the circuits. At the day-time the LDR has a low resistance of about 100 ohms. In this case, the resistance of the LDR is less than the other devices of the circuits and we all know that:

The current passes through the path that shows the less resistive path.

The power from the battery passes through it and then from the variable resistor easily. At the Night-time when the light, incidents on the LRD is less , the resistance of LDR increases to a high level of approximately 20 mega ohm. Due to this high resistance, the LDR act as an open circuit and does not allow the flow of current through it. For this condition, the current will flow from other components of the circuit and hence the current enters o the base of the n-p-n Transistor BC545. This allows the current to pass from the LED and hence it illuminates.

Automatic Light Detector in Proteus

Before any practical implementation, one should always check it in the simulation for practice. Luckily, for our experiment, the Proteus contain all the components through which we can check the functionality of Automatic Light Detector. Fire up you Proteus software and Choose the components one after the other. Once selected, design a circuit of Automatic Light Detector by following these simple steps.

• Get the Components from the Pick Library and arrange them according to the Circuit diagram.

• Double tap the each components except n-p-n transistor and change their values according to the table given below:

  Component	Value
  Resistor	470 ohms
  Variable Resistor	10k ohms (At the start)
  Battery	6 volts

• Connect all the components by the mean of connecting wires.
• Simulate the circuit.

• Check the working of circuit by changing the values of the Light Detector Resistor.
• Above 5.1 value of the LDR, the LED illuminates because of high resistance, the current flows through the LED.
• Below 5.1, the LED remains off.

Applications of Automatic Light Detector

Some of the practical applications of Automatic Light Detector are given below;

1. Automatic Light system.
2. Light measuring instruments.
3. Relative distance devices.
4. Alarm system.
5. Security Systems.

Truss today we learned about the Automatic Light Detector/sensor. we saw what components are present in its circuit, how the system works and how can we implement it in the Proteus software. We hope you had an interesting piece of study through our article.

Hot Engineering Developments in Additive Manufacturing

By 2027, the global additive manufacturing market is predicted to surpass USD 26.68 billion, showcasing an impressive growth rate of 14.4 percent, according to Reports and Data. As more benefits of additive manufacturing come to light like its flexible design and shorter production cycles, the industry has been tipped to be on the fast track to widespread adoption. Industries like the aerospace, medical, and automotive industries have all embraced 3D printing and the use of metals like alloy, titanium, and more recently, copper, to manufacture innovative and high-performance parts. This has also caused a spike in interest in the engineering sector, with more people pursuing an engineering degree. With the industry set to take off in the coming months, companies are investing more time, money, and resources into finding ways to expand the use of metals in additive manufacturing- starting with these recent notable developments.

Precision Metal Additive Technology

A few days ago, Mantle remerged onto the market with its new True-shape 3D printing technology aimed at reducing the manufacturing time in the tooling sector. The company has great success with its mould and additive technology so far. According to a global appliance manufacturer, the use of a Mantle mould resulted in 67 percent fewer costs and a 70 percent reduction in production time. It is hoped that the new Trushape hybrid metal printing technology will yield the same results for the tooling industry by reducing the time between developing and procuring tools using flowable metal paste such as steel.

3D Printing And Additives In Metal Fabrication

Additive manufacturing is also being used in sheet metal fabrication. Different grades of titanium metal sheet have been used in additive manufacturing by many industries including the aerospace industry for rotors and compressors, along with the medical industry for the manufacturing of orthopedic implants. A few years ago, automotive manufacturer General Motors also garnered a lot of interest when it unveiled a 3D printed seat bracket, made from stainless steel. This kick-started a conversation on how useful and feasible additive manufacturing would be in some industries such as automotive manufacturing. Some manufacturers have chosen to go ahead with exploring its use. This year, the Bugatti Bolide will hit the market and includes 3D printed titanium and carbon fiber throughout its body. Competitor, Chevrolet already uses 75 printed parts in its Corvette models but its use in the industry remains questionable when it comes to mass production. Additive Manufacturing Suppliers Continue To Extend Their Metal Offerings To Include Copper. Traditionally, additive manufacturing systems were limited to the use of metals such as bronze, steel, and titanium. However, a leading supplier of additive manufacturing systems, Digital Metal, announced the addition of copper to its range of material offerings. The addition of pure copper bodes well for those in the electronics, engine manufacturing, and copper alloys industry, thanks to its proven heat conductivity and antibacterial properties. The copper additive market has been rapidly expanding in recent months, thanks to increased demand. The thermal induction properties of copper and design freedom that additive manufacturing provides, means this new addition has the potential to be widely adopted across both automotive and aerospace industries.  

Industrialization Of Additive Manufacturing

In the past years, the use of additive manufacturing has been mainly aimed at the development of prototypes or customized machinery parts. For instance, NASA’s Rapid Analysis and Manufacturing Propulsion Technology (RAMPT) initiative rely on the use of additive manufacturing and 3D printing to print customized rocket parts using metal powder and blown powder directed energy deposition. Time and cost roadblocks have hindered the increased industrialization of AD across many other industries. Now, with projections from Siemens and other companies estimating that additive manufacturing will become 50 percent cheaper and 400 percent faster by 2023, companies are exploring potential partnerships to achieve industrialization. Emerging partnerships like the recent collaboration between AMEXCI and SLM Solutions, are driving the widespread adoption of additive manufacturing in the industrial arena. According to the agreement, AMEXCI will evaluate the use of SLM’s NXG XII 600 for industrialized series production. The exploration of SLM Solution’s SLM500, the first quad laser system on the market, is also expected with the companies set to consider how the machine can help in the rapid production of metal parts. With the market for additive manufacturing materials and printing set to surpass $25 billion by 2022, it comes as no surprise that industries are moving towards exploring associated operating models. These developments in the additive manufacturing and engineering industries are just a glimpse of the progress that is set to come shortly. With more being discovered about the potential of metals and additive manufacturing every day, there are ample opportunities for both companies and individuals in the engineering sector.

Boost Converter using MOSFET IRFZ44N in Proteus

Hello Learner! Welcome to another exciting experiment at The Engineering Projects. We hope you are having a great day. In this lecture, we'll seek information about the Boost Converter Circuit from scratch to result in quick and easy steps. So, if you don't know about the experiment then don't worry because every Expert was once a Beginner. We'll talk about the following topics:

1. What is IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter?
2. What is the brief introduction of components of circuit?
3. How can we implement the IRFZ44N MOSFET to design circuit of Boost Converter?

You will know some useful information about the topic in the DID YOU KNOW sections.

IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter

During the experimentation of electronic circuits, we often face the situation when we have to amplify the voltage signals or voltage power. For example, when we need the 12V in the experiment but we have just 9V battery or any such case. There are many ways to tackle such condition but it requires a lot of energy and steps. But when we search our solution in the world of Switched Mode  DC-DC Converters, we find a very easy and simple solution of our problem in the form of IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter. NOTE: One can make the BOOST Converter using one of many MOSFETs but we have focus on IRFZ44N due to its best result. Prior to start the experiment, it is compulsory to have some basic information about the circuit. We define the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter as:

The Boost Converter is the Electronic device that uses a MOSFET (IRFZ44N MOSFET in our case) to convert it's Low input DC Power into High output DC power.

The IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter is a switched-mode power supply and this is consist of at least two semi-conductor device and minimum one energy storage element.

DID YOU KNOW????????????????

We call IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter as Switched Mode Devices because basically, they are the semi-conductor Switches that turns their condition On and Off very rapidly.

Components of IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter

Throughout the experiment, we'll use the components that will convert the low level Voltages into High Level Voltages. A brief introduction of the components is given next:

IRFZ44N MOSFET

The IRFZ44N Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Field Effect Transistor is used as a switch in the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter. The main reason behind this is one can change its conductivity by changing its Gate Voltage and hence we can use it as a switch. This is one of the key procedure to amplify the voltages in the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter.

Inductor

We all know an inductor is a passive two- terminal magnetic storage device that stores the energy due to its coiled shape. Due to its storage capability, it resists the sudden change of current in the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter. In this way, it work as a stabilizer in the circuit and play an important role.

Diode

A diode is a reverse biased component of the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter. It is designed in such a way that it allow the flow of current only in one direction. Hence, in the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter the Diode allow the flow of current from inductor to the capacitor in only in the condition when it is forward biased.

Capacitor

A capacitor is a device that stores the energy in the form of charges. In IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter when the Switch is turned off, the diode does not allow the flow of current through the capacitor. This is the condition when the stores energy in the form of charges from capacitor is used and the capacitor then works as the source of energy in IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter.

Output graph

Before this we saw the components that we'll use in the formation of circuit, but we require other components as well to examine the result and working. We examine the result through an output device that shows us the result in the form of graph. For our experiment, we'll use analogue analysis graph for the output.

IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter simulation in Proteus ISIS

Fasten your seatbelts because we are going to perform the experiment in Proteus using all the concepts given above.

Material Required

1. Capacitor
2. Inductor
3. DC Power source (Vsource)
4. Diode
5. Resistor
6. IRFZ44N MOSFET
7. Voltage Probe
8. Ground Terminal

Procedure:

• Press the “P” button and select the first six components one after the other.
• Arrange the selected Material one after the other according to the given diagram.

• Go to Terminal Mode>Ground and set the Ground Terminal with the Vsource.
• Connect all the components through wires.

• Go to Generation Mode>pulse and attach the pulse generator with the Drain of the IRFZ44NS MOSFET.
• Set the values of the Pulse Generator as shown in figure:

• Double click the components one after the other and set the values of components according to the table given below:

Component	Value
Capacitor ( both)	100uF
Inductor	39uH
Voltage	4V
Resistance	15 ohm

               

• The Circuit should look like the image given below:

• Connect a Voltage Probe just above the Resistor R.
• Go to Graph mode>Analogue and set a Analogue graph window just below the Circuit.
• Drag the Voltage Probe and drop it just at the Analogue analysis Graph.
• Left Click the Graph>edit Properties and set the value of stop time as 10m.
• Left Click the Graph>add trace and add the value of the probe.
• Again left click the Graph and simulate it. you will find result.

So, today we saw what is IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter, how its components work and how can we implement it in the Proteus ISIS. Stay connected with us for more easy, useful and interesting electronic tutorials about Proteus. Stay updated and blessed.

Being 'Busy' Doesn't Mean You're Successful. True or Not?

We all have our ways of keeping ourselves busy. But busy doesn’t always mean productive or successful with the goal we set to achieve. Worse, busy is used to mask procrastination. In this article, we set out to find out the correlation behind being busy and being successful. And how we can combat distractions through the pomodoro technique or pomodoro study method. If you’re on the road to working on your efficiency, then read on.

Busy Can Also Mean Procrastination

For procrastinators, mastering the façade of appearing busy is an art form. You look busy and your colleagues or schoolmates think you are hardworking. But it leaves a bitter note at the end of the day knowing you haven’t really accomplished anything. But procrastination isn’t just about being lazy - a deeper reason lies within.  On a psychological level, procrastination is a way of coping with challenging emotions and negative moods induced by certain tasks. We don’t just procrastinate because we want to, it’s because we don’t want to deal with the mood it will put us in, or any other negative feelings we associate with the task. But if that’s the case, how do we get past it to get the job done? While getting rid of emotions can’t be done in a snap, there are different time-management techniques you can apply that will be able to divert your attention, and work on the task more objectively. One way is through the Pomodoro study method.

The Pomodoro Study Method

The Pomodoro Study Method was invented by Italian Francesco Cirillo. Cirillo is the owner of Cirillo Consulting, and has worked with many global brands. His goal is focused on improving productivity and efficiency, by finding ways to achieve better results with less time and less effort. Thus, his brainchild—the Pomodoro Study Method. The Pomodoro Method is simple, and can be applied when working on a variety of tasks.

1. Select a task you want to accomplish.
2. Work on the task for 25 minutes. Set a timer.
3. For every distraction that comes to mind, write it on a piece of paper.
4. Once your 25 minutes is up, you’ve completed a Pomodoro. Take a 5-minute break.
5. Repeat the cycle up to four times. Then take a 30-minute break.

The technique is perfect for individuals who get easily distracted. The 25-minute Pomodoro is a good period for short bursts of productivity, long enough to get something done without making the task feel too dragging. The short rests in between also allow your mind to refresh for a bit, before you begin another session. It’s perfect for writing, encoding, design, and study. And any other huge task you want to work on little by little. It is true that being busy doesn’t mean you are successful. But you can turn things around by working on your efficiency and productivity. We may not always like the tasks at hand, but procrastinating just makes it more painful. The earlier you get it done, the better. Try practicing the Pomodoro Study Method and you might just find the solution to your problem.