The Engineering Projects

RC Electronic Circuits Simulation in Proteus ISIS

Hello friends! Welcome to the Engineering components. Today, We are talking about the very common topic of electronic devices. In this tutorial, we'll pick very common components and learn about their role in circuits. If you are a beginner in the world of electronics, you must read this article till the end because we'll learn all the things from scratch till the completion of the circuit. In this article, you will learn:

1. Introduction to electronic circuits
2. Categories of electronic circuits.
3. Introduction to Resistor and Capacitor.
4. What are RC Circuits?
5. Simulation of R Circuits in Proteus ISIS.

Let's look at the description.

Introduction to Electronic Circuits

We come across many circuits in our daily lives, some of them are electrical circuits and some are electronic circuits. There are many differences between them but the main difference is, that electrical circuits do not have decision-making capacity whilst electronic circuits do have this ability. In electronic circuits, we power up the components with the mean power source and get the output. Hence we may define the electronic circuits as:

• "The electronic circuits are the types of circuits in which the individual electronic components are used that are connected to the power source with the help of wires so that the current can pass through the components."

The electronic circuits are also called discrete circuits because they are somehow, opposite to the integrated circuits. Most of the circuits use a combination of electrical and electronic circuits.

Categories of Electronic components

As we know, electronic components are used in many ways. For convenience, we divide the electronic components into categories. These are categories into two main sections:

1. Active Components.
2. Passive components.

The main focus of this article is passive components. The passive components include Capacitor, Resistor and Inductor. These are symbolized as C, R and L respectively. We'll learn about the first two of them today.

Introduction to Resistor and capacitor In electronic circuits

The Resistor and capacitor may be said to be the backbone of thousands of electronic circuits. To design a circuit, one should have a clear concept of these components. So, Let's have their introductions:

Resistor in Electronic Circuits

As the name implies, the resistor shows the resistance for the current in the circuit. It has a tube-like shape that has a molded figure and has a wire at the start and end. One may define the resistor as:

• The resistor is a passive, bi-terminal electrical component that is used in the circuit to have the electrical resistance in the current. When we use it in electronic circuits, it reduces the sudden current flow in the circuits, biases the active elements, divides the voltages in the circuit and performs such other tasks.

Current is the flow of electrons, this flow should be resisted by some mean, so that the components used in the circuit will be safe from damage. To control this opposition, one must have a clear idea about the resistance. The resistance is the measure of the property of the resistor to oppose the current in a circuit. The resistance of the resistor is symbolized by the strip of different colors. Each color has a meaning of different value.

Capacitor in Electronic Circuits

The capacitor works like a battery. The body of the capacitor is so simple and easy to understand, yet plays an important role in many types of circuits. The introduction of Capacitor is given next:

• The capacitor is an electrical component consists of two metallic plates and two wires connected with two plates that store energy passes through it in the form of an electrostatic field in between its two metallic plates. Its body is packed in an envelope.

As you can see in the picture, capacitors are manufactured in the form of a tube-like shape with two wires that are used to connect within the circuit. The capacitors are made in a variety of ranges according to their role in the circuit.

RC Electronic Circuits

As we know the Resistor is denoted as R and the capacitor is denoted by C. The RC circuits are the simple and easy circuits to understand.  We introduce the RC Electronic circuits as:

"The RC Circuits are the Resistor-Capacitor circuit in that consist of only resistor and capacitor as passive components of capacitor and these are connected with the current or voltage source according to the type of circuit."

One should keep in mind that we are talking about the category of passive components right now. Otherwise, some other components such as the power generating component are also used in the circuit. The are two categories of RC Circuits mentioned next:

1. RC Series circuit.
2. RC Parallel circuit.

RC Series circuits are the ones in which the resistor and capacitors are connected in series whereas, when we talk about the RC Parallel circuit, the R and C are connected in parallel to each other. RC circuits are also called the filter circuit or network circuit because many RC circuits are used to filter the unwanted frequencies of signals from the circuit and keep only the required ones. The RC Circuits are further classified on the basis of the number of components used in the circuit. The circuit is called the first-ordered RC Circuit if it contains only one resistor and one capacitor. Similarly, if it has two resistors and capacitors then the circuit is called the second ordered RC Circuit. To have a clear idea about the circuit, design it on the Proteus.

RC Electronic circuits in Proteus ISIS

To experiment, just follow the steps given next:

Required Components

1. Resistor
2. Capacitor
3. Battery
4. Connecting wires

Procedure

• Start your Proteus software.
• Click on the "P" button and choose the required components one by one.
• Arrange these components in the working area.
• Connect the components with connecting wires.
• Play the circuit with the play button present on the lower-left corner of the screen.

This image shows two types of circuits. The upper circuit is the RC Series circuit and the lower circuit is the RC Parallel circuit. Hence today, we learned about the introduction of Electronic circuits, we saw what are RC circuits, their components and their types depending upon different parameters. We also simulated the circuits in Proteus.

Pure Sine Wave Inverter using 555 Timer in Proteus.

Hi Mentees! Welcome to another electronic tutorial about the 555 Timers. We are working on Proteus and in the present experiment, we'll design the circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter. Inverters are the opposite devices to rectifiers. We'll show you the meaning of this sentence in action Yet, before experimentation, we have to learn some predominant concepts about the experiment. So, We'll go through the following topics:

1. Introduction to Pure Sine Wave Inverter.
2. Components used in the circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter.
3. Working of the circuit of sine wave inverter.
4. Circuit simulation of pure sine wave inverter in Proteus.

Introduction to Pure Sine Wave Inverter

In electronics, we examine the output of devices in the form of waves. Basically, there are four types of waves including sine wave, sawtooth wave, square wave and triangular wave. The title of the circuit we are discussing today consist of two main concepts:

1. Sine Wave
2. Inverter

Let's recall them one after the other.

• Sine Wave: The sine wave is a mathematical curve that is a smooth, s-shaped, periodic, continuous wave and is described as the graph of sin function indicated by Y=sin x.

The sine waves are used in Mathematics, physics, engineering, signal processing and other related waves. In Electronics, the sine wave indicates the AC.

• Inverter: Inverters are the electronic devices that are used to convert the DC into AC. We can say, Inverters are the opposite circuits of rectifiers. The purpose of this inverter is the same.

Hence, when we combine these concepts, we get the following definition of Pure Sine Wave Inverter:

• "The Pure Sine Wave Inverter is a circuit that takes the input in the form of DC and gives output as AC. It is used to run any type of instruments designed to run on smooth sine wave output."

We can make the circuit with the many methods, out of which two are:

1. Pure Sine Wave inverter through MOSFET.
2. Pure Sine Wave Inverter through 555 Timers IC.

The focus of this article is the 2nd type. So let's look at its circuit.

Circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter using 555 Timer

If you understand the working of its components, the circuit of the sine wave inverter is quite simple. It consists of some simple electronic components that every engineer uses many times. But out of them, 555 Timer and Transformer should be discussed here.

555 Timer

The 555 Timer is a great integrated circuit. It is used in thousands of circuits that have the requirement of pulses with uniform length. It is an 8 pin integrated circuit that may be used in three modes. In this tutorial, we'll use the 555 Timer in Astable Mode.

Transformer

A transformer is a passive electronic device that is used to transfer electrical energy from one source to another by the mean of electromagnetic induction. The main purpose of the transformer is to change the level of the input current (high or low) to the output current. The circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter is designed so, we provide the 12V DC as input and get the 240V AC as output. In addition to these, we will use Inductor, diode, capacitor, resistor and power source in our circuit.

Working of Pure Sine Wave Inverter using 555 Timers

• The working of the Pure Sine Wave Inverter starts when the 12 volts DC is applied to the components.
• These 12 volts enter the 555 Timer through pin 3 of the 555 timer that is in the Astable Mode. Due to this Mode, the 555 timer produces a single uniform pulse that is fed into the inductor.
• Every time, when a new pulse enters the inductor, it stores the energy in the form of an electromagnet. In the time t, when this energy is fully discharged through the inductor, its signs of induction change. After that, a new pulse enters the inductor and this process goes on. This energy passes through the resistor and finally fed into the transformer.
• In our case, the transformer is stepped high and it gives us the output of 240V AC. One can check this using AC Voltmeter.
• The diode connected to pin 7 of 555 Timer passes the current in only one direction (because it is a diode) and sends this pulse to the transformer by the mean of a capacitor for a steady pulse.

Simulation of Pure Sine Wave Inverter in Proteus

Using all the concepts discussed above, let's get started with the simulation of the circuit by following the simple steps.

Required Devices

1. 555 Timer
2. Vsource (DC power source)
3. Diode
4. Capacitor
5. Inductor
6. Transformer
7. Resistor
8. Connecting Wires
9. Ground Terminal

Circuit Simulation of Pure Sine Wave Inverter

• Excite your Proteus simulator.
• Start a new Project
• Tap to the "P" button of the screen and choose 1st seven devices one after the other from the list of required devices.
• Arrange all the devices on the screen by following the image given below:

• Left click on the screen>Go to Place> Terminal>Ground and set it just below the circuit.
• Change the Values of the devices according to the table given next:

  Components	Values
  R1	1KR
  R2	1KR
  R3	0.02KR
  C1	1nF
  C2	100nF
  C3	100uF
  Inductor	1mH
  Transformer	Primary= 1H, Secondary= 2000H

• Go to Instruments>Oscilloscope and set it at the output side.
• Connect terminal A with
• Now connect all the components carefully with the connecting wires.
• Click on the Play button just at the lower-left corner of the screen and start the simulation.

• You will find the Sine Wave Inversion on the output screen of the Oscilloscope.

Truss, in the present article, we saw the introduction of Pure Sine Wave Inverter, Look at its devices and components, saw the working of the whole circuit and learned to design the circuit in the Proteus practically. We hope you learned well.

Workforce Management Principles: Guides on Applying The Best Practices

There is no other area in the construction industry that needs a change more than resource management. Resource management is how you manage, plan, and allocate your workforce. Effective construction workforce management can help you understand aspects like:

• Which construction project needs more hands?
• Identify over and under-allocated staff.
• Track experience and skills with project history.

Simply put, effective workforce management helps contractors coordinate work and people, ensuring that everyone has the details or information required to do their jobs. However, in order to maintain a productive workforce, contractors have to put in plenty of time and hard work.

Visit https://gobridgit.com/construction-field-workforce-management/ to learn more about the importance of workforce management in construction.

There is no doubt that employees are the business’s most valuable asset. However, they are the most expensive as well. This is the reason why maximizing workforce efficiency and productivity should be your top priority.  When efficiency and productivity peak, the workforce quickly pays for itself.

To achieve this, there are certain workforce management principles and best practices that you need to apply.

Keep on reading as we list some important workforce management principles to know if you are a contractor.

#1 Standardize Key Processes

First things first, you need to create transparency and consistency by standardizing key processes in your construction work like swapping shifts, distributing leave, calculating pay, tracking hours, and so on. Contractors who are able to define these processes make an even playing field for the entire workforce, which creates a mutually beneficial culture of understanding and fairness. This is what the construction industry demands the most. For example, if a worker is not able to take up a shift that you have assigned due to personal reasons, he/she may apply for leave. However, if the process is unclear, things can be left until the last minute, stressing out the worker and leaving you in the lurch. Having an established leave request process in place can easily avoid this situation.

#2 Flexible Communication 

If communication lines are inflexible, even the most robust construction workforce management strategy can fail without a doubt. The role of communication is not widely understood in the construction industry yet. But those who have streamlined conversations between workers and contractors by empowering them with platforms that support continuous communication and connectivity have experienced good results. For example, if one of your workers who is working for a week at a construction site is now needed on a different site can get easily confused about the work and roles. With flexible communication, things can be easily conveyed. This is not just about making phone calls. Not everything needs phone calls. Things can be easily communicated via SMS and email as well. Contractors need to enforce this aspect in their workforce management system in order to streamline the communication process among the staff, workers, and subcontractors.

#3 Automate Number Crunching 

From HR to administration and operations, manually managing the workers’ pay rates and shift times can give you a serious headache. By automating pay, time, and leave calculations, contractors can improve data accuracy and free up time for administrative and HR personnel, allowing them to focus on more complex tasks. It is already understood that workers are paid on an hourly basis in the construction industry. Therefore, managing payrolls can be really daunting because even small errors can distress the workforce, and they may have to wait to get paid until you resolve the issue. Automating these processes can minimize payroll errors, which can result in higher worker satisfaction. Most importantly, you will experience reduced labor costs in the form of improved and robust time-tracking.

#4 Streamline Attendance, Time, and Payroll 

From the perspective of your workforce performance, streamlining attendance, time, and payroll is a proven way to heighten engagement and boost satisfaction. Contractors with automated time and attendance solutions can make things highly engaged for their workers and staff. This is because there will be less stress about tracking employee attendance. And employees know that they are responsible for their own attendance. With biometric systems, keeping track of employee attendance, time, and payroll is a piece of cake. The best part is that these can be integrated with most of the workforce management systems available out there. So, as a contractor, things can get smooth for you.

#5 Integrate and Unlock Insight 

You need to understand that the data collected from your construction workforce management system is worth so much more than holiday leave racked up, pay earned, and hours clocked. Contractors can integrate workforce management processes with core administrative and HR functions that can help them unlock a goldmine of workforce data regarding worker absence, performance, labor, and time. “Datafying”  or “datafication” of the entire process can not only streamline things in the payroll department but can also prove beneficial in optimizing performance, refining budgets, and developing strategic schedules. This way, you can focus more on your construction business and less on internal matters.

#6 Invest in a Quality Integrated Construction Workforce Management System 

Today, there are workforce management systems available in the market that are specifically designed for the construction industry. These systems can help you in optimizing your construction workforce planning. From creating operational efficiencies to mitigating risks and improving your bottom line, all can be achieved using easy-to-use resource planner software. The best part about using such systems is that you can enhance your construction workforce planning with complete employee oversight. That is, from future and current projects to overlapping workload issues, all can be tamed without any hassle. Most importantly, with a quality integrated workforce management system like Bridgit Solutions, you can identify over and under-allocated staff and solve problems before they even have an impact.

Conclusion 

These are some of the best practices that contractors should follow in order to streamline their workforce management. Things take time to get in place, and if you are just starting out, implementing these principles will enable you to focus more on your projects.

Buck Converter using MOSFET Gate Driver in Proteus

Hey Geeks! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. We hope you are doing great. MOSFET is a predominant component widely used in electronics due to its performance. We are working on the Projects of MOSFET and today's experiment is really interesting. We are working on the MOSFET Gate Driver and we will work on the following concepts:

1. Introduction to MOSFET Gate Driver.
2. Circuit of MOSFET Gate Driver.
3. Working of MOSFET Gate Driver.
4. Simulation of MOSFET Gate Driver in Proteus.
5. Applications of MOSFET Gate Driver.

You will find important information about the topic in DID YOU KNOW sections.

Introduction to MOSFET Gate Driver

We all know MOSFET is a type of transistor and is used in a wide range of circuits. It has many interesting features and the characteristics of MOSFET are at the fingertips of electrical and electronic engineers. The circuit of the MOSFET Gate Driver may be new for many students so let's have a look at its definition:

"The MOSFET Gate Driver is a type of DC to DC power amplifier that in the form of on-chip as well as discrete module in which we use MOSFET as the gate driver IC, the low power is taken as input from MOSFET and high power is obtained its gate terminal and vice versa according to need." 

DID YOU KNOW?

The name of the MOSFET Gate Driver is due to its characteristic to have the high current drive gate input of a Transistor. We use the MOSFET because it is a gate driver IC.

MOSFET is used in this circuit because it is commonly used in switching devices where the frequency ranges from hundred of KHz to thousands of KHz. It is mostly used in appliances where we need DC to DC amplification. It is used in computers to low their temperature during their performance. The MOSFET Gate driver is used to change the value of DC according to the circuit of the appliances. There are three types of drivers:

1. High side drivers.
2. Low side Driver.
3. Isolated Drivers.

 

Circuit of MOSFET Gate driver

When we look at the circuit of the MOSFET Gate drive, we found there are some basic as well as some special components in the circuit. In addition to MOSFET, the circuit consists of resistor, capacitor, inductor and IR2101. Let's look at their functions:

MOSFET

• Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors have a thin layer of silicon oxide between Gate and channel. It four terminals:  Gate, Drain, Source.

IR2101

It is IC that works very great with MOSFET. We use it in the MOSFET Gate driver to insert the voltage in the Gate terminal of the MOSFET in the form of pulses. We define the IR2101 as:

"It is  seven pins, high power, high voltage, MOSFET and IGBT driver that has independent high and low channel references."

The detail of the pins is given as:

1. Vcc: This Pin is for Low side and logic fixed supply voltage.
2. Vs: It is for High side floating supply offset voltage.
3. Hin: High side gate driver output is taken by this pin.
4. HO: We get High side gate drive output through this pin.
5. Lin: Low side gate driver output is taken by this pin.
6. LO: Low side gate drive output is obtained through it.
7. COM: we get Low side return from this pin.

Other components are very common to discuss.

Working of MOSFET Gate Driver

The working of the MOSFET Gate Driver start when the power is generated from power terminals.

1.  The IR2101 starts with the power terminal, the input pulse generators convert this power into the special length as set by the user.
2. These pulses Enter at the gate terminals of MOSFETs.
3. Both of these MOSFETs do not turn on at the same time. They work in a loop so that if the high side MOSFET is turned on then the other is off and vice versa.
4. The MOSFET M1 on the upper side of the circuit is considered at the High side of the driver and the MOSFET M2, on the lower side of the circuit is at the Low side driver.
5. After some time, when the voltage becomes greater than the threshold voltage of MOSFETs, they start working.
6. The terminals of  MOSFETs are connected with the capacitor.
7. The aim of this circuit is to charge the capacitors. Hence when the MOSFET starts working, the charging of the capacitor takes place.
8. The pulses reach both the MOSFET at a very specific time due to IR2101.
9. Once the capacitor C2 is fully charged, it starts the discharging power and this discharging power from the inductor as well and at last, it goes to the ground terminal.
10. In this case, the polarity of the inductor changes and in this way, the energy stored in the capacitor is discharged.
11. Hence at the end, when we check on the oscilloscope, we get the changed output pulse from the input.

Simulation of MOSFET Gate Driver in Proteus ISIS

Material Required for MOSFET Gate Driver

1. MOSFET
2. IR2101
3. Resistor
4. Capacitor
5. Inductor
6. Ground Terminal
7. Power Terminal
8. Pulse Generator

Using all the concepts given above, we'll simulate the circuit in Proteus for a crystal clear concept. Just follow the steps given next:

• Start your Proteus Software.
• Make a new Project.
• Click at "P" button to choose the first five components for the experiment one after the other.
• Arrange all the components in the working area according to the arrangement given next:

• Go to Terminal Mode> Ground and add ground terminal with the required components of the circuit.
• Repeat the above step with the power Terminal.

DID YOU KNOW?

The efficiency of MOSFET Gate driver is more than 90% in many cases.

• Go to Instrument Mode and take the Oscilloscope from there. Now, arrange it just below the circuit.
• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires by carefully following the image given next:

• Double-tap the components one by one and change the default values according to the table given next:

  Components	Values
  R1	10R
  R2	10R
  R3	60R
  L1	500u
  C1	4.7u
  C2	60u
  Pulse 1	Pulse (High) voltage =5v, frequency 1k, Pulse Width 50%
  Pulse 2	Pulse (High) voltage =5v, frequency 1k, Pulse Width 50%

• Tap the play button at the lower-left corner of the screen to simulate the graph.
• Set the values of voltage and current through the nob to see a clear output.

Applications of MOSFET Gate Driver

1. MOSFET Gate driver is used in DC to DC converter.
2. It is used in the conversion of high voltage to low voltage.
3. It is mainly used to reduce heat in many circuits.
4. Due to its functions, it is useful in extending battery life.

So, in the present article, we saw what is MOSFET Gate driver. What important components are used in it, how does its circuit works and how can we simulate its circuit in Proteus. Moreover, we also read some of its applications. We hope you learned well from this article.

Traffic Light Simulation with D Flip Flop in Proteus

Hi Mentees! we hope you are doing great. Welcome to a super easy yet useful project based upon the simulation in Proteus. We are working on the Traffic Lights project that will work with the help of D Flip Flop. In this simple tutorial, you will be aware of the following concepts:

1. What are the Traffic Lights using D Flip Flop?
2. What is the role of D Flip Flop?
3. How does the circuit of D Flip Flop work in the Traffic Lights?
4. How can you simulate the circuit of Traffic Lights with D Flip Flop in Proteus?

In addition, you will find some important information about the Traffic Lights circuit in the DID YOU KNOW Sections. Let's start learning.

Traffic Lights with D Flip Flop

Who is not aware of the traffic lights? we all observe and use the Traffic lights on the road every day. But for the sake of the concepts, let's see the traffic lights technically.

"The Traffic Lights are the signaling devices that has an electronic circuit designed to control the flow of traffic at the roads by a specialized pattern of lights."

These traffic lights are positioned at road intersections ad pedestrian crossing and other positions where the traffic flow has to maintain. The Traffic Lights depends on an array of three lights with different colors that are connected electrically The whole system is packed into a metallic structure. The LEDs turn on and off with a special pattern that depends upon the circuit. Before moving forward, refresh the concepts of Traffic Light with the logical point of view. There are three lights in the Traffic Light Signals. These are:

1. Red
2. Amber
3. Green

The red light stays last for some moments. The circuit is designed so, we get the output from the Amber color light that coordinates with the red and green light and lasts for some time. In the end, we get only Green light. All these lights are formed as a result of the sequential logic of D Flip Flop and at the end, the output of two D Flip Flops are inserted into AND Gate. The output of the Green light depends upon the AND Gate and we found the light of green LED only when the output of both the D Flip Flops are HIGH.

Role of D Flip Flop in Traffic Lights

Have you ever thought about how does the traffic light blink at a specific time? We all follow the Traffic lights but today we'll learn that what does traffic light follows. The D Flip Flops are the logical circuits and we define the D Flip Flop as:

"The D Flip Flops a dual input is Flip Flop circuit that is designed to have the input at its D Terminal, regulates the signal with the clock edge pulses and shows the output at its two output terminals."

In the Traffic Lights, we use two D Flip Flops that are responsible for the switching of the lights in on or off conditions. The D Flip Flop is the combination of the S and R Flip Flops with an inverter with one terminal. but for  simplicity, we'll use the Integrated Circuit of D Flip Flop. Hence our circuit has only four components and we get a clean, easy and useful circuit that works automatically. The input Terminals are called CLK and D terminals whereas output terminals are denoted by Q and Q'.  The Truth Table for the D Flip Flop is given next:

Inputs		Output
CLK	D	Q	Q’
0	X	No Change
1	0	0	1
1	1	1	0

The X is called the don't care condition which means in this situation, the value of D does not matters. You can learn more about D Flip Flop in https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2021/01/d-type-flip-flop-circuit-diagrams-in-proteus.html section. The output of the D Flip Flop is connected with each LED in the Traffic lights and hence we observe the on/off situations of Traffic Lights.

Working of Traffic Lights circuit with D Flip Flop

The working of the Traffic Light starts with the change in the pulse of the clock.

1. The Q' output of the D Flip Flop 2 gives the power to the Red Light of the Traffic Light.
2. When the clock is low, there is no change in the Q' terminal of the 1st Flip Flop then the Amber light is off.
3. With the clock pulses, the Amber light of the Traffic Light turns on.
4. When the clock is high, we get the output inverse of the D Flip Flop.
5. The output Q of the D Flip Flop1 and the Q' of the D Flip Flop 2 is fed into AND Gate.
6. We know the AND Gate is HIGH only when both of its terminals are HIGH.
7.  This output of the AND Gate is connected with the Green Light of the Traffic Light.

Circuit Simulation of Traffic Lights in Proteus ISIS

For the simulation of Traffic Light in Proteus, simply follow the easy steps coming next.

Devices required for the Traffic Lights

1. D Flip Flop - DTFF
2. Traffic Lights
3. AND Gate
4. Clock pulses - DClock
5. Connecting wires

• Power up your Proteus software.
• Click the "P" button.

• Write the names of 1st three devices given above one by one and choose them.
• Get D Flip Flop twice, And Gate and Traffic Lights from the pick library and arrange them on the working area.
• Go to Generation mode(from the sidebar) >DClock and set it just on left side of the 1st D Flip Flop.

• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires.
• Connect the Traffic Light's red light with the output of 1st D Flip Flop, the amber light with the D Flip Flop 2 and the green light with the output of AND Gate.

• Pop the play button.

Does your Traffic Lights are working well? great! if not, then check the connection again. if you face any problem then share with us. Consequently, today we learned about the logic behind the Traffic Lights. We learned that with the help of D Flip Flop, one can easily design a circuit just using four simple devices. We saw the working of the sequential on/off condition of the Traffic Lights. Stay with us for more interesting circuits.

H-Bridge Circuit with 2N2222 Transistor in Proteus

Hey Learners! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. We hope you are doing great. Our team is working on transistors and today, we'll design a circuit for using the 2N2222 Transistor. In this chapter you will learn:

1. What is H Bridge with 2N2222 Transistor?
2. How do the 2N2222 Transistor works?
3. What is the working of H Bridge?
4. How can we run the circuit of  H Bridge in Proteus using 2N2222 Transistor?

By the same token, you will also learn important information about the topic in DID YOU KNOW Sections.

Introduction to H-Bridge

In electronic circuits, the direction of quantities like the flow of current, EMF, Electric field lines matter a lot. The H Bridge is used to control such motors through its specialized circuitry. The H Bridge is defined as:

"The H Bridge is an elementary circuit that ends the Motors to rotate in forward or backward direction according to the will of the user."

In this way, there is no need for the two motors in many cases. Only one motor can be used to accomplish the task instead of two.

DID YOU KNOW???

The most common, easy and interesting application of the H Bridge is in the robotics. The H Bridge is used to run the motors of the robots that are required to move the robot in the forward and backward direction.

The circuit of the 2N2222 H Bridge allows the current from the Direct Current source to flow from the required direction only and hinders the flow from the other direction.

Why we need the H Bridge

The direction of the moving of a motor paly a vital role in the output of that motor. The reason behind this is, most electric motors operate due to torque produced as the combined effect of magnetic field and electric current through a wire winding. Hence, We always need some means through which we can control the direction of the Motor to get the output that is suitable for our present requirement.

Performance of 2N2222 Transistor in H Bridge

The 2N2222 Transistor works as a backbone in the circuit of the H Bridge. We use four 2N2222 Transistors in the circuit and they work as a couple. The diagonal Transistors work together as a couple and allow the flow of current through them. By the same token, the non-diagonal 2N2222 Transistors work as a couple. Let's have a look at what is 2N2222 Transistor:

"The 2N2222 Transistor is a type of Bipolar Junction Transistors or BJTs that is designed to be used in the low power amplifying or switching applications."

DID YO KNOW???

Motorola made many semiconductor companies and the 2N2222 is  part of a huge family of Devices and Transistors that were discussed in IRE Conventions in Motorola company.

Being a BJT Transistor, the 2N2222 allows the flow of current in only one direction. Thus, it is responsible for the rotation of the Motor as per requirement of the user. The 2N2222 transistor (just as other JTs) has three pins. These pins are called Emitter, Base and Collector. The arrow symbol just at the transistor symbolizes the Emitter. Being an NPN Transistor, the collector and emitter terminals of 2N2222 Transistor in H Bridge act reverse biased or are said to be left open when the base pin is held to the ground or when there is no current flow from the base. On the other hand, when the base gets the flow of current from the battery or other components of the circuit in the H Bridge, the circuit is said to be forward-biased. The gain of the 2N2222 Transistor in the H Bridge ranges from 110 to 800. The value of gain is responsible for the determination of the 2N2222 Transistor's amplification capacity in the H Bridge.

Working of H Bridge Circuit

When we look at the circuit of H Bridge we get the following points:

1. The Direct Current from the battery originates from the positive terminal of the battery (considering the conventional current) and passes through the switch.

1. The switch allows the current to pass through the pair of the 2N2222 Transistor that is to be used.
2. The resistors just before the Transistors perform the regulation of the current through the transistors.
3. In our case, the H Bridge works according to the table given below:

Switch	Flow of Current	Direction of Motor
Connected to A	From T4 to Motor then Motor to T1	Anti-Clockwise
Connected to B	From T2 to Motor then Motor to T3	ClockWise

Let's have a look at the working of the H Bridge in action in Proteus ISIS.

Circuit of H Bridge in Proteus ISIS

We are going to design the circuit of the H Bridge in the Proteus ISIS. But before this, let's have a look at the required devices for the circuit.

Required Devices for H Bridge

1. 2N2222 Transistor
2. Resistor
3. Motor
4. Cell
5. Switch
6. Connecting Wires

Now,  just follow these simple steps:

• Start your Proteus Software.
• Click at the "P" button and choose the required devices except for connecting wires one by one.
• Arrange for 2N2222 Transistors, four Resistors, motor, switch and cell on the working area.
• Change the orientation of two of these Transistors before setting on the screen by clicking the arrow sign given just above the "P" button.
• Left Click the motor>Rotate clock-wise to change the direction of the motor according to the image given next:

• Change the value of Cell and Motor to 6v by double taping them one after the other.

• Connect all the components according to the circuit given next:

• Double click at all the resistors and transistors one after the other and label them to identify them as different devices.
• Pop the simulation button.
• Change the orientation of switch and check the output.

Task

Change the value of the transistors around the motor and observe the rotation speed of the motor.  

Truss today we saw, what is H Bridge, what is the role of 2N2222 Transistor in the circuit of H Bridge, How does the circuit of H Bridge works and we implemented the H Bridge circuit using 2N2222 Transistor in Proteus ISIS. Stay with us with more tutorials.

Real estate management: The Need for Routine Repair and Maintenance

As an investor or manager in the real estate industry, it is imperative to care for the property. Whether you are leasing or living on the property, it is essential to be proactive in repair and maintenance. Lack of routine inspection can lead to unprecedented expenses for landlords and homeowners. Read on to find out ways to prevent system failures and increase their service life, in turn.

It is an Extensive Activity

For proper care and maintenance to real estate, it is critical to understand the property. However, it would be best if you had qualified personnel take a look at the place to give a professional opinion. There are different types of mro (maintenance, repair, and operations) to improve real estate management. Businesses need to keep up with the industry trends to know what is a cmms and ways it can improve business processes. It does not matter the industry the venture operates in. The systems can be customized to fit your business needs.  Being proactive in the approach entails engaging in both preventive and continuous maintenance. Here are tips that can help real estate managers and homeowners increase the property’s service life;

Conduct a Home Inspection

Regular inspection of the systems in real estate can help identify a problem before disaster strikes. The harsh weather conditions play a significant role in the need for routine repair and maintenance. Whenever the season changes, have a home inspection to determine the damage. It will also help in planning for the next season and acting accordingly. However, without inspecting the systems, you will discover the problem when the damage is already done. It is also costly to replace a whole system in a building than repair minor issues as it is detected. 

Preventive Maintenance Techniques

For you to protect the property from degradation, it is critical to engage in preventive maintenance activities. It is beneficial when real estate managers and homeowners undertake the initiative of preventing severe damage to building systems. Some of the best practices in real estate management are; HVAC System care Purchasing an HVAC system is costly. Replacing the components is expensive as it might require you to order the parts. However, we can prevent some of the challenges through routine repair and maintenance. The practice will also ensure the system is performing as per the manufacturer’s specifications. You will be using the system across all seasons, and it is critical to make the care more frequent. The malfunction of such equipment will depend on the amount of time they are in operation.  Environmental Management Trees suffer when snow accumulates on them. The parts become weak and will fall off if there is no action taken. On the other hand, there is a risk to the property when the trees fall as it may cause damage. So, it is critical to maintain the environment and identify any risks that nature poses to the property. Proofing Leakages One of the most undetectable problems always waiting to explode in modern buildings is leakages on the roofing system. It is essential to clean the gutters to ensure water is flowing through the roofing system. If the roof is susceptible to water, it is important to consider changing the whole system and use a material that prevents water from leaking. When water gets into the roof, molds will likely start to form. On the other hand, water may damage the ceiling and may make it fall. Proofing for leakages will prevent the eventualities. The inspection activity can help detect impending challenges on the roofing system and prompt immediate action.

Manage the Repair and Maintenance Expenses

When purchasing property, the initial cost is known as capital investments. However, it is essential to monitor the subsequent costs arising from repair and maintenance needs. Ensure to record all the expenses either on paper or on a computer.  Follow the insights in this read to manage a real estate property better.

12V to 220V Step Up Inverter using transformer in Proteus

Hey learners! Welcome to another exciting electrical experiment in Proteus. At the present day, we'll perform the inversion of voltage. For this purpose, we will use the implementation of Transformer as Step-up Transformer. Prior to start, let's have the basic information about the 12V to 220V Step up inverter using Transformer in Proteus. In this tutorial, we'll learn:

1. What is a 12V to 220V inverter?
2. What is the function of the transformer in the 12V to 220V inverter?
3. How can we implement the Step up inverter using a Transformer in Proteus?
4. What are some applications of the 12V to 220V inverter?

Moreover, there will be some useful pieces of information in DID YOU KNOW sections.;

12V to 220V inverter

In electronic appliances, the circuitry is designed so, that the appliance can work in a specific range of Voltage, Frequency and power etc. If these quantities are not supplied using these parameters, then the Appliance does not work ideally. For example, if the given voltage to a bulb is less than its voltage range it may be lightened dim. or if the voltage is given more than the range of the bulb, the circuitry of the bulb may be damaged or even it may burst. In such a case, the invertors are used that inverts the voltage (or other electrical quantities according to type) into the suitable range is used. Therefore, the 12V to 220V inverter can be defined as:

"An invertor is the electrical circuit that converts the 12V Direct current into 220V Alternating current and alters supplied voltage range into required range."

By using the 12V to 220V inverter the electrical or electronic circuits, we can use the electrical circuits that work on the 220V even when the supply from the source is 12V.

DID YOU KNOW??????????????

"The Inverters play a life saving role in the appliances that have a sensitive circuit to voltage and current. Even the High voltage more than the range of the device can burn the circuit so badly that it may require to change the whole circuitry or the motherboard of the device."

 

Working of 12V to 220V invertor

in the process of 12V to 220V inversion, three major process takes place:

1. Supply
2. Conversion
3. Transformation

We use simple circuitry to perform each task. Based upon the functionality, we use three devices in the circuit of 12V to 220V inverter. These are:

1. Battery
2. Transistor
3. Transformer

Role of Battery in 12V to 220V Transformer

It is obvious that every circuit requires some sort of energy to perform the required function. In 12V to 220V Inverter, we use a 12V battery that will be supplied to whole components. The 12V battery performs the "Supply" process in the 12V to 220V Inverter.

Role of Transistor in 12V to 220V Inverter

The process of conversion of direct current into alternating current requires a mechanism that allows just the positive side of the sinusoidal wave of the Alternating current to pass through it and hence one can get only one side of the output wave of current. In the case of low and medium applications, power Transistors are used. The reason behind this logic is, the Transistors:

• are Less in cost.
• have low output Impedance.
• Allow most of the power to pass through it.

We know that the Transistor work as a switch. the two type regions of the characteristic graph of the Transistor are used in this experiment. Saturation region: In this region the transistor is biased. The collector-Emitter and the Collector-base junctions are forward biased. The collector has the minimum voltage and the collector current is maximum. Cut-off Region: In this region, the Transistor does not allow the current to pass through it.

Role of Transformer in 12V to 220V Inverter

The Transformer is the mechanical device used o transform the voltages from its input to its output. It has two sides that have coils around them. In our experiment, we use the Step-up Transformer that is introduced as:

"The type of Transformer that is used to convert the low voltage and high current supplied to its input to the high voltage and low current at its output is called the step up Transformer."

Hence the voltage from the Transistor that is rectified and has the direction only on one side is fed at its input. The Transformer transforms the low voltage into the high voltage. In this way, we get a high voltage. The ability of the transform to amplify the voltage depends upon the number of turns of the coil on its terminals.

DID YOU KNOW???

"If you get a transformer that have the same mechanical structure but it has the numbers of turns in primary coil grater than the secondary coil then it is called the step down Transformer. "

Implementation of 12V to 220V inverter using Transformer

At the present moment, we'll use all our concepts given above to design the circuit for the 12V to 220V Inverter. Just follow the simple steps given next.

• Power up your Proteus circuit.
• Choose the material given below.

Material Required

1. 3WATT68R (This resistor works at the 68R resistance automatically.)
2. Battery
3. Lamp
4. MJ-2925
5. Trans-2P3S (Step-up Transformer)

• Click at the components one after the other and arrange the components one after the other at the working area.
• Left-click at the Battery and choose "Rotate 180 degree".
• The screen should look like this:

• Change the values of some of the components by following the table given next:

Devices	Values
Battery	12V
Bulb	240V
Bulb Resistance	100k
Transformer Primary Inductance	100H
Transformer Total Secondary Inductance	1.1H

 

• Connect the elements with the help of the diagram given below:

• Simulate the circuit by clicking at "Play" button given on the lower-left corner of the screen.

You will observe that the bulb is light although it is set as a 220V device and the supplied voltage is just 12V.

Applications of 12V to 220V Inverter using Transformer

1. To charge the small batteries of vehicles such as cars.
2. Low power Alternating Current Motors.
3. Solar Power system.
4. Uninterrupted Power Supplies (UPS).
5. Reaction power controllers.
6. Adapted power Filters.

Adjustable speed Alternating Current Motor Drivers. Consequently, we saw about an electrical circuit today that converts the 12V from its input to 220V at its output using the Transformer. This experiment has many interesting applications. Stay with us for more experiments.

Pulse Width Modulation using 555 Timer in Proteus

Hello Engineers! Welcome to the board. We hope you are having a good day. In this tutorial, we teach you about Pulse Width Modulation. We'll discuss some important points about the topic. Let's have a look at the Topics of the tutorial:

1. What is Pulse Width Modulation?
2. What is 555 Timer?
3. how does 555 Timer is used in the Pulse Width modulation circuit?
4. How do we design the circuit of Pulse Width Modulation in Proteus ISIS?

In addition, you will have some useful information bout Pulse Width Modulator in DID YOU KNOW section.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	555 Timer	Amazon	Buy Now
2	LEDs	Amazon	Buy Now
3	Resistor	Amazon	Buy Now

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse width Modulation is a useful technique in the world of Modern Electronics. Let's have a look at the information about Pulse Width Modulation.

Abbreviation of Pulse Width Modulation

The Abbreviation of the Pulse Width Modulation technique is PWM.

Definition of Pulse Width Modulation

We define the pulse Width Modulation as:

"The Pulse Width Modulation is the technique  in the electronics to control the power given to the analogue devices through which the average power delivered by the electrical signal is reduced due to division of the signals into discrete parts."

The Pulse Width Modulation is important to the inertial load devices such as motors because in these devices the change is slow due to their inertial ability and the Pulse Width Modulator has enough time to control the device.

Example of PWM

We know that in the bulb that we use in our daily life, the AC Power changes its direction from positive to negative cycle and vise versa. The frequency through which the cycle change decides the brightness of the bulb. Consider the example of the circuit in which the LED is connected to the power. The Power connection lightens the LED. When the switch between the power source and the bulb is close, the power is transmitted to the bulb and the brightness is observed. The opening and the closing of the switch can be controlled through the Pulse Width Modulation. The more is the duty cycle of the Pulse width, the more rapidly it opens and closes the switch and hence the brightness of the bulb is more and vise versa. hence we can conclude that by controlling the pulse width we are controlling the opening and closing of the switch and through which we are controlling the brightness of the bulb.  

DID YOU KNOW????????????

"The Pulse Width Modulation technique is also called as the Pulse Duration Modulation or PDM. It is because this technique works with the duration of the cycle of the circuit. "

555 Timer in Pulse Width Modulation

Prior to start the work of 555 Timer in Pulse Width Modulator, we must clear some important concepts about the 555 Timer device. Let's have a glance on the points.

Definition of 555 Timer

The 555 Timer was termed as the SE NE555 Timers. Another Type of the 555 Timer is SE555 Timer. These were first invented by "Signetic Corporation" . We define the 555 Timer as:

"The 555 Timer is an 8 pin Integrated Circuit that generates accurate timing pulse. The designing of the 555 timer is done by collectively arranging the electrical and electronic components such as resistors, transistors, diodes and Flip Flops."

These are monolithic Timing circuits that are designed to provide stable time delay and oscillations. These are highly reliable and low in cost.

Pin out of 555 Timer

There are 8 pins of 555 Timer and each pin has its own function and operation. For the best concept, we have designed a table for each pin given below:

Pin Number	Pin Name	Description
1	Ground	This pin is labeled as GND and used to supply the 0 voltage.
2	Trigger	When the Time interval starts, the output remains low when this pin is high and vise versa.
3	Output	This is the output pin.
4	Reset	This pin overrides the Trigger pin and that overrides the Threshold. It is connected with Vcc if not used.
5	Control	It controls the Pulse Width and the level of threshold and Trigger.
6	Threshold	Hen the voltage is applied at this pin, it acts in the contrast to the voltage.
7	Discharge	This pin is an open-collector output. During the intervals, this pin is used to discharge the capacitor.
8	Supply	This is the power supply pin. The input of power is taken against the Ground pin.

DID YOU KNWO???????????

"We use the counter instrument in the Proteus to count the Pulse Width Modulation of the circuit using 555 Timer."

Implementation of PWM using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS

To implement the Pulse Width Modulation using 555 Timer, we are using the simulation in Proteus ISIS. To Implement the 555 Timer PWM  just follow the simple steps given next:

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Choose the following components:

1. 555 Timer
2. 1N4148 Diode
3. 3005P-1-502 Variable Resistor
4. DC Power Supply
5. Resistor
6. Counter
7. Oscilloscope

• Fix first five components from the "Pick Library" at the working area.
• Change the values of Resistor, Capacitors and variable Resistors according to the table given below:

  Component	Values
  Resistor	1k ohm
  Variable Resistor	50k ohm
  Capacitor 1	10nf
  Capacitor?	1uF
  DC Power source	10V

   

• Go to Terminal mode>Ground and set it at the end of the circuit.
• Connect the components through the connecting wires according to the image given next:

• To get the counting of the output, go to virtual Instrument Mode and choose the counter.
• Go to Virtual instrument Mode and select the Oscilloscope.
• Connect the counter with any terminal of the Oscilloscope.
• Join both the instruments with pin 3 of 555 Timer.

• Pop the play button and simulate the circuit.
• Change the values of voltages and the frequency according to need.
• We observe that the Oscilloscope shows us the width as:

Thus, Today we saw what is the pule Width Modulation, learned some important concepts about the 555 Timer, got some important concepts about Pulse Width Modulation using the 555 Timer and saw the simulation by the mean of Proteus ISIS. If you found it useful, give us your important feedback in the comment section.

Metal Detector using 555 Timer in Proteus

Hello Pupils! I welcome you to the board. I hope you are fine. In today's tutorial, we will design a project Metal Detector using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS. All of us perceive the situations when at the public places such as on airports or in shopping malls where sharp metallic objects such as a knife or illegal guns or even a nail cutter are not allowed, there are walkthrough gates at every entrance so that any person with the forbidden material when passes through the gate, the alarming buzzer automatically switched on. This happened because the walkthrough gates have the Metal Detector circuit in them that works immediately when such a situation occurs. In this session, we'll learn:

1. What are Metal Detectors?
2. How does the 555 Timer collaborate with the circuit of Metal Detector?
3. How does the circuit of the 555 Timer Metal Detector works?
4. How can we implement the circuit of 555 Timer Metal Detector in Proteus?

In addition, you will also have some useful pieces of information in DID YOU KNOW Sections.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	555 Timer	Amazon	Buy Now
2	LEDs	Amazon	Buy Now
3	Resistor	Amazon	Buy Now

NE555 Timer Metal Detectors

Metal Detectors became the one of the necessary devices for many public Places either it is park or bank, airport or any supermarket. It is because they play a vital role in the maintenance of security. Most of the metal detectors We define the Metal Detector as:

"The Metal detectors are the specialized NE555 Timer gadgets that detect the presence of the metals when the metals enters in the range of Metal Detector Circuits."

The NE555 Timer Metal Detectors does not only have the application i the field of security but they are also used in a variety of situations. The NE555 Timer Metal Detector can be categorized into three basic Families:

1. Very Low Frequency Detectors.
2. Pulse Induction Detectors.
3. Metal Detectors for specific Purpose.

DID YOU KNOW??????????????????????

"1960 was the year in which the 1st Metal Detector was established using simple devices in industrial and Mineral Prospecting. "

There are many kinds of NE555 Timer Metal Detectors that are used for different operations some of them are listed below:

1. Diagnostic Purposes.
2. Detecting myriad of foreign objects.
3. Finding the presence of bullets.
4. Detecting the intraocular metallic fragments.
5. Finding Swallowed coins.

Working of NE555 Timer Metal Detector

When we talk about the working of the NE555 Timer Metal Detector, we must have a clear idea about the following concepts:

1. Inductance
2. NE555 Timer operational system

Inductance in NE555 Timer Metal Detector

Let's recall the idea of Inductance that we are learning from our physics class:

"The Inductance, in electromagnetism and electronics, is the ability of a conductor of electricity to negate the change in the electric current that is flowing through it. This flow of electric current produces a magnetic field around that electrical conductor."

In the NE555 Timer Metal Detector circuit, we use an inductor that senses the presence of the Metal near to it. More close a Metal Detector to it, the more electric field lines are produced and hence the speaker gives the sound more loudly indicating the distance between the NE555 Timer Metal Detector and the metal's distance. We denote the Inductance through "L". Hence the formula to find the Inductance through any Conductor can be find through: Inductance= Magnetic Flux of Current/Current.

DID YOU KNOW ???

"There are some Metal Detectors that are used to find the treasure or ancient metals underground. They are so powerful that they can detect the Metal many feet away.  Thus, many people have a life changing search due to these useful instruments."

NE555 Timer

NE555 Timers belongs to the Family of 555 Timers Integrated Circuits. These are highly utilitarian circuits that are considered as one of the most used Integrated Circuits in the world of Electronics. We introduce the NE555 Timer as:

"NE555 Timer Circuit is the widely used Integrated Circuit having 8 pins and used to have the output that have a uniform pulses that can be set according to need."

The 555 Timers are used to have a variety of pulses that depends upon the arrangement of the devices connected to their Pins. There are three kinds of NE555 Timer modes:

1. Monostable Mode.
2. Astable Mode.
3. Bistable Mode.

Operations in the NE555 Timer Metal Detector Circuit

• When we examine the Circuit of NE555 Timer Metal Detector, we find these operations:
• The power of all the components is the Direct current that is provided by the battery.
• This power enters the NE555 Timer circuit that produces the uniform Timer-based Pulse at its output pin.
• This Pulse enters the resistor that controls the flow of current through the main Metal Detector circuit.
• The Resistor passes this current to the Inductor. The Inductance of the inductor is the basic criteria of distance measurement.
• As in Proteus, it is not possible to show the Movement of a Metal, so the value of the inductance represents the number of electric field lines around the NE555 Timer Metal Detector circuit. More is the Inductance, more numbers of lines passing through the inductor and hence it is assumed that metal is more near to the circuit. 
• The DC current then passes through the speaker according to the strength of the electric field lines and hence we found the faint or hard sound.

[PostWiidget4]

Circuit design of 555 Timer Metal Detector in Proteus

• Power up your Proteus Software.
• Choose the following components from the Pick Library button "P".

Components Required

1. NE555 Timer
2. Inductor
3. Capacitor
4. Resistor
5. Speaker

• Take all the Components from the left section and arrange all of them on working screen according to the diagram given below:

 

• Now, Change the values of some of the components one after the other by double clicking the components.
• Inductor= 150mH, Capacitor 1=2.2uF,Capacitor 2=2.2uF,Capacitor 3 10uF, Resistor= 47k Ohm, Battery=9V.
•  Connect the circuit components with the help of connecting wire so our circuit look like this:

• As soon as the Circuit is simulated by hitting the Play button, the user sense a sound or buzzer from the circuit.
• If you heard it then cool, otherwise look at your circuit once again.

Task

Change the value of inductor to 300micro Farad and more to hear the louder sound.

Hence today, we saw what are NE555 Timer Metal Detector, How do they are classified, how does the circuit of 555 Metal detector works and how can we design its circuit using simple devices in Proteus ISIS. Stay with us for more projects.