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What is IGBT? Full Form, Pinout, Meaning, Symbol & Working
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Softwares:
  1. Proteus

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well. In this post today, we’ll cover What is IGBT? We’ll also discuss IGBT Full Form, Pinout, Meaning, Symbol & Working.

BJT (bipolar junction transistor) and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) are commonly used electronic switches that we’ve already studied in detail. These devices are useful when you deal with low-current applications, however, when it comes to high-current applications, these devices don’t work as expected. This is where the IGBT transistor comes in handy. This device is a combination of both BJT and MOSFET and stands fit for high-current applications. In this post, we’ll cover What is IGBT in detail. Let’s get started:

1. What is IGBT?

IGBT is a three-pin device made of semiconductor material and is used for fast-switching applications. It comes with input characteristics of the MOSFETs and output characteristics of the BJT.

IGBT Full Form

IGBT stands for Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor.

IGBT Symbol

The following figure shows the IGBT symbol. You can see from the symbol that IGBT is a combination of both MOSFET and BJT.

IGBT Pinout

The following figure shows the IGBT Pinout.

IGBT Meaning

The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor comes with the insulated gate from the MOSFET at the input with the conventional bipolar transistor at the output. The emitter and collector terminals are the conduction pins of the IGBT. While the gate terminal at the input is the control terminal. The conduction is controlled by the gate terminal. The insulated gate bipolar transistor comes with current and voltage ratings similar to that of the bipolar junction transistors… when IGBT is used as a static controlled switch. But what makes IGBT a simpler device compared to BJT is the inclusion of an isolated gate terminal from the MOSFET. The IGBT consumes less power in the presence of an isolated gate terminal.

2. IGBT Working

  • Like MOSFETs, IGBT is a voltage-controlled device which means the only small voltage is required at the gate terminal to initiate the conduction process. IGBT can switch current from collector to emitter terminal which means it can switch in the forward direction only.
  • The following figure shows the IGBT switching circuit. In this case, a small voltage is applied at the gate terminal which results in the switching of the motor from a positive supply. The resistor is included to control the current passing through the motor.
  • The graph below shows the IGBT input characteristics. It is a graph between the voltage applied at the gate terminal vs current passing through the collector terminal.
  • No current will flow through the IGBT when there is no voltage applied at the gate pin. In this case, the transistor will remain turned off. However, when voltage is applied at the gate terminal, the current will remain zero for a little while. When the voltage exceeds the threshold voltage, the device will start conducting and current will flow from collector to emitter terminal.
  • The graph below shows the IGBT output characteristics. This is a graph between the voltage at the collector and emitter terminals vs current passing through the collector terminal.
  • This graph contains three stages. The first one is the cut-off region when there is no voltage applied at the gate terminal. At this stage, the transistor will remain turned off and there will be no current flowing through the transistor.
  • When the voltage at the gate terminal increases, and if it stays below the threshold voltage, it will result in the small leakage current flowing through the device but the device will remain in the cut off region.
  • However, when the applied voltage at the gate terminal exceeds the threshold voltage the device will move to the active region and in this case, a significant current will flow from collector to emitter terminal.
  • At this stage, applied voltage and resulting current will be directly proportional to each other. More voltage will result in more current flow at the collector terminal.

3. IGBT Modules

IGBT is used in a range of electronic switching applications where both BJT and MOSFET fail to deliver the desired results in high current applications. This hybrid combination of two transistors features voltage-controlled characteristics like MOSFETs and conduction and switching characteristics like BJT. The IGBT devices are divided into two main types.
  1. Non-Punch Through IGBT [NPT-IGBT]
  2. Punch Through [PT-IGBT]
Let’s discuss them one by one.

1. Non-Punch Through IGBT [NPT-IGBT]

  • These IGBTs are also called symmetrical devices. The IGBT transistors that come with an n+ buffer layer are called Punch Through-IGBT (PT-IGBT)
  • They are called symmetrical devices because both reverse and forward breakdown voltages are the same in this case. They are more thermally stable and more rugged in short-circuit failure mode.
  • Moreover, the changing temperature won’t have a significant effect on turn-off loss i.e. it remains unchanged with temperature. And the P-layer (collector side) is highly doped in Non-Punch Through IGBT.
  • They are developed with less expensive diffusion process technology, making them ideal choices for AC circuits.  Plus, the structure of NPT ensures the bidirectional blocking capability in these devices. The N base is thick in this case.

2. Punch Through [PT-IGBT]

  • These IGBTs are also called asymmetrical devices. They are called asymmetrical because here forward breakdown voltage is more than the reverse breakdown voltage.
  • These devices are less thermally stable and less rugged in short-circuit failure mode. And in this case, turn-off loss is directly proportional to temperature, it increases significantly with the increase in temperature.
  • These IGBTs are manufactured using an expensive N-epitaxial water process. They contain a thin N base and the PT structure comes with lower reverse blocking capability.
  • They are widely used in DC circuits where the voltage support in the reverse direction is not needed by the device.

4. IGBT vs MOSFET

  • Both IGBT and MOSFETs are transistors and voltage-controlled devices but they are different in terms of composition and performance.
  • IGBT is composed of collector, emitter, and gate pins, whereas MOSFET, on the other hand, is made of the drain, source, and gate terminals. IGBT is better than MOSFETs in terms of performance.
  • IGBT needs an extra freewheeling diode to drive the current in a reverse direction. The inclusion of this freewheeling diode makes this device the best pick for high voltage applications.
  • IGBT is preferred for high voltage (more than 1000V), low frequency (Less than 20 kHz), small or narrow load or line variations; high operating temperature; low duty cycle, and, more than 5kw output power rating applications.
  • MOSFET, on the other hand, is preferred for large duty cycles, wide load or line variations, high frequency (more than 200KHz), and low voltage (Less than 250V) applications.
  • After the MOSFET, the IGBT is widely employed in electronic devices. The IGBT covers 27% of the power transistor market.
  • The greater power gain and lower input losses of IGBT make this device preferable over both MOSFETs and BJT. You’ll find high-voltage and high-current bipolar transistors in the market, but they come with one drawback.
  • Their switching speed is not so good, they take time to switch the devices. Similarly, MOSFETs alone have high switching speeds, no doubt. But high-current and high-voltage MOSFET components are too expensive compared to IGBT.

5. IGBT Inverter

The IGBT transistors are employed in VFD (variable frequency drive) inverter modules as the high power electronic switch due to the following reasons.
  • It carries a high current-carrying capacity. Some IGBT devices come with a maximum rated collector current Ic (max) of around 100A. And if this fails to meet the requirement, two or more IGBTs can be combined to meet the purpose.
  • IGBTs come with the open circuit rated collector voltage up to 1.6kV. This explains there are devices preferable for functions off rectified three and single phase mains… ranging from 110Vac to 690Vac.
  • An IGBT contains a high impedance gate terminal which projects it is technically simple to control the device by controlling the gate terminal.
 
  • The low conduction losses of the IGBT ensure a low on-state voltage.
  • Recall, the IGBT carries a fast switching speed. This means you can achieve high switching frequencies with reduced switching losses that play a key role in motor noise and harmonic reduction.
  • The IGBT carries a wide Reverse Bias Safe Operating Area (RBSOA) that explains it is comparatively secured against load short circuits.
Know that the properties mentioned above may affect each other. An IGBT, for example, often comes with a very fast switching speed that guarantees higher on-state saturation voltage - that is a property of the manufacturing method. So this sets the trade-off between conduction losses and switching losses. This explains that for a large high-power VFD, you may require to pick slower devices with quite low saturation voltage, to minimize the total losses. Moreover, you can reduce switching losses by working with a lower modulation frequency.

6. IGBT Applications

The combination of high switching speed like MOSFETs and low conduction loss like BJT will result in developing the optimal solid-state of IGBT, making it a suitable pick for a range of applications. The following are the IGBT applications.
  • Used in AC and DC motor drives
  • Employed in Unregulated Power Supply (UPS)
  • Used in Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)
  • Used in electric cars and plasma physics
  • Employed in traction motor control and induction heating
  • Incorporated in inverters, converters, and power supplies

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m happy and willing to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

What is Raspberry Pi 4? Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet

Hi Folks! I welcome you on board. Today, I am sharing the 2nd tutorial in the Raspberry Pi 4 learning series. In this post today, we’ll cover What is Raspberry Pi 4? Raspberry Pi 4 Pinout, Specs, Projects, Datasheet etc.

Raspberry Pi 4 is a tiny dual-display single-board computer, developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation. This foundation has introduced a series of Raspberry Pi boards to teach computer basics in schools. With Raspberry Pi 4, you can control two monitors at once. Moreover, it is incorporated with a quad-core processor that is powerful and comes with more speed compared to its predecessors. I suggest you read this post till the end as I’ll cover Raspberry Pi 4 in detail. Let’s get started.

What is Raspberry Pi 4?

  • Raspberry Pi 4 is a dual-display, single-board computer (introduced on 24th June 2019) and is widely used in automation and robotics. It is highly economical and has a leg over previous modules in terms of speed and performance.
  • This module is tiny, robust, and can fit into difficult-to-reach places. It is laced with GPIO pins and can be employed for several typical computer operations i.e. surfing the web, writing programs, computing complex equations etc.
  • Raspberry Pi 4 features Gigabit Ethernet, coupled with Bluetooth(BLE) and onboard wireless networking.
  • This device comes with a powerful and efficient 1.5GHz quad-core processor which is considered the brain of this device. It features everything needed to process input/output and store information.
  • The CPU clock frequency of this machine is 1.5GHz which plays a key role in the synchronization of internal functions.
  • This module is available with variants of RAM including 1GB, 2GB, 4GB and 8GB which you can select based on your requirements. The RAM temporarily stores the information and with the removal of the power supply from the module, this memory is also wiped off, the reason it is called volatile memory.
  • Two mini HDMI ports are available on the board. These ports are employed for transmitting audio and video signal between devices.
  • This machine supports different communication protocols including I2C, SPI, and UART which are used to lay out the communication with external devices.
  • Raspberry Pi 4 comes with three USB ports out of which one is a USB-C power port used to power up the module. While others are USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 ports .
  • In these USB ports, you can connect external peripheral devices like mice, webcams, and keyboards for additional functionality.
  • Using this tiny computer you can make a range of embedded projects. Just connect this module with the computer through the USB port and start playing with it as you like better.
  • Raspberry Pi 4 is normally used in Robotics, IoT and Embedded Projects.

Raspberry Pi 4 Pinout

  • The following figure represents the Raspberry Pi 4 pinout:

Raspberry Pi 4 Pin Description

This was the little intro to the Raspberry Pi 4. In this section, we’ll cover the description of each pin incorporated into this tiny module.

Power and Ground in RPi4

This board comes with three types of power pins.
  1. 5V
  2. 3V3 (3.3V)
  3. Ground (0V)
For example, if you have PIR or humidity sensors, you can use these power pins to power up those sensors.

GPIO Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

  • GPIO pins are general-purpose input/output pins that are used for connection with external devices. These pins can be configured to either general-purpose input or general-purpose output pins or as one of up to six special settings those functions are pin-dependent.
  • External labels (from GPIO2 to GPIO27) come with the Broadcom (BCM) naming convention. This convention is useful when you are going to program with Python libraries.
  • Internal labels (from 1 to 40) project the Board naming convention. This convention is useful when BCM is not supported. It is used with some programming libraries.

SPI Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

  • This Raspberry Pi 4 module comes with SPI (serial peripheral interface) communication protocol. This is the type of communication protocol that is used for master-slave communication.
  • It is employed to layout the communication between the controller and other peripheral devices like shift registers and sensors. Two Pins are used for SPI communication… i.e. MOSI (master output slave input) and MISO (master input slave output)
  • The data synchronization is done by using a clock (SCLK at GPIO11) from the master (RPi) and the data is conveyed to the SPI component from the module using the MOSI pin. If the component needs to reply to our module, then it sends back data through the MISO pin.

I2C Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

  • This RPi4 module is incorporated with the I2C communication protocol. That comes with two pins SDL and SCL.
  • The SCL is the serial clock line that ensures the synchronization of data transfer over the I2C bus and the SDL is the serial data pin that carries the data while. This communication protocol requires master-slave roles between the devices.

UART Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

  • This board also features UART serial communication protocol. The UART serial port comes with two pins Rx and Tx.
  • The Tx is the transmission pin that is used for the transmission of serial data and Rx is the receiving pin that guarantees the receiving of serial data.

Raspberry Pi 4 Datasheet

Before incorporating this device into your project, it’s wise to scan through the Raspberry Pi 4 datasheet. The datasheet comes with the main characteristics of the device. You can download the Raspberry Pi 4 datasheet by clicking the link below.

Raspberry Pi 4 Specs

The following are the specs of Raspberry Pi 4.
  • Comes with Broadcom BCM2711, Quad-core Cortex-A72 (ARM v8) 64-bit SoC 1.5GHz processor
  • 4 GHz and 5.0 GHz IEEE 802.11ac wireless, Bluetooth 5.0, BLE
  • Carries Gigabit Ethernet to connect computers in physical space
  • RAM is available with different memories. Pick from 2GB, 4GB, or 8GB LPDDR4-3200 SDRAM (depending on model)
  • 2-lane MIPI DSI display port
  • 2-lane MIPI CSI camera port
  • One USB 3.0 port; One USB 2.0 port and One USB-C power port.
  • 2 × micro-HDMI ports that can support a 4K display
  • 4-pole stereo audio and composite video port
  • H264 (1080p60 decode, 1080p30 encode), H.265 (4kp60 decode)
  • OpenGL ES 3.0 graphics
  • Raspberry Pi standard 40-pin GPIO header (which is compatible with previous modules)
  • Contains a Micro-SD card slot for loading the operating system and data storage
  • 5V DC via GPIO header (minimum 3A*)
  • Power over Ethernet (PoE) enabled (requires separate PoE HAT)
  • Operating temperature: 0 – 50 degrees C ambient
  • 5V DC via USB-C connector (minimum 3A*)

Difference between Raspberry Pi Zero and Raspberry Pi 4

  • You’ll find a range of tiny computers in the Raspberry series. They are used to develop embedded systems and automation projects.
  • Raspberry Pi Zero is the earlier version of the Raspberry Pi series that was introduced in Nov 2015. This machine is incorporated with a single-core 1GHz processor with no Ethernet and WiFi modules on the board. Moreover, there is only one mini HDMI port available on the board. And the RAM of this module is 512MB.
  • While Raspberry Pi 4 is the advanced version of the Raspberry Pi series and was introduced in June 2019. It is better in terms of speed and performance compared to the Pi Zero module.
  • RPi4 features a quad-core dual display processor with a CPU clock speed of 1.5GHz. Plus, it also incorporates an Ethernet port which is the traditional way to connect devices in a wired local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN), allowing devices to communicate with each other via a protocol. An Ethernet is a physical wire on which the data is transmitted.
  • Raspberry Pi 4 comes with two HDMI ports that can support two 4K displays. Plus, the RAM of this module comes in variant i.e. pick from 1GB, 2GB, and 4GB LPDDR4.

Raspberry Pi 4 Applications

The following are the Raspberry Pi 4 Applications.
  • Used in making a portable game console
  • Employed in-network Ad-blocker
  • Used in Airplay speaker
  • Used in wearable timelapse camera
  • Incorporated in-home network music system
  • Used in embedded system IoT projects
  • Employed in making guitar pedal
  • Used in making FPV robot
  • Incorporated in WiFi security camera
That’s all for today. This was all about the Raspberry Pi 4 module. If you have any questions you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this post.

What is Raspberry Pi Zero? Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet

 Hi Friends! Hope you’re well. In this post today, we’ll discuss What is Raspberry Pi Zero? We’ll also cover Raspberry Pi Zero Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet. Developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation, Raspberry Pi Zero is a tiny single-board computer, initially introduced to teach basic computers in schools. Later, it rose to popularity due to its low cost and open source design. Now it is widely used in robotics and embedded systems to develop IoT projects. This device is among the bestselling British single-board computers. I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll cover Raspberry Pi Zero in detail. Let’s get started.

What is Raspberry Pi Zero?

  • Raspberry Pi Zero(released in Nov 2015, by Raspberry Pi Foundation) is a single-board mini computer, mainly used to design embedded systems based IoT projects. The economical price, small-size and open-source design of this module makes it a suitable pick for applications ie. weather monitoring, motion-sensing camera, tiny power supply-sized computers and much more.
  • The Pi Zero module carries mini connectors containing 40-pin GPIO, making this device compact, robust and flexible. It is a credit card-sized computer that contains multiple I/O pins and can be used for various typical computer operations including writing programs, surfing the web, and document writing.
  • This tiny module contains a 1GHz single-core CPU which is the brain of this module. Basic arithmetic, logic, and input and output operations are performed by the CPU which executes the instruction consisting of a computer program.
  • The clock frequency of this computer is 400MHz which is required for the synchronization of all the internal functions. There is no WiFi or Ethernet connection available on the board.
  • This module contains 512MB of RAM used to store running programs. It is a volatile memory which means the data stored in this memory will be lost when power is removed from the device.
  • The board comes with a Micro USB OTG port that allows data to be read in the absence of a computer and the Micro USB power is used to power up the module.
  • The mini HDMI port is incorporated on the board that is used for transmitting audio and video signal between devices. The board features a CSI camera connector which is used to connect the external camera with the module.
  • Different communication protocols like SPI, I2C, and UART are included in the module. Using these communication protocols, you can develop communication with external devices.
  • This module contains a micro SD card that offers initial storage for the different files and operating systems. This storage can be extended using USB-connected peripherals. With an SD card, you leverage enhanced storage with ease.
  • Raspberry Zero contains a single USB 2.0 port that is directly connected to the module. Using this USB port, you can attach external peripheral devices like mice, keyboards, and webcams for additional functionality.
  • Moreover, simply plug this module into the computer using the USB port and start playing with it. This will give you a feel like you’re operating a microcomputer with all typical functions as a regular desktop computer.

Raspberry Pi Zero Pinout

As I have metioned earlier, Raspberry Pi Zero has 40 GPIO Pins. The following figure shows the Raspberry Pi Zero pinout:  

Raspberry Pi Zero Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Raspberry Pi Zero. This section is dedicated to the description of pins incorporated into this tiny module.

Power and Ground Pins in RPi0

Raspberry Pi Zero Pinout has 3 voltage levels available, which are:
  • 5V
  • 3.3V
  • 0V (Ground/GND)
So, if you are working on simple sensors i.e. humidity, PIR etc. then you can power them up using these power pins of Raspberry Pi Zero quite easily.

GPIO Pins in Raspberry Pi Zero

  • GPIO pins are general-purpose input/output pins that can handle external devices.
  • These pins are used to get/send commands/data to/from exrernal devices. (I hope you understood it :D )
  • You can configure these pins to either general-purpose output or general-purpose input pins or as one of up to six special settings those functions are pin-dependent.
  • External labels (from GPIO2 to GPIO27) represent the Broadcom (BCM) naming convention. This convention comes in handy when programming with Python libraries.
  • Internal labels (from 1 to 40) represent the Board naming convention. This comes in handy when BCM is not supported. It is used with some programming libraries.

SPI Pins in Raspberry Pi Zero

The board contains one SPI communication protocol. SPI stands for a serial peripheral interface that supports master-slave communication. It is used to develop communication between the controller and other peripheral devices like sensors and shift registers. It comes with two Pins… MISO (master input slave output) and MOSI (master output slave input) for the SPI communication. Synchronization of data is carried out by using a clock (SCLK at GPIO11) from the master (RPi) and the information is delivered to the SPI component from the module using the MOSI pin. If the component requires to reply to our module, then it sends back data using the MISO pin.

I2C Pins in Raspberry Pi Zero

This module comes with one I2C communication protocol. It contains two pins SDL and SCL. The SDL is the serial data pin that carries the data while SCL is the serial clock line that ensures the synchronization of data transfer over the I2C bus. This communication protocol needs master-slave roles between the two parts.

UART Pins in Raspberry Pi Zero

There is one UART serial communication protocol incorporated on the board. The UART serial port comes with two pins Rx and Tx. The Rx is the receiving pin that ensures the receiving of serial data while Tx is the transmission pin that is used for the transmission of serial data.

Raspberry Pi Zero Datasheet

It is wise to go through the datasheet of the module before incorporating it into your electrical project. The datasheet features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the Raspberry Pi Zero datasheet.

Raspberry Pi Zero Specs

Raspberry Pi Zero is half the size compared to model A+. This tiny module can easily fit into an electrical project of any size. The following are the technical specs of Raspberry Pi Zero.
  • Contains a 1GHz single-core BCM 2835 SOC CPU which is the brain of this module
  • Comes with 512MB RAM used to store running programs
  • Mini HDMI port used for transmitting audio and video signal between devices
  • Micro USB OTG port that allows data to be read in the absence of computer
  • Micro USB power to power up the module
  • CSI camera connector (v1.3 only)
  • Composite video and reset headers
  • HAT-compatible 40-pin header
  • Supports communication like SPI, I2C, and UART

How to Choose the Right Raspberry Pi

Choosing the right Raspberry Pi is like choosing the computer. In either case, you’ll list the requirements for accomplishing different tasks. More often than not, your requirements fall in the following list.
  • Speed: The system’s processing power.
  • I/O: How many I/O pins the module supports.
  • Memory: How much memory RAM and ROM or HD space your system would require.
  • Cost: The cost of the module.
  • Size and weight: The weight and size of the module as per your requirement.
Speed is the key factor when it comes to choosing your computing system. More speed ensures more work is done in less time. The computers belong to this Pi series are more efficient and robust than microcontroller devices like PIC, Atmel, or Arduino boards.
  • Similarly, memory is crucial when it comes to running large programs. Pick the RAM with more memory if you require large programs to run. The Raspberry Pi A computer comes with RAM that ranges between 256MB and 512MB of RAM. And the Pi 2 and 3B contain 1GB of RAM that is shared with the GPU. Make a final decision after analyzing the different functions you want to achieve with the Pi module.
  • If you want to perform typical office tasks, like sending emails and writing a document, then a desktop PC or Laptop would be the best pick.
  • Raspberry Pi modules are normally employed where there is a need for I/O. The Raspberry Pi A and B modules are suitable picks for attaching to external circuits and devices since they carry pin headers. The 1 A has 8 GPIO, while the +1 A and B computers have 17 GPIO.

Raspberry Pi Zero Applications

The following are the Raspberry Pi Zero Applications.
  • Used in embedded system IoT projects
  • Used in making a portable game console
  • Incorporated home network music system
  • Employed in network Ad-blocker
  • Used in Airplay speaker
  • Employed in making guitar pedal
  • Used in making FPV robot
  • Incorporated in WiFi security camera
  • Used in wearable timelapse camera
That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us produce quality content based on your needs and requirements. You can approach me in the section below if you need help regarding Raspberry Pi Zero. I’m happy and willing to assist you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.

2SC2240 Datasheet, Pinout, Power Ratings, Equivalents & Applications
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. 2SC2240
Softwares:
  1. Proteus

Hello Everyone! Happy to see you around. In this post today, we’ll cover the 2SC2240 NPN Transistor. We will have a look at the 2SC2240 Datasheet, Pinout, Power Ratings, Equivalents & Applications.

Electrons are the majority charge carriers in this NPN transistor, in contrast to PNP transistors, where holes are the majority carriers. The 2SC2240 comes with a power dissipation of 0.3W, the amount of energy this transistor dissipates while operating in the forward-biased state, while the collector current is 0.1A means it can support load up to 0.1A.

This NPN transistor contains 3 terminals, named:

  1. Emitter
  2. Collector
  3. Base

If the voltage at the base terminal is above 0.7V, the transistor will get forward-biased and the current will start flowing from Collector to Emitter terminal. If the base voltage is less than 0.7V, it will remain reverse-biased.

So, let's have a look at the 2SC2240 NPN Transistor in detail. Let’s get started:

2SC2240 NPN Transistor

  • The 2SC2240 is a bipolar junction transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family.
  • This component is mainly used for switching and amplification purposes and comes in a TO-92 package.
  • 2SC2240 comes with three layers, with one p-doped layer between two n-doped layers.
  • The two n-doped layers represent the Collector and Emitter, while the p-doped layer represents the Base Terminal.

  • This device contains three terminals: the base, collector, and emitter. The collector terminal collects the electrons coming from the base side and the emitter terminal emits the electrons into the base terminal.
  • The NPN transistors contain two junctions known as collector-base junction and emitter-base junction.
  • The transistor is said to operate in a Forward-Biased state, when the collector-base junction is reverse-biased, while the emitter-base junction is forward-biased.
  • When a negative voltage is applied at the emitter side and a positive voltage is available at the base terminal then we can make the emitter-base junction forward biased.

NPN vs. PNP: A Quick Recall

  • Bipolar Junction Transistors(BJTs) are categorized into two types i.e. NPN transistors and PNP transistors. This is a bipolar transistor, which means both electrons and holes play a role in the conductivity process inside the transistor.
  • But electrons are the major carriers in NPN transistors while in the case of PNP transistors, holes are the major carriers.
  • NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors because the mobility of electrons is more efficient than the mobility of holes.
  • These bipolar devices are called current-controlled devices, in opposition to MOSFETs, which are called voltage-controlled devices and carry terminals like a drain, source, and gate.

2SC2240 Datasheet

It’s wise to go through the 2SC2240 datasheet before you apply this device to your electrical project.

2SC2240 Pinout

The following figure shows the 2SC2240 pinout.

This component contains three terminals named: 1: Emitter 2: Collector 3: Base

  • These terminals differ in terms of size and doping concentration and are used for external connection with the electronic circuit. The emitter side is highly doped and the base side is lightly doped and the collector terminal is moderately doped.
  • The collector terminal dissipates more energy compared to the other two terminals. It is bigger in size compared to base and emitter terminals. The large surface area of the collector side guarantees more heat dissipation.

2SC2240 Working Principle

The base is responsible for the transistor action. When voltage is applied at the base terminal, it will bias the device and as a result, the current will flow from collector to emitter terminal. As this is an NPN transistor so here current will flow from the collector to the emitter side and in the case of the PNP transistor current will flow from the emitter to the collector side. These bipolar devices are not symmetrical in nature. This projects if we exchange the emitter and collector pins then these terminals will start working in reverse active mode and will stop working in forward active mode. The different doping concentrations of these pins are the reason this device lack symmetry.

2SC2240 Power Ratings

The following table shows the 2SC2240 power ratings.
Absolute Maximum Ratings of 2SC2240
Pin No. Pin Description Pin Name
1 Collector-emitter voltage 120V
2 Collector-base voltage 120V
3 Base-emitter voltage 5V
4 Collector current 0.1A
5 Power dissipation 0.3W
6 Current gain 200 to 700
7 Operating and storage junction temperature range -55 to 125C
  • If these ratings are applied more than the required time, they can affect the device reliability.
  • The collector-current is 0.1A which defines the amount of load this component can support.
  • The power dissipation is 0.3W which represents the amount of energy released during the working of this component.
  • The current gain ranges from 200 to 700 which is the amount of current this device can amplify.
  • The operating and storage junction temperature ranges from -55 to 125C.
  • The emitter-base voltage is 5V represents the voltage required to bias this component. The collector-base voltage and collector-emitter voltage both are 120V.
  • When using this device, make sure these ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings else they can damage the device.

2SC2240 Equivalents

The following are the 2SC2240 equivalents.
  • 2SC3201
  • 2SC3245A
  • 2SC3200
  • 2SC3245
  • 2SC2459
  • KTC3200
Before applying alternatives into your projects, double-check the pinout of these equivalents as the pinout of 2SC2240 might differ from the pinout of the alternatives. The 2SA970 is a complementary PNP transistor to the 2SC2240.

2SC2240 Applications

The following are the 2SC2240 applications.
  • Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.
  • Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
  • Used in voltage regulator circuits.
  • Used in a common power amplifier.
  • Used in electronic Ballasts.
  • Used in energy-saving lights.
  • Employed to support loads under 0.1A.
  • Used in the high switching power supply.
  • Used in high-frequency power transform.

2SC2240 Physical Dimensions

The following diagram shows the 2SC2240 physical dimensions.

With physical dimensions, you can evaluate the space required for this device in the electrical project.

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us produce quality content based on your needs and requirements. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach men in the section below. I’m happy and ready to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this post.

Components of Embedded Systems

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. In this post today, we’ll discuss the components of embedded systems.

An embedded system is a custom-built special purpose computer used for a specific purpose. It is a system that combines both hardware and software to perform a certain task.

It can be used as an individual system or a part of another large system. You will find embedded systems incorporated in a range of applications including consumer electronics, industrial machinery, automobiles, agriculture, processing industrial devices, airplanes, digital watches, vending machines, air-conditioners, mobile devices, and much more.

To understand the embedded system, we need to understand the difference between a special-purpose computer and a general-purpose computer. General-purpose computers are those that we use every day like our desktops, laptops, and Macs. Even our smartphones stand in the general-purpose end of the spectrum which means they have more than one specific task to perform. Special purpose computers are very specific to serve a particular function. A calculator is a special-purpose computer as compared to a laptop that is a general-purpose computer. The only job of a calculator is to do calculations. You cannot use it for more than one purpose like general-purpose computers.

An automated system that doesn’t involve human interference is also an example of an embedded system. For example, you can interface the conveyer belt with the sensor to count the number of filled bottles. Once you install a combination of both hardware and software embedded programming, you can watch the number of filled bottles on the computer screen without any human interference. The devices that perform certain tasks where no user is involved are termed as the no user interface (UI) embedded systems and where user interference is involved are termed as graphical user interface (GUI) embedded systems.

Read this post all the way through as we’ll discuss the basic components of embedded systems in detail.

Let’s get started.

Components of Embedded Systems

This section is dedicated to the hardware components of embedded systems. In the following section, we’ll cover the software components used for the embedded systems.

1. Power Supply

  • A power supply is a crucial component of the embedded system design.
  • It is an electrical device mainly used to power up the electrical load.
  • Normally, a 5V power supply is required for the system, however, it can also range from 1.8 to 3.3V.
  • You can pick either one based on your requirements and application.

To work the embedded system properly, a smooth and efficient power supply is needed. Both wall adopter and battery can be used as a power supply. Some power supplies work as independent equipment while others are incorporated into the embedded technology they power.

2. Microcontroller

  • An embedded system is either a microcontroller-based or microprocessor-based system. They give a system computing power and are called integrated circuits.
  • The embedded hardware performance is mainly dependent on the processor which is normally called the brain of the embedded system.
  • Pick from a range of processors including 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit processors.
  • They are different in terms of processing speed. For example, a 32-bit processor comes with more processing speed and can manipulate 32-bits at a time while an 8-bit processor comes with less processing speed and can manipulate 8-bits at a time.

For simple applications, an 8-bit processor would suffice while for complex and advanced applications, processors with more bits are used. The 8-bit processor is normally clocked to 8MHz while the 32-bit processor can run up to hundreds of MHz.

3. ROM/RAM

  • Memory is essential to store important information in the embedded computer system.
  • Memory is integrated into a microcontroller or microprocessor.

There are two types of memories including ROM (read-only-memory) and RAM (random access memory). The former is called the code memory that stores the program code and is non-volatile which means it stays stored in the system when the power supply is removed. While latter is called the data memory and is a volatile memory which means it is used for temporally storing the information and is removed from the system when the power supply is turned off.

4. Timers / Counters

Sometimes you need to create a delay before a specific function. Timers are used in such cases. While at times you want to count the number of times a particular event occurs. Counters are used in such cases. If an up counter is used in the system, it will count up from the initial value to 0xFF and if it is down counter, it will count down to 0x00.  The counters are integrated using register-type circuits like a flip-flop.

5. Communication Ports

Communication ports are used in embedded systems to establish communication with other embedded systems. There are several communication ports including USB, UART, USB, I2C, SPI, and RS-485. For simple applications, communications ports are utilized from the microcontroller, and for complex and advanced applications these ports are externally installed inside the embedded systems.

6. Output and Input

Input is required to interact with the embedded system. A sensor can be used to provide input to the system. The microcontroller used in the system can be configured as an input or output port. In the microcontroller, there are a fixed number of input and output ports that you can utilize as per your requirement.

7. Electrical Circuit

You need to design an electrical circuit based on your application. The following are the basic circuit components that can be used in an electrical circuit.

a. PCB (printed circuit board)

A PCB is an essential part of the electrical circuit. It is a mechanical circuit board that electrically connects the electronic components with conductive copper traces. Before making the electrical design on the PCB, you need to design the electrical circuit on the PCB simulation software to test if the required design will work in reality. Making electronic circuits with PCB is cheaper and more efficient than point-to-point and wire wrap construction.

b. Resistors

A resistor is an electrical component mainly used to produce resistance in the current flow. It is mainly employed to reduce the flow of current, for adjusting the signal levels. In power distribution systems and motor controls, resistors with high power are used that can dissipate more heat in the form of energy. Resistors are further divided into two types i.e fixed resistors and variable resistors.

The resistance of fixed resistors changes with temperature and variable resistors can be utilized as sensing devices for humidity, light, force, and heat. The resistor’s electrical function is dependent on its resistance. The more the resistance, the more it will create resistance in the current flow.

c. Capacitors

A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device mainly employed to store energy. The capacitance of the capacitor is commonly known as the effect of a capacitor. Capacitors are available in various forms though, most capacitors come with two electrical conductors which are separated by a dielectric material. Capacitors are widely used in many applications for various purposes including smoothing, bypassing, and filtering the electrical signal. Capacitors store energy and release it when it is required by the circuit.

d. Transistors

Transistors are used in the electrical circuit for amplification and switching purposes. They are divided into two main types i.e. bipolar junction transistors and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The former is the current-controlled device and comes with terminals like base, collector, and emitter.

The latter is the voltage-controlled devices and comes with terminals like a drain, source, and gate. They are used in a range of applications including computers, stoves, pacemakers, aircraft, motor control, and much more. Their working principle is simple and straightforward. The small current at one terminal is used to produce a large current at the remaining terminals. This phenomenon is used for amplification purposes.

e. Diodes

A diode is an electrical component that uses PN-junction and allows the current to flow in one direction only. Mostly didoes are made of semiconductor material like silicon but some diodes are also composed of germanium. Diodes are used in a range of applications including signal mixers, switches, voltage regulators, logic gates, clippers, limiters, clampers, and gain control circuits.

f. Integrated Circuits

An integrated circuit is a chip that combines various electrical components into a single chip. An IC is a ready-made chip that you incorporate into your electrical project without having to include lots of capacitors and resistors. A small integrated chip can work as an oscillator, amplifier, microprocessor, timer, and computer memory. If you open the CPU of your computer, you will find scores of ICs integrated into the motherboard of the computer. A single IC can hold hundreds of thousands of resistors, transistors, and capacitors inside.

g. LED

LED (light-emitting diode) is widely used in electronic circuits. LEDs are included in circuits for some indication to check if the circuit is working properly. This electrical component is so reliable and can last decades without decaying. Using LEDs you can identify the state of current in an electrical circuit. For example, you can integrate LED into your circuit where the blinking of LED will indicate the circuit is working properly.

h. Inductors

An inductor is an electrical component used to store energy in an electric field in the presence of an electrical current. The inductors come with an insulated wire that circles the coil. These electrical components work on Faraday’s law of induction where the electric motive force is induced in the conductor by varying magnetic fields in the presence of current passing through the coil. Inductors are employed to block AC while permitting the DC to flow. Inductors utilized for this purpose are named… chokes.

Embedded System Software Components

Recall, an embedded system is a combination of both hardware and software modules. We have briefly explained above the hardware embedded system components. This portion is dedicated to software components of embedded systems. Both computer software and embedded system software are different in terms of their purposes. The computer software can be installed on many devices to achieve the required goals while embedded system software, on the other hand, is specifically written for a certain device to meet a certain goal.

The following are the software components of embedded system.

a. Editor

  • The editor is the first tool you required for embedded system software.
  • The code you write in C and C++ programming languages will be saved in a text file in the editor.
  • Geany editor is a great example of a text editor.
  • This editor supports scores of languages including Java, C, HTML, Python, PHP, Pascal, and Pearl.

b. Compiler

  • The code is written in a text editor. But how does a machine understand this code?
  • A compiler is used to turn this written code into low-level machine language that the machine can comprehend.
  • The main purpose of this tool is to develop an executable program.
  • The name ‘compiler’ is mainly used for the written programs that convert high-level programming language source code into a low-level programming language.

c. Assembler

  • The assembler tool converts the written code into a machine language. It is slightly different than a compiler.
  • The compiler directly converts the written code into machine language while the assembler, on the other hand, first converts source code to object code and then to the language that the machine can understand.

d. Emulator

  • The main task of the emulator is to make the embedded system act like a real system in a simulation environment.
  • Using an emulator, you’ll get an idea of how the code will function in real-time. It is used to simulate software performance, and it helps in achieving the ideal performance of the written code.
  • With an emulator, you can run one operating system into another device. For example, using an emulator you can run Mac operating system into your windows operating system.

e. Linker

  • Typically, software code is written in small modules and pieces.
  • A linker, also called a link editor, is a tool that takes one or more object files and combines them to develop a single executable code.

f. Debugger

  • A debugger is a tool used for testing and debugging purposes. It scans the code thoroughly and removes the errors and bugs, and identifies the places where they occur.
  • Programmers can quickly address the errors and fix them.

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us produce quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this article.

KSC1845 Datasheet, Pinout, Power Ratings, Equivalents & Applications
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. KSC1845
Softwares:
  1. Proteus

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. In this post today, we’ll discuss the KSC1845 NPN Transistor. We will have a look at the KSC1845 Datasheet, Pinout, Power Ratings, Equivalents & Applications in detail. As it's an NPN transistor, electrons are the majority charge carriers and thus play a major role in conductivity. KSC1845 is mainly used for fast-switching and amplification purposes.

NPN transistor carries 3 terminals, known as:

  • Emitter
  • Collector
  • Base

If the applied voltage at the base terminal exceeds 0.7V, it will forward bias this NPN transistor and the current will start to flow from Collector to Emitter. If the base voltage is less than 0.7V, KSC1845 will remain in the reverse-biased state.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll discuss the KSC1845 NPN Transistor in detail. Let’s get started:

KSC1845 NPN Transistor

  • The KSC1845 is a bipolar junction transistor that falls under the NPN transistor family.
  • It is made of silicon semiconductor material and comes in a TO-92 package.
  • The NPN transistors carry two junctions known as emitter-base junction and collector-base junction.
  • When the emitter-base junction is forward-biased and the collector-base junction is reverse-biased, the transistor starts to conduct.
  • KSC1845 Pinout, Symbol and SMD Package are shown in the below figure:

  • We can make the emitter-base junction forward-biased, by applying a negative voltage at its Emitter and a positive voltage at its Base.
  • KSC1845 contains three layers where one p-doped layer sits between two n-doped layers. The p-doped layer represents the base terminal while the other two n-doped layers represent Collector and Emitter.
  • In a forward-biased state, the Emitter emits the electron into the Base while the Collector collects the electrons coming from the Base.

NPN vs PNP

KSC1845 is a Bipolar Junction Transistor, so let's quickly recall it:

  • The bipolar junction transistors come in two types i.e. NPN transistors and PNP transistors. Both holes and electrons play a role in carrying out the conductivity process inside the transistor.
  • In PNP transistors, holes are the majority charge carriers, while in NPN transistors, electrons are the majority charge carriers.
  • Know that the mobility of electrons is better than the mobility of holes, that's why NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors for a range of applications.
  • These bipolar(BJT) components are called current-controlled devices in opposition to MOSFETs, which are considered voltage-controlled devices and carry terminals like a drain, source, and gate.

KSC1845 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the KSC1845 datasheet that details the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the KSC1845 datasheet.

KSC1845 Pinout

The following figure shows the KSC1845 pinout.

This component contains three terminals named: 1: Emitter 2: Collector 3: Base All these terminals are used for the external connection with the electronic circuit. These terminals differ in terms of size and doping concentration. The base side is lightly doped and the emitter side is highly doped while the collector side is moderately doped. The collector side dissipates more energy because it is bigger in size compared to other terminals. The large surface area of the collector side ensures more heat dissipation.

KSC1845 Working Principle

The base side is the main region that initiates the transistor action. When voltage is applied at the base terminal, it will bias the device and as a result, current starts flowing from collector to emitter side. These bipolar devices are not symmetrical in nature. Which means if we exchange the emitter and collector sides then these terminals will stop working in forward active region and start working in reverse active mode. The different doping concentrations of these terminals ensure the lack of symmetry.

KSC1845 Power Ratings

The following table represents the KSC1845 power ratings.
Absolute Maximum Ratings of KSC1845
Pin No. Pin Description Pin Name
1 Collector-emitter voltage 120V
2 Collector-base voltage 120V
3 Base-emitter voltage 5V
4 Collector current 0.05A
5 Power dissipation 0.5W
6 Current gain 200
7 Operating and storage junction temperature range -55 to 150C
  • When using this device, make sure these ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings else they can damage the device.
  • Plus, if these ratings are applied more than the required time, they can affect the device reliability.
  • The collector-current is 0.05A which shows the amount of load this device can support.
  • The power dissipation is 0.5W which represents the amount of energy released during the working of this component.
  • The current gain is 200 which shows the amount of current this device can amplify.
  • The collector-base voltage is 120V and the collector-emitter voltage is 120V. The emitter-base voltage is 5V represents the voltage required to bias this component.

KSC1845 Equivalents

The following are the KSC1845 equivalents.
  • FJV1845

Before applying alternatives into your projects, double-check the pinout of these alternatives as the pinout of KSC1845 might differ from the pinout of the equivalents.

The KSA992 is a complementary PNP transistor to the KSC1845.

KSC1845 Applications

The following are the KSC1845 applications.
  • Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.
  • Used in high-frequency power transform.
  • Used in electronic Ballasts.
  • Used in voltage regulator circuits.
  • Used in a common power amplifier.
  • Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
  • Used in energy-saving lights.
  • Employed to support loads under 0.05A.
  • Used in the high switching power supply.

KSC1845 Physical Dimensions

The following diagram shows the KSC1845 physical dimensions.

The KSC1845 physical dimensions help you evaluate the space required for this component in the electrical project.

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m ready to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us produce quality content based on your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

2SC1345 Datasheet, Pinout, Power Ratings, Equivalents & Applications
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. 2SC1345
Softwares:
  1. Proteus

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at the 2SC1345 NPN Transistor. We will also discuss 2SC1345 Datasheet, Pinout, Power Ratings, Equivalents & Applications. As this is an NPN transistor, the conductivity is mainly carried out by electrons as the major charge carriers. 2SC1345 is mainly used for switching and amplification purposes.

Let's first recall NPN transistors: NPN transistor comes with 3 terminals, named:

  1. Emitter
  2. Collector
  3. Base

If the voltage at the base terminal is above 0.7V, the NPN transistor gets forward biased & starts conducting i.e. current will flow from the Collector to Emitter terminal. If the Base voltage is less than 0.7V, it remains reverse-biased.

So now let’s get started with the 2SC1345 NPN Transistor.

2SC1345 NPN Transistor

  • 2SC1345 is a bipolar junction transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family.
  • It is composed of silicon semiconductor material and comes in a TO-92 package.
  • 2SC1345 contains three layers where one is a p-doped layer and the other two are n-doped layers. The p-doped layer stands between the two n-doped layers.

  • This device contains three terminals named: the base, collector, and emitter. The small current change at the base side is used to produce a large output current at the remaining terminals.
  • The bipolar junction transistors are available in two types i.e. NPN transistors and PNP transistors. Both holes and electrons play a role in the conductivity inside the transistors the reason they are called bipolar devices.
  • However, these devices differ in terms of major charge carriers. In the case of NPN transistors, electrons are the major charge carriers and in PNP transistors holes are the major charge carriers.
  • These bipolar devices are called current-controlled devices in opposed to MOSFETs that are termed voltage-controlled devices and contain terminals like a drain, source, and gate.
  • It is important to note that the mobility of holes is less efficient than the mobility of electrons the reason NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors for a range of applications.

2SC1345 Datasheet

Before you apply this component to your electrical project, it’s wise to scan through the 2SC1345 datasheet that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the 2SC1345 datasheet.

2SC1345 Pinout

The following figure shows the 2SC1345 pinout.

This component contains three terminals named: 1: Emitter 2: Collector 3: Base These terminals carry different doping concentrations. The base side is 10-times more doped than the collector side. The emitter side is highly doped and the collector terminal is lightly doped.

2SC1345 Working Principle

When voltage is applied at the base terminal, it will bias the device and as a result, current starts flowing from collector to emitter terminal.
  • Know that, bipolar junction devices are not symmetrical in nature. This means if we exchange the emitter and collector terminals then these terminals will stop working in the forward active region and start working in reverse active mode.
  • The non-symmetry of these devices is due to the different doping concentrations of all three terminals.

2SC1345 Power Ratings

The following table represents the 2SC1345 power ratings.
Absolute Maximum Ratings of 2SC1345
Pin No. Pin Description Pin Name
1 Collector-emitter voltage 50V
2 Collector-base voltage 550V
3 Base-emitter voltage 5V
4 Collector current 0.1A
5 Power dissipation 0.2W
6 Base current 0.05A
7 Operating junction temperature range 150C
  • The collector-emitter voltage is 50V and the collector-base voltage is 550V. The emitter-base voltage is 5V which is the voltage required to bias the device.
  • The collector-current is 100mA which means it can support load under 100mA.
  • The power dissipation is 0.2W which is equal to the amount of energy released during the functioning of this component.
  • The current gain is 250 to 1200 which is the amount of current this device can amplify.
  • When working with this device, make sure these ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings else they can damage the device.
  • Moreover, if these ratings are applied more than the required time, they can affect the device's reliability.

2SC1345 Equivalents

The following are the 2SC1345 equivalents.
  • 2SC2240
  • KSC1845FTA (Fairchild)
Before incorporating these devices into your projects, double-check the pinout of these alternatives as the pinout of 2SC1345 might differ from the pinout of the equivalents.

2SC1345 Applications

The following are the 2SC1345 applications.
  • Used in electronic Ballasts.
  • Used in a common power amplifier.
  • Used in voltage regulator circuits.
  • Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.
  • Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
  • Used in energy-saving lights.
  • Used in high-frequency power transform.
  • Used in the high switching power supply.
  • Employed to support loads under 0.1A.

2SC1345 Physical Dimensions

The following diagram shows the 2SC1345 physical dimensions. The 2SC1345 physical dimensions give you the idea to evaluate the space needed for this device to incorporate in the electrical project. That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’m happy and willing to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content based on your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

D13005K Datasheet, Pinout, Power Ratings, Equivalents & Applications
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. D13005K
Softwares:
  1. Proteus

Hello Everyone! Hope you’re well today. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at D13005K NPN Transistor. We will also study D13005K Datasheet, Pinout, Power Ratings, Equivalents & Applications. As its an NPN transistor, so major charge carriers are electrons. D13005K is mainly employed for switching and amplification purpose. Let's first recall NPN transistors: NPN transistor consists of 3 terminal, named as:

  • Emitter.
  • Collector.
  • Base.
If we provide voltage > 0.7V at base terminal, NPN transistor gets forward biased & starts conducting. If Base voltage < 0.7V, it remains reverse biased. So now let’s get started with D13005K NPN Transistor:

D13005K NPN Transistor

  • D13005K is a bipolar NPN transistor, mainly used for amplification and switching purposes.
  • It contains three layers where two n-doped layers surround one p-doped layer.
  • This device is made of silicon semiconductor material and comes in a TO-220 package.

  • D13005K contains three terminals named base, collector, and emitter. All these terminals are different in terms of doping concentrations.
  • The small current at the base side is used to control the large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
  • These transistors are called bipolar because both electrons and holes play role in the conductivity inside the transistor.
  • Bipolar junction transistors are divided into two main types i.e. NPN and PNP transistors.
  • In the case of NPN transistors, electrons are the major charge carriers while holes are major charge carriers in PNP transistors.
  • The bipolar junction transistors are the current-controlled devices in contrast to MOSFETs that are voltage-controlled devices that come with terminals named: drain, source, and gate.
  • The NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors because the mobility of electrons is better than the mobility of holes.
  • While in the case of NPN transistors the current flows from the collector to emitter terminals and it flows from emitter to collector terminal in the case of PNP transistors.

D13005K Datasheet

It is wise to go through the datasheet of the device before incorporating this component into your electrical project. The datasheet comes with the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the D13005K datasheet.

D13005K Pinout

  • The following figure shows the D13005K pinout:

The D13005K Pinout comes with three terminals named: 1: Base 2: Collector 3: Emitter Recall, all these terminals are different in terms of doping concentrations. The emitter side is highly doped and the collector side is lightly doped. The collector side is 10-times lightly doped than the base side. These terminals are used for the connection with the external circuits.


D13005K Working Principle

The working of this device starts from the base side. When voltage is applied at the base side, it will bias the device and as a result, current starts flowing from collector to emitter terminal. This bipolar device is not symmetrical in nature. And the different doping concentration of all three terminals is the reason these devices are not symmetrical. Which means if you exchange both emitter and collector terminals then these terminals will start operating in reverse active mode and it prevents these terminals to work in forward active mode.

D13005K Power Ratings

The following table shows the D13005K power ratings.
Absolute Maximum Ratings of D13005K
Pin No. Pin Description Pin Name
1 Collector-emitter voltage 400V
2 Collector-base voltage 700V
3 Base-emitter voltage 9V
4 Collector current 4A
5 Power dissipation 75W
6 Base current 2A
7 Operating and storage junction temperature range -55 to 150C
  • The junction temperature of this device is 150C and the storage temperature ranges from -55 to 150C.
  • The collector current is 4A which means this device can support load up to 4A.
  • The power dissipation is 75W which is the amount of energy this device releases during the working of this component.
  • Know that, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability.
  • The collector-emitter current is 400V and the collector-base voltage is 700V. And the emitter-base voltage is 9V which means this device will get biased when 9V is applied across the base and emitter terminals.

D13005K Applications

The following are the D13005K applications.
  • Used in voltage regulator circuits.
  • Used in electronic Ballasts.
  • Used in a common power amplifier.
  • Used in the high switching power supply.
  • Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.
  • Employed to support loads under 4A.
  • Used in high-frequency power transform.
  • Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
  • Used in energy-saving lights.

D13005K Physical Dimensions

The following diagram represents the D13005K physical dimensions. By checking those dimensions you can audit the space required for your component in the electrical project. That was all about the Introduction to D13005K. Feel free to share your thoughts around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. You can approach me in the section below if you need any assistance regarding this article. I’m happy and willing to help you the best way I can. Thank you for clicking this read.

7 Best Arduino Starter Kits for Beginners
Departments:
  1. Electronics Engineering
  2. Mechatronics Engineering
Modules:
  1. Keypad 4x4
  2. LCD 20x4
Microcontrollers:
  1. Arduino Uno
Codings:
  1. Arduino C
Softwares:
  1. Arduino IDE
  2. Proteus

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll detail the 7 best Arduino starter kits for beginners.

Arduino boards are particularly introduced for people with little to no knowledge about programming and electronics. These boards are the improvised version of microcontrollers. If you’re a student or someone planning to get your hands dirty with some electronic projects, Arduino boards are a great way to whet your appetite. Arduino kits house many essential components required to start working with Arduino boards. These kits are developed for people who struggle to get a hold of the nitty-gritty of programming Arduino boards. These Arduino basic kits come with instruction manuals that detail the step-by-step process to make the Arduino projects with the given components. I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll walk you through the starter kits to make a range of Arduino starter kit projects. Let’s get started.

7 Best Arduino Starter Kits for Beginners

The following are the 7 Best Arduino starter kits for beginners.

1. Official Arduino Starter Kit

The official Arduino starter kit tops the list. The kit comes with a range of components to start working with Arduino boards. It also includes a 170-page book that details 15 electronic projects that you can develop using the components available in the starter kit. Besides English, this book is available in many other languages including French, German, Chinese, Korean, Spanish, and Italian. This book includes codes and step-by-step tutorials to make electronic projects with the components provided. The official Arduino Start Kit comes with the following components:
  • Arduino Projects Book
  • USB cable
  • Breadboard 400 Pins
  • Arduino UNO R3
  • 9V battery snap
  • Easy-to-assemble wooden base
  • Solid core jumper wires (70)
  • Phototransistors (6)
  • Pushbuttons (10)
  • Stranded jumper wire (1)
  • 10KO Potentiometers (6)
  • Tilt sensor
  • Piezo capsule
  • Temperature sensor TMP36
  • Small DC motor (6/9V)
  • Easy-to-assemble wooden base
  • MOSFET Transistors IRF520 (2)
  • LEDs (1 x Bright White, 1 x RGB, 8 x Red, 8 x Green, 8 x Yellow and 3 x Blue)
  • Small servo motor
  • H-bridge motor driver L293D
  • Capacitors (5 x 100nF, 3 x 100µF, 5 x 100pF)
  • Transparent gels (red, green, blue)
  • Diodes 1N4007 (5)
  • 40 pin male header strip
  • Optocouplers 4N35 (2)
  • Resistors (20 x 220O, 5 x 560O, 5 x 1KO, 5 x 4.7O, 10 x 10KO, 5 x 1MO, 5 x 10MO)
All these components are packaged in a single box. Using these components you can make the following 15 projects. The book includes step-by-step tutorials to make these projects.
  • Color Mixing Lamp
  • Spaceship Interface Design
  • Touchy-Feel Lamp
  • Digital Hourglass
  • Hacking Buttons
  • Motorized Pinwheel
  • Mood Cue
  • Keyboard Instrument
  • Crystal Ball
  • Zoetrope
  • Light Theremin
  • Love-O-Meter
  • Knock Lock
  • Tweak the Arduino Logo
All components included in the package are high quality and ensure the remarkable performance of the kit. This kit contains 2KB RAM for storing the information. You’ll get a lot of high-quality components the reason this kit is more expensive than other kits available on the list. Moreover, this kit doesn’t include the software, which you need to install from the Arduino official website. So, if you want basic components in the kit and money is no problem for you, this gorgeous kit resonates with your needs and requirements.

2. Kuman for Arduino Project Complete Starter Kit

Kuman Arduino starter kit is another valuable beast on the list. You’ll get the eBook along with this starter kit that comes with 44 components from which you can make 23 electronic projects. In the eBook, everything is detailed in step-by-step tutorials to learn and make electronic projects from the available components. The Kuman Arduino Starter Kit includes the following contents:
  • Kuman UNO R3 Development Board
  • Mini breadboard
  • ULN2003 stepper motor driver board
  • LEDs (5 x Red, 5 x Green, 5 x Yellow, 1 x three-color)
  • Vibration Sensor (2)
  • Photoresistor (3)
  • Adjustable potentiometer
  • LM35 temperature sensor
  • Infrared receiver
  • Keycap (4)
  • Flame sensor
  • Active buzzer (tone generator)
  • Key switch (4)
  • Passive buzzer (piezo buzzer)
  • Jumper cap
  • Remote Control
  • Large breadboard
  • Breadboard module
  • Component box
  • 16 x 2 Screen LCD
  • DuPont line 10pin
  • Breadboard line (30)
  • 8*8 dot matrix
  • HC-SR04 module
  • 4 digit 8 segment tube
  • IC 74HC595
  • Battery Holder
  • 1 digit 8 segment tube
  • 40pin pin header
  • Resistors (5 x 220O, 5 x 330O, 5 x 1KO, 5 x 10KO)
  • Battery 9V
  • Thermistor module
  • Touch sensor
  • CD with tutorial
  • Prototype extension board
  • USB cable
  • Plastic box
  • 5V stepper motor
The best part is almost all basic electronic components are included in this kit for beginners to get familiar with the Arduino boards and make projects with the given components. No advanced level components are added to the list, every person with little to no electronic and programming knowledge can use these components. The material used for these contents is top-notch and the price is less than the official Arduino starter kit. All components are packed in the plastic box to help you stay organized and use them based on your needs and requirements.

3. Elegoo Mega 2560 Project Ultimate Starter Kit

Elegoo Mega 2560 is one of the best starter kits available in the market. This Elegoo kit comes with more than 200 pieces of components that anyone can use to make the electronic project. The sensors and modules are added to the kit including water level sensor, RFID reader, ultrasonic sensor, motion sensor, and accelerometer/gyroscope module. While basic components include a potentiometer, resistors, and LEDs. Moreover, it includes a book with 35 lessons for anyone to get started with the kit. The Arduino Mega 2560 projects are detailed in an easy-to-follow guide and the kit contains code and images of assembled circuits, helping you better understand the nature of the components included. The Arduino Mega kit includes the following components:
  • LEDs (5 x Yellow, 5 x Red, 5 x Green, 5 x Blue, 1 x RGB)
  • MEGA2560 Controller Board
  • Thermistor
  • Ceramic Capacitor(22pf & 104pf) (10)
  • Stepper motor
  • Diode Rectifier (1N4007) (5)
  • Servo motor
  • Joystick module
  • Ultrasonic sensor
  • Photoresistor (2)
  • IR receiver
  • Remote
  • RFID module
  • DHT11 Humidity and Temperature Module
You may find difficulty in getting familiar with this kit at the start, but once you get used to it, you’ll start loving it eventually. This starter kit includes an Arduino clone developed by Elegoo. Which works almost similar to the official Arduino board. Elegoo pays special heed to ensure the quality of the product and some wires and components are pre-soldered, saving your time to make the electronic project.

4. SunFounder Project Super Starter Kit

This is another kit to help you get familiar with the Arduino boards. You’ll get more than 200 components in the kit from which you can make around 25 amazing projects. This is cheap, this is high quality, best for beginners. Moreover, you’ll get the DVD stuffed with step-by-step tutorials to make different Arduino projects with the available components. It comes with a UNO R3 controller board and you can extend the functionality of this board by incorporating it with other Arduino boards including, Arduino Mega 328, Arduino Mega 2560, and Arduino Nano. The SunFounder Super Starter Kit includes the following components:
  • Project Box
  • 40 Pin Header
  • Shift Resister 74HC595N (2)
  • LEDs (1 x RGB, 16 x Red, 2 x White, 2 x Green, 2 x Yellow)
  • 555 Timer IC
  • H-Bridge Motor Driver L293D
  • Accelerometer ADXL335
  • Optocoupler 4N35 (2)
  • LCD1602 Character Display
  • Dot Matrix Display 8×8
  • Rotary Encoder
  • Push-Button (5)
  • Resistors (8 x 220O, 4 x 1KO, 4 x 10KO, 1 x 1MO, 1 x 5.1MO)
  • Switch
  • Potentiometer 50KO
  • Booklet
  • USB Cable
  • DC Motor
  • Jumper Wire Male to Male (65)
  • PNP Transistor S8550 (2)
  • Fan
  • Dupont Wire Female to Male (20)
  • Passive Buzzer
  • 7-Segment Character Display (2)
  • Diode (4)
  • Breadboard
  • NPN Transistor S8050 (2)
  • Capacitors (4 x 100nF, 4 x 10nF)
All basic components are included in the kit to help beginners make a range of electronic projects with an Arduino board. The components are packed in a plastic box with different sections, helping you arrange the components, and making it easy for you to find the required component for the project. The components are manufactured with high-quality material, ensuring the high performance of these components during the execution of electronic projects. SunFounder MEGA2560 board is an Arduino clone though, it is fully compatible with the Arduino software.

5. Elegoo UNO Project Super Starter Kit

This is another quality product introduced by Elegoo. It is good for beginners to get familiar with the Arduino board and go from basic to advanced level. The kit includes a CD that comes with 22 lessons to use the kit with the available components. The best part? It is cheaper than the Arduino official starter kit and contains almost the same features required for beginners to learn and make awesome Uno R3 projects from the components included. This kit features Elegoo Uno R3. The following are the components added to this Elegoo Uno kit:
  • 16x2LCD Module ( with pin header)
  • Elegoo UNO R3 (Compatible with Arduino Uno)
  • Breadboard Power Supply Module
  • Breadboard
  • Breadboard Expansion Board
  • Joystick Module
  • ULN2003 Stepper Motor Driver Board
  • IR Receiver
  • Servo Motor (SG90)
  • Stepper Motor
  • DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Module
  • Ultrasonic Sensor
  • 9V Battery
  • Buzzer (Active and Passive)
  • 65 Jumper Wire
  • USB Cable
  • 5V Relay
  • Potentiometer
  • Remote
  • Tilt Switch
  • 4 digit 7-segment Display
  • Button (5)
  • 1 digit 7-segment Display
  • LEDs (5x Yellow, 5x Blue, 5x Green, 5x Red, 1x RGB)
  • Photoresistor (2)
  • P2N2222 NPN Transistor (2)
  • Thermistor
  • Female-to-male DuPont Wire (10)
  • IC 74HC595 Shift Register
  • Diode 1N4007 (2)
  • Resistor (120)
These components are neatly packaged in a box. What makes this kit special? The affordable price of this Uno R3 Starter kit helps it stand out from the rest of the kits available in the market.

6. Vilros Arduino Uno 3 Ultimate Starter Kit

This Vilros Arduino Starter Kit is stuffed with all basic components to make electronic projects with the Arduino boards. This kit comes with a Genuine Arduino Uno Rev3 Board from which you can develop a range of Arduino projects. It contains more than 190 parts and components that you can use for electronic projects. Developed with high-quality material, this kit includes a 72-page instruction guide that details the instructions to make Arduino projects with the given components. This Vilros Arduino Starter Kit comes with the following components:
  • 1N4148 Diodes (2)
  • Arduino & Breadboard Holder
  • Bread Board
  • Shift Register 74HC595
  • Arduino Uno R3
  • NPN Transistors P2N2222A (2)
  • Temperature Sensor TMP36
  • Small Servo
  • 5V Relay
  • USB Cable
  • Jumper Wires (65)
  • 10K Trimpot
  • Piezo Buzzer
  • DC Motor with wires
  • Big 12mm Buttons (2)
  • Resistors (45 x 330O and 45 x 10KO)
  • Photocell
  • LEDs (1x RGB, 10 x Red, 10 x Yellow)
This Arduino kit is better for beginners who want to get a hold of different components with the Arduino boards.

7. Smraza Ultimate Starter Kit

Next comes in the list is Smraza Ultimate Starter Kit. It comes with a PDF file that contains step-by-step tutorials for more than 15 projects - source code for all those projects is also included in the PDF file. This kit includes 150 basic components that you can use with the Arduino to make electronic projects. Everything is neatly packed in a plastic container, helping you stay organized and use the components based on your needs and requirements. Again, this kit is best for beginners as it contains all the basic components that are compatible with the Arduino boards. The Smraza Ultimate Starter Kit includes the following contents:
  • UNO R3 Controller Board
  • Breadboard Expansion Board
  • Thermistor
  • LCD 1602 Module (with pin header)
  • Potentiometer (2)
  • Servo Motor
  • 830 tie-points Breadboard
  • Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
  • Stepper Motor
  • LEDs (1X RGB, 5X Green, 5X Red, 5X Blue, 5X Yellow)
  • ULN2003 Stepper Motor Driver Board
  • Photoresistor (2)
  • 4 Digit 7-Segment Display
  • Power Supply Module
  • Active Buzzer
  • Diode Rectifier 1N4007 (2)
  • Passive Buzzer
  • 2N2222 Transistors (2)
  • Tilt Switch
  • 7-Segment Display
  • IR Receiver Module
  • IC 74HC595
  • DHT-11(Temperature and Humidity Sensor)
  • Joystick Module
  • 9V Battery Adapter
  • 9V Battery with DC
  • Resistors (10X 2K, 10X 5.1K, 10X 10K, 10X 10R, 10X 330R)
  • Male to Female Jumper Wires
  • USB Cable
  • 65xJumper Wire
  • Water Level Sensor
  • Small Button (5)
  • IR remote control
  • 40 Pin Shape Header
  • 40 Pin Header
  • Resistors (10X 220R, 10X 1M, 10X 100R, 10X 100K, 10X 1K)
Not only you can make some basic Arduino projects with this kit, but you can also expand this kit with the sensors and make some advanced Arduino projects. The best part? Some of the components are pre-soldered, saving your time to make electronic projects, helping you stay focused on the programming and other parts of the projects. That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.
Syed Zain Nasir

I am Syed Zain Nasir, the founder of <a href=https://www.TheEngineeringProjects.com/>The Engineering Projects</a> (TEP). I am a programmer since 2009 before that I just search things, make small projects and now I am sharing my knowledge through this platform.I also work as a freelancer and did many projects related to programming and electrical circuitry. <a href=https://plus.google.com/+SyedZainNasir/>My Google Profile+</a>

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Published by
Syed Zain Nasir
2 days ago