The Engineering Projects

Introduction to LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Hi Friends! Hope you are doing well. I always feel pleasure to keep you updated with information related to engineering and technology. Today, I'll unlock the detailed Introduction to LED. The LED stands for Light-emitting diode. LED is a PN-junction diode mainly used as the source of light.

The LED has a leg over common orthodox incandescent light in terms of efficiency, low consumption power, compact size, longer range and an ability to retain the quality for a longer period of time. It comes with a wide variety of applications ranging from automotive headlamps, camera flashes, aviation lighting, traffic signal, and medical devices.

In this post, I'll try to cover each and everything related to LED, so you don't need to wrestle your mind browsing the whole internet and find all the information in one place. Let's dive in and get down to the detail of this little semiconductor component.

Introduction to LED (Light Emitting Diode)

LED is a PN-junction diode that is mainly used as a replacement for incandescent lights. It is based on the electroluminescence effect - A process where a diode converts electric current to light when electrons change their state inside the LED semiconductors.

The PN-junction is nothing but a combination of both N-type and P-type semiconductor materials. The material forming the junction diode is not identical to other mainstream didoes, as it comes with a transparent package, allowing the infrared and visible light to pass through the junction.

• The LED contains two terminals known as anode and cathode. The former contains a positive charge on it and comes with the longer lead as compared to others, and later contains a negative charge on it.

LED will be working under one condition: the anode terminal should be put at a higher potential than the cathode terminal as current flows from anode to cathode (positive to negative). LED won't conduct if the respective terminals are connected in reverse order.

• LEDs, also known as infrared-emitting diodes, are very helpful in a wide range of applications. The experts were always in a need of creating an alternative to regular bulbs that turned out to be expensive and less efficient. The first experiment on electroluminescence was conducted in 1907, followed by a number of experiments later on that resulted in the development of visible light.

The brightness of every LED depends on the current drawn by it - the most the current drawn the more brightness will be.

There is a threshold set for the current every LED can withstand, increasing it from the rated value will burn the LED.

In the start, LEDs came with Infrared low-intensity light that grooved their way in the remote control applications, mainly targeting consumer electronics. In that time, the Red light was mainly used in the LED, however, in 2002 the experts succeeded in adding the White light to the LED semiconductor.

• The LED underwent through a number of tests and experiments and evolved over the years, however, recent LEDs come with different wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet, visible, to infrared wavelengths, producing light with high brightness.

The efficiency by which the LED converts electricity into the light is remarkable which makes it an ideal choice in the computer chip technology, adding an extra layer of both efficiency and robustness.

Note: The LED is not symmetrical in nature, allowing current to flow in one direction only.

LED Working Principle

LED is mainly comprised of four parts known as die, substrate, phosphor, and lens. The die is a semiconductor material containing gallium nitride (GaN) that emits blue light when the electric current passes through it. In order to provide easy integration of LED, one or two dies are used in combination with the substrate, generating enough power to light up the LED.

• White light is mainly preferred over blue one in general lighting applications where the desired color is produced using phosphor.

The blue light, emitting from the die, will generate white light once it hits phosphor particles.

• It is important to note that the phosphor can be applied to die material both ways: directly or layered with the lens material that either extracts or directs the light and mainly comes with silicon or glass.

The LED, more often than not, generates monochromatic light ranging from red to blue and violet.

• Traditional LEDs are formed using inorganic semiconductor materials including aluminum, gallium, silicon, indium, and zinc that produce a different color based on the type of material used: aluminum gallium phosphide produces green color, while aluminum gallium nitride and aluminum gallium arsenide produce ultraviolet and red light respectively.

The LEDs are also rated with respect to the voltage required to turn them on where red LEDs come with a maximum voltage rating of around 2.2V, while blue LEDs and white LEDs come with a voltage rating of 3.4V and 3.6V respectively.

Temperature Limitations

The LED never fails to satisfy the power consumption needs of a regular user, however, the use of this tiny component in a high temperature and pressure environment can make it highly vulnerable. Taking this point into consideration, some LEDs incorporate a heat sink on their interface, which prevents them from overheating and makes them an appropriate pick in conditions where high temperature is a major concern.

• A very high temperature can make the heat sink stopped working and put your LED in a total stall. Before you aim to use LED for your relevant project, make sure the temperature ratings match and resonate with the LED you are using.

Types of LEDs

LEDs are available in a variety of types. Some are preferred over others based on the nature of their applications. Following are some main types of LEDs.

High Power LEDs

LEDs are known as High Power LEDs if their power rating is greater than or equal to 1 Watt. They are mainly used for generating the maximum brightness. The input power required for these LEDs is very high, making them prone to heat dissipation.

Heat sinks are required to keep these LEDs cool and impede them from burning. Flashlights, spotlights, and automobile headlamps are some major applications of High Power LEDs.

RGB LEDs

It is widely used in many computer applications and comes with the ability to generate three lights, as the name suggests, red, blue and green. The color of these lights is controlled by using PWM (pulse width modulation). Both the duty cycle of PWM and the frequency used for generating the signal per second, prove to be handy for controlling all three colors.

SMD LED

SMD LED stands for Surface Mount Device LED. It comes in a special package with the ability to be mounted on the PCB surface. It can be easily categorized based on the physical dimensions. It works both ways: separately or in combination with a compatible device.

Thru-Hole LED

Thru-hole LED comes with two terminals leads that are embedded into the holes of the printed circuit board. They are available in a variety of different packages and shapes. Most common colors they come with are white, red, blue and green.

Why LED?

It is arguably correct, LED consumes 75% less power than normal incandescent without failing to produce the brightness with equal intensity.

Yes, buying it may make your budget bleed in the start as it features more costly as compared to regular halogen light, but it proves to be economical in the long run due to its high quality, longer life span and less power consumption.

LED Applications

The compact size of the LED makes it stand to fit in hard-to-reach places including ceiling lighting, cove lighting, tray, and cabinet lighting.

• Thanks to the robust nature of LEDs - without them, Landscape lighting would never be so easy and created flawlessly as it has been right now. The LEDs play a vital role in generating and optimizing the light beam angle at the desired distance and their ability to disguise any shape as per the nature of the environment they are incorporating in, helps them serve a real purpose, adding curated light layered with beauty using a single source.

Some of the digital clocks are developed using the LED interface. And the 7-segment LED display is a widely used student project that incorporates the array of LEDs in an organized manner.

• They are profoundly used in automotive industries, LCD panels, fiber optics data transmission, and remote control devices. While pointing out the sheer advantages of LEDs, we can't write off their value in advertising. They are mainly used to captivate the visitors - when placed in the advertising banner and tree decorated with a number of infrared lights will help in getting the instant attention of the customers.

That’s all for today. I have given you everything you needed to know about LED. If you are unsure or have any questions, you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestion, they help us provide you with quality work as per your needs and requirements so you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Thanks for reading the article.

Role of Technology in Business Development

Hey Fellas! Hope you are getting along with life pretty well. Today, I'll highlight the Role of Technology in Business Development. The latest technology is an increasing inevitability in business nowadays. As the time goes by, more and more businesses are leaning toward technology and there is nothing wrong to say that business and technology are two things impossible to separate from each other. It is also said by experts that business needs technology to be sustained in this fast-changing digital market.

Role of Technology in Business Development

Technology streamlines the way we execute business operations and both big and small businesses are now using the modern technology to complete a range of specific tasks and jobs. Every business is using technology in its own way to fulfill their specific needs and requirements. They use it to improve on efficiency, to increase overall production as well as to cut the business overheads down. Undoubtedly, integration of technology in a business can be expensive but it can benefit your business specifically. Here is how.

Link to the Global Village

Transportation, effective communication and many other things are involved with a business to make it a complex set of processes. Thankfully, technology has pushed businesses towards a new age of development. Now a business can easily access the global market to get more clients and customers for offered products and services. Now, anyone can do business anywhere even without leaving the bedroom just because of the technology. With help of high-speed internet and latest tech inventions, a business can market its products globally to enhance its customer base.

Employee Monitoring and Asset Tracking

Technology has made it easier for companies and business organizations to better manage and monitor their employees and track assets efficiently. Managers can keep an eye on employees by using CCTV camera in the workplace. On another hand, mobile cmms software enables a business to keep track of assets more effectively to streamline the business processes and operations effectually. There are numberless applications available that can track customer calls to help managers understand lag times for better team coaching to improve customer services. Customer relationship management software can also be used to keep track of sales and customer details in order to make communication better than before.

Enhanced Business Security

Data security is one of the major concerns when it comes to keeping your business away from data and privacy breach. As almost all businesses and companies are using computers and cloud storage to store business details and information, hackers can easily steal customer details and confidential business information by using a variety of different tricks. By using powerful firewalls and malware blockers, a business can prevent data and privacy breach to keep business data in safe hands. Strong CCTV cameras offer a powerful security layer to improve the overall business security.

Faultless Business Reports and Documents

There is no more need to calculate business figures or create documents manually because of the availability of accounting software and applications. Business financial reports are generated automatically on computers even on mobile devices to keep the business operations and functions running smoothly without facing the barriers of location and time. Most of the software and applications automatically generate and send the reports to authorities.

Increased Productivity

Heavy-duty computers, business software solutions, and mobile technology have amazingly increased overall employees' performance by allowing them to accomplish assigned business tasks in less time and spending fewer energy & efforts. A maintenance management business can enhance its productivity by letting the maintenance staff know what is reactive and proactive maintenance and how it can reduce downtime and asset failures. Business process automation is one of the great benefits of technology in business that allows a business to produce more in less time by spending fewer overheads.

Marketing

Production of high quality and best performing products is not enough for business success but you will need to market them as well in order to let customers know that what you are providing. In this era of latest technology and internet, it is very easy for businesses to promote their products and services globally using business websites and different social media platforms. Digital marketing is affordable these days even one can do it easily by having basic SEO and social media marketing skills. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn are widely used by businesses and companies not only to market their products but to stay in touch with customers 24/7. That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful as per your needs and requirements. If you are unsure or have any question, you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you the best way I can. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to Arduino IDE

Hey Guys! Hope you are doing well. Today, I'll discuss the detailed Introduction to Arduino IDE, where IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment - An official software introduced by Arduino.cc, that is mainly used for writing, compiling and uploading the code in almost all Arduino modules/boards. Arduino IDE is open-source software and is easily available to download & install from Arduino's Official Site.

In this post, I'll take you through the brief Introduction of the Software, how you can install it, and make it ready for your required Arduino module. Let's dive in and get down to the nitty-gritty of this Software.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to Arduino IDE

• Arduino IDE is an open-source software, designed by Arduino.cc and mainly used for writing, compiling & uploading code to almost all Arduino Modules.
• It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.
• It is available for all operating systems i.e. MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role in debugging, editing and compiling the code.
• A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.
• Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and accepts the information in the form of code.
• The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.
• The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code into the given Arduino Module.
• This environment supports both C and C++ languages.

How to Download Arduino IDE

You can download the Software from Arduino main website. As I said earlier, the software is available for common operating systems like Linux, Windows, and MAX, so make sure you are downloading the correct software version that is easily compatible with your operating system.

• If you aim to download the Windows app version, make sure you have Windows 8.1 or Windows 10, as the app version is not compatible with Windows 7 or older version of this operating system.
• You can download the latest version of Arduino IDE for Windows (Non-Admin standalone version), by clicking below button:

Download Arduino IDE

The IDE environment is mainly distributed into three sections

1. Menu Bar
2. Text Editor
3. Output Pane

As you download and open the IDE software, it will appear like an image below:

The bar appearing on the top is called Menu Bar that comes with five different options as follow

• File - You can open a new window for writing the code or open an existing one. The following table shows the number of further subdivisions the file option is categorized into.

• As you go to the preference section and check the compilation section, the Output Pane will show the code compilation as you click the upload button.

• And at the end of the compilation, it will show you the hex file it has generated for the recent sketch that will send to the Arduino Board for the specific task you aim to achieve.

• Edit - Used for copying and pasting the code with further modification for font
• Sketch - For compiling and programming
• Tools - Mainly used for testing projects. The Programmer section in this panel is used for burning a bootloader to the new microcontroller.
• Help - In case you are feeling skeptical about software, complete help is available from getting started to troubleshooting.

The Six Buttons appearing under the Menu tab are connected with the running program as follows.

• The checkmark appearing in the circular button is used to verify the code. Click this once you have written your code.
• The arrow key will upload and transfer the required code to the Arduino board.
• The dotted paper is used for creating a new file.
• The upward arrow is reserved for opening an existing Arduino project.
• The downward arrow is used to save the current running code.
• The button appearing on the top right corner is a Serial Monitor - A separate pop-up window that acts as an independent terminal and plays a vital role in sending and receiving the Serial Data. You can also go to the Tools panel and select Serial Monitor, or pressing Ctrl+Shift+M all at once will open it instantly. The Serial Monitor will actually help to debug the written Sketches where you can get a hold of how your program is operating. Your Arduino Module should be connected to your computer by USB cable in order to activate the Serial Monitor.
• You need to select the baud rate of the Arduino Board you are using right now. For my Arduino Uno Baud Rate is 9600, as you write the following code and click the Serial Monitor, the output will show as the image below.

• The main screen below the Menu bard is known as a simple text editor used for writing the required code.

• The bottom of the main screen is described as an Output Pane that mainly highlights the compilation status of the running code: the memory used by the code, and errors that occurred in the program. You need to fix those errors before you intend to upload the hex file into your Arduino Module.

• More or less, Arduino C language works similar to the regular C language used for any embedded system microcontroller, however, there are some dedicated libraries used for calling and executing specific functions on the board.

Arduino Libraries

• Libraries are very useful for adding extra functionality into the Arduino Module.
• There is a list of libraries you can check by clicking the Sketch button in the menu bar and going to Include Library.

• As you click the Include Library and Add the respective library it will be on the top of the sketch with a #include sign. Suppose, I Include the EEPROM library, it will appear on the text editor as

#include <EEPROM.h>

• Most of the libraries are preinstalled and come with the Arduino software. However, you can also download them from external sources.

Making Pins Input or Output

The digitalRead and digitalWrite commands are used for addressing and making the Arduino pins as an input and output respectively.

These commands are text sensitive i.e. you need to write them down the exact way they are given like digitalWrite starting with small "d" and write with capital "W". Writing it down with Digitalwrite or digitalwrite won't be calling or addressing any function.

How to Select the Board

• In order to upload the sketch, you need to select the relevant board you are using and the ports for that operating system.
• As you click the Tools on the menu, it will open like the figure below:

• Just go to the "Board" section and select the board you aim to work on. Similarly, COM1, COM2, COM4, COM5, COM7 or higher are reserved for the serial and USB board. You can look for the USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager.
• The following figure shows the COM4 that I have used for my project, indicating the Arduino Uno with the COM4 port at the right bottom corner of the screen.

• After correct selection of both Board and Serial Port, click the verify and then upload button appearing in the upper left corner of the six-button section or you can go to the Sketch section and press verify/compile and then upload.
• The sketch is written in the text editor and is then saved with the file extension .ino.

It is important to note that the recent Arduino Modules will reset automatically as you compile and press the upload button the IDE software, however, the older versions may require the physical reset on the board.

• Once you upload the code, TX and RX LEDs will blink on the board, indicating the desired program is running successfully.

Note: The port selection criteria mentioned above are dedicated to Windows operating system only, you can check this Guide if you are using MAC or Linux.

• The amazing thing about this software is that no prior arrangement or bulk of the mess is required to install this software, you will be writing your first program within 2 minutes after the installation of the IDE environment.

Arduino Bootloader

• As you go to the Tools section, you will find a bootloader at the end.
• It is very helpful to burn the code directly into the controller, setting you free from buying the external burner to burn the required code.

When you buy the new Arduino Module, the bootloader is already installed inside the controller. However, if you intend to buy a controller and put it in the Arduino module, you need to burn the bootloader again inside the controller by going to the Tools section and selecting the burn bootloader.

That's all for today. I hope I have given you everything you needed to know about Arduino IDE. If you are unsure or have any questions, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions, they help us provide you quality work so you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

Hey Guys! Welcome you onboard. Today, I'll discuss an important topic titled "Introduction to PWM". I will try to cover everything related to PWM i.e. PWM Definition, PWM generation, why we need PWM signals? how it is used in a variety of applications ranging from motors, heating systems, hydraulics, control valves, pumps etc. One important thing to mention here is "PWM can be applied on both AC and DC electrical signals". So, let's get started:

What is PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)?

As we all know, there are two main types of electrical signals i.e. AC and DC. Both of these signals are used as a power source for different types of electrical appliances. Now if we have a look at these electrical appliances, they operate at different voltage levels and may also need variable voltage supply(as in fan dimmers). So, there was a need to generate variable voltage supplies with minimal power losses, as other methods(i.e. step-down transformers etc.) dissipates energy and thus wasn't that effective. Different techniques were designed for achieving variable voltage levels and one of them is called PWM(abbreviation of Pulse Width Modulation), which is considered to be the most effective one.

• In PWM, we simply turn on and off our power supply at equal intervals and thus reduces the average power of the signal.
• As shown in the below figure(A), I have taken a 5V DC signal and divided it into three equal intervals, each interval representing one cycle.
• In figure(B), for each cycle, the power is ON for the first half, while it's OFF for the second half.
• So, we can say that we are simply switching our DC supply at equal intervals(in this case interval is 50%).
• If we perform this switching using a manual switch(which must be really slow), we will get 5V when the switch is ON and 0V when the switch is OFF, the circuit is shown in figure(D).
• But, if we replace this manual switch with an automatic switch(i.e. Mosfets, IGBTs, FETs etc.), we can achieve fast switching in the range of nanoseconds.
• This fast switching of the electrical signal will reduce its average power but the output will remain continuous and for the 50% ON/OFF cycle, the output of 5V signal will be around 2.5V, as shown in figure(C).
• In figure(C), the output signal is shown in blue color, which is of 2.5V but the actual PWM signal is switching ON/OFF and shown in orange color.

• The percentage for which signal remains in ON state in one cycle is called the duty cycle(we will discuss it in detail later).
• In the above example, the duty cycle of the PWM wave is 50%, that's why its output is exactly half, as we are turning it OFF for the remaining 50%.

Now let's have a look at a proper definition of pulse width modulation:

PWM Definition

• PWM(short for Pulse Width Modulation) is a modulation technique, used to step down the voltage level(average power) of electrical signals(both AC & DC) by varying their width(ON duration) using fast-switching.
• If a voltage source is

PWM in DC Signals

Suppose, we have a 12V DC power supply but we want to control a DC load of 5V, let's say RGB LED, as shown in the below figure. Circuit A has a manual switch in it, if we quickly turn ON and OFF this switch at equal intervals, we will get either 12V or 0V at the output and the LED will also turn ON or OFF and there's a chance it may burn out. But if we replace this manual switch with an automatic switch i.e. transistor(as in Circuit B), then we can achieve accurate and fast switching. This fast switching will be doing the same thing i.e. turning ON and OFF the electrical signal but it will be doing this switching in nanoseconds, which will reduce the average power of the electrical signal but the output will remain continuous. So, if the transistor is ON and OFF for an equal amount of time, then the output signal will reduce from 12V to 6V and the LED will glow. But if you want to be precise and want to generate an exact 5V output, then we have to further decrease the ON period of the transistor, which will reduce the output in turn. The two main factors of PWM are:

1. Switching Frequency.
2. Duty Cycle.

Switching Frequency

The frequency(or rate) at which the transistor is operating is termed as switching frequency. Normally microcontrollers are used to generate the PWM pulse but in small circuits, 555 Timer is also used. A normal 8-bit microcontroller can generate a PWM pulse ranging from 4MHz to 80MHz, let's say if we are generating a PWM pulse of 20MHz:

t = 1/f

t = 1/20MHz

t = 0.066us

So, the time period of a single PWM pulse is 0.066us, that's how fast it's switching.

Duty Cycle

In one cycle of PWM pulse, the ON period of pulse is termed as duty cycle. So, if the transistor is switching at 50%. If you have ever worked on a DC Motor, you must have noticed that its speed varies as we change its input voltage. If I am working on a 12V DC motor and it's rotating at 500RPM(let's say), so if I reduce its voltage from 12V to 6V, its RPM will reduce from 500RPM to 250RPM(ideally). In the PWM technique, electrical signals are passed through a fast switching device(i.e. FETs, MOSFETs, IGBTs etc.), these transistors are programmed to chop off the electrical signal at equal intervals. PWM is a process mainly used for getting an analog signal using a digital source.

• It is nothing but a controller that controls and handles the input current applied to the load.

The PWM varies between high and low values where the high value indicates, 5V is applied and the low value indicating the ground signal is applied to the load. Note: Not necessarily, the upper-value corresponds to 5V, it can be any value based on the voltage at which load operates. I have mentioned 5V just to give you an idea of how the PWM switches between high and low values.   The PWM works like a controlled switch that mainly handles the current being delivered to the load. When the switch is off, it will indicate no current is available for the load and when a switch is On, it means the power is delivering to the load with no voltage drop. PWM controllers are mainly used where we need to keep the power losses minimum by providing the power to the load in pulses instead of continues manner.

• PWM technique can be easily defined in terms of duty cycle and the frequency it takes to repeat the duty cycle per second. The duty cycle highlights the amount time the signal switches between ON and OFF position. It is described in percentage. If the signal remains ON half of the total duty cycle and remains OFF in another half, then the duty cycle will be 50%.

The following figure shows the duty cycle in terms of percentage that mainly relates the ON and OFF digital signal on the waveform.

• The PWM controls the duty cycle of the signal which consequently controls the speed of the motor.

If the frequency of the duty cycle is 50 Hz, it means 50 duty cycles are completed per second, terming the ratio how fast it regulates between high and low values.

• The frequency requires for PWM process will vary as per the nature of the applications. Some require fast duty cycle for controlling the load at a faster pace while some need a low duty cycle in order to keep the process smooth and away from power losses. More often than not, the response time of the load sets the pathway for the frequency required for the PWM.

It is important to note that the motor speed is directly proportional to the duration of the duty cycle at which the signal remains turned ON. The longer the duration of ON signal, the faster the motor terminals will rotate similarly OFF duration will lead to the slow speed of the motor.

• Using PWM for controlling the motor has a leg over the simple varying the analog signal to the motor. As the analog signal applies the power to the motor with continuous variation, failing to keep the motor terminals completely OFF or ON, as a result, power loss occurs during this process, however, PWM delivers the power in pulses that keep the motor terminals either in fully ON or OFF state.

LED Example

Controlling the RGB LED is a perfect example for understanding the concept of PWM. By varying the amount of duty cycle of each color and playing around with their brightness will give a specific color every time. Avoid adjusting the duty cycle with the same magnitude for every color, doing this will give a white light. If you are applying red light with 10% duty cycle at 2 MHz speed, then most of the time red light will appear OFF as you see. Yes, it will turn on for the small amount of time but it appears as it is not taking part in the flash created by RGB LED. Similarly, applying red light with 10% duty cycle at 100 MHz will increase the contribution of the red light in the LED as it will turn on will greater pace as compared to applying it with lower frequency.

Computer Motherboard

The computer motherboard is another example that requires PWM signals for its fan to be running with the power pulses. If power is given continuously without PWM, it may cause a severe harm to the board, as the board will run with full speed without any pause. Pulses of power keep the board in a constant loop, where power signals are given in quick successions that keep the fan running. If you buy a new computer, you may notice a 4 pin PWM header is added in the fan that controls the cooling process of the board. The point worth mentioning here is that the PWM generated with sloped duty cycle is preferred over generating it with a flat one. As the later one is more vulnerable to creating a clicking sound when the fan runs at low speed. Similarly, when the duty cycle approaches 100%, the fan will run with full speed, creating an unpleasant ticking sound. In order to alleviate the bothering sound, some quality fans come with IC drive chips, allowing the fan to run smoothly without creating any sound. You may need extra bucks for buying the quality PWM fans that not only retain the quality but also help in increasing the overall lifetime of the board.

Applications

• DC and Servo Motors
• Heating systems,
• Hydraulics
• Control valves,
• Pumps
• Telecommunication
• Computer applications

That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. If you are feeling dubious about PWM and how it works and the topic you may notice that I have left uncovered related to PWM, you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to the best of my knowledge. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable suggestions, so we keep coming back with quality content as per your needs and expectation. Thanks for reading the article. [PostWidget5

7 Reasons to Choose Satellite Streams for Live Streaming TV

Hi Guys! Hope you are doing well. I am back to give you a dose of valuable information as per your needs and demands. Today, I'll highlight the 7 Reasons to Choose Satellite Streams for Live Streaming TV. Let's dive in. Streaming services have provided millions of people around the globe with incredible opportunities for home entertainment. Gone are the days that you had to rely on a cable or satellite TV provider for your entertainment needs, not the mention the high setup fees and subscriptions, hardware installations, etc. With the advent of the internet, as well as advancements in streaming technology, the world now has a plethora of options to catch their favorite shows and get entertained on the go.

7 Reasons to Satellite Streams for Live Streaming TV

Though there is a myriad of ways to stream live television, using Satellite Streams has proven to be the most affordable and hassle-free way to enjoy the best of online television. This is a relatively new service that is redefining how online streaming works and bringing together a whole new experience as far watching TV over the internet is concerned. Here are a few compelling reasons why you should think about Satellite Streams every time you want to watch free live TV on your computer or mobile device.

1. Free with no ads

Rarely do you find a streaming service available for completely free and shows no ads. In most cases, if the service is free, then you can bet that your viewing experience will be interrupted from time to time with ads. However, this is not the case with Satellite Streams. It is completely free with no ads, and this is one of the attributes that sets it apart for similar services on the internet. As such, you are guaranteed of enjoying your live stream for the entire duration without an ad popping up to disrupt you.

2. No registration required

When Satellite Streams claims to be free, it is truly free – you don’t even need to register in order to access the shows you desire to watch. Similar services, including those that are free but show ads, will always require you to create an account before you can access their content. Once you create the account, your inbox will begin to get flooded with all manner of marketing emails. But if you don’t desire to have such a hassle, then you have every reason to consider Satellite Streams for your live streaming needs. With this, all you need to do is open up the website on your browser and start enjoying your viewing. You don’t have to bother with feeling any forms, giving out your email or any other personal detail in the name of registration.

3. It is not geo-locked

You will notice that most of the live streaming services are locked to certain geographical locations based on IP addresses. It means that if you are in a place or a region where the service is blocked, you will not be able to access the content unless you use a workaround such as using a VPN. A good example is live streaming by most of the major television network such as CNBC or Fox News Live. With such, you will have to be in certain locations or territories of the United States and you will also need to have an active subscription in order to access the live streams. But the good news with Satellite Streams is that it is not restricted to any geo-location and irrespective of your current location on the surface of the earth, you will still manage to access its content. All you need is access to the internet and you will be good to go.

4. Superior picture and audio quality

As is always the case, when a service is free, you will expect the quality to be below average. But this is another sector where Satellite Streams completely outshines its competitors. The fact that it is free does not stop them from bringing the absolute best in terms of picture and audio quality. It will interest you to note that the streams you get from Satellite Streams are in full HD broadcasting, with the picture quality of up to 1080p. The sound is also crisp clear and since there is no signal drop-off, you are guaranteed of a quality experience, even when watching the high definition television channels available on the site.

5. You don’t need any hardware

With most of the streaming services available in the market today, there will always need to have an additional streaming device, which will then be connected to your TV set for you to start streaming. In most cases, the streaming device will come at a cost. However, you don’t have to worry about any extra hardware when you use Satellite Streams for your live TV streaming needs. You don’t even need to think about satellite dishes or antennas to help you get a clear reception. So long as you have a decent internet connection, nothing will come in your way of enjoying your favorite live streams from the site.

6. A plethora of quality channels

One thing you will find admirable about Satellite Streams is that it is literally a one-stop-shop for all your live streaming needs. You will find superior quality channels with a variety of streaming options with just one click of your mouse. Irrespective of your live streaming needs, you can rest assured that you will find more than you need with this service. Whether your interest lies in sports, cars shows, live news events, documentaries, home shopping or home entertainment, Satellite Streams always has something for everyone. Just learn how to navigate your way through the interface and you will discover how easy it is to find and locate quality live streams from the site.

7. Flexibility

The flexibility that Satellite Streams offers in terms of the number of devices or gadgets you can use to access your live streams is also something worth taking note of. If you have been a subscriber of on-demand streaming services such as Hulu or Netflix, then you know that at any given time, there is a limited number of devices you can use to access the service under the same account. This is usually limiting, especially when family members want to watch different shows that coincide at the same time. With Satellite Streams, however, this is of no concern at all since you are free to get the streams on multiple devices at the same time. Whether you want to watch on your laptop or you want to catch up with the live news events on your Smartphone on your way after work, you have the flexibility you need to enjoy just as much as you want. Hopefully, you now understand why Satellite Streams is such an interesting service, especially during a period when TV subscription fees tend to be going through the roof. It has presented an awesome alternative to most of the streaming services, and unless you like binge-watching or following up on shows available on select networks or services, you will always have more than you need with Satellite Streams. Given that it is a free service which avails so much, it is your time to enjoy while it still lasts. Perhaps, the only challenge you may face is with the internet connections since you may not get a very good experience if you have a weak link. Additionally, we don’t know when the service will start asking for subscriptions, but for now, you can enjoy the live streams without a worry in the world. That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. You are most welcome to approach in the comment section below for any query. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to Arduino Micro

Hey Guys! Hope you are getting along with life pretty well. Welcome you onboard. Today, I'll unlock the details on the Introduction to Arduino Micro. It is a Micro board, based on the ATmega32U4 microcontroller and comes with built-in USB, making it easily compatible with the computer. Arduino Micro, as the name suggests, is the smallest board in the Arduino Community. It is comparable to its counterparts like Arduino Nano and Arduino Promini. In this tutorial, I'll discuss each and everything related to Micro board including its main features, pinout, pin description, the software used and applications. Let's dive in and explore everything you need to know about this tiny board.

Introduction to Arduino Micro

• Arduino Micro is the smallest board in the Arduino Community and is mainly based on the ATmega32U4 microcontroller.
• It contains a built-in USB on the tiny easy to integrate interface, that helps in laying out a prompt connection with the computer.
• Don't get into the illusion of performing complex functions that require more memory space, as this little toy comes with flash memory around 32 KB while EEPROM and SRAM are 2.5 KB and 1 KB respectively, still enough to wet your technical appetite.
• The maximum length and width of the Micro PCB are 4.8cm and 1.77cm respectively, however, with the attached USB port the dimensions will slightly be larger than the given parameters, exceeding from the edge of the PCB layout.
• Breadboard compatibility makes this device easy to use for getting a hands-on experience before incorporating it in the relevant project with all prerequisites.
• You can download Arduino Micro Datasheet by clicking below button:

Download Arduino Micro Datasheet

• The ATmega32U4 microcontroller available on the board features UART communication with TX and RX pins.
• The Micro board incorporates resettable poly-fuse that that is mainly used for securing computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent by providing an extra layer of protection.
• If the current escalates from the required value to the USB port, the fuse will jump in and work as an emergency switch, breaking the connection between the board and computer. It is advised to keep the provided current to the USB port under 500mA.

1. Arduino Micro Features

If you are aiming to pick this Arduino module for your relevant project, it is advised to get a hold of its features in order to avoid any hassle in future. The following figure shows the main features of Arduino Micro.

Microcontroller	ATmega32U4
CPU	8-Bit
Digital I/O Pins	24
PWM Output	7
Analog Input	12
Flash Memory (Program Memory)	32 KB
SRAM	2.5 KB
EEPROM	1 KB
Input Voltage	7-12 V
Operating Voltage	5 V
Oscillator	up to 16 MHz
Software Used	Arduino Software (IDE)
Reset Button	Yes
ICSP Header	Yes
USB Port	1
UART (Serial Communication)	Yes

• Serial communication along with SPI and I2C communications are available on the board. The physical reset button is added that helps to stop the running function and puts the controller in the initial condition from where it takes and implements the stored information from scratch.

2. Arduino Micro Pinout

Following figure shows the Arduino Micro Pinout diagram.

• You may have heard, at times, tiny things work wonders. Same is true with this module. It is nothing but a technical peripheral device with a number of features laid out and housed in one package.
• Still, as I have mentioned earlier, it operates perfectly if you plan to design the simple project that requires less memory space. Arduino Due and Arduino Leonardo are preferred to meet your technical needs if your project requirements are complex and require more memory space in order to design and drive automation in the relevant project.
• The built-in USB communication on the board removes the need for a secondary processor and helps it to appear to a connected computer as a keyboard and mouse, in addition to a virtual (CDC) serial / COM port.

3. Arduino Micro Pin Description

Until now, you have got a brief overview of this device and how this module can be a good fit for your project. In this section, I'll discuss the pin description with images, you can easily grab the idea what are the major functions associated with each pin. Let's get to the point.

Analog Input

There are 12 analog inputs on the board. You can see them in the figure below.

Communication Protocols

Communication protocols like serial, SPI and I2C are incorporated on the board. You can see them highlighted on the figure below.

PWM Output

Seven pins are used for PWM output purpose. It is a process for getting analog results with digital means. You can see PWM in the figure below.

Power Source

The 5V is a voltage at which board operates while 3.3V is the operating voltage of each pin. The Vin is the input voltage that ranges between +7 to +12 V and is a  voltage from the external power source, not from a USB port. There are two ground pins on the board. The AREF predicts the Analogue reference voltage that helps to inject the Arduino a reference voltage from an external power supply. You can see the power source in the figure below.

External Interrupt

PCINT are the external interrupts generated on any digital I/O pin. The following figure shows the pins on which external interpret can be generated.

ICSP Header Pins

ICPS head is added on the board and it stands for In-Circuit Serial Programming - A feature used for programming Arduino with another Arduino. And if USB port is not available, it comes out handy for connecting the board with a computer for uploading a sketch.

4. Programming

• Arduino Software, called IDE, is mainly used for programming the Arduino module and it works perfectly with common operating systems like Windows, Linux or MAC. You can download it from the Arduino site and it is compatible with all versions in the Arduino family.
• You are ready to use the software as you install it. Some simple LED programs are already available on the software so you can easily start working on the board and compile the default program with the intention you are getting the results on the fly.
• Built-in bootloader that comes with the board lets you off the hook from wresting your mind for compiling and burning the code using the external burner.
• Micro board features a serial peripheral interface (SPI) that is mainly used in the communication between the microcontroller and other peripheral devices such as shift registers and sensors. Two pins are used for SPI communication i.e. MOSI (Master Output Slave Input) and MISO (Master Input Slave Output) - they are used for sending and receiving the data by the microcontroller.
• The Serial Monitor is added in Arduino Software, that plays a vital role in transmitting textual data to or from the board.
• The TX and RX pins are used for serial communication where TX pin transmits the serial data while RX receives the serial data.
• The board is capable to perform I2C communication using two pins called SDA and SCL.

5. Difference between Arduino ProMini and Arduino Micro

• There is a little difference between Arduino ProMini and Micro board, however, peripherals on these boards are same.  The built-in USB in the Micro board proves to be a candid difference between two modules while Promini requires FTDI cable in order to generate USB power and communication to the board.
• The USB on Micro board can act as a number of ways: Keyboard or mouse, USB hard drive, USB to serial Converter and MIDI controller.
• The Arduino Pro Mini incorporates ATmega328 microcontroller while Arduino Micro comes with ATmega32U4. Flash memory is the same on both modules however, SRAM differs slightly with 2KB on the ProMini and 2.5 KB on the Micro board.
• Last not least, the Arduino Pro Mini features 2 hardware interrupts while the Micro board comes with 5 hardware interrupts.

6. Arduino Micro Projects and Applications

Arduino micro comes with a wide range of applications with the ability to groove in hard to reach places. It offers a high number of connections with a minimum interface. The outstanding ability of this board to disguise keyboard or mouse while connected with a computer makes it an ideal choice for many computer applications. You can use this board for the development of the following projects.

• USB Joystick
• Electric Bike
• Windows PC lock/unlock application
• Creating wireless keyboard
• Automatic Pill Dispenser
• USB Trackpad
• Water Level Meter

There is a list of projects you can create but I have mentioned a few of them to give you an idea what this tiny thing can help in designing a product ranging from embedded, automation to computer applications. That's all for today. I hope I have given you everything you needed to know about Arduino Micro. However, if you are unsure and consider something is left unsaid, making it difficult for you to grab the basic idea, you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you the best way I can. Keep your feedback and suggestions coming and help us create a quality content as per your needs and requirements. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to Arduino LilyPad

Hi Friends! Hope you are doing well. Today, I'll give you a detailed Introduction to Arduino LilyPad. It is an Arduino Microcontroller Board, based on ATmega168/ATmega328 and is introduced by Leah Buechley and SparkFun Electronics.

This board is mainly developed for e-textiles and wearables projects. As per the designed purpose, it can be attached to fabric, sensors, power supplies, and actuators. You may need a conductive thread for joining this board with the required object.

In this post, I'll try to cover each and everything related to Arduino LilyPad, what is this about and how it is used for the development of desired projects. Let's jump right in and get down to the nitty-gritty of this board.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	Arduino Lilypad	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to Arduino LilyPad

• Arduino LilyPad is an Arduino Main Board that is mainly designed for e-textiles and wearables projects and is based on the Atmega168/Atmega328 microcontroller.
• LilyPad is nothing but an Arduino-programmed microcontroller and works similar to other Arduino boards available.
• It comes in a round shape unlike other Arduino boards so that it could fit easily in wearables.
• However, the ability of this board to be sewn down with the fabric or sensor through conductive thread puts it ahead and stands out of the boards available in the Arduino community.
• There are 22 wide open pin-holes, appear around the edge of the whole rounded shape that is mainly used for the connection with the fabric and sensor through a conductive thread.
• Out of these 22 pinholes, one is reserved for +5V, and one for ground.

• The LilyPad Arduino incorporates 6 analog inputs that can also be used as digital I/O. They are marked as A0 through A5 on the board, providing 10 bits of resolution. It is important to note that, the analog inputs measure from ground to 5 volts, however, the upper end of their range can be modified using the analogReference() function.
• The board contains 14 digital pins that can be employed as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions.
• Like other boards in the Arduino, this Pad is programmed by Arduino IDE - an official software mainly used for programming the Arduino Boards, that is developed by Arduino.cc
• The board comes with a wide voltage range and operates anywhere between 2.7 V to 5.5 V. The pins on the board come with the ability to control and handle the input or output of the attached device.
• There are two ways to keep your Pad null and void: increase the operating voltage above 5.5 V or plug the power in reverse order.
• As I mentioned earlier bootloader is used for storing the code and burning it on the board, however, you can also bypass the bootloader and program the ATmega328 using ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.

Arduino LilyPad Features

Following are the main features of the Arduino LilyPad.

Microcontroller	ATmega168 or ATmega328V
Digital I/O Pins	14
Analog Input Channels	6
PWM Channels	6
Crystal Oscillator	8 MHz
Flash Memory	16 KB (of which 2 KB used by bootloader)
Bootloader Memory	Out of 16KB in the Flash Memory, 2KB is reserved for Bootloader
SRAM1 KB	1 KB
EEPROM	512 bytes
Operating Voltage	2 to 5 V
DC Current per I/O Pin	40 mA
Internal pull-up resistor	20 kO

Arduino LilyPad Pinout

• Arduino Lilypad Pinout is shown in the below figure:

• There is a candid difference between external interrupt pins and PCINT pins. Former is the dedicated hardware pin used for generating the interrupt while later is the interrupt that can be created on any digital I/O pin.
• There are 6 PWM tabs on the board, shown by the dashed lines on the pinout image above. These PWM pins can also be used as digital I/O pins.

How to program Arduino LilyPad?

You can layout the LilyPad connection by following the given steps.

• Be careful while connecting the power and ground pins of the board. The +5V power must be connected to the positive tab on the board and the ground tab of the board should be connected to the ground of the power source. The reverse connection can cause severe damage to the board and in a worst-case scenario, your board may stop working all at once.
• There are two ways to generate a regulated +5V power source: Using a +5V pin of the Mini USB Adapter or employing another 2.7-5.5V power source using a Lithium rechargeable battery.

The following figure shows the LilyPad connection with Mini USB Adapter:

• You can see the two circular tabs on the board marked as TX and RX that are mainly used in two ways: For uploading new sketches to the board and establishing a serial communication with other devices.
• Apart from using your own power supply, you can also use Mini USB Adapter or Arduino NG board for connecting the Pad with the computer.

The following figure shows the connection of the Arduino UNO with LilyPad:

Note: Don't forget to remove the ATmega8 or ATmega168 from the NG before connecting it with the LilyPad. You can use alligator clips and jumper wires for connecting the +, -, TX and RX tabs on the LilyPad with the corresponding pins on the NG board.

Applications

• LilyPad is really very handy for e-textile and wearable products, because of its small size.
• Arduino Lilypad is used in IoT products and embedded projects as well.
• The circular tabs covering the whole Pad at the edge are mainly used for the connection between Pad and wearable products.

That's all for today. I hope this read has succeeded in grappling your attention and resonated with your field of interest. If you are feeling dubious in any area of the information related to the Pad that I have left unfolded, you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to the best of my expertise. Keep visiting us for valuable information related to engineering and technology. Thanks for reading the article.

How to use digitalWrite Arduino Command

Hey Friends! Hope you are doing well. Today, I'll discuss the details on How to use digitalWrite Arduino Command. The digitalWrite command in Arduino is used for writing the status of the digital Pin. The Pin assigned to this command must be an OUTPUT pin so that it can transfer data to other components like LEDs, motors, and actuators and use them as per your needs and requirements. Arduino boards have always been a great choice for both experts and newbies, as they come with built-in peripheral functions, and no need of external components is required to drive automation and develop some basic functions on the relevant project. Basic Arduino Software is used as a compiler and no separate burner is required to burn the required code into the board. You can simply plug the board with the computer through a USB cable and burn and compile the program by a single click on the software.

How to use digitalWrite Arduino Command

• digitalWrite Arduino Command is used to write the status of digital Pins, and can make them either HIGH or LOW. The Pin needs to be an OUTPUT Pin.
• We are working on Arduino UNO, that comes with 14 digital I/O pins and 6 analog pins. You can set these pins as an input or output using pinMode based on your technical requirements.

• These pins are labeled as 0 to 13 on the board including two serial pins called Tx and Rx appearing at the start and marked as 1 and 0 pins respectively.

• We set Pins as an INPUT when we want to read or receive data from some component like sensors. And making pins as an OUTPUT will require a digitalWrite function to write or send data to the required device like LEDs, motors etc.
• When any pin is set an as OUTPUT using the pinMode Arduino Command, it will appear as HIGH or LOW depending on the voltage applying on the pin. For voltage above 3.3V it will appear as HIGH and for GND (ground) it will appear as LOW on the software.
• Before connecting an LED to pin, make sure to set pinMode as OUTPUT when you call the digitalWrite function, otherwise LED won't be flashing with clear bright light.

Syntax for digitalWrite Arduino

• Here’s the syntax used for digitalWrite Arduino command:

digitalWrite(pin, value);

where:

• The "pin" defines the Arduino pin number used. It has to be an OUTPUT Pin.
• And "value" defines if the pin will be HIGH or LOW.
• For example:

digitalWrite(8, HIGH);

Note: 

• It is worth mentioning here that digitalWrite command doesn’t store or return any value unlike most of the commands used in Arduino that help in storing some value.

Difference between analogWrite and digitalWrite

Both terms analogWrite and digitalWrite are used for same purpose i.e. sending data from Arduino, but:

• The former is used to send data in analog form i.e. 0V - 5V.
• The later only defines the HIGH and LOW value of the desired pin where HIGH is an indication, pin is getting 5V and LOW is an indication pin is set to ground or zero voltage.

That's all for today. I hope you have found this article informative. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to the best of my expertise. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestion - they help us provide you quality work so you keep coming back every now and then. Thanks for reading the article.

How to use pinMode Arduino Command

Hi Friends! Hope you are doing well. In this post, I'll uncover the details on How to use pinMode Arduino Command. The pinMode defines the Arduino Pins, if they are used as an input or output. The INPUT_PULLUP is another option achieved by pinMode, that is mainly used to place a virtual pull-up resistor to the input pins. We have started Arduino Tutorials for Beginners quite a while now for the newbies, who are really interested to get a hands-on experience with Arduino. Generally, Arduino is known as a Microcontroller, but it is a step ahead of it. The PIC microcontrollers require some basic circuit to start with but Arduino brings revolution in the automation industry by removing the need of developing any basic circuit. Although Atmega328 is the Microcontroller used in Arduino UNO. Also, the burner is required to burn the program in PIC Microcontrollers, while there is no need to connect separate burner with the Arduino - simply plug it with the computer through a USB cable and start playing with it. In this tutorial, we will thoroughly discuss what is pinMode and how to use it in the Arduino module. Let's jump right in and explore what is this about and everything you need to know.

How to use pinMode in Arduino

• The Arduino Board comes with GPIO (general purpose input output) pins that can be used in two ways i.e. input, output.
• pinMode Arduino Command is used to define the operation of these Input/output pins, there are three types of modes that can be assigned using this command and are named as:
  • OUTPUT.
  • INPUT.
  • INPUT_PULLUP.

• There are 14 digital and 6 analog pins in the module that mainly depend on the pinMode for setting up their mode of operation as an input or output.
• In this post we mainly discuss the Arduino UNO, that is based on ATmega328 microcontroller, however, you can use other modules like Pro Mini, Mega or Leonardo as per your needs and requirements. The pinMode works same in the module no matter what type of Arduino version you are using.

Syntax for pinMode Arduino

Here's the syntax for our pinMode Arduino command:

pinMode(pin#, mode);

where:

• Pin defines the Arduino pin number used.
• There are three types of modes that can be assigned to pins of Arduino, which are:
  • OUTPUT
  • INPUT
  • INPUT_PULLUP

Let's use Pin # 8 of Arduino and assign all possible modes to it:

pinMode(8, OUTPUT);

pinMode(8, INPUT);

pinMode(8, INPUT_PULLUP);

Note: 

• It is important to note that, unlike most of the functions used in the C code for Arduino module, this pinMode doesn't store or return any value.
• You have to use any one of these three modes at a time.

Modes of pinMode Arduino

• In the previous section, we have discussed the basic syntax of pinMode, and I hope you have pretty much got the basic idea behind it.
• The only thing worth mentioning here is the difference between INPUT and INPUT_PULLUP.
• So, here's a simple code where I have made Pin # 8 as an INPUT and read its status on Serial Monitor.

int Pin = 8;

int Status = 0;

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(9600);
  pinMode(Pin, INPUT);          
}

void loop()
{
  Status = digitalRead(Pin);       
  
  if(Status == HIGH)
  {
    Serial.println("HIGH");
  }

  if(Status == LOW)
  {
    Serial.println("LOW");
  }
 
}

• Let's have a look at the Serial Monitor:

• While taking the above image, Pin # 8 was in open state and we are getting just random values.
• We are getting these random values i.e. HIGH, LOW because our Pin#8 is neither connected to +5V nor GND.
• Arduino seems confused here, and we can remove this confusion by simply changing INPUT to INPUT_PULLUP.
• As we run the Serial Monitor, we will get something shown below:

• You can see how we are getting HIGH value only, while the pin is still in open state.
• We can conclude, when we have nothing on our INPUT pin then INPUT_PULLUP will make the pin HIGH.

Difference between Read and Write

There are two ways to send or receive data. You can either define the pin as an input that helps in reading the data from an external device like sensors. Or you can define pin as an output that helps in writing and sending a command to LEDs, motors or actuators for executing the desired functions.

• You must look at the How to use digitalRead in Arduino that will help you understand the read function of the board.

That's all for today. I hope you have found this post informative as per your needs and requirements and can easily use this pinMode Arduino Command. If you are feeling skeptical or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'll try and help you according to the best of my expertise. Thanks for reading the article.

How to Install Outdoor Projector for Maximum Effect

Hi Friends! Hope you are doing well. We always strive to keep you updated with valuable information as per your needs and demands so you keep visiting us quite often. Today, I'll uncover the details on How to Install Outdoor Projector for Maximum Effect. When you are in the middle of dealing with atrocities of life, you want a break that gives you both pleasure and relaxation at the same time. Putting yourself in a sheer peace differs from person to person, some love to fuel their car up and go for the long drive, other want to relax their muscles a bit and go for some game they love to play and some end up finding new ways of entertainment.

• Thanks to technology that has made things easy more than ever before and turned out to be a solution to almost every problem.

Most of the people, if not all, enjoy to glue with the TV screen and watch their favorite season or the movie they find interesting. Watching a new movie at the cinema is a bit of a whole new experience, but not everyone comes with a bunch of dollars to afford its cost. What if I tell, you can buy and install your own projector screen and enjoy the feel of cinema right from the comfort of your home. Yes, you heard that right. You can buy an outdoor projector and turn your yard into a full cinema. Installing a projector is not as easy as it looks and is not as difficult as it sounds. With few instructions beforehand, you can easily install and optimize the projector in your backyard.

How to Install Outdoor Projector for Maximum Effect

There are many things you need to be taken into consideration before picking the right projector that perfectly aligns with your needs. But don't you worry, I have covered everything up for you in the post: the place to pick the economical projector and how to tune it for getting the maximum results.

Temporary Arrangement

You need to put the whole setup at an optimal distance where you can watch the screen at the perfect angle. Figuring out the right projection angle and distance is a real task.

• It is advised to put and adjust the whole set temporarily at first so you can modify its location afterward in case the arrangement doesn't match with your glace.

Cooler or empty packaging boxes are the good pick to design a temporary solution where you can place whole nitty-gritty of the outdoor projector.

• Both the projection angle and distance vary from person to person, and it all depends on your interest. Some love to watch the screen with their neck little bit up with some distance and some like to watch the movie with their neck sitting at the angle of around 45 degrees.

Note: You must have a knack of playing with a bunch of wires while you set up the temporary arrangements because you gotta deal with a lot of them.

Permanent Arrangement

A wooden arrangement is preferable if you need a permanent solution. And an underground PVC pipe is perfect to house the number of wires. It saves you from the haunted look of messy wires and packs them all together in one place. By following simple steps you can design the permanent arrangement for your projector.

• Make a solid hollow wooden rectangle supporting two three splinters, exposing a flat surface. Also, make sure the final rectangle is a little bit larger than your projector, covering it from both sides.
• Grab the shovel and dig a small ditch for putting the PVC pipe that will contain the wiring to the unit.
• Never forget to cover the PVC pipe with some insulating material. Leaving it open will make it vulnerable to both forecast and birds.
• As I already mentioned, installing your own projector looks hectic at first, but you can do it by yourself. If you are open to spending some dollars to make things easy like a walk in the park, you can hire some handyman to get this task done.
• Now hunt down the perfect place in the yard that you feel comfortable sitting in and design the legs for the whole arrangement that stand fit and support it from all ends, making them titled will keep the whole platform sitting on shaky grounds.
• It is advised to paint the arrangement with the weatherproof material for making the whole platform secure and away from the hassle of nature.

You can learn more about outdoor projectors if you aim to buy the cost-effective ones. You must do a little bit research before making a final decision and picking a right one. Prior knowledge about projectors can save you a bunch of dollars at the start. I'm not referring to being tech-geek and getting way too much involved yourself in the overwhelming information spread across the web. But, make sure, you have some information about brightness, resolution and aspect ratio of the projectors and what are the main factors affecting them in the long run. That's all for today. I hope I have given you a brief overview on how to install the outdoor projector with maximum effect. If you are feeling unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to the best of my expertise. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestion, they help us provide you quality work as per your needs and expectations. Thanks for reading the article.