Lets see what happens

Introduction to L293D
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. L293D
Softwares:
  1. Proteus
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today I am going to given elaboration on Introduction to L293D. L 293D is basically a high current dual motor driver/controller Integrated Circuit (IC). It is able to drive load having current up to 1A at the voltage ranging from 4.5V to 36V. Motor driver usually act as current amplifier because they receive a low current signal as an input and provides high current signal at the output. Motors usually operates on this higher current. L-293D has to builtin H-Bridge driver circuits and is able to control two DC motors at a time in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction. It has two enable pins and they should be kept high in order to control the motor. By changing the polarity of applied signal motor can be rotated in either clockwise or counter clockwise direction. If L 293D enable pin is high, its corresponding driver will provide the desired out. If the enable pin is low, there will be no output. L-293D has different features including internal ESD protection, large voltage supply range, large output current per channel, high noise immunity input etc. L 293D plays a vital role in electronics era and has several different applications e.g relay drivers, DC motor drivers, stepping motor drivers etc. The further detail about L 293D motor driver/controller will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to L293D

L293D is basically a motor driver or controller. It has two builtin H-bridge circuits which are able to control two DC motors simultaneously in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction. It acts as an current high amplifier because it take low current signal at its input and provides higher current signal at the output in order to drives different load e.g stepper motor & DC motors. Its features include large inpu voltage supply range, large output current high noise immunity input signals etc. Its common real life applications include stepping motor drivers, relay drivers, DC motor drivers etc. L-293D motor driver/controller is shown in the figure given below.
1. L293D Pins
  • L-293D has sixteen (16) pins, having different individual functions.
  • All of these sixteen pins along with their serial no, are given in the table shown below.
2. L293D Pin Functions
  • L 293D each pin has different tasks to perform when they are in working condition.
  • The tasks assigned to each pin are given in the table shown below.
3. L293D Pinout
  • Pinout diagram of any device presents the pins configuration through a completely labelled diagram.
  • L293D pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.
4. L293D Packages
  • L-293D has two types of packages and both of them are PDIP (16).
  • Both of these packages along with their respective part number are given in the table shown below.
5. L293D Packages Dimensions
  • L 293D each package has he same dimensions.
  • L-293D packages along with their typical dimensions and SI unit are given in the table shown below.
6. L293D Logic Diagram
  • A logic diagram presents an internal logic followed by an equipment.
  • L293D logic diagram is shown in the figure below.
7. L293D Functional Block Diagram
  • Functional diagram of a device shows the steps followed by that device in order to perform some action to give output.
  • L-293D functional block diagram is shown in the figure below.
8. L293D Ratings
  • Before using any equipment we must know about its ratings i.e. its power requirments that how much power will it consume.
  • I have provided the current, power and voltage ratings of L 293D motor controller/driver.
  • All of the ratings associated with L-293D are given in the table shown below.
9. L293D Features
L-293D has several features including:
  • High output current up to 1A/channel.
  • Wide voltage supply range ranging from 4.5V to 36V.
  • Peak output current up to 2A/channel.
  • Internal Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) protection.
  • A separate input supply.
  • Inputs having large noise immunity.
10. L293D Applications
L293D has a lot of applications including:
  • DC motor drivers.
  • Relay drivers.
  • Stepper motor drivers.
  • Two phase motor driver, block diagram of L 293D application for two phase motor is given in the figure shown below.
In the tutorial Introduction to L293D, I have shared all the necessary details about L 293D motor controller/driver which includes its pinout diagram, applications, features, functional and logic diagram, packages etc. Let me know if I have missed something. If you have any issues you can find each kind of help regarding your issues. Our team is always available here to help you. In my upcoming articles I will share other informative IC's as well. Till then take care :)

Introduction to LM1458
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. LM1458
Softwares:
  1. Proteus
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to elaborate you about Introduction to LM1458. Lm 1458 is basically a general purpose dual Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) i.e. it consists of two internal amplifiers. The internal amplifiers has both common power supply as well as common biased network. This is done so that their operation remains dependent on each other. If the power supply and biasing is not common then they will be totally independent. LM 1458 is a device which is protected from short circuit and it requires no external components for the frequency compensation. LM 1458 is considered to be and ideal amplifier for voltage followers. This is due to its latch-up free operation and high common mode voltage range. LM 1458 has amazing features like short circuit protection, low power consumption etc. Lm-1458 has several different real life applications e.g. The further details about LM 1458 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to LM1458

LM1458 is a dual general purpose Operational Amplifier (Op-amp). Its has two builtin amplifiers having common power supply as well as common mode voltage. This condition is to make both of the amplifiers dependent on each other. LM 1458 has several amazing features. For example, low power consumption, lath-up free operation, short circuit protection etc. LM-1458 is shown in the figure given below.
1. LM1458 Pins
  • LM 1458 has eight (8) pins total, having separate individual function.
  • All of the eight pins are given in the table shown below in a periodic manner.
2. LM1458 Pinout
  • Pinout representation displays the configuration of all the pins, moreover it helps users for their better understanding.
  • LM-1458 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.
3. LM1458 Packages
  • LM 1458 has two different types of packages e.g. PDIP and SOIC.
  • I have provided both of these packages in the table shown below.
4. LM1458 Symbolic Representation
  • The symbol or a symbolic representation of a device shows the internal structure of that device.
  • LM 1458 symbolic representation is shown in the figure given below.
  • You can see from the above figure that LM 1458 has two builtin amplifiers named as A and B in the figure.
  • The inputs of the A amplifier are connected to pin no. 2 & 3 and its output is connected to pin no. 8.
  • The inputs of the B amplifier are connected to pin no. 5 & 6 and its output is connected to pin no. 8.
5. LM1458 Schematic Diagram
  • This diagram presents internal logic followed by a particular device.
  • LM-1458 schematic diagram is shown in the figure given below.
6. LM1458 Ratings
  • Rating is a feature of a device which tell the amount of voltage, current and power required for its normal operations under normal conditions.
  • LM 1458 ratings are given in detail in the table shown below.
7. LM1458 Electrical Characteristics
  • Several different electrical characteristics are associated with each of the deice which may vary from one device to another.
  • LM-1458 electrical characteristics are provided in the table shown below.
8. LM1458 Features
  • The basic and primary method to identify a device for a special purpose is to identify it from its features.
  • Features play a vital role in  the selection and rejection of a particular device.
9. LM1458 Applications
LM 1458 has several different real life applications, some of the are given below.
  • Comparator.
  • Summin amplifier.
  • Band pass filter.
  • Multi-vibrator.
  • Narrow band filter.
  • DC amplifier.
  • Integrator or differentiator.
The detailed discussion about Introduction to LM1458 was given in this tutorial. This section has covered all the important points regarding the basic use of LM 1458. If some information is missed let our team know to update this article. If you face any kind of problem you can ask us in comments anytime. Our team is 24/7 available here. I will share further informative tutorials later. Till then take care :)

Arduino Projects for Beginners
Departments:
  1. Electronics Engineering
  2. Mechatronics Engineering
Modules:
  1. Keypad 4x4
  2. LCD 20x4
Microcontrollers:
  1. Arduino Uno
Codings:
  1. Arduino C
Softwares:
  1. Arduino IDE
  2. Proteus
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to elaborate you, how to make Arduino Projects for beginners. Before gong into the detail of this tutorial first of all I would like to explain you a bit about Arduino. Arduino is an open source micro controller. A lot of help is available online so its user friendly hardware. Most of the students prefer to do work on this device. Arduino is a low cost high performance device. Due to its cost effectiveness and open source feature it is commonly available in the market these days. An amazing thing about Arduino is that students can take help online with a lot of examples regarding any of the task. There are thousands of Arduino projects are available online from beginner level to the major real life projects. Students can make their own projects without having a lot of programming experience. Arduino kits for the beginners are also available in the market now a days. These kit usually consist of an Arduino board, jumper wires, motors, LED's, sensors, relays etc. Arduino has a very wide of real life applications including automation, robotics, remote control, LED's, environmental sensing, Internet of Things (IoT), display, monitoring etc. Further detail about this tutorial will be given later.

Arduino Projects for Beginners

In this section of the tutorial Arduino Projects for beginners, I will elaborate you how to make basic and very simple projects using Arduino which will lead you to the better and better understanding of Arduino environment later. With the help of such a projects you will be much confident and will be able to make large projects too. So here I am going to share some of the basic and beginners level Arduino projects from my blog.
Arduino Basic Projects
In this section I will provide Proteus ISIS libraries for the different Arduino boards e.g. Arduino Nano, Arduino UNO, Arduino Mega 2560 etc and other different projects too. Here is the list of those projects.
  1. Getting Started with Arduino Software
  2. Arduino Library for Proteus
  3. Arduino UNO Library for Proteus
  4. Arduino Genuino Library for Proteus
  5. Arduino Lilypad Library for Proteus
  6. Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus
  7. Arduino Nano Library for Proteus
  8. Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus
  9. Arduino UNO PCB Design for Proteus
  10. Arduino Library for Seven Segment Display
  11. How to get .hex File from Arduino
  12. How to use Arduino Software Serial
  13. How to use Arduino Serial Flush
  14. How to use Arduino Serial Read
  15. Ultrasonic Sensor Library for Proteus
  • These are the very basic Arduino Projects, a student must go through all of these projects for the better understanding of the other projects.
  • Now, I am going to share all of the mini projects designed by our team using Arduino board.

1. A Simple Arduino LED Example in Proteus

In this tutorial I have shared an LED control example using Arduino UNO in Proteus ISIS. I have designed the circuit to control a single LED using Arduino in Proteus. First I have testes and verified the control of an LED using Arduino. After its successful testing I have designed another circuit in Proteus to control a bundle of LED using the Same Arduino board. You can also check the blinking of an on board LED attached to the pin 13 of Arduino board. I have provided the complete Proteus ISIS design and Arduino source code for your easiness.
  • You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

  • Download .rar file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

2. Circuit Designing of LCD with Arduino in Proteus

In this tutorial I have shared the design of a circuit for LCD interfacing with Arduino UNO in Proteus ISIS. I have used LCD here basically for debugging purpose in order to check whether the Arduino source code is in working condition or not. I have designed the Proteus simulation first and then I wrote source code in Arduino software. At the end after uploading .hex file in Arduino I have verified the code as show in the figure.
  • You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

  • Click on the button above and go through the detailed discussion.

3. Interfacing of Keypad with Arduino in Proteus ISIS

In this article I have elaborated the circuit designing of keypad with Arduino UNO. I have used 4*3 keypad. Keypads are most common in a lot of real life applications such as calculators, laptops, ATM machined etc. The functionality of keypad is based on matrix systems. I have interfaced Arduino UNO, LCD and keypad in such a way that the text is displayed on LCD with respect to the corresponding buttons pressed from the keypad.
  • You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

  • Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

4. Scrolling Text on LED Matrix 8*8 using Arduino in Proteus ISIS

This part of this tutorial will explain the design for scrolling text on LED matrix 8*8 using Arduino in Proteus ISIS. I have used an LED matrix. It is basically used to display long messages that we want to write on it. I have designed the complete circuit simulation in Proteus ISIS. Then I have written the Arduino source code. After uploading the code I have verified the results as well. They were absolutely perfect. Our team has done a lot of hard work to design this project. So, I have imposed a very lost on it that a student can easily buy this project even with his pocket money.
  • You can buy this project here by clicking on the button below.

Buy Simulation & Arduino Source Code

5. Ultrasonic Sensor Simulation in Proteus

This article presents the detailed discussion about the circuit designing for interfacing of SONAR with Arduino UNO. I have used the library for ultrasonic sensor whose link is given above. This sensor is very to interface using this library. I have shared three type of examples regarding ultrasonic sensor interfacing with Arduino in Proteus ISIS. These examples include ultrasonic sensor interfacing using buttons, as a proximity switch and as a switch. I have provided both Proteus simulation as well as Arduino source code.
  • You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

  • Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

6. Interfacing of Temperature Sensor 18B20 with Arduino

  The detailed discussion about circuit designing and interfacing of temperature sensor with Arduino UNO is given in this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners. I have used non-water proof temperature sensor. I have used an LCD as well to print the values obtained from the temperature sensor. We can get the values of temperature in Celsius using 18B20. There is a library for Arduino while interfacing 18B20 with it. I have shared that library too.
  • You can download the entire package containing both simulation and Arduino library for 18B20 here by clicking on the button below.

Download Library & Simulation

  • Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

7. Interfacing of Temperature Sensor LM35 with Arduino in Proteus ISIS

This section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, will provide you the discussion about the circuit designing of L35 interfacing with Arduino in Proteus. LM35 is a low cost sensor as compared to the other temperature sesnsors e.g. 18B20. I have designed the circuit in Proteus ISIS first and then I have written the code in Arduino software. After that I have tested the written code and verified the results. There were absolutely accurate. I have provided both simulation and code for free.
  • You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Code

  • Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

8. Interfacing PIR Sensor with Arduino

The detailed discussion about the interfacing of PIR sensor with Arduino is given in this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners. PIR sensor is designed for motion detection purposes. PIR sensor is a passive device and does not generate its own voltages and energy. I have provided the complete circuit diagram of PIR interfacing with Arduino as well as the source code in Arduino software. You can also read the detailed discussion here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

  • Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

9. Interfacing Flame Sensor with Arduino

In this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, I have given the detailed discussion about interfacing flame sensor with Arduino UNO. Flame sensor is designed basically fire detection purposes or you can say for temperature monitoring purposes. You have to set a threshold value and above that value an LED on the top of the sensor will be turn on as an indication. I have designed its Proteus ISIS simulation first. Then I have written its source code in Arduino software. I have uploaded the code in Arduino in Proteus and observed the results, they were quite accurate. You have to change the state of logic state from 0 to 1. As the state becomes 1 the sensor will start working and a corresponding test will be displayed on LCD. I have provided the complete simulation and source code for this project.
  • You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

  • Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

10. Interfacing NRF24L01 Sensor with Arduino

This section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, will give you the detailed discussio nabout the interfacing of NRF24L01 sensor with Arduino UNO. NRF24L01 is basically used for wireless communication between two different nodes.It operates on a frequency equal to WiFi frequency i.e. 2.4GHz. This sensor has a capability to send and receive data at the same time. I have provided Arduino library for NRF24L01, complete circuit diagram and Arduino source code for this project for free. You can easily design your own circuit with the help of this article.
  • You can download the entire simulation and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

  • Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

11. Interfacing RFID RC522 with Arduino

In this section I will elaborate you the method for interfacing RFID RC522 with Arduino. I have used a breadboard and jumper wires to make a connection between RFID RC522 and Arduino UNO. RFID RC522 is used in the projects where there is a need of wireless communication between laptop/PC and the micro controller. I have provide the pins configuration of Arduino as well as RFID RC522 sensor. I have also provided the library for RFID, a complete circuit diagram of in terfacing this module with Arduino as well as the source code to operate this module.
  • You can download the library, circuit diagram and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

  • Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

12. Control Servo Motor with Arduino in Proteus

This section of the tutorial Arduino Projects for Beginners, will provide explanation about control of a servo motor with Arduino in Proteus ISIS. Servo motor is commonly used in the projects where there is a need of high precision like CNC machines, robotics are such fields where high precised results are required. So, servo motors are the best option in such cases. I have designed a complete circuit for interfacing of a stepper motor with Arduino UNO in Proteus ISIS. I have provided the complete Arduino source code as well. After uploading the source code in Arduino you will be able to control the servo motor in Proteus ISIS.
  • You can download the complete simulation and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

  • Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

13. Home Automation Project using XBee and Arduino

In this tutorial I have explained all of the steps about making a home automation project using XBee and Arduino UNO. Now a says, since every thing is going under automation. So, I thought to design a pretty simple automation projects named as home automation project. Home automation project has the features e.g. you can control the entire appliances of the home from your PC or Laptop sitting anywhere in the world. This features required internet services. First of all I have designed the complete circuit as shown in the figure as well. I have designed the circuit to control the home using remote. I have written Arduino source code and after uploading the code in Arduino I have tested the projects and it was operating well. Our team has designed this project with a lot of hard work so we have imposed a very small amount of cost on it. Even a student can but this project with his/her pocket money.
  • You buy the complete simulation as well the Arduino source code here by clicking on the button below.

Buy Simulation & Arduino Code

14. GSM Based Home Security System using Arduino

In this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, I have explained all of the necessary steps to design a GSM based home security system using Arduino. Some of people are very conscious and they want to secure there houses at any cost. So basically this type of project is pretty suitable for them. I have designed a complete Proteus ISIS simulation for home security system using Arduino and GSM. Then I have written a complete Arduino Source code and after uploading it on the Arduino board in Proteus I have tested the results which were quite efficient and precise. This project took a lot of hard work and time. So, we have imposed a small amount of cost on it as well.
  • You can buy this project easily here by clicking on the button below, its not costly at all.

Buy Simulation & Arduino Code

This tutorial contains a detailed discussion of Arduino Projects for Beginners. I have a lot of basic Arduino projects. Some of them were free of cost and some projects are assigned with a small amount cost. I have tried to share different easy and moderate level Arduino projects. If you have any problem you can freely ask us. Me and my team is 24/7 available here to entertain you and to help you out in some good manner. I will share other informative and helpful tutorials in my upcoming articles. Till then, Taker Care :)

Introduction to PC817
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. PC817
Softwares:
  1. Proteus
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to PC817. PC-817 is also known as an optocoupler / optoisolator. It consists of Infrared Emitting Diode (IRED). This IRED is coupled to a photo transistor optically and not electrically. It is closed in a four (4) pin package. This package is usually available in two different forms. The first one is wide lead (Pb) spacing option and the second one is SMT gullwing lead form option. PC 817 has an internal LED and a photo transistor. The photo transistor's base becomes activate when LED throws light on it. The output obtained can be divided into two formats either common emitter or common collector. But the configuration is mostly common emitter. If the LED does not glow, transistor remains off and hence there will b no output generated by the optocoupler i.e. PC-817. PC 817 has different feature e.g. double transfer mold package, current transfer ratio, different CTR ranks available, RoHS comliant, lead (Pb) free etc. Its real life application includes noise suppression in switching circuits, programmable controllers, signal transmission between circuits having different voltages, signal transmission between different impedance etc.  The further detail about PC817 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to PC817

  • PC817 is a 4 Pin optocoupler, consists of an Infrared Emitting Diode (IRED) & photo transistor, which enables it optically connected but electrically insulated.
  • Inrared Emitting Diode is connected to first two Pins and if we apply power to it, then IR waves are emitted from this diode, which makes the photo transistor forward biased.
  • If there's no power on the input side, diode will stop emitting IR waves and thus photo transistor will reverse biased.
  • PC817 is normally used in embedded project for isolation purposes.
  • In my embedded projects, I place PC817 after Microcontroller Pins to isolate back EMF, in case of motor control etc.
  •  PC-817 has several applications e.g. noise suppression in switching circuits, input/output isolation for MCU (Micro Controller Unit). PC 817 is shown in the figure given below.
  • You can download PC817 Datasheet by clicking below button:
Download PC817 Datasheet  
PC817 Features
No. Parameter Value
1 Pin Count 4
2 Manufacturer Sharp
3 IRED 1
4 Forward Current 50mA
5 Peak Forward Current 1A
6 Reverse Voltage 6V
7 Power Dissipation 70mW
8 Collector Emitter Voltage 80V
9 Emitter Collector Voltage 6V
10 Collector Current 50mW
11 Collector Power Dissipation 150mW
12 Total Power Dissipation 200mW
 
1. PC817 Pinout
  • PC817 Pinout consists of four (4) pins in total, first two are connected with the Infrared Emitting Diode (IRED) while the last two are connected with Photo Transistor.
  • All of these four pins are given in the table shown below, along with their name & status.
 
PC817 Pinout
Pin No. Pin Name Status
Pin # 1 Anode Input
Pin # 2 Cathode Input
Pin # 3 Emitter Output
Pin # 4 Collector Output
 
  • PC817 Pinout diagram is shown in the figure below:
2. PC817 Packages
  • Different packages of the same device presents its models with some modifications or extra features.
  • PC 817 has four packages, displayed in below table:
 
PC817 Packages
No. Package Type Example
1 Through-Hole PC817X
2 SMT Gullwing Lead-Form PC817XI
3 Wide Through-Hole Lead-Form PC817XF
4 Wide SMT Gullwing Lead-Form PC817XFP
 
3. PC817 Symbolic Representation
  • Symbolic diagram presents internal structure and functionality of any device.
  • PC 817 symbolic representation is given in the figure shown below:
4. PC817 Features
  • The features of anything shows its ability to do something different and unique as compared to the others.
  • All of the amazing features associated in the PC-817 are shown in the table given below.
5. PC817 Ratings
  • Ratings of an equipment shows shows basically the operating conditions of that particular device,and they may vary from device to device.
  • The power, current and voltage ratings of PC 817 are given in the table shown below.
7. PC817 Applications
  • Any electronic device is usually known on the basics of its real life applications.
  • Real life applications are highly related to the popularity of a device.
  • some of the major real life applications of PC-817 are provided in the table shown below.
That was the detailed discussion on Introduction to PC817. This tutorial consists of all the important detail and information that a user must need to know before operating PC 817. If you have any problem regarding anything, you can ask us. We will help you to the best of our efforts. You can contact our team anytime you want to. I will share other amazing informative articles later. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to MAX232
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. MAX232
Softwares:
  1. Proteus

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to MAX232. It is an Integrated Circuit(IC) embedded in a single chip and acts as a voltage-level converter. MAX 232 is capable of converting 5V TTL Logic level to TIA/EIA-232-F level and can take up to +-30V input. It is normally used for the communication between microcontroller and Laptop/PC.

We can use MAX-232 to convert Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) voltage level to RS232 and vice versa. RS232 is the method of transferring data using serial communication. MAX 232 is a dual receiver or driver having a capacitive voltage generator to supply RS232 voltage levels from a single supply of 5V. Each receiver converts RS232 inputs to 5V either Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) levels. Whereas each of the drivers converts TTL or CMOS levels to RS232 levels.

RS232 receiver receives the input from the serial pins of the microcontroller. The receiver also receives the input from RS232's serial port and provides the output to the microcontroller's receiver pin. Four external capacitors are needed for MAX-232 and their values are ranging from 1uF to 22uF. MAX 232 has a lot of applications including battery-powered systems, terminals, modems, computers etc. Further details about MAX-232 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to MAX232

  • MAX232 is an integrated circuit (embedded in a single chip) designed by Maxim Integrated Products and acts as a Voltage Logic Converter i.e. it is used to convert TTL Logic level (Microcontrollers' COM Port) into TIA/EIA-232-F level(Laptop Serial Port RS-232) and vice versa.
  • It is used for the communication between a Microcontroller and a PC/laptop.
  • 9 Pin Serial Port on our Laptop works on RS232 Voltage Logic while our Microcontroller's Serial Port i.e. Tx, RX pins works on TTL Logic.
  • Suppose you are working on a PIC16F877A Microcontroller and you want to connect to the Serial Pins of your Laptop, then you have to place MAX232 in between.
  • In order to use MAX232, we have to design its small basic circuit in which we have to use 4 capacitors of 1uF, as shown in the below figure.
  • It has several different applications e.g. computer, modem, battery-powered systems etc.
1. MAX232 Pinout
  • MAX232 Pinout consists of 16 pins in total, the first 6 Pins are used to connect capacitors while the next 8 Pins are for serial port connections and the last two Pins are Power Pins.
  • All of the pins are given in chronological order in the table shown below.
MAX232 Pinout
Pin No. Pin Name Pin No. Pin Name
Pin # 1 Capacitor 1+ Pin # 9 R2 Out
Pin # 2 Capacitor 3+ Pin # 10 T2 In
Pin # 3 Capacitor 1- Pin # 11 T1 In
Pin # 4 Capacitor 2+ Pin # 12 R1 Out
Pin # 5 Capacitor 2- Pin # 13 R1 In
Pin # 6 Capacitor 4- Pin # 14 T1 Out
Pin # 7 T2 Out Pin # 15 GND
Pin # 8 R2 In Pin # 16 Vcc
  • A complete pin diagram along with animation and the real image of MAX 232, is shown in the figure below:
2. MAX232 Pins Functions
  • MAX 232 has 16 pins in total as I have told you earlier, some of the pins have common features and some have different ones.
  • The functions associated with all of the pins are provided in the table shown below.
3. MAX232 Schematic
  • The schematic diagram of a device provides help in understanding its internal functionality.
  • I have provided the labeled schematic diagram of MAX 232 as shown in the figure below.
4. MAX232 Packages
  • MAX-232 has three different types of packages SOIC (16), PDIP (16) and SOP (16).
  • All of the four packages are given in the table shown below.
5. MAX232 Package Dimensions
  • The dimensions of all of the MAX 232 packages are shown in the table given below.
 
6. MAX232 Ratings
  • The voltage, current and power ratings of any device display its power requirement i.e. how much voltage and current is required for its operation.
  • I have provided MAX 232's current, voltage and power ratings in the table shown below.
7. MAX232 Applications
MAX 232 has a lot of real-life applications, a few of which are given below.
  • Batter-powered systems.
  • Modem.
  • Terminals.
  • Computers.

So, that is all from the tutorial Introduction to MAX232. I hope you have enjoyed this tutorial. If you have any kind of problem, you can ask me in the comments any time you want to ask, without even feeling any sort of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also here to help you. I will explore further ICs in my later tutorial and will surely share all of them with you as well. So, till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to 2N3906
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. 2N3906
Softwares:
  1. Proteus
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to 2N3906. It is most common Positive Negative Positive (PNP) Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) available in the market now a days. 2N 3906 is specially designed for low power amplification purposes as well as for switching purposes. 2N 3906 is designed for low current, power and for medium voltages. It is capable of operating at moderately high speeds. The range of its collector current is form 10uA to 100mA. Further detail about 2N-3906 will be given later in this tutorial. Note:
  • You should download 2n3906 Datasheet by clicking below button:

[dt_default_button link="https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Components/2N3906.pdf" button_alignment="default" animation="fadeIn" size="medium" default_btn_bg_color="" bg_hover_color="" text_color="" text_hover_color="" icon="fa fa-chevron-circle-right" icon_align="left"]Download Datasheet[/dt_default_button]

Introduction to 2N3906

2N3906 is a PNP (Positive Negative Positive) BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor). The basic purpose of its design is to use it for switching applications and for general purpose amplification. It can operate at low currents, low power and medium voltages. 2N-3906 real life applications include television, home appliances, small load switch transistor having high gain, general purpose amplifiers etc. 2N 3906 is shown in the figure below.
1. 2N3906 Pinout
  • 2N-3906 has three pins in total i.e. emitter, base and collector.
  • All of the three pins along with their symbol are given in the table shown below.
2. 2N3906 Pins Configuration
  • A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
  • I have made a completely labeled diagram of 2N-3906 diode along with its animation.
  • The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of 2N 3906 is shown in the figure below.
3. 2N3906 Packages
  • 2N 3906 has two different type of packages 2N3906, 2N3906G, 2N3906RL1 and 2N 3906RLRAG.
  • Both of theses packages along with their dimensions and part number are given in the table shown below.
4. 2N3906 Schematic
  • The schematic diagram of a device helps us to understand its internal functionality.
  • I have provided the labeled schematic diagram of 2N3906 as shown in the figure below.
5. 2N3906 Ratings
  • The current, voltage and power ratings of any device shows its power requirement i.e. how much amount of current and voltage is sufficient for its operation.
  • I have provided 2N-3906 current, power and voltage ratings in the table shown below.
6. 2N3906 Applications
  • 2N3906 has a wide range of real life applications, a few of which are given below.
  • Small load switch transistor with high gain and low saturation voltage.
  • Suitable with television.
  • Good for the home appliances.
  • General purpose amplifiers.
  • Switching applications.
So, thats all from the tutorial Introduction to 2N3906. I hope you enjoyed this amazing tutorial. If you have any kind of problem, you can ask me in comments, any time you want, without even feeling a bit of hesitation. I will try me level best to sort out your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/7 available to help you out. I will explore further IC's and diodes in my upcoming tutorial and will share them with you as well for sure. So, till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to TL431
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. TL431
Softwares:
  1. Proteus
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to explain you about Introduction to TL431. TL 431 are programmable shunt regulator diodes having three terminals. Its a low temperature coefficient diode and can be programmed from reference voltage (Vref) up to 36V when it is attached to 2 external resistors. TL 431 has an impedance of 0.22 ohms and has a current range from 1mA to 100mA. In several different applications zener diodes can be replaced with TL 431 diode due to its efficiency. These applications include power supplies, Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) circuitry and digital voltmeters. TL-431 can either be used as positive or as negative voltage reference because it operates as shunt regulator. TL-431 has low output noise voltage. It is lead (Pb) free, halogen free and RoHS compliant. Further detail about TL 431 e.g. its features, characteristics and pin configuration will be explained later in this tutorial.

Introduction to TL431

TL431 is a shunt regulator diode and hence it can be used as either positive or negative voltage reference. It has a low output noise voltage. TL-431 can be replaced with zener diodes in many applications e.g. digital voltmeters, operational amplifier circuitry, power supplies etc. TL-431 is shown in the figure below.
1. TL431 Pinout
  • TL-431 has three pins in total i.e. Reference, Anode and Cathode.
  • All of the three pins along with their symbol are given in the table shown below.
2. TL431 Pins Configuration
  • A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
  • I have made a completely labeled diagram of TL 431 diode along with its animation.
  • The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of TL-431 is shown in the figure below.
3. TL431 Packages
  • TL-431 has two different type of packages SOT-23(3) and SOT-23(5).
  • Both of theses packages along with their dimensions and part number are given in the table shown below.
4. TL431 Schematic
  • The schematic diagram of a device helps us to understand its internal functionality.
  • I have provided the labeled schematic diagram of TL 431 as shown in the figure below.
5. TL431 Ratings
  • The current, voltage and power ratings of any device shows its power requirement i.e. how much amount of current and voltage is sufficient for its operation.
  • I have provided TL-431 current, power and voltage ratings in the table shown below.
6. TL431 Applications
There are a lot of applications associated with TL-431, a few of TL 431 real life applications are given below.
  • Voltage monitoring.
  • Comparator with integrated reference.
  • Adjustable voltage referencing.
  • Zener replacing.
  • Adjustable current referencing.
So, thats all from the tutorial Introduction to TL431. I hope you enjoyed this amazing tutorial. If you have any kind of problem, you can ask me in comments, any time you want, without even feeling a bit of hesitation. I will try me level best to sort out your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/7 available to help you out. I will explore further IC's and diodes in my upcoming tutorial and will share them with you as well for sure. So, till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to 1N4007
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. 1N4007
Softwares:
  1. Proteus
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to 1N4007. It is a PN junction diode. Diodes can be made by combining two different types of semiconductor e.g. P and N. PN junction is a junction formed between P and N types of semiconductors. You guys should also have a look at Introduction to 1N4148. 1N 4007 belongs to the series of 1NXXXX devices. Its an American standard numbering system standard used for semiconductor devices. This standard has been adopted globally now. In 1N 4007 the first part 1N indicates single junction semiconductor. 1N indicates 1 junction whereas N indicates the semiconductor diode. 4007 is the specific number to indicate the particular diode. From the electrical point of view, 1N 4007 is compatible with other rectifier diodes. The diodes belonging to 1N400X series can be replaced by this particular diode. They are normally used in Embedded Systems Projects. So, let's get started with 1N4007:

Introduction to 1N4007

1N4007 is a PN junction rectifier diode. These types of diodes allow only the flow of electrical current in one direction only. So, it can be used for the conversion of AC power to DC. 1N 4007 is electrically compatible with other rectifier diodes and can be used instead of any of the diode belonging to 1N400X series. 1N-4007 has different real life applications e.g. free wheeling diodes applications, general purpose rectification of power supplies, inverters, converters etc. You can download 1N4007 Datasheet by clicking below button: Download 1N4007 Datasheet
1. 1N4007 Pinout
  • 1N 4007 has two (2) pins in total i.e. anode and cathode respectively.
  • There are opposite charges on both of the pins, both the pins along with their name and charges are given in the table shown below.
2. 1N4007 Pins Configuration
  • A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
  • I have made a completely labeled diagram of 1N-4007 diode along with its animation.
  • The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of 1N 4007 is shown in the figure below.
 
3. 1N4007 Electrical Characteristics
  • The electrical characteristics may include reverse voltage, reverse current, forward voltage, forward current etc.
  • The different electrical characteristics associated with 1N-4007 is shown in the table given below along with their typical values and System International (SI) units.
4. 1N4007 Thermal Characteristics
  • The thermal characteristics may include power dissipation, thermal resistance etc.
  • Both of the above characteristics are provided along with their maximum values and SI units, in the table shown below.
5. 1N4007 Features
  • Features are basically the speciality of any device which shows that how this device is different from the other devices and how efficient is this!
  • The different features associated with 1N 4007 are provided in chronological order, in the table shown below.
6. 1N4007 Applications
1N4007 has a lot of real life applications in Embedded Systems, a few of the major application associated with the particular diode are given below:
6. 1N4007 Proteus Simulation
  • I have designed a simple 1N4007 Proteus Simulation in which I have shown both of its states.
  • This 1n4007 Proteus Simulation is shown in below figure:
  • In the above figure, you can see both states of 1N4007 i.e. Forward Biased and Reverse Biased.
  • In Forward Biased state, its allowing the current to pass through it and that's why LED is ON.
  • While in the Reverse Biased state, !N4007 is in open state and that's why LED is OFF.
So that is all from the tutorial Introduction to 1N4007. I hope you enjoyed this exciting tutorial. If you face any kind of problem you can ask me in comments anytime you want, without even feeling any sort of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/ available to entertain you. I will explore further IC's in my upcoming tutorials and will surely share them with you as well. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to LM358
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. LM358
Softwares:
  1. Proteus
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to LM358. LM-358 consists of two independent high gain frequency compensated operational amplifier. They are specially designed to operate from a single supply or split supplies over a wide range of voltages. LM-358 have lot of amazing features associated with them. These features include wide supply ranges, low supply current drain, independent of supply voltage, wide unity gain bandwidth, ground includes I common mode input voltage range, low input bias, open loop differential voltage gain, internally frequency compensation etc. LM 358 has a lot real life applications e.g. Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) circuits, transducer amplifiers, DC gain blocks etc. LM-358 is available in as small size as chip. It is most commonly used device due to its cost efficiency. [otw_is sidebar=otw-sidebar-7]

Introduction to LM358

LM 358 consists of two independent high gain frequency compensated Operational Amplifier (Op-amp). These are designed for the operation of this device from single supply or split supplies for a wide range of voltages. LM-358 real life applications include DC gain blocks, active filters, transducer amplifier, Op-amp circuit design etc. Further detail about LM 358 will be given later in this tutorial.
1. LM358 Pinout
  • LM 358 has eight (8) pins in total having different individual functions associated with each of them.
  • All the pins along with their sequence number are given in the table shown below.
2. LM358 Pins Configuration
  • A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
  • I have made a completely labeled diagram of LM-358 diode along with its animation.
  • The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of LM 358 is shown in the figure below.
3. LM358 Packages
  • LM 358 has four (4) different type of packages DSBGA, PDIP, TO-CAN and SOT-23(5).
  • All of theses packages along with their dimensions and part number are given in the table shown below.
4. LM358 Symbolic Representation
  • Symbolic for of a device shows its internal circuitry.
  • LM 358 symbolic representation is shown in the figure below.
   
5. LM358 Ratings
  • The voltage, current and power ratings of any device shows its power requirement i.e. how much amount of current and voltage is sufficient for its operation.
  • I have provided LM-358 current, power and voltage ratings in the table shown below.
6. LM358 Advantages
  • LM-358 has several different advantages, a few of which are given below.
  • There is no need of dual supply.
  • Compatibility with all forms of logic.
  • Two Op-amps, compensated internally.
  • Power drain suitable for battery operation.
  • Direct sensing near ground.
7. LM358 Applications
  • LM 358 has a wide range of real life applications, few of the major applications are given below.
  • DC gain blocks.
  • General signal conditioning.
  • Transducer amplifiers.
  • General signal amplification.
  • Active filters.
  • Operational amplifier circuits.
  • Current loop transmitters for 4 to 20mA.
7. LM358 Proteus Simulation
  • I have also designed a Proteus Simulation of LM358 which will give you better idea of its working.
  • In this simulation, I have designed a small automatic LED ON OFF circuit depending on LDR value.
  • The image is shown in below figure:
  • You can see in above figure that I have attached the LDR at input pins while the LED is attached at the output pin of LM358.
  • Now when LDR is dark, then LED will remain OFF but when LDR will come in Light then LED will also turn ON.
  • The variable resistor is used for sensitivity purposes.
  • In the below image I have shown its ON state:
  • You can see in above figure that now LED is ON because LDR is in LIGHT.
  • You can download this LM358 Proteus Simulation by clicking the below button:

Download Proteus Simulation

So, that is all from the tutorial Introduction to LM358. I hope you enjoyed this tutorial. If you have any kind of problem, you can ask me in comments, any time you want, without even feeling a bit of hesitation. I will try my level best to sort out your problems in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/7 here to help you out. I will explore further IC's and diodes in my upcoming tutorial and will surely share all of them with you as well. So, till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to LM339
Departments:
  1. Electrical Engineering
  2. Electronics Engineering
  3. Mechatronics Engineering
Components:
  1. LM339
Softwares:
  1. Proteus

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to LM339. LM339 belongs to the family of devices having 4 independent voltage comparators. Each comparator is designed in such a way that it is capable of operating from a single power source over a wide range of power supplies. It can also operate for split power supplies. There is a unique characteristic of comparators, Input Common-Mode Voltage Range (ICMR) includes a ground even when it is operating from a single power supply voltage.

Basically, LM339 is a comparator IC having four built-in comparators. The basic purpose of a comparator is to rotate the signal between analog and digital domains. At its input terminal, it compares the two different input voltages applied, gives digital output and indicates the larger input applied at the input terminal.

Introduction to LM339

LM 339 is a comparator IC having 4 builtin comparators. A comparator rotates a signal between digital and analog domain. First of all, it compares the 2 different inputs applied at the input terminal and then gives the output in digital form in order to indicate which of the input applied has a larger amplitude. It has a lot of real life applications e.g. basic comparator, driving CMOS, driving TTL, low frequency op-amp, Transducer amplifier etc. Further detail about the particular IC will be given later in this tutorial.

1. LM339 Pinout

  • LM 339 has fourteen (14) pins in total including four inverting input pins, four non inverting pins, four output pins, voltage and ground pin.
  • All of the pins along with their sequence number are shown in the table given below.

2. LM339 Pins Configuration

  • The properly labeled LM 339 pin configuration diagram is shown in the figure below, for the better understanding of the reader (specially the students).

3. LM339 Packages

  • LM 339 has different packages including LM-339DG, LM-339NG etc.
  • A few of the packages are given in the table shown below.

4. LM339 Features

  • There are several different features associated with LM 339.
  • A few of the major features including low supply current, low input bias current, low input offset current, low output saturation voltage etc. are taken into account.
  • The major features along with their values and System International (SI) units are provided in the table shown below.

5. LM339 Ratings

  • The current, voltage and power rating associated with LM 339 are given along with their typical values and SI units, in the table shown below.

LM339 Applications

There is a wide range of applications associated with LM 339 comparator IC. A few of the major applications along with their designed circuits are explained below.

Basic comparator

  • The circuit designed for Basic Comparator is shown in the figure below:
You can see from the above figure that the basic comparator consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages and a15K resistor.

Driving CMOS

  • The circuit designed for Driving CMOS is shown in the figure below.
  • You can see from the above figure that the driving CMOS consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages and a 100K resistor.

Low frequency op-amp

  • The circuit designed for Low Frequency Op-amp is shown in the figure below.
  • You can see from the above figure that the Low Frequency Op-amp consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages, a 15K resistor and a 100K resistor having voltage gain of around 100.

Transducer Amplifier

  • The circuit designed for Transducer Amplifier is shown in the figure below.
  • You can see from the above figure that the Transducer amplifier consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages, a 3K resistor, a 20M resistor and two 10K resistors.

Zero crossing detector

  • The circuit designed for Zero Crossing Detector is shown in the figure below.
  • You can see from the above figure that the Transducer amplifier consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages, a 10K resistor, a 20M resistor, three 5.1K resistor, two 100K resistors and 1N4148 diode.
  • There are few other applications associated with LM 339 and are given below.
  • Limit comparator.
  • Crystal controlled oscillator.
  • Negative reference comparator.
  • Driving TTL

So, that is all from the tutorial Introduction to LM339. I hope you enjoyed this tutorial. If you are facing any kind of problem, you can freely ask me in comments anytime you want without even feeling any sort of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a proper way, if possible. Moreover, our team is also available 24/7 for your guidance. I will explore different IC’s and transistors in my upcoming tutorial and will surely share them with you as well. So, till then Take Care :)

Syed Zain Nasir

I am Syed Zain Nasir, the founder of <a href=https://www.TheEngineeringProjects.com/>The Engineering Projects</a> (TEP). I am a programmer since 2009 before that I just search things, make small projects and now I am sharing my knowledge through this platform.I also work as a freelancer and did many projects related to programming and electrical circuitry. <a href=https://plus.google.com/+SyedZainNasir/>My Google Profile+</a>

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Published by
Syed Zain Nasir
2 days ago