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Introduction to JFET

Hello Guys! I hope you are doing great and having fun. I am back to give you a daily dose of knowledge that will enhance your learning skills and put you ahead of others. Today, I am going to give you details on the Introduction to JFET. It is a Junction Field Effect Transistor that consists of three terminals named drain, source and gate. It comes in two configurations called the P-Type channel and the N-Type channel. I'll give you brief details on JFET and try to cover as many aspects as possible. Let's get started:

Introduction to JFET

• JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor) is a uni-polar voltage-controlled device that consists of three terminals called drain, source and gate.
• Unlike bipolar junction transistors which are bipolar current-controlled devices in which a small amount of base current is used to control a large amount of current at the collector and emitter side, JFET is a uni-polar voltage-controlled device in which voltage applied to the gate terminal allows the current to flow through JFET, resulting in input applied voltage equals to the current flowing through the transistor.

• In JFET, gate is always negatively biased as compared to source.
• As compared to bipolar junction transistors, JFET are uni-polar because current carriers in case of JFET are either electrons or holes while bipolar junction transistors are operated by the movement of both electrons and holes.
• The operation of JFET depends on the electric field created by input applied voltage, hence it is called Field Effect Transistor.

• JFET can be classified into two types on the bases of their operation i.e. N-Type and P-Type JFET.
• In JFET, current carrying path between drain and source is called channel which contains no pn-junction. Channel can be made up of P-Type or N-Type semiconductor.
• Current flowing through this channel widely depends on the input voltage applied to the gate terminal of JFET.
• Field effect transistors generally comes in two types JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistors) and MOSFET( Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors)
• As stated earlier, JFET contains no pn-junction, instead it comes with channel that consists of N type or P type semiconductor that passes between source and drain terminals of JFET.

JFETs are classified into two main configurations.

1. N-Type Configuration
2. P-Type Configuration

1: N-Type Configuration

• In N-Type configuration current flowing through the channel is negative i.e. current flow is carried out by the flow of electrons which are also termed as donor impurities.

• The measure of conductivity of electron in N-Type configuration is much higher than the holes in P-Type configuration, because electrons come with high level of mobility than holes. Hence, in terms of conductivity, N-Type configuration is more efficient than P-Type configuration.
• Channel is a conducting path between drain and source. Within this channel, there lies a third terminal called Gate at which input voltage is applied that is used to control the current flowing through the JFET.
• As channel is resistive in nature, resulting in creating the voltage gradient which becomes less positive as we move from drain to source terminal. This less positive voltage makes drain terminal high reverse biased and source terminal low reverse biased. This bias creates a depletion region whose width is directly proportional to the bias itself.
• The current carrying path between source and drain is controlled by the voltage applied to the gate terminal. In an N-Type configuration of JFET this gate voltage is negative while in case of P-Type configuration it is positive.
• It is important to note that gate current in reverse biased condition in the JEFT is practically zero, while base current in Bipolar junction transistor always comes with a value greater than zero.

N-Type Channel Biasing

• Following is the figure shows N-Type semiconductor with P-Type material which forms the reverse biased PN-junction that creates a depletion region around the gate terminal of JFET.

• Depletion region will be created in the absence of external voltages. JFET are also termed as depletion mode components.
• The depletion region will create a voltage gradient of some thickness which ultimately limits the flow of current, hence results in increasing the overall resistance of FET.
• It is clear from the figure above that most part of depletion region lies between the gate and drain terminals which least part lies between the gate and source terminals which means resistance between gate and drain terminal appears more than the resistance between gate and source terminals.
• In the absence of external input voltage at gate and small voltage at the drain and source Vds allows the saturation current to flow between drain and source.
• The amount of current flowing through the pn-junction will be restricted by the depletion region around the pn-junction.
• It is important to note, if we apply negative voltage at the gate and source Vgs terminals, it will cause the depletion region to grow which ultimately restricts the flow of current, hence results in decreasing the overall conduction of transistor.
• If the voltage applied at the gate terminal Vgs appears to be more negative, it will allow the depletion region to increase and results in decreasing the overall width of channel. The moment comes when applied voltage at gate terminal appears to be negative to the point that will squeeze the channel and won't allow a fraction of current to flow between source and drain terminals.
• The negative voltage applied to the gate terminal at which no current flows between drain and source terminals is called "Pinch-off Voltage".
• In pinch off region negative voltage at the gate terminal Vgs controls the overall conductivity of the channel. This is the reason JFET are called voltage controlled devices.
• Voltage appears at the gate terminal must not be positive, otherwise it will make resistance zero and allows the current to flow between gate terminal instead of source terminal. Positive voltage at the base terminal can damage the transistor at large.

2: P-Type Configuration:

• In P-Type configuration current flowing through the channel is positive i.e. current flow is carried out by the flow of holes which are also termed as acceptor impurities. Both N-Type and P-Type configurations come with same characteristics with some exceptions.

1. Current carriers in N-Type configuration are electorn, hence current appears to be negative
2. Current carriers in P-Type configuration are holes, hence current appears to be positive.
3. Biasing voltage in P-Type configuration comes with reverse polarity.

• The voltage applied at the gate terminal is used to control the current flowing between source and drain. As JFET is a voltage controlled device and no current flows through gate terminals Ig=0. Hence in that case, current flowing out from source terminal will be equal to the current flowing into the drain terminal i.e. Is=Id

 

V * I Curves of N-Channel JFET

Following figure depicts the four region of operation of JFET.  

• Ohmic Region: Region is called ohmic region when Vgs=0. In this region JFET operates like a voltage controlled resistor.
• Pinch off  or Cut-off Region: It is region at which voltage applied to the gate is negative to the point which causes depletion region to increase and allows the current carrying width to decrease till it disappears, resulting in maximum resistance to appear and current flowing through the channel will be zero.
• Active or Saturation Region: The region that is controlled by gate voltage Vgs and where JFET becomes good conductor is called active region. Vds has no effect on active region.
• Breakdown Region: Region is termed as breakdown region where voltage between source and drain appears to be maximum to the point where it breaks the resistive channel and allows the current to flow between the channel.

V * I Curves for P-Type JFET

• The curves for P-Type configuration appear to be same with one exception i.e. Increase in positive voltage at the gate terminal will decrease the current at the Drain terminal Id.

Formula for Drain Current and Drain-Source Channel Resistance

• Drain current at the saturation region can be calculated as follows:

Id= Idss * [ 1 - Vgs / Vp ]

• Id lies between zero to Idss.
• Similarly, if we know drain source voltage Vds and drain current Id, we can calculate the drain-source channel resistance.

Rds = ?Vds / ? I d = 1 / gm

• Here gm represents the "transconductance gain"

Different Modes of Operation of FETs:

FETs can be classified into three different modes of configuration.

1. Common Source Configuration
2. Common Gate Configuration
3. Common Drain Configuration

1: Common Source Configuration CS:

Common source configuration is an analogous to the common emitter configuration in the bipolar junction transistors. In this configuration input voltage is applied to the gate terminal and output we get is from the drain terminal. This mode of operation comes with amplified voltage and high impedance, hence it is mostly used in high audio frequency amplifies. As this is an amplifying circuit, it allows the output to be diverted 180º from its input.

2: Common Gate Configuration CG:

Common gate configuration is an analogous to the common base configuration in the bipolar junction transistors. In this configuration input voltage is applied to the source terminal and output appears at the drain terminal while gate is connected to ground. In this configuration impedance will be low as compared to common source configuration. This configuration is mostly used in high frequency and impedance matching circuits. Unlike common source configuration, here "output signal is in phase with the input signal"

3: Common Drain Configuration CD:

Common drain configuration is an analogous to the common collector configuration in the bipolar junction transistors. In this configuration input voltage is applied to the gate and output signal is collected from the source. It is important to note there is no signal applied to the drain terminal. Vdd simply depicts the bias voltage. Similar to common gate configuration, here "output signal is in phase with the input signal"

Comparison between BJT and JFET

• • Both, bipolar junction transistors and uni-polar field effect transistors encompass same characteristics with some exceptions.
  • BJT are bipolar devices i.e. they are operated by the movement of both electrons and holes. JFET are unipolar devices i.e. they are operated by the movement of either electrons or holes.

• As compared to Bipolar junction transistors, JFET comes in much smaller form and can be used in many tiny electronic chips.
• One major feature that differentiates between bipolar junction transistors and JFET is the input impedence. It is very high in case of JFET while it appears very low in bipolar junction transistors.

Applications

• JFET are widely used in many electronic appliations. They are mainly used for amplification purpose.
• JFET are used to obtain high frequency audio signal.
• They are useful for obtaining impedance matching circuits.

That's all for today. I hope you have got a clear idea about JFET. However, if still you feel any doubt or query in understanding the concept of JFET, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'll be glad to help you in this regard. Your feedback and suggestion will be highly appreciated. It will help us give you quality work that resonates with your needs and expectations. Stay tuned!

Introduction to BF259

Hello Friends! I am back again to fill your appetite with more knowledge and skills. Today, I am going to explain the details on the Introduction to BF259. It is a bipolar NPN (negative-positive-negative) silicon transistors which comes in metal casing. It consists of one P layer that lies between the two layers of N doped semiconductor. I am going to cover all aspects related to this bipolar transistor. Let's get started and have a look, how it works and what are the applications it finds useful.

Introduction to BF259

• BF259 is a bipolar silicon transistor which is made up of two N doped layer and one P doped layer.
• It is mainly a three terminal device which consists of emitter base and collector.
• P terminal of the transistor acts like a base while other two sides of P layers act as emitter and collector respectively.
• Small current at the base is used to control a large amount of current at the collector and emitter side.
• The power it can dissipate is 1 W, while transition frequency is about 75 MHZ.
• DC collector current is 100mA.
• Maximum power dissipation across collector is 0.5 W.
• BF259 is also considered as a current operated device.

• Maximum collector base voltage is 300 V and is denoted by Vcb.
• Maximum collector emitter voltage is 300 V and is denoted by Vce.
• It comes with lots of major applications but mainly it is used for switching and amplification purpose.

1. BF259 Pinout

BF259 NPN silicon transistor consists of three terminals. 1: Emitter 2: Base 3: Collector Actual pinout of this NPN transistor is given in the figure below

• The base current is used to control the large amount of current on the collector and emitter side.
• The way the base current impact the emitter and collector current is used for the amplification applications.
• This bipolar transistor will turn ON when current flows from emitter and collector.

2. Mechanical Outline of BF259

The mechanical outline of bipolar silicon transistor BF259 is shown in the figure below:

• All the dimension are given in mm.
• You must take these dimension into consideration before you plan to make a circuit so these dimension properly fit in the circuit.

3. Circuit Diagram of BF259

The circuit symbol of BF259 is shown in the figure below:

• This NPN silicon transistor comes with a positive base side and negative emitter side.
• Emitter current is the sum of base and collector current.
• Small amount of current at the base side is used to handle the large amount of current at the emitter and collector side.
• Main difference between NPN and PNP transistor is, Current will sink into the base side in case of PNP transistor while current from the base side will source to the transistor in case of NPN transistor.
• Transistor current can be found by dividing the collector current to the base current. It is also called beta current and is denoted by ß. Beta has no units as it is a ratio between two currents.
• Value of beta is used for the amplification purpose. Beta value ranges between 20 to 1000, however, its standard value is 200.
• The ratio between collector current to the emitter current is called current gain of the transistor and is denoted by alpha a.
• The value of alpha ranges between 0.95 to 0.99, however, in most of the cases it is considered as 1.

4. Absolute Maximum Rating BF259

The maximum absolute rating of BF259 is shown in the figure below.

• Units of current and voltage are mA and V receptively.
• These rating are important for many engineering projects.

5. Applications

• BF259 is also called high voltage video amplifier and is mostly used for high voltage video output.
• It is also used for the audio output stages.
• These transistors are the main drivers for horizontal deflection circuits.

That's all for today. If you have any question you can easily ask in the comment section below. I'll try my best to help you solve your queries. Your suggestion and feedback will be highly appreciated. Stay tuned for next article.

Introduction to 2n4402

Hey guys! I aspire you a prosperous life filled with joy and happiness. Today, I am going to uncover the details on the Introduction to 2n4402. It is basically a PNP (Positive-Negative-Positive) silicon transistor where N doped layer lies between the two P doped layer. It consists of three terminals i.e. emitter, base, collector. Here N represents the base of the transistor and two P layers represents the emitter and collector respectively. I'm going to cover all aspects related to this transistor. Let's hop on the board and dive in the details of this silicon transistor.

Introduction to 2n4402

• 2n4402 is a bipolar silicon transistor, where one layer of N doped semiconductor is sand-witched between the two layers of P doped semiconductor.
• It works in a way, the small current at the end of the base is used to control a large amount of current at the end of collector and emitter.

• PNP transistor works in a similar way to NPN transistor with the exception of current carriers. In case of NPN transistors, current carriers are electron while current carriers in the case of PNP transistors are holes and direction of current and polarities of voltage will be reversed in this case.
• In PNP transistor, P letter represents the polarity of voltage applied to the emitter which is positive and N letter shows the polarity of voltage applied to the base which is negative. In order to conduct in PNP transistor, Emitter will always be more positive than base and collector.

2n4402 Pinout

2n4402 consists of three pins

• 1: Emitter
• 2: Base
• 3: Collector

 

• Unlike NPN transistors, here current flows from emitter to collector and current carriers are holes.

PNP Circuit Symbol

• Following is the circuit symbol of PNP transistor. It consists of two P layers and one N layer.

 

• The polarity at the emitter side is positive with respect to both base and collector.
• The base of this transistor is negative with respect to emitter.
• Current flowing through the emitter side is the sum of current flowing through collector and base.
• Small amount of current at the base side is used to control the large amount of current at the collector and emitter side.
• PNP and NPN works in similar way with the exception of current direction and medium used for the flow of current.
• In PNP transistor current flows from emitter to collector and current carriers in this case are holes which are collected by the collector.

PNP Transistor Configuration

• Transistor configuration of PNP 2n4402 transistor is shown in the figure below:

• Emitter is positive with respect to collector and base
• Small amount of base current is used to control the large current at the collector and emitter side.
• Current carriers are holes which are collected by the collector.

Transistors as a Matched Switch

• In most of the cases, PNP transistors replace the NPN transistor with the only exception in the direction of current and polarities of voltages.
• Like NPN transistor, PNP transistor can also be used as a switching device.
• You might think what is the point of using PNP transistor while there are lots of NPN transistors out there that can be used as a switch or for amplification purpose. However, taking two types of transistors come with a lot of advantage in designing the power amplifier circuit.
• Class B-amplifiers come with a two pair of NPN and PNP transistor, where both transistors are used to control the current flowing in both directions at any instant of time. Transistors are called "Complementary Transistors" which use both NPN and PNP transistor of identical characteristics.
• In Class B-amplifiers, both transistors work in a similar way i.e. NPN transistors conducts for the positive half cycle and PNP transistor conducts for the negative half cycle of the transistor. This results in flowing the power at the load out put in both directions. PNP transistors will switch on when it sinks current to its base side and it will switch off when current at the base side stops to flow.

Applications of 2n4402

• These transistors are mainly used for voltage and power amplification.
• In combination with NPN transisters, these PNP transistors form a perfect bond through which current flows alternately from both sides of NPN and PNP transistors.

That's all for today. I hope you'd enjoyed our article. If you have any query or question you can easily ask in the comment section below. I'd be glad to help you in this regard. Your suggestion and feedback will be highly appreciated. Stay tuned for next article.

Introduction to Resistors

Hey guys! I hope you are doing good and having fun. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the Introduction to Resistors. Resistor is a two terminal component that is used to restrict the flow of current. Resistors are widely used in electrical circuits. They come in different forms ranging from variable resistors to fixed resistors. Depending on the feature of resistors, both are used in many applications. I am going to cover all aspects relating to resistors. Let's get started.

Introduction to Resistors

• A resistor is a two-terminal device that is used to resist the flow of current. It is one of the most commonly used components in electrical circuits.
• Resistance of any resister is described in ohms. Ohm is denoted by the Greek letter omega. Each resister has a different value of resistance which tells us how strongly it resists the flow of current. More the value of resistance more is the capability of resisting the current.
• Resistance will be considered as one ohm if the potential difference between the two ends of the conductor is 1 V and a current flowing through it is 1 Ampere.
• Resistance can be derived from Ohm's law which indicates voltage is directly proportional to the current flowing through the conductor.

V= I * R

• Each resistor comes with two wires, also called as leads. Between these two leads there lies a ceramic part which actually resists the flow of current. Resistor consists of three colored strips that indicate the value of resistance.
• Some resistors come with four colored strips. In such case, fourth strip indicates the value of tolerance. Tolerance is the value of the deviation of resistance from its given value on the resistor. Gold color of forth strip indicates tolerance is 5% and silver color indicates tolerance is 10%. Where there is no forth strip, tolerance is considered as 20%. Suppose, if resistance has 50-ohm resistance with no forth strip. Then tolerance of such resistor can be 50 ±20%.
• Resistance of any resistor also depends on its resistivity, its length and cross-sectional area.

• Resistors also indicate temperature coefficient. Temperature coefficient is known as a resistance due to the change in temperature. There are two types of temperature coefficients. Positive temperature coefficient and negative temperature coefficient. If resistance increases with the increase in temperature then it is called positive temperature coefficient and if resistance decreases with the decrease in temperature then it is called negative temperature coefficient.

How to Limit Current using Resistance

• Main purpose of resistance is to limit the current flowing through the component.
• Suppose, if we want to connect the LED with the direct DC source i.e. Battery, then it will burn out right away the moment you connect the LED with the battery.
• Because battery will allow a large amount of current to flow through the LED which will burn it out.
• LED can be avoided from any severe damage if we put the resistor between the battery and LED. It will control the amount of current flowing through the LED.
• Value of resistance you use depends on the current rating of the battery. You need to use the resistor with high resistance if current rating of a battery is high.
• We can calculate the resistance by using Ohm's Law. Suppose we have LED that comes with voltage rating of 12 voltage and current rating of 100mA or 0.1 A. From Ohm's Law

V=IR

R= V/I

R=12/0.1= 120 O

• In order to avoid LED from damaging we need resistor with resistance of 120 O

 

Combination of Resistors

Resistors can also be used in combination. There are classified into two types according to their combination.

Resistors in Parallel

• If resistors are connected parallel to each other, then total resistance will be equal to the sum of reciprocal of all resistance.

1/R= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3............1/Rn

Resistors in Series

• If resistors are connected in series, the total resistance will be equal to the sum of all resistance.

R= R1+R2+R3+R4..........Rn

Power Dissipation

• The power consumed by any resistor at any moment is defined as
• P= VI= V(V/R)= V²/R
• Most of the resistors are classified on their ability of power dissipation. Resistors who dissipate a large amount of energy are called as power resistors and are mostly used in power supplies, power amplifiers, and power conversion circuits.
• Power resistors are physically larger than normal resistors and their value cannot be directly identified by the reading color strip method.
• Resistors pertain to severe damage if their average power dissipation is greater than thier power rating. It results in permanently alternating the resistance.
• Excessive power dissipation can also damage the whole circuit. In order to avoid burning of the circuit, flameproof resistors are used that suddenly open the circuit before power dissipation gets too high.

How to Calculate Resistance of any Resistor

There are two different ways to calculate the resistance:

Reading the Color Bands

• First method to calculate the resistance is by reading the color bands of the resistor.
• Each strip of color on the resistor represents a specific digit.
• Different colors corresponding to their digit values are given below.

• In the above figure, the first strip is brown and corresponding digit to brown is 1.
• The second strip is black, and the corresponding digit to black is 0.
• The third strip is orange and the corresponding digit to orange is three which actually shows the number of zeros.
• Forth strip is made of gold which indicates tolerance is ±5%.
• So overall resistance of this resistor is 10,000±5 % ohm.

Using a Multimeter

• Second method to measure the resistance is by using the multimeter as an ohmmeter. Mainly multimeter performs three functions. It is used to measure current voltage and resistance.
• Put the black probe on the COM port of multimeter. And put the red probe into the VOmA.
• You can measure the resistance of any resistor by holding the resistor with the two separate probes of the multimeter. Before calculating the resistance, you need to set the dial to ohm which is denoted on the multimeter by the symbol O.

 

Types of Resistors

Resistors come in different forms, sizes, and shapes. Resistors are used in different applications depending on the current rating voltage and resistance. Let's discuss resistor types and their applications. Resistors are mainly classified into two types:

1. Linear Resistors
2. Non-Linear Resistors

1. Linear Resistors

• Resistors are termed as linear resistors where current is directly proportional to the applied voltage.
• Resistance of these resistors changes with the change in temperature and voltage.
• In order words, resistors which follow Ohm's law are linear resistors.
• Linear resistors are further classified into two types
  • Fixed Resistors
  • Variable Resistors

1.1 Fixed Resistors 1.1.1 Carbon Composition Resistor

• Carbon composition resistors comprise of rigid resisting element incorporated with lead wire. The resistor body is covered with plastic or paint.
• The resistive element at the mid of the lead wires contains fine carbon and insulating material which is usually ceramic. The resistance of such resistors is measured as the ratio of ceramic to carbon.
• Resistance value widely depends on the concentration of carbon value. More is the concentration of carbon, lesser will be the resistance.
• Carbon composition resisters come with poor stability and 5% tolerance.
• These resistors are become obsolete because of their high price but still they are used in wielding controls and power supplies.
• Resistance of such resistors varies from few ohms to 22 mega-ohms.

1.1.2 Carbon Pile Resistor

• A carbon pile resistor consists of layers of carbon discs that are placed between two metal plates.
• Resistance between the plates can be changed by changing the clamping pressure.
• These resistors are widely used in radio transmitters.
• A carbon pile resistor can also be used in generators, where it adjusts the current to keep the voltage in certain state.

1.1.3 Carbon Film Resistor

• A carbon film resistor consists of amorphous carbon which provides relatively large resistance.
• These resistors encompass low noise as compared to carbon composition resistor.
• A carbon film resistor comes with a power rating that ranges between 0.125 to 5 W with resistance 1 ohm to 10 mega-ohm. These resistors are used in areas where high stability is required.

1.1.4 Thick Film Resistor

• Thick film resistors come in the shape of SMD(Surface mount device).
• Both, think and thin film resistors are manufactured in a same way but main difference is the resistive element that is used in thick film resisters is relatively very large than used in thin films.

1.1.5 Thin Film Resistor

• Thin film resistor consists of ceramic rod and resistive material.
• A very thin layer of conducting material is being placed on the insulating rod that is made of glass or ceramic material. This method of making thin film is called vacuum deposition.
• When thin film resistor is manufactured, it doesn't give an accurate value of resistance.
• Resistance value can be made accurate by the process called laser trimming.
• These resistors come in the tolerance range that lies between 1% to 5% and encompass much less noise level than thick film resistors.
• Compared to thick film resistors, thin film resistors are highly expensive.

1.1.6 Wire Wound Resistors

• Wire wound resistors are widely used in many electrical applications. They are manufactured by winding a metal wire around fibreglass core or ceramic material. Whole assembly is being formed where two ends of wire are welded with rings and are covered with high layer of molded plastic or paint.
• These resistors have capability to bear high temperature upto 450 ºC.
• As wire wound resistors are same like coil so they inherit high value of inductance as compared to other resistors.
• Both, carbon composition resistors and wire wound resistors are used in same application except where high frequency is required. High frequency response of carbon composition resistors is better than wire wound resistors.

1.2 Variable Resistors

• Resistors are termed as variable resistors whose values can be adjusted manually by screw, knob, or dial.
• These resistors come with sliding arm that is attached to the shaft.
• Resistance value can be changed by rotating the sliding arm.
• They are mainly divided into two types:
  • Rheostats
  • Potentiometer

1.2.1 Rheostats

• Rheostat resistors are also known as variable wound resistors or tapped resistors.
• Rheostat is a manual operated three terminal device which is mainly used to restrict the current value.
• In order to make rheostat, Nichrome resistance is being wound around a ceramic core, then they are placed in a covered shell.

  1.2.2 Potentiometer

• A potentiometer is a three terminal device that consists of tapping points that are adjusted by a rotation of shaft.
• It can be used to provide a potential difference between the two terminal connected to the tapping points.
• They are widely used for volume control in many radio receivers.
• Potentially there is no difference between rheostat and potentiometer, however, both are used for difference purpose.
• Rheostat is used for controlling the level of current in the circuit while potentiometer is used for controlling the voltage in the circuit.

 

2. Non-Linear Resistors

• Resistors are termed as non-linear resistors where they do not pertain to follow ohm's law but their value of resistances changes with the slight change in temperature or current.
• Non-linear resistors are further divided into two types:
  • Thermisters
  • Varisters

2.1 Thermisters

• Resisters are termed as thermisters, if current flowing through it changes with the change in temperature.
• Thermister is basically a two terminal device which uses variable resister and indicates even a slight change in temperature.
• In thermister, resistance and temperature are inversely proportional to each other.

2.2 Varisters

• Resisters are termed as varisters if current flowing through it changes with the change in applied voltage.
• These resistors are sensitive to voltage and avoid the circuits from getting high voltage spikes.
• They are used to maintain the voltage to a required level.

Applications of Resistors

Resisters are widely used in many electrical circuits. Following are the main applications of resistors.

• They are used to limit current in order to avoid short circuit
• They are used to control voltage in order to avoid high spikes at the end of out put voltage
• Used in many electronic industries
• Temperature can also be controlled using these resistors
• In home electronic appliances like heater and iron

That's all for today. I have tried my best to cover as many aspects as possible relating to resistors. However, if still you feel any doubt or query in understanding the concept of resistors, you can always ask me in the comment section below. I'll be glad to help you in this regard. Thanks for reading the article. Give your feedback, how do you like our articles what are the suggestions you would like to give that can help in crafting the articles in better way? Stay tuned for next article! Have a blessed day ahead!

Introduction to 2n5320

Hey Fellas! Hope you are doing great. Today I am going to give you the details on Introduction to 2n5320. It is basically a Bipolar NPN (Negative Positive Negative) Transistor (BJT), which contains two layers of N-doped semiconductor and one layer of P-doped semiconductor. P, layer lies between two N layers. Here P represents the Base of the transistor and two N layers show emitter and collector respectively. This NPN transistor has a wide range of applications. It is mainly used for power amplification and switching purpose.You should also have a look at Introduction to BC547 which is also an NPN transistor. So, let's get started with Introduction to 2n5320:

Introduction to 2n5320

• 2n5320 is a bipolar Switching Silicon transistor, which is mostly used for amplification purpose.
• 2n5360 is an NPN transistor, where P doped layer exists between two N doped layers.
• In this transistor, collector supply voltage will be positive with respect to the emitter and is denoted by Vce.
• The transistor action is triggered by the free movement of electrons from its base. Actually, these electrons work like a bridge between emitter and collector.

• The voltage between collector and emitter is 75 Volt, while the voltage between base and collector is 100 Volt.
• Voltage between emitter and base is 6 V.
• Maximum DC collector current is 700 mV.
• I have shown the 2n5320 in both of its symbolical and actual form in below figure:

1. 2n5320 Pinout

2n5320 basically consists of three pins which are as follows:

• 1: Emitter
• 2: Base
• 3: Collector

Actual pinout of 2n5320 transistor is shown in the figure below:

• The small base current is used to control a large amount of current at emitter and collector.
• The control of base current on emitter and collector is basically the backbone of transistor amplifying properties.
• The transistor is considered as fully ON when a large amount of current flows through collector and emitter.
• 2n5320 is also known as a current operated device.

2. Circuit Diagram of 2n5320

• The Circuit Diagram of 2n5320 is shown in the figure given below:

• As it is NPN transistor so voltage is negative at the emitter side and positive at the base side. The base-emitter voltage can be described as Vbe.
• One thing you must take into consideration, the base voltage will always be positive with respect to the emitter.
• The current flowing through the emitter is a combination of base and collector current.
• When we divide collector current to the base current, we get the transistor current in this switching bipolar transistor and is denoted by beta ß. As it is a ratio between two current so it encompasses no units.
• The standard value of this beta is 200. The ratio between collector current and base current is actually used for amplification purpose. The value of beta ranges from 20 to 1000. We can see the value of beta from the datasheet of different manufacturers but it generally ranges between 50 to 200.
• The current gain of this transistor is defined as the ratio between collector current to the emitter current. It is represented as alpha. The value of alpha lies between 0.95 to the 0.99 and most of the cases it is considered as unity.

3. Pin Ratings of 2n5320

• The Pin ratings of 2n5320 bipolar transistor is given below.

 

• Here voltage is represented in voltage and current is denoted by ampere.
• It is a low-frequency device that has the current rating of 2A. The semiconductor used in this bipolar transistor is made up of silicon that’s why it is mostly called Switching Silicon Bipolar Transistor.

4. Mechanical Outline of 2n5320

• Mechanical Outline of 2n5320 is shown in the below figure:

• These mechanical outlines are of quite importance especially in professional projects.
• But if you working on some student engineering project then these are not for you.

5. Applications

2n5320 Bipolar Transistor has many applications in real life. Some of them are given below.

• It is used for amplification purpose.
• Used for many switching applications.
• It also works as a low frequency device.

So, that was all about 2n5320. I hope you will get something out of it. If you wanna ask something about this NPN transistor then ask in comments adn I will try my best to resolve your issues. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial. Have a good day !!! :)

Heart Beat Monitor using Arduino in Proteus

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great and having fun in your lives. In today's tutorial, we are gonna design a Heart Beat Monitor using Arduino in Proteus ISIS. You should download this Heart Beat Sensor Library V2.0 for Proteus because we are gonna use that to detect heart beat in Proteus. I have also used a 20x4 LCD which will display our heart rate value. You should download this New LCD Library for Proteus. I have counted the heart beat for ten seconds and then I have multiplied it with 6 to get the heartbeat per minute which is abbreviated as bpm (beats per minute). So, let's get started with Heart Beat Monitor using Arduino in Proteus ISIS.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	LCD 20x4	Amazon	Buy Now
2	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

Heart Beat Monitor using Arduino in Proteus

• First of all, click the below button to download this complete Proteus simulation & Arduino code for Heart Beat Monitor:

Heart Beat Monitor using Arduino in Proteus

Proteus Simulation of Heart Rate Monitor

• Now let's have a look at How we have designed this simulation and How it works.
• So, design a simple circuit in Proteus as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, we have our Arduino UNO board along with LCD and Heart Beat Sensor.
• There's also a Button attached to Pin # 2, so when we press this button our Arduino will start counting the Heart Beat and will update it on the LCD.

Now let's have a look at the programming code for Heart Rate Monitor:

Arduino Code for Heart Rate Monitor

• Here's the code which I have used for this Heart Beat Monitor using Arduino:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <TimerOne.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

int HBSensor = 4;
int HBCount = 0;
int HBCheck = 0;
int TimeinSec = 0;
int HBperMin = 0;
int HBStart = 2;
int HBStartCheck = 0;

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  lcd.begin(20, 4);
  pinMode(HBSensor, INPUT);
  pinMode(HBStart, INPUT_PULLUP);
  Timer1.initialize(800000); 
  Timer1.attachInterrupt( timerIsr );
  lcd.clear();
  lcd.setCursor(0,0);
  lcd.print("Current HB  : ");
  lcd.setCursor(0,1);
  lcd.print("Time in Sec : ");
  lcd.setCursor(0,2);
  lcd.print("HB per Min  : 0.0");
}

void loop() {
  if(digitalRead(HBStart) == LOW){lcd.setCursor(0,3);lcd.print("HB Counting ..");HBStartCheck = 1;}
  if(HBStartCheck == 1)
  {
      if((digitalRead(HBSensor) == HIGH) && (HBCheck == 0))
      {
        HBCount = HBCount + 1;
        HBCheck = 1;
        lcd.setCursor(14,0);
        lcd.print(HBCount);
        lcd.print(" ");
      }
      if((digitalRead(HBSensor) == LOW) && (HBCheck == 1))
      {
        HBCheck = 0;   
      }
      if(TimeinSec == 10)
      {
          HBperMin = HBCount * 6;
          HBStartCheck = 0;
          lcd.setCursor(14,2);
          lcd.print(HBperMin);
          lcd.print(" ");
          lcd.setCursor(0,3);
          lcd.print("Press Button again.");
          HBCount = 0;
          TimeinSec = 0;      
      }
  }
}

void timerIsr()
{
  if(HBStartCheck == 1)
  {
      TimeinSec = TimeinSec + 1;
      lcd.setCursor(14,1);
      lcd.print(TimeinSec);
      lcd.print(" ");
  }
}

• In this code, I have used a TimerOne Library which creates an interrupt after every 1sec.
• On each interrupt, it executes timerIsr() function, in which I have placed a check that whenever this interrupt will call we will increment TimeinSec variable.
• So, when TimeinSec will become equal to 10 then I am simply multiplying it with 6 and updating it on the LCD.
• So, use the above code and get your Hex File from Arduino Software and update it in your Proteus Simulation.

Simulating Heart Rate Monitor

• Now run your Proteus Simulation and you will get something as shown in the below figure:

• Now click this HB button and it will start counting the HB as well as will count the Time in seconds.
• After ten seconds it will multiply the current heart rate with six and will give the Heart Beat Per Minute.
• Here's a final image of the result:

• You can change the value of Heart Beat from the variable resistor connected with Heart Beat Sensor.
• Let's change the value of variable resistance connected to Heart Beat sensor, and have a look at the results.
• You have to press the button again in order to get the value.
• Here's the screenshot of the results obtained:

• So, now the heart is beating a little faster and we have got 108 bpm.
• If you run this simulation then you will notice that the second is quite slow which I think is because of Proteus.
• I have tested this code on hardware and it worked perfectly fine, although you need to change heart beat sensor's values in coding.
• Here's the video in which I have explained the working of this Heart Rate Monitor Simulation in detail.

So, that was all about Heart Beat Monitor using Arduino in Proteus ISIS. I hope you have enjoyed it and will get something out of it. Have a good day. :)

C945 Library for Proteus

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorials, I am gonna share a new C945 Library for Proteus. If you have searched for this transistor in Proteus, then you must have known that it's not available in Proteus. We have designed this transistor in Proteus and here's its library. If you don't know much about this transistor then you should have a look at Introduction to C945, in which I have explained in detail the basics of this transistor. Today, first of all, I will show you How to install this library and after that we will design a simple Proteus Simulation in which we will see How to simulate C945 in Proteus. You should also check this amazing list of New Proteus Libraries for Engineering Students. So, let's get started with C945 Library for Proteus:

C945 Library for Proteus

• First of all, download this C945 Library for Proteus by clicking the below button:

C945 Library for Proteus

• You will get two files in it named as:
• TransistorsTEP.IDX
• TransistorsTEP.LIB

Note:

• If you are new to Proteus 7 or 8, then you should have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.

• Place these two files in the Library folder of your Proteus software.
• Now open you Proteus Software or restart it if its already open.
• In your Components Search box, make a search for C945 and you will get some results as shown in below figure:

• Now place this component in your Proteus work space and it will look something as shown in below figure:

• Here's our NPN transistor named as C945, its first pin is Emitter, second one is Collector and the third one is Base.
• Now let's have a look at C945 Simulation in Proteus.

C945 Simulation in Proteus

• I hope you have installed the C945 Library for Proteus Successfully.
• Now let's design a simple circuit to have a look at working of this transistor.
• You can download this simulation by clicking the above button but as always, I would suggest you to design it on your own.
• That way you can learn a lot.
• The C945 Simulation for Proteus is shown in below figure:

• I have used an opto-coupler (normally I use PC817 while designing it on hardware), which is getting a 5V signal and then I am sending that signal to the Base of C945.
• At Emitter of C945, I have connected the GND and Collector is connected to the Load.
• Here's the ON and OFF state of above circuit:

• Its quite a simple circuit and actually what we are doing is we are controlling a 12V load frm 5V signal, which normally comes from Microcontroller like Arduino or PIC Microcontroller.
• You can also assemble this circuit in hardware and can use it in your projects.
• Here's the video in which I have shown How to download this C945 Library for Proteus and also how to run C945 Proteus Simulation:

So, that was all about C945 Library for Proteus and also How to design a C945 Simulation in Proteus. I hope you have enjoyed it and can design it on your own. You can download the Library as well as this Simulation by clicking above download button. Thanks for reading. Take care !!! :)

Real Time Security Control System using XBee and GSM

Hello everyone, I hope you all are doing great. In today's post, I am going to share a Final Year Project in detail, named as Real Time Security Control System using XBee and GSM. I will give you all the details so that you can easily design it on your own. I've given the Proteus Simulation to download below. In that zip file, you will get both the Arduino codes and Proteus Simulations.

I have divided this whole project design into four parts. If you got into any trouble in your project, then ask in comments and I will try my best to resolve them. So, today we are gonna have a look at the basics of this Security project. There are a lot of systems introduced in the market these days that are used to transfer sensor data from one node to another either wirelessly or through some wired connection. The proposed technique also works on this same principle. But a lot of modifications are intended to introduce in order to enhance this technique.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	LCD 20x4	Amazon	Buy Now
2	NEO-6M	Amazon	Buy Now
3	SIM900	Amazon	Buy Now
4	DS18B20	Amazon	Buy Now
5	Flame Sensors	Amazon	Buy Now
6	MQ-2	Amazon	Buy Now
7	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

Real Time Security Control System

• You can download this Project by clicking the below button:

Real Time Security Control System using XBee and GSM Now let's have a look at the project description:

Project Description

In this project, I have designed a real-time security system, which consists of two wireless nodes named as

• Sensor Node
• Base Node.

So, first of all, let's have a look at these two nodes one by one. First, I am going to discuss Sensor Node:

Sensor Node

The sensor node is placed in that building which is needed to be secured. Sensor node consists of three different sensors and two modules used for security purposes named as:

• Sensors:
  • Smoke Sensor: To detect Smoke.
  • Flame Sensor: Used for Fire Detection.
  • Temperature Sensor: Measuring Temperature of surroundings.
• Modules:
  • GSM module: is used to deliver the notification message if any fault occurs in the system.
  • GPS module: is used to locate the exact position of the fault that occurred.

Below two modules are used for controlling purposes:

• Modules:
  • Arduino UNO: All these Sensors and modules are connected to Arduino UNO.
  • XBee Module: To send sensors' data & GPS Location to Base Node.

Block Diagram for the Sensor Unit of Real Time Security Control System using XBee and GSM is shown in below figure: Now let's have a look at the Base Unit of Real Time Security Control System using XBee and GSM.

Base Unit:

• The base node will be placed in the Control Department. It could be your security guard's room or the nearby police station.
• This node will receive the data from the sensor node via XBee module.
• So, in total it will have three modules on it which are:
  • XBee Module: It is used to maintain wireless communication between the sensor node and base node.
  • LCD 20x4: It is used to display real-time conditions like sensors' values & GPS Location.
  • Arduino Mega 2560: It is used to control both of these modules.
• Here's the block diagram of Base Unit for Real Time Security Control System using XBee and GSM:

Components Selected

In the previous section, we have had a look at the basic Introduction of our Real Time Security Control System using XBee and GSM. This section will elaborate on the selection of the components which is the most important factor before designing any project/product. This is basically a simulation based project so there is no hardware involved in this project. The proposed technique is designed in Proteus ISIS. All of the components are taken from the Proteus library.

Flame Sensor

• The flame sensor is an electronic device usually used for fire detection purposes.
• It can be used in homes, industries, offices, schools etc.
• A certain threshold is adjusted while designing the algorithm.
• When the fire flames cross that particular threshold, the flame sensor will send a signal to Arduino which will send that signal through Xbee to Base Unit immediately.
• As soon as the signal will be received on the Base Unit, the alarm will turn ON and hence guards will come to know that this area has become dangerous now.
• Immediate precautions must be taken in this case.
• Flame Sensor is not available in Proteus so we have designed its library.
• You should download this Flame Sensor Library for Proteus.

Smoke Sensor

• A smoke sensor is used to detect a certain level of smoke within the desired region.
• It is usually used in homes and organizations for the detection of fire or internal burns.
• It is a low-cost and very sensitive sensor that also beeps if someone is smoking in its coverage area.
• This Smoke Sensor will detect any smoke in the area then it will warn the Arduino board which will, in turn, send a signal via XBee to Base Unit.
• Proteus software doesn't have a smoke sensor in it so you should download this Smoke Sensor Library for Proteus.

Temperature Sensor

• The temperature sensor is an electronic sensor used to estimate the temperature in the surroundings.
• The temperature range can be adjusted while designing its algorithm.
• When the temperature in the surroundings reaches the adjusted threshold, it generates a notification.
• Most of the time an alarm is attached to the temperature sensor. The alarm starts to beep when the desired temperature is reached. It can be used in homes, offices and organizations to maintain the temperature of a certain area according to the desired requirements.
• But in our project we want to send a signal to the base unit, so that's why this sensor will send a signal to the base unit.

XBee Module

• XBee is selected as a wireless module. The proposed technique consists of two XBee modules.
• One is attached to the base unit and the other is attached to the sensor unit.
• The data is transmitted by the sensor unit via XBee module.
• And the XBee module attached to the base unit receives that data from the sensor unit and sends it to the microcontroller to manipulate it.
• There are many wireless modules available in the market these days e.g. Radio Frequency (RF) module.
• Some of them are not used commonly due to their shorter ranges e.g. Bluetooth module.
• XBee module is far better as compared to the Bluetooth module and provides a larger coverage area in comparison to similar wireless modules.
• So, XBee is used in this project. XBee module is not available in Proteus so that's why you should download XBee Library for Proteus.

Arduino UNO

• The microcontroller plays a vital role in any project and is like a backbone of a particular project.
• Arduino UNO and Mega 2560 both are selected as a microcontroller.
• Arduino UNO is attached to the sensor unit and Arduino Mega 2560 is attached to the base unit.
• Arduino is an open-source device. Students can take online help in almost every task. Online source codes are also available for different tasks.
• So, a student can easily perform them with a proper understanding.
• Arduino boards are also not available in Proteus so you should download this Arduino Library for Proteus.

GPS Module

• GPS module is used to locate the exact location of the fault.
• GPS module will be attached to Sensor Unit, so if anything goes wrong then we can also get the GPS location via SMS.
• It will provide us the longitude and latitude of the fault that occurred on the sensor unit.
• So, now if any of these sensors goes wrong then you can easily get the location of your sensor node via SMS.
• Proteus doesn't have GPS Module in it so you should download this GPS Library for Proteus.

GSM Module

• GSM module is used for security purposes.
• If a fault occurs at any position within the network, a notification message will be generated and sent towards the base unit from the sensor unit.
• We can also generate a call using this GSM which will be a much better way.
• This GSM module will also send the location via SMS. We have received this location from GPS in the form of longitude and latitude.
• Proteus doesn't have GSM Module in it so you should download this GSM Library for Proteus.

So, these are all the components/modules, which I have used in this project. So, in the first part, have seen the basic Introduction of the project and then in the second section, we have had a detailed overview of all the modules used. So, now in the next section which is the third part I am gonna show you How to design these Proteus Simulations.

Proteus Simulation of Security Control System

In this section, we are gonna have a look at how to design these Proteus Simulations for Real Time Security Control System using XBee and GSM. As you know, I have used Arduino so we also need to discuss the code in order to run these simulations. So, first, we will design the proteus simulations and then we will write its code.

Proteus Simulations

• I have designed two simulations for this project.
• First of all, what you need to do is to download all those above Proteus Libraries and add them properly.
• I have given detailed instructions in each post about How to use them.
• After adding all these Libraries, now restart your Proteus software and design a circuit for the Sensor Unit.
• Proteus Simulation of Sensor Unit is shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, the Sensor unit consists of three different sensor modules, which are:
  • Temperature sensor.
  • Smoke sensor.
  • Flame sensor.
• In this unit, Arduino UNO is used as a microcontroller to get data from all the sensors and this data will be transmitted wirelessly towards the base unit for proper monitoring.
• XBee module is used for wireless communication between the sensor unit and the base unit.
• GPS module is interfaced in order to locate the exact position of the fault that occurred in the system.
• Now we are gonna design our second simulation for the Base Unit.
• The Proteus Simulation of Base Unit is shown in the below figure:

• The base unit is basically a monitoring end of the system.
• All the data obtained from the sensors is transmitted by the sensor unit towards the base unit.
• The base unit has an Arduino Mega 2560 as a micro-processing unit.
• Just like the sensor unit, an XBee module is also attached to the base unit in order to receive the data wirelessly sent by the base unit.
• There is an LCD on the base unit. It is used to visualize the obtained results. It displays different messages e.g. fault detection, sensors data etc.
• GSM module is used in the base unit to send the notification if a fault occurs in the system or the system is showing some abnormal behavior even for an instance.
• This GSM module will also send the location in SMS. You have to enter the number of recipients in the programming code.

Arduino Code of Security Control System

• When you download this project, you will get a .rar file and within that file, you will find two folders.
• One of them will have the Arduino Codes and the other one will have Proteus Simulations.
• I have already added all the hex files so you just need to run these simulations.
• If you got into any trouble then use our Contact Form and our team will help you out.
• You should also need to read How to Get the hex file from your Arduino Software.

Proteus Simulation Results

• Now coming towards the last section of this project, now I am gonna show you the results of these simulations.
• So, I have run both of these Simulations and here's the first look at Base Unit:

• The LCD on the base unit is displaying the title of our project.
• Virtual Terminal is connected with Arduino so that we could also have a look at incoming or outgoing data.
• After that first of all, Arduino will communicate with the GSM module and will set its settings, as shown in the below figure:

• Now our GSM module has configured, so the next screen of the base unit is shown below:

• As you can see in the above figure that LCD is displaying the values of all three sensors and because all are normal that's why the Alarm is OFF.
• The temp value is 0 because we haven't yet received the data from the sensor unit.
• Now let's run our Sensor Unit and make our Fire Sensor HIGH, then you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• The alarm is also ON in the above figure and SMS has also been sent which is shown in Virtual Terminal.
• In case, when both fire and smoke are detected, LCD will display smoke as well as fire detection messages.
• SMS will also be sent as you can see in the Virtual Terminal. GSM has sent the message indicating Fire Detected and GPS Location.
• Base Unit Proteus Simulation is shown in the below figure:

• So, whenever you change any of these sensors' values in the Sensor Unit then the respective value will change in the Base Unit.

So, that was all about Real Time Security Control System using XBee and GSM. If you got into any trouble then ask in the comments and I will help you out. Thanks for reading, take care and have fun !!! :)

Introduction to 10N60

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to provide you a detailed discussion on Introduction to 10N60. Before going into the details of this article you should also have a look at Introduction to 4N60, 78M05, 2N3772, 2SC3320, 20N60. It is basically a high voltage Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). It is a power MOSFET and is able to control the certain level of the power. 10-N-60 is also a high current power MOSFET. This device has three terminals and is made up of silicon. It has around 10 ampere of current conduction capability i.e. this device is able to conduct 10A of current through it. 10-N-60 has a lot of amazing features. It features include low on-state resistance, break down voltage up to 600 volts, fast switching speed, threshold up to 4 volts, avalanche energy fully specified, improved capability of dv/dt. It operates on 150 degree Celsius. Moreover, 10-N-60 has a wide range of application area including DC to DC converters, switched mode power supplies, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) motor controllers, switched mode power supply, General Purpose (GP) switching appliances, bridge circuits and many more.

Introduction to 10N60

10N60 is basically a MOSFET having capability of bearing higher current and higher voltages. It is a power MOSFET i.e. it can control a power up to a specific level. It has three terminals named as gate, drain and source. It has several different features including fast switching speed, good dv/dt capability, low on state resistance, full avalanche energy specified. Its applications area include DC-DC converters, motor controllers, switched mode power supply, GP registers or appliances etc. 10-N-60 is shown in the figure given below.

1. 10N60 Pins

• It has three terminals having different individual task to perform.
• All of the three terminals are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

2. 10N60 Pins Symbols

• In order to avoid the complexity, each terminal is assigned with an alphabetic character.
• The assigned alphabetic character assigned to each terminal are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

3. 10N60 Symbolic Representation

• The symbolic representation of an electronic device provides us a symbol that can be used in theoretical portion.
• 10-N-60 symbolic representation is shown in the figure below.

4. 10N60 Pinout

• Pinout diagram of any electronic device helps to understand the pin configuration of that device.
• 10-N-60 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

 

5. 10N60 Features

• The features are the parameters that can enhance the importance of any device in the market if they are unique.
• A device with more unique features will be more popular in the market.
• 10-N-60 features are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

6. 10N60 Pins Applications

• It has a wide range of applications area.
• A few of its applications are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

That is all from the tutorial Introduction to 10N60. I have tried my level best to cover all the necessary and basic details regarding the basic use of 10-N-60 MOSFET. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial and will appreciate my effort ;) If you found something missing or wrong in this article, please do let me know as soon as possible, so that the article can be updated correspondingly in order to avoid any type of future inconvenience. I will share further interesting and informative topics in my upcoming tutorials. So, till my next tutorial take care and bye bye :)

Smart Blind Stick using Arduino in Proteus

Buy This Project Hello everyone, I hope you all are doing great. Today, I am going to share a new Project which is Smart Blind Stick using Arduino in Proteus ISIS. I have designed its complete Simulation which I am gonna share today.  We have designed this Proteus simulation off Smart Blind Stick after quite a lot of effort that's why its not free. We have placed a small amount on it and you can buy it from our shop via PayPal. You need to click on above button in order to buy this project's code and Simulation. If you have any problem in understanding this project, then you can ask in comments and I will try my best to resolve your issues. Smart Blind Stick project is designed quite a lot in engineering universities. That's why, I thought of sharing this simulation. Although its a Proteus Simulation but if you wanna design it on hardware then this code will work perfectly fine as I have tested it on hardware. If you got into any trouble in running this simulation then you can also send me message via Contact Form and I will surely help you out. So, let's get started with Smart Blind Stick using Arduino in Proteus ISIS:

Smart Blind Stick using Arduino in Proteus

• In this Smart Blind Stick, I have used:
  • Ultrasonic Sensors. ( You should download Ultrasonic Sensor Library for Proteus. )
  • PIR Sensor . ( You should download PIR Sensor Library for Proteus. )
  • Arduino Pro Mini. ( You should download Arduino Library for Proteus. )
  • Buzzer. ( You should read Simulation of Buzzer in Proteus. )
  • LCD 20 x 4. ( You should download LCD Library for Proteus. )
• Three Ultrasonic Sensors are placed in Front, Left and Right Directions.
• Ultrasonic Sensors on blind stick are used for detection of any hurdle or intruder in the passage of blind person.
• Once it detects the hurdle, then the buzzer will go ON and alert the blind person.
• Similarly I have also placed a PIR sensor which is detecting the presence of any other person, so when you place it on the blind stick then make sure that it is placed on front side so that it won't detect the blind person.
• Although blind persons can't read the values on LCd but still I have placed an LCD just to display all the values.
• I have used Arduino Pro Mini because its smaller in size and can easily be placed on a blind
• Here's a screenshot of Smart Blind Stick using Arduino in Proteus ISIS:

• Because the simulation was big in size that's why these sensors are looking so small, you need to zoom in to get all the details.
• It's got lengthy because I have designed a stick in Proteus and I have placed all the sensors on that stick except PIR sensor because that was quite big.
• It's looking quite cool because of the stick simulation. :)
• Here's a screen shot of zoomed in Ultrasonic Sensors:

• Now when you buy this Project, then you will get all these Library files in the folder along with complete Arduino code and Proteus Simulation.
• I have also designed a video which is given at the end of this tutorial, if you wanna buy this project, then must watch that video as I have shown the working of this Proteus Simulation in that video.
• Now, Get the Hex File from Arduino Softwre and upload it in the Arduino Pro Mini.
• Once you are done, run your Proteus Simulation of Smart Blind Stick and if everything goes fine then you will get the first screen as shown in below figure:

• This first screen is displaying the name of Project as well as our website in LCD.
• After 5 sec, it will change and will start displaying sensors' values, as shown in below figure:

• You can see in above figure that LCD is displaying values of all ultrasonic sensors, along with the Motion detection.
• Because PIR Sensor's TestPin is HIGH that's why its showing that Motion Detected and at this time the buzzer is also ON, which you can't hear in the image. :P
• Here's a detailed video, in which I have shown the functionality of this Smart Blind Stick Proteus Simulation:

If you want to buy this project then, you must first watch this video, so that you got the idea of what you are buying. That's all for today. I hope you have enjoyed this Smart Blind Stick. Till next tutorial, take care and have fun !!! :)