The Engineering Projects

Half Subtractor in Proteus ISIS

Hey Pals! We hope you are doing Great. Today, we are going to design another application of DLD Logical Gates i.e. Half Subtractor. In our previous lectures, we covered Adders in detail, where we studied both Half Adders & Full Adders. Now its time to discuss its reciprocal i.e. Subtractors.

In this session, we'll seek the answers to the following topics:

1. What is Half Subtractor?
2. Working Principle of Half Subtractor.
3. Truth-table of Half Subtractor.
4. Simulation of Half Subtractor in Proteus using three Logic Gates.
5. Designing of Half Subtractor with NOR gate.

So, let's get started:

What is Subtractor?

The functionality of Subtractors is exactly the opposite of Adders(we discussed in previous lectures) and defined as:

• A Subtractor is a simple DLD Electronic circuit, designed using logic gates and is used to subtract binary numbers from one another.
• A DLD Subtrator generates two outputs(1-bit each) called Difference Bit and Borrow Bit.
• There are two types of Subtractors available:
• Half Subtractor. (We are discussing today)
  
• Full Subtractor. (We will discuss in the next lecture)

Now, let's have a look at the Half Subtractor:

Half Subtractor

DLD Half subtractors(same as Half Adders) are designed using logic gates and are quite simple in construction. We can define Half Subtractor as:

• "Half Subtractors are simple digital logical circuits, used to subtract two binary numbers from each other and generate two outputs called Difference Bit and Borrow Bit.
• The Half Subtractor takes two Inputs A and B and performs the subtraction operation i.e. A - B, where A is called Minuend Bit and B is called Subtrahend Bit.
  

Working Principle of Half Subtractor

The Half Subtractor has a boolean circuit. It means it works only with the two digits i.e, 0 and 1. The 0 describes the LOW bit and vise versa. It take two bits through the input Terminals and calculate the whole system then shows us the result at the Output Terminals.

Difference in Half Subtractor

The difference is obtained when we perform the minus operation with the second bit from the first bit. the calculator give us the output that is the remaining value of the 1st bit when we deduct the value of 2nd bit from it.

Borrow in Half Subtractor

In the case, when the second bit is higher then the 1st bit, the subtractor borrows a bit from the circuit. this is an essential operation because without this, subtraction can not be proceed further.

Half Subtractor Truth Table

In binary digit difference, the subtraction of 0 with 0 produces the difference 0 and the borrow 0. when the Value is change to A=0 and B=1 then the circuit borrows a bit and both the bits becomes 1 hence we get Difference=1 and borrow=1. When the inputs are A=1 and B=0 then we simply get the value Difference=1 and Borrow=0. At the same token, when A=1, B=1 then the result we get is Difference=0, Borrow=0. Using all these concepts we get the Truth Table as:

A	B	Difference	Borrow
0	0	0	0
0	1	1	1
1	0	1	0
1	1	0	0

In this tutorial we'll learn to design Half subtractor in two ways:

1. Half Subtractor using three Logic Gates.
2. Half Subtractor using only NAND Gate.

DID YOU KNOW???????????

Half subtractors are used to limit the force of audio or Radio signals.

Half Subtractor Using three Logic Gates

In this type of formation we use three Logic Gate given below:

1. XOR Gate
2. NOT Gate
3. NAND Gate

When we look at the working of the Half Subtrator, we'll find that the working of the Difference mode of the Half Subtractor is same as the XOR Gate because we that that XOR Gate is the one that gives the output HIGH only when the inputs have different values from each other and vise versa. Just have a look at its Truth Table:

A	B	A XOR B
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0

Therefore, we simple use the XOR Gat for the function of Difference. When we look at the Function of Difference. we use one AND Gate. A NOT Gate is attached with the one of the input of AND Gate. One may wonder, why we are using the two Gate when we can use the NAND Gate. but the point is, we just need the inverse condition of just one input. Therefore we use this arrangement.

Proteus simulation for Half Subtractor sing Three Gates

Material Required

1. XOR Gate
2. AND Gate
3. NOT Gate
4. LED-RED
5. Ground Terminal
6. Connecting Wires

DID YOU KNOW?????????????

Arithmatic Logic Unit uses the Half Subtractor for the functioning.

• Begin you Proteus Software.
• Choose first four Components from Pick Library through "P" Button.
•  Arrange the Logic Gates one after the other one the working area just as shown in the image:

• Arrange two Logic Toggles Just in front of the XOR Gate.
• Get one LED and Set it Just after the XOR Gate.
• Repeat the step with the with AND Gate.
• Go to Terminal Mode>Ground attach a ground Terminal with each LED.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

One can also use the Logic Probe to Get the output instead of LED.

• Connect all the Components through wires in accordance with the image below:

• Change the values at the Input one after the other and notice the output.

Half Subtrator using NOR Gate

Sometimes, you need to make the Circuit as simple as you can. Or you can only use one gate then it is also possible to make the whole circuit using just one gate i.e, NOR Gate. when we look at the definition, it says A NOR Gate is the one that shows the output HIGH only when the Input are LOW. So, one can use the NOR Gate in different ways just by using the connection in a specific way. Let's see how can we do this.

Proteus Simulation of Half Subtractor using NOR Gate

Material Required

1. NOR Gate
2. Logic Toggle
3. LED-RED
4. Ground Terminal
5. Connecting Wire

• Choose the Required Material.
• Arrange the NOR Gates with respect to the image given next:

 

• Set Logic Toggles in front of Gate 1.
• Attach the LED's with the output of Gate two and 5.
• Ground each LED.
• Join all the devices through Connecting wires with the help of this image:

You will Observe that this circuit works as the half subtrators when you will change the Value of Logic Toggles. Thus today we Learned what are Half Subtrator, How does the Truth table of Half Subtractor is designed, How can we design the Circuit of Half Subtractor with three Gates as well as using just a NOR Gate. If you want to learn more, you can visit the site for other tutorials as well.

Moving into your New Build: Tips and Tricks

Hello Learners! We welcome you on the Board. We hope you are doing Great. Today we'll talk about the Tips that will be useful and functional Tips that will work best for you if you are thinking to shift in the new build. If statistics are to be believed, the UK is something of a new-build heaven. Every year an estimated 247,000 more houses are built than demolished. On the face of things, new-build properties seem the dream. Remember the days of worrying about a lack of damp-proof course in older properties. Or, what about that chimney stack that can't be moved, but acts as a total eyesore in your front room. While more traditional problems might have been erased, new ones have come in their place. Today's guide is all about showcasing how you can extract the most from your new-build, and not join the army of movers that are riddled with problems with these properties each year.

Make snagging your top priority

Our first piece of advice is to hold fire with moving your belongings in (if you’re really struggling, look at a self storage company). The reason? Snagging. This is a term that you’ll know plenty about by the time your move is complete. Put simply, it involves identifying all of the minor problems that affect a new-build property. The list can be well and truly endless; it might be a door that doesn’t shut properly, or a socket that doesn’t work. It’s not uncommon to uncover hundreds of these small problems. With furniture in place, it’s difficult to carry out. Start on an empty room and see how you go. If you’re allowed (some developers won’t permit it), source a snagging company before completing.

Bonus tip: some problems ARE expected

Want some 'good' news? Some problems are expected. For example, let's talk about condensation. As your house is still drying out, you will see signs of it and in the short-term at least, it's not a major problem. You may also spot a salty substance on bricks. Again, this forms part of the drying out process, and needn't be taken seriously in the early days.

Be cautious with the heating

On the subject of drying out, we would urge you to exercise caution when it comes to turning the heating on. Your move might be in the middle of winter, but if you ramp up the thermostat too much you’ll find that cracking soon starts to occur because of shrinkage. Again, this is one of those unfortunate issues that occur with new builds.

You won't have everything included

Finally, this is where you need to double-check every piece of documentation that your developers have sent over. Contrary to popular belief, your new property probably isn’t going to resemble the beautiful showroom you were given the grand tour of. Instead, there will be all sorts that is missing. This could range from blinds and curtains, right the way to house numbers, door bells and everything in-between. There will be some items that are included, but are probably not up to your specification either. In other words, prepare for magnolia walls and cream carpets. If you can establish what is included in advance, you can even negotiate for higher-spec items before the basics are installed.

Web 101, Hosting, and domain names, how they work together?

Hello! welcome to The Engineering Projects. Are you a business owner? A content creator? A college student looking for a place of free expression? Then do not worry! All you need to take your ambitions to the next level is a new website to establish a substantial internet presence from the first day of your new adventure. Having a website is an excellent way to increase community engagement and have a platform that exists solely for your work to be visible to the general audience. However, if you’ve been thinking and going around the internet to look for a procedure, there’s a strong chance that you’re feeling overwhelmed right now. Complicated words like web hosting and choosing a domain name scare away a newcomer. Hence, we’re here to help you figure out the process of making your website and clear all your confusions surrounding the matter. What do you need for a website? It sounds like a simple question, and we’ll try to give you a simple answer to it. To have a website up and running, you essentially need two things to begin. They are:

• Domain Name.
• Web hosting service.

We will go into great detail about these terms because these two terms will pop up at every step of the way, and you will need a comprehensive understanding of what they mean. For now, you should know that a domain name and a web hosting service is crucial to your beginning. While both are two different things and completely unrelated, they cannot function without one another.

Understanding a domain name

A domain name is the name of your website. An excellent way to understand what it means is to think of it as the address where people can access your website. Technically, it is used for finding and identifying IP addresses on the internet. IP addresses are convenient for computers but hard for us to remember for a long time. Because of this, domain names were created and are now used to identify entities on the internet.   You have to pick a domain name for your website and then get it registered against your credentials to reserve it for your use. Usually, buying a domain name allows you to use it for a year, but you can always pay in advance and look up offers and discounts to lock up your domain name for years to come. However, buying a domain name does not mean getting an entire website. You still have to get web hosting and get a website designed from scratch by a reliable web design agency. Keep some things in mind while buying a domain name. Think long and hard to pick the right domain name because it will be visible everywhere, and your regular users will remember it. In case you discover that your preferred domain name is unavailable, you can always use a temporary one till your preferred option becomes available.

What is web hosting?

A web host is essentially a company that has many devices connected to the internet. When you upload your web pages on their systems, everyone across the world will be able to connect, view, and use them. You will need to sign up for an account with a web host to give your website a home for its files and functioning. Take this analogy for a simpler understanding. If a domain name is similar to getting a business name in the ordinary world, getting a web hosting account is equivalent to renting an office or shop premises for your business operations and inventory. Selecting a web hosting company is much more complicated than choosing a domain name. Choosing the right web hosting service is a lengthy task that requires a lot of research. People choose different web hosts based on their particular needs, and you need to identify your requirements to select a service that works for you.

How do you pick the right web hosting service?

Before we begin, you should know that there are two types of web hosting services - free and commercial. Free web hosting services allow you to host your website on the internet without any charge, whereas you have to pay a subscription charge if you avail of commercial web hosting solutions. There are advantages and disadvantages to both solutions. Let’s try to go through the most critical differences so that you can decide which hosting solution fits your needs. A free web hosting solution usually imposes advertising on your website. Companies hire advertising agencies to cover the costs of providing your site the free web-space and associated services. It also allows them to earn revenue through the traffic on your website and profit over time. Some services place a banner on your pages, while others display a window that pops up every time a page on your site loads. Some solutions even pose a pop-up on your website randomly. Ensure that you are comfortable with their mode of advertising beforehand. Also, free hosting solutions only give you a limited amount of cloud space, and the storage limits put a cap on your website’s contents. You may not be able to have many images and videos on your website in a limited cloud space. A commercial web hosting service will allow your users to have an ad-free experience on your website. Moreover, in some hosting services, you can also have the option to put ads on your website and directly earn revenue through ad traffic. Most blog writers make a living through ad traffic on their websites. It will also allow you to select the amount of storage space you want for your website. As you keep updating your website, it is bound to get heavier and see the entry of additional web pages. In this case, you can always select higher cloud storage with the company. Moreover, be on the lookout for their bandwidth/data transfer. It correlates how to the speed of your website’s opening and the number of bytes transferred from your site to visitors when they browse your site. Carefully go through the bandwidth terms and conditions of your provider to see any hidden costs attached.

T Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus ISIS

Hey Learners! I welcome you on the behalf of The Engineering Projects. I hope you are doing Great. If you are seeking for the best information about the T Flip Flop along with some small concepts and the Practical Performance, then you are at the right article. In this session you will get the following topics:

• What are T Flip Flops?
• What are the Functions of Preset and Clear Input in T Flip Flop?
• How can we Design the Truth Table of T Flip Flop?
• How can you perform the T Flip Flop simulation in very simple and useful way?

Moreover, you will also get some pieces of information in DID YOU KNOW sections. so without wasting time, lets Jump into the answer of 1st Question.

T Flip Flop

T Flip Flop belongs to the family of Flip Flops and Latches and we define the T Flip Flop as:

"T Flip Flops are bi-stable sequential Logic Circuits that are the modification of SR Flip Flops and contain just one input called T and two outputs called Q and Q' and a Clock input in the circuit. "

The Circuit is similar to the JK Flip Flop but the inputs are connected with the same Logic toggle and we control the Circuit with the help of Preset and Clear inputs. Furthermore, a Clock is used to synchronize the signals. we'll talk about this feature in upcoming sections.

DID YOU KNOW????????????????

The T Flip Flop is the modification in the JK Flip Flop that has two inputs and two outputs.

Function of Preset and Clear inputs in T Flip Flops

The Function of Preset and Clear is important. Both of these are the Synchronous Inputs. By saying this, we mean that these inputs are out of the Influence of the Clock. We change the values of these inputs, the working mechanism change according to the conditions. It seems that these inputs are not important yet they are important because one can use the circuit in different ways according to the requirements. In out Circuit and Truth Table, we denote the Preset as "P" and Clear as "C". You can Make a circuit without these inputs but it may have less functionality and working.

Working mechanism of T Flip Flop

The T Flip Flop work very similar to the JK Flip Flop but it has the difference that it can toggle with the situation of JK Flip Flop. Let's have a look at the situations in T Flip Flops.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

The T Flip Flops also called the Toggle Flip Flops. the toggling action is the presses in which the circuit is changed from 1 to 0 and vise versa.

When P=1 and C=0

In this condition, the Circuit is in the Set Condition. It means, the condition of Q will be same as the T . if T=1 then Q=1 and vise versa.

When P=0,C=1

This is the condition where the Circuit is in the RESET condition. The Q remains HIGH irrespective of the value of T. Toggle input have the influence on the Q'. the Output Q' follows the same condition as the T.

When P=0,C=0

In this Condition, the value of Toggle input does not have any effect on the Output, they remain open always.

When P=1,C=1

for this situation. the output is of Q is HIGH for a while then low and Q' is High.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

You can also use an IC for the T Flip Flop. It will be more easy and effective but it has a fixed working that is not good for the learning purpose.

T Flip Flop Truth Table

If we look at the discussion above, we'll get an idea that the T Flip Flop work according to the values of synchronous Inputs. Here's the T Flip Flop Truth Table:  

Condition	P	C	CLK	T	Q	Q’
SET	1	0	High	0	0	1
	1	0	High	1	1	1
Reset	0	1	High	0	1	0
	0	1	High	1	1	1
invalid	0	0	High	0	1	1
			High	1
Invalid	1	1	High	0	0	1
			High	1	1	1

Hence, now we have a great idea what does T Flip Flop do. Let's design the circuit of T Flip Flop in Proteus using all these concepts.

DID YOU KNOW??????????????????

When Clock is LOW, one can examine a totally different behavior of the Circuit.

T Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus ISIS

• Now we will design T Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus Software.
• Here's the components list, which will be required for this simulation:

Components Required

1. 3 input NAND Gate.
2. 2 Input NAND Gate.
3. Logic Toggle.
4. LED-red.
5. Ground Terminal.
6. Connecting Wires.

• Choose the 1st four components from the Pick Library through "P" Button one after the other.
• Set Four 3 input NAND Gate at the screen vertically just like shown in the image below:

 

• Take two Logic Toggles and set them just before the Gate 1 and one in between Gate 1 and 2 one by one.
• Take 1 logic Toggle and set it just upper side of the system.
• Repeat the step with the lower area of the Circuit.
• Get the LED and place it after the Gate Q.
• Repeat the step with the Q' Gate.
• Grab the Ground Terminal From the Terminal Mode>Ground present at the left side of screen and connect 1 with the end of LED of Q and Q'.
• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires according to the image given below:

 

• Change the Values at the Logic toggles and observe the result.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

One can use the Clock Terminal present in the pick Library. But it will be difficult to understand the conditions and outputs because it is less demonstrative.

Truss, today we saw what are the T Flip Flops, How does Preset and Clear work in the T Flip Flops, how can we design the Truth Table of T Flip Flop and how can we design the whole simulation of T Flip Flop in Proteus ISIS. If you want to learn more about the circuits and simulation of Logical and Electronic Circuits, you can check our other tutorials and experiments as well.

D-Type Flip Flop Circuit Diagrams in Proteus

Hey Mentees! Welcome from the team of The Engineering Projects. We hope You are having a reproductive day. To add more reproduction, let's learn another Logical Circuit from scratch. In this Tutorial, we'll grasp the following topics:

1. What are D-Type Flip Flop?
2. Which is the IC of D Flip Flop in Proteus ISIS?
3. How is the working of D Flip Flop?
4. How can we design the Truth Table of D Flip Flop?
5. How can we Perform the formation of D Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS?

Moreover, we'll have small chunks of information in DID YOU KNOW Sections. At this instance, Let's start the learning.

D-Type Flip Flops

D-Type Flip Flops are important Logical Circuits and we Introduce it as:

"The D-Type Flip Flop is a type of Flip Flop that captures the value of D input for a specific time of the Clock edge and show the output according to the value of D at that time."

D-Type Flip Flops have the ability to Latch or delay the DATA inputs and therefore are the improved version of the SR Flip Flop (In which the data shows the Invalid output when the inputs are HIGH) . Recall that Flip Flops are the Logical Circuits that can hold and store the data in the form of bits and are important building blocks of many of electronic devices and circuits.

DID YOU KNOW???????????????????????? The D Flip Flop is also known as the Data Flip Flop.

When we observe the circuit of D Flip Flop we observe 2 Important points in the D flip Flops:

1. The D Flip Flop is the circuit of active High SR Flip Flop that have the S and R inputs connected together with an invertor gate so that both S  and R (looking with the point of view of SR Flip Flop) will always have the opposite state to each other.
2. The circuit has only one input called D input and it always has a clock that has one of the major effect at the output of D Flip Flop.

D Flip Flop IC

IC's play a magical role in the world of electronics. They make the circuit so simple and decrease the chances of the errors in the circuit. for D Flip Flop, the IC Used has a number CD4013 and for better understanding, D Flip Flop IC named 4013 is shown in the Proteus software in the image below: The S and R are the additional pins to use it for the higher level Experiments. Yet for the simplicity and core information, we'll use Logic Gates when we'll perform in the practical section.

Working of D Flip Flop

In the working of D type Flip Flop, we observe that the D is the only input of the D Flip Flop. yet, the Clock also has the effect in the output of the circuit. Due to the Latched Circuit of Flip Flops, all this discussion would be pointless if we took the concept in the mind that at every pulse, the data of the Flip Flop is changed. Truss, we use an Enabler or Clock in the Circuit through which we can separate the circuit from the input at the instance of our will. When clock is HIGH: Thus, when the D is set HIGH the circuit is said to be in the "Set" State. By the same token, when the D input is LOW the circuit is said to be in the "Reset" position. Unlike SR Flip Flop, the output Q is same as the value of D input and Q' is the vise versa. When Clock is LOW: During the operation when the Clock or Enable input is LOW, any value at the D does not have any effect on the circuit's output. This position is called the "Don't Care" State of D Flip Flop.

Truth Table of D Flip Flop

Based upon the Concepts given above, one can easily design the Truth Table of the D Flip Flop. Let's have a look at the Truth Table.

Inputs		Output
CLK	D	Q	Q’
0	X	No Change
1	0	0	1
1	1	1	0

For the purpose of best understanding, we are going to check these concepts and the circuit information in the simulation Software. We are using the Proteus ISIS here.

Performance of D Flip Flop i Proteus ISIS

To perform the experiment in the software, just follow the simple steps given next.

Material Required

1. NAND Gate
2. NOT Gate
3. Logic Toggle
4. LED-RED
5. Ground Terminal
6. Connecting wires

• Fire up your Proteus ISIS.
• Pop the "P" button present at the screen and Write the name of 1st four devices and select them one after the other.
• Arrange four NAND gates and the inverter gate (NOT Gate) at the working area just according to the image given below:

• Take Logic Toggles and arrange them just at the left side of the system.
• Get the LED's for the output and connect one of them with the output of switch Q and Q'.
• Go to Terminal mode>Ground, attach the one ground Terminal with each the LEDs.
• Connect all the devices according to the diagram given next:

• Change the value of the Clock and observe does the value of the output change?
• Turning the LED on means the output is HIGH and vise versa.
• For convenience, the D Flip Flop can also be obtained by using a NAND as NOT in the Circuit as shown in figure:

DID YOU KNOW?????????????

In real life, the Clock is used in the place of Logic Gate (as shown in the image above) because it automatically changes the direction and change the output of the D Flip Flop. 

NOTE: You can also use the Logic Probe instead of the Grounded LED. Truss, in this session, we saw what are the D Flip Flops, how does they work, how an we design the Truth Table of D Flip Flop and how can we perform it practically in Proteus ISIS. In the next session, we'll know what are T Flip Flop and how is its Simulation in Proteus ISIS.

How to Leverage the Full Benefits of B2B e-Commerce for Your Business

Hello Pals! We welcome you at The Engineering Projects. We Hope you are fine. We are going to learn about the Benefits of B2B e-commerce. Despite the rapid growth of the B2B market, especially compared to its B2C counterpart, we’re still seeing a surprisingly low adoption rate of modern e-Commerce solutions on that front. Which is unfortunate for the companies that are still failing to adopt those solutions, as it’s resulted in many of them lagging behind their competitors. On the bright side, this has created a great opportunity for those willing to go the extra mile, as investing in a competent, modern B2B e-Commerce solution can result in numerous benefits, some of which will be visible almost immediately. 

Focus on the Customer’s Experience

A lot can be done to improve the customer experience in a typical B2B operation, and ensuring that people have everything they need to do their research under one roof can go a long way towards improving your standing with your users. A good B2B e-Commerce system can provide your customers with various valuable insights, including product reviews, aggregate scores, detailed information, as well as specifics related to your business itself, like shipping rates, handling details, and more. Customers are used to doing their own research in these areas nowadays, but this doesn’t mean that you can’t provide them with an enticing reason to stick to your own storefront for those purposes. What’s more, you can make each customer’s experience customized and fine-tailored to their specific needs and interests, driving up your retention rates far above what can be accomplished with a static storefront.

Easy Handling of Growth

While every business strives for growth in the long term, it can also be a double-edged sword for those who are not adequately prepared for it. Uncontrolled growth can even kill your entire business in more extreme cases. With a good e-Commerce solution, you can negate many of the dangers that come with rapid growth, allowing you to quickly open new stores, expand your current ones, and leverage different selling modes to ensure that you’re covering all your fronts. This is something you can typically do on your own, admittedly – but it will cost you significantly more in terms of time and other resources needed to get there. You can more easily focus on the complex parts of your business that require your constant attention when your mind is not constantly preoccupied with the issues that arise in the course of expanding.

More Informed Decisions

The ability to make accurate decisions based on reliable information and analysis is crucial for staying afloat in the B2B market, and that’s another point which can be assisted greatly by the use of a modern B2B e-Commerce solution. You can easily consolidate all the data you’re generating from your different areas of operation, and ensure that you’re always seeing the big picture when making any critical decisions for the development of your company. In some cases, you’ll even have a better idea of what’s coming up ahead compared to the majority of your competitors, thanks to advanced approaches to data analysis. You won’t have to worry about introducing new data collection and aggregation points either, as you’ll have reassurance that you’ll be able to work with all new pieces of information that come your way.

The Power of Automation

Many of the tasks you perform in your day-to-day operations can be automated nowadays – and that’s something which can increase your productivity by a large margin if handled correctly. Your B2B e-Commerce solution will handle all standard parts of the shopping and purchase process, sometimes even including basic interaction with your customers (e.g. through the use of AI-driven chatbots). This will allow you to invest more of your time into the areas that actually require critical thinking and an informed approach, instead of wasting your time on menial, repetitive tasks. The same goes for everyone else working in your organization. In fact, a comprehensive e-Commerce suite can help you decrease your need for employees overall, giving you a good opportunity to streamline your operations even further. This can synergize with other points we’ve already mentioned, like your ability to expand into new markets without having to invest that much into each new storefront.

Flexibility in a Dynamic Market

You’re no longer limited to operating within the limits of your physical location these days, and in fact, many of your customers will expect a customized experience that matches their own region if your company is large enough. With the right B2B eCommerce solution, you can effortlessly expand your operations to new areas without constantly having to research new tax laws, country-specific regulations, and other similar details which can change significantly from one place to another. Expanding into a new market altogether is something that would normally require a large investment, but with the help of the right e-Commerce solution, many of the difficult parts of the process can be streamlined. Smooth Integration of Payment Services A common roadblock for many B2B and B2C companies is the wide range of payment services that customers expect to be supported. This gets even more complex as you begin to expand into new markets, many of which may have their own local payment solutions. Your B2B e-Commerce solution should be able to handle most of that for you, providing your customers with a unified payment front that ties into all relevant points of your backend seamlessly. You’ll no longer have to worry about how a certain payment method will be integrated with your accounting software, for example, or bother yourself with processes like identity verification. In many cases, technical issues related to payment providers will be handled by the e-Commerce platform as well. The initial integration of an e-Commerce solution can take a while, but after you’ve gone through that initial effort, you’ll find that everything else usually becomes much more streamlined. And the more you continue to integrate your operations with your B2B e-Commerce solution, the easier it will be to keep the ball rolling and ensure that you continue to offer an experience that’s aligned with your customers’ expectations.

2-to-1 Multiplexer using Logic Gates in Proteus ISIS

Hi Mentees! I welcome you on behalf of The Engineering Projects. In this section of this DLD Logic gates series, we are discussing different applications of logic gates. We have discussed DLD Adders and Subtractors in our previous lectures and now it's time to have a look at DLD Multiplexers.

1. What are Multiplexers?
2. What are the types of Multiplexers?
3. What are the two input Multiplexers?
4. How can we simulate the Circuit of 2 to 2 MUX in Proteus ISIS?
5. How can we use the 2 to 1 MUX as OR, AND and NOT gates?

What are Multiplexers?

When I heard the word Multiplexer, I thought that as Adder adds numbers, Subtractor subtracts numbers, similarly, the Multiplexer will multiply binary numbers but that's not the case. Multiplexer is defined as:

• A Multiplexer(also called MUX or MPX) is a simple digital electronic circuit, designed using DLD Logic Gates and is used to select a single input from multiple inputs provided to it.
• The input selection is controlled by a separate Input called Select Input(S).
• The selected Input is then forwarded to the Output Terminal.
• In a simple two Input(A₁, A₂) MUX,
1. If S = 0, the output(Y) will be A₁
2. If S = 1, the output(Y) will be A₂.

A Multiplexer is also called Data Selector, Universal Logic Selector, Many-to-one Logic converter and Parallel-to-Serial Convertor because it has the ability to select a single input from multiple inputs.

Let's understand the working principle of Multiplexer in detail:

Multiplexer Working Principle

Let's take the example of the simplest multiplexer i.e. 2-to-1 MUX. It has 2 normal inputs(A₁ , A₂ ) and 1 Select Input(S) and it generates single Output(Y). Here's the block diagram of a simple 2-to-1 Multiplexer:

As discussed above, the selection of inputs is controlled by the Select Pin(S). So, if S = 0, the output will be A₁ and if S = 1, the output will be A₂. The relation between Select Input and Output is shown in the below truth table:

Select Input(S)	Output(Y)
0	A1
1	A2

We can understand from the above truth table that we can control maximum 2 inputs from a single Select Input. So, in order to control more than 2 inputs, we need to increase the number of Select Inputs. For example, 2 Select Inputs can control a maximum of 4 Normal Inputs. So, the relation between Select and Normal Inputs can be described by the following formula:

Normal Inputs = 2ⁿ

where, n represents the Select Inputs.

So, if we have 5 Select Inputs, we can easily control 2⁵ = 32 Normal Inputs.

We have discussed its types in our Lecture. 2-to-1 Multiplexer As the name justifies, the 2 to 1 Multiplexer is the one where we have two inputs and only one output. Let's find what are 2:1 MUX. " The kind of Multiplexer or MUX that contains two inputs, one Selector and one Output is called 2-to-1 MUX or multiplexer. The inputs are usually named as D0 and D1, the selector is termed as S and the output is called Y." You can change the names of the inputs and output according to your choice.

Truth Table of 2-to-1 MUX

As we have discussed earlier, the inputs of Multiplexer depends upon a Selector S. therefore, when we design a Truth Table, we include a Selector also in it. While designing a 2-to-1 MUX, we follow the expression given below:

Y=D0S' + D1S

Considering the expression above we get the Truth Table of 2-to-1 Multiplexer as follow:

S	D0	D1	Y
0	0	0	0
0	0	1	0
0	1	0	1
0	1	1	0
1	0	0	0
1	0	1	1
1	1	0	1
1	1	1	1

  On the basis of above discussion, I am going to Produce a 2-into-1 MUX in Proteus ISIS.

Implementing 2-to-1 Multiplexer in Proteus ISIS

To Design a 2-to-1 Multiplexer, we need the following material:

Material Required

1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED
6. Ground Terminal

• Grab the required Material from the Pick Library one after the other by Pressing a "P" button present at the screen.
• Hit and hold the Name of the chosen Logic Gates one by one and arrange them at the screen according to the given image:

• Get Three Logic Toggles and set them just before the Logic Gates.
• Arrange an LED below the OR Gate's output.
• To have a ground Terminal, left click the mouse >Go to Place>Terminal>Ground.
• Join all the Components according to given image below:

• Pop the Play button just at the left corner of the screen and change the input.

NOTE: If your circuit shows the error of duplication, Simply change the names of gate by double clicking them and give them the desired name.

• Change the conditions of the System by changing the values of inputs and observe the output.

One can Use the 2-into-1 Multiplexer as the other Logic Gates. We discuss the usage of 2-into-1 MUX for the following Gates:

1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT Gate

Let's have a detailed way to use the 2-to-1 Multiplexer in the following way.

Implementing OR Gate through 2-to-1 Multiplexer in Proteus ISIS

The MUX Can easily be used to implement Basic Logic Gate. But before that Recall that what is an OR Gate.

"An OR Gate is a two input Logical Gate that give the output LOW only when both the outputs are LOW."

Procedure for the conversion of 2-to-1 Multiplexer into OR Gate

• Fix the value of D0 to 1 all the time.
• Change the Value of the S and D2 according to the Truth Table given below and match the result.

S	D0	D1	Y
0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1
1	0	0	1
1	0	1	1

Notice that the value of output is equals to the AND Gate.

Implementing AND Gate through 2-to-1 MUX in Proteus ISIS

Recall the definition of AND Gate:

" The AND Gate is the one that consist of two inputs and gives the input HIGH only when both the Inputs are HIGH."

Follow the simple steps to use 2-to 1 MUX as an AND Gate.

Steps to use 2-into-1 MUX as AND Gate

• Set the value of D0 as 1.
• Change the values of S and D0 according to table and record your observations.

 

S	D0	D1	Y
0	0	0	0
0	1	0	0
1	0	0	0
1	1	0	1

You can clearly see that the output is same as the AND Gate hence, you can use it as AND Gate.

NOT Gate through 2 to 1 MUX

Prior to start, Let's refresh the definition of NOT Gate in our minds:

"The NOT Gate is a 1 input invertor Logic Gate that gives the output 1 when input is zero and vice versa."

To use the 2 to 1 MUX as NOT Gate, just follow the steps:

• Set the D0 input as 0.
• Set D1 as 1.
• Change the value of S as 1 and zero  one after the other.
• You will Observe that when S=1 the output is 0 and vice versa.
• Hence this is our required result.

You can check our website for the XNOR, XOR and NOR Gate from 2 to 1 MUX in our Tutorials. Consequently, today we leaned interesting Circuits. We saw what are 2 to 1 Multiplexers. We made a circuit of the 2 to 1 MUX and from the circuit, we found how can we use them as OR, AND and NOT logic Gates along with the truth tables of each.

5 Ways to Make Your Automation Testing More Effective

Hey pals! Welcome to the Engineering Project. We hope you are have a good day. First, we need to understand what automation is, and what its objectives are. Automation is simply the integration of technology to process or run its functions with minimal human intervention or assistance. Its objectives are to improve efficiency, speed and precision of hard or long tasks that are usually performed by humans.  For example, accounting and producing and delivery of products, which were formerly and majorly done by humans. But, in the world of modernity and technology, automation was invented to minimize costs and risks while maximizing profits.  Overall, an open line of communication and good management skills are both critical during the implementation or automation testing services.  There are significant issues that always need to be addressed, a fragile interrelationship in a sense. For example, testing to check if the system's configurations and processes are working is one of the most overlooked details of IT projects. The sooner defects are found, the less resources are used to fix said defects. It's crucial to ensure the effectiveness of automation. Here is the factor divided into 5 main issues:

• Knowing What They Want and Need, Take It slow and Start Small.

It's better to take the time and acknowledge what the automation needs and what it needs to do. This is because it's difficult to precisely guess what the requirements, the system design, and how much human interaction it will need while in development as clients usually don't exactly know what they want until they see and use it. So, it's better to start with a small example that can be easily presented to clients. It can then be used as a foundation on what changes or enhancements should be made. 

• Staffing and Expertise

Having the right staff with proper expertise of the functions you want to have for your automation will make it more effective overall as it will be minimizing risks and upping the chance of both satisfaction and profitability. For example, having a project manager with proper knowledge and experience will be of great help in filling positions required for the automation.

• Schedule and Test Reports

It is important to have, at the very least, a concrete schedule when it comes to testing the product and when the final release can be expected. At the end of each week, it should focus on summarizing all the progress on the automation that has so far been done; what the changes are, what errors have been crossed and fixed, and the plan on what to do the following week will be.  

• Automated Testing

All IT projects like automations are encouraged to use Test-Driven Development (TDD) where test cases are simply stated, which are a sequence of steps with an expected outcome or function before starting each step of work. After each phase, testing should not only be done by both dedicated testers, and each member of the team working on the project but also automated test servers which in modern times have been the norm to make test much broader and more frequent.

• Be open and informative

Make sure that your client monitors the progress of the tests, and catches problems earlier rather than late where costs and risks are higher. Provide proof and suggestions, such as:

• Live Demos – Instead of Power-point presentations or a detailed text document, provide the client with working examples or software that shows the progress you’ve done.
• Quality Metrics – In recent years, there have been tools made to generate other types of reports such as those on quality. For example, in Java, the most common programming language for automations, there are many tools that check if there are lines of codes that will lead to errors or bugs, or logic that is too complex, or if code violates standards.
• Charts – It’s useful to have charts to give both the client and the team a general view of their overall progress. For example, a task board that shows which features haven’t started yet, which are currently in progress, which need to be fixed, and which are done can be useful.  

When there is a major mishap or mismatch, the manager must quickly assess how and what resources are necessary. After each test, requirements may evolve or change, which puts more emphasis on communication and management.

Web Design vs. Web Development

Hi Friends! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. At the present time, it is an important to upgrade the technical skills. As we approach a more digital era, the use of the internet has become part of our day-to-day activities. When it comes to looking up for something online, we always go to our chosen and trusted websites for information. Our trusted website, of course, is pleasing to the eyes, with all the functions and settings working perfectly. Although as a browser, we would sometimes not bother to give a second look at the web design or how it was developed. But if by any chance, your mind seeks to know more, to have in-depth knowledge about websites in general, this article seeks to explain the difference between web design and web development.

Web Design and Web Development: Which Is Which?

Web Design

In layman’s terms, web design involves the aesthetic of a particular website. It is how the site looks from an outsider’s point of view. The web designer’s job includes making the website look aesthetically-pleasing to its viewers—these would include a selection of the color scheme to be used, selection of the font and font size, and where the website functions should be placed.  Web design mainly requires the artistic and creative touch of the web designer. Aside from the aesthetic look of a website, there are numerous areas in web design that the web designer should never neglect, including the user interface design (UI), the graphic design, user experience design (UX), and search engine optimization (SEO). To make web design possible, web designers use a bunch of tools that would be perfect for the production process that they would be needing. Web designers normally would use vector and raster graphics editor in order to make design prototypes or web-formatted images. The tools that they use are updated from time to time in order to always have an updated software or standards. Web designers also use technologies to create websites like CSS and HTML. The UI and UX of a website are also considered in the web design. The UX pertains to the layout, including labeling and clear instructions on each function. UI, however, is the more commonly used function of a website, as this pertains to the website’s interface as a whole.

Web Development

As the back end (and front end) of a website, web application development services consist of all the software and programs that are needed in making the website thoroughly and smoothly functioning. A web developer’s main objective is to develop the backend of a website to give a pleasing and smooth web experience for whoever will browse the website. Since web development is a complicated and tedious task, it requires a skilled and skilled web developer, who is also familiar with technical computer languages such as Java, ASP, Coldfusion, and PHP, among others. Web development can be as simple as making a single static page or even making web-based applications of the internet and web apps. Web developers have numerous tasks to accomplish when developing a website. These include web engineering, web content development, client-side or server-side scripting, web server, network security configuration, e-commerce development, and even web design. Web development sometimes uses content management systems (CMS) in order to make the necessary changes in the content easier and more accessible with basic technical skills.  Web Design vs. Web Development: Brief Summary Both web development and web design are important in making a website. These two approaches (front end and back end) when combined, produce, and develop the system and design needed for a completely working and aesthetically-pleasing website. Web development mostly pertains to the back end of a website, making sure that all the systems, functions, and configuration are working properly. This may be unseen by the web browser but can surely experience it upon browsing any given website. The website’s aesthetic look and design, however, is part of the work of a web designer. As a skilled web designer, the graphics, colors, fonts, graphics placement, UI and UX, and features placement are included in the whole web design. Web design and web development work hand-in-hand. You cannot develop a website with just a web design, just as you cannot make your design work with just the web design.

Master Slave JK Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS

Hey pals! I wish you are doing great. Welcome to a new lesson about the Digital Logic Circuits in The Engineering Projects. In the past tutorials, we Designed the Basic JK Flip Flop. Today, we'll talk about the following Points:

1. What are JK Flip Flops?
2. What are the Master Slave Flip Flops?
3. How does the Circuit of Master Slave Flip Flop looks?
4. How types of JK Flip Flop different from each other?
5. How does the simulation of Master JK Flip Flip take place in Proteus ISIS?

Moreover, we'll also learn some key concepts in DID YOU KNOW portions. Yet Let's recall some points about the topic.  Flip Flops are the building block of a huge number of electronic systems and devices. A Flip Flop is a Digital circuit that can take the bits as input, work with the bits, Store the bits and can output the bits. it has four basic types and at the moment we are discussing the JK Flip Flops.

DID YOU KNOW????????????

The basic JK Flip Flops face a condition where when both the Inputs are HIGH and the Clock remains HIGH for a long time, then the output of JK Flip Flop becomes uncertain and this situation is called Race around Condition in JK Flip Flops..

JK Flip Flops

As discussed in the Previous tutorial , we define the JK Flip Flops as:

"The JK Flip Flops are the Modification of Set-Reset Flip Flops that contain two outputs and are able to work with the Invalid Condition of Flip Flops."

There are mainly two types of JK Flip Flops:

1. Basic JK Flip Flops
2. Master Slave JK Flip Flops.

The main focus of this tutorial is Master JK Flip Flops so lets find what are they.

Master Slave JK Flip Flops

The Master Slave JK Flip Flops are considered better than Basic JK Flop and we define them as:

"Master Slave JK Flip Flop is two input two output sequential Logic Circuits that are the Combination of two Basic JK Flip Flops and  work well even in Race around Condition of JK Flip Flops."

In Master Slave JK Flip Flops there are two JK Flip Flops that are connected in series. The 1st JK Flip flop is called the "Master" circuit and the other is called the "Slave" circuit. The output of the Master Circuit is connected with the inputs of Slave circuits. At the same token, the output from the Slave Circuit are then fed into the input terminals of Master Circuit. The circuit also contain an Invertor that is Connected with the clock and slave circuit in such a way that the Slave circuit always contain the inverting clock signal as the master circuit. Hence when Master circuit get the clock HIGH, then the slave circuit get the LOW and vise Versa.

Difference of Basic JK Flip Flop and Master Slave JK Flip Flop

Both of the circuits belongs to the same family but they are different in many ways:

1. Basic JK Flip Flop contain only one circuit but Master Slave JK Flip Flop contains two.
2. The Basic JK Flip Flop have the Race around condition but Master Slave does not.
3. Basic JK Flip Flop is less complex than Master Slave JK Flip Flop.
4. Basic JK Flip Flop is less used than Master Slave JK Flip Flop.
5. Basic JK Flip Flop does not require any NOT Gate but Master JK Flip Flop use it.

Circuit of Master Slave JK Flip Flop

If we talk about the Circuit of the JK Flip Flop then it is always convenient to use the IC presented in Proteus ISIS. We'll show you the Circuit of Master Slave through ISIS but for the best concept and the working of the Circuit, we'll demonstrate the Logic Gate Circuit of Master Slave JK Flip Flop during the Simulation. Let's have a look at the circuit of Master Slave JK Flip Flop with IC:

DID YOU KNOW???????????

When the condition of Master Slave Flip Flop is J=1 and K=1 then the values at Q  and Q' remains change according to the flow of clock.

Working Mechanism of JK Flip Flops

It is important to understand how Master Slave Flip Flop works. When the clock Pulse is set to be high, the circuit of Slave is isolated. The Slave circuit remains isolated until the Clock is high. At this position, the J and K have an effect at the output of the whole circuit. When we set the J as LOW and S as HIGH. The output of Switch 4 (Look at the picture below) will goes to the 2nd Input of switch 6. In this Condition, the Slave circuit copies the Master circuit. Similarly, when you change the values of J and K then you will Get different outputs according to the condition of clock.

Simulation od Master Slave JK Flip Flop in Proteus ISIS

Fire up your Proteus Software.

Material Required

1. Three input NAND Gate
2. Two input NAND Gate
3. Logic Toggle
4. LED-RED
5. Ground Terminal
6. Connecting Wires

• Click the 'P" button and write NAND Gates, Logic Toggle, LED in the pop up window one after the other.
• Arrange 2 three input NAND Gates at the Working area vertically.
• Get 6 two input NAND Gate just according to the image given below:

• Set three Logic Toggles vertically, at the start of Three input NAND Gates.
• For the output device, use the Led and set them just after the last two NAND gates.
• Go to Ground Terminal from the side of Proteus screen and choose Ground Terminal.
• Set the Ground terminal just after the LEDs.
• Place the NOT Gate just below the Three inputs NAND Gates.
• Connect the whole system through wires as reported by the following picture:

NOTE: You can also use the CLOCK instead of the Logic toggles in the experiment but this was not suitable for the demonstration purpose for me.

• Change the values of the toggle J,K and CLK one after the other to check the outputs.

This is the required circuit. Truss today we saw what are the Flip Flops, what are the JK Flip Flops. We saw the types of JK Flip Flops and leaned how can we perform the Practical simulation of Master Slave JK Flip Flops.