The Engineering Projects

Introduction to BC548

Hi Friends! Glad to see you here. I hope you’re well today. In this post, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to BC548.  BC548 is a general-purpose transistor that falls under the family of NPN transistors. It carries three pins that are mainly used for external connection with the circuit. The small current at one terminal is used to control the large current at other terminals. Moreover, it can drive loads under 500mA and is available in TO – 92 package. I suggest you read this post all the way through as you’ll get to know all nuts and bolts of BC548 transistor i.e. pinout, working principle, power ratings, applications, and physical dimensions. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to BC548

• BC548 is an NPN general-purpose transistor, comes with three pins named emitter, base and collector.
• A small current at the base side is used to control large current at the collector and emitter terminals. The reason, it’s normally called a current controlled device.

• Decent current gain and power dissipation make it a suitable pick for amplification circuits and pre-amplification stages in other electronic applications. Moreover, it is also used as a switch to carry the load below 500mA.
• This BC548 transistor belongs to the NPN family where it contains three layers i.e. two N-doped layers and one P-doped layer. The P-doped layer is sandwiched between two N-doped layers.
• Also, it contains two PN junctions where one is reverse biased and the other is forward biased.
• The NPN transistor is like an electron valve where the base terminal controls the movement of electrons. It is widely used for amplification purposes in many electrical and electronics projects.
• Plus, electrons behave like majority carriers in NPN transistors whereas in PNP transistor holes behave like majority carriers. In conclusion, the mobility of electrons is better than the mobility of holes, thus NPN transistors are better and faster than PNP transistors.

1. BC548 Pinout

BC548 contains three pins named:

• 1: Emitter
• 2: Base
• 3: Collector

Following figure shows the BC548 pinout:

• All these terminals are different in terms of operation and doping concentration.
• The base terminal controls the current, emitter is used to emit the number of electrons when voltage is applied at the base terminal which is then collected by the collector.
• The small increase in input voltage applied at the base terminal produces a large change in output voltage across both collector and emitter terminals. This practice is used for amplification purposes.
• The emitter terminal is highly doped as compared to collector and base terminals. Plus, the collector voltage is larger than the base voltage.

2. BC548 Pin Configuration

BC548 transistor is used in three main configurations as follows:

• Common base configuration.
• Common emitter configuration.
• Common collector configuration.

Common emitter configuration carries exact voltage and current ratings mainly used for amplification.

• The amplification factor is used to define the nature of amplification. It is called beta and is denoted by ß. It is a ratio between collector current and base current. As it’s a ratio between the same factor i.e. current, it contains no unit. In this NPN transistor, the amplification factor ranges from 110 to 800.
• Similarly, the ratio between collector current and emitter current is called current gain and is mainly known as alpha, denoted by a. The alpha value lies between 0.95 to 0.99 but most of the time its value is taken as unity.

3. BC548 Working Principle

• When the base terminal is grounded, both emitter and collector terminals remain disconnected.
• When the voltage is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased, forming a bridge between collector and emitter.
• As this is an NPN transistor, the current will flow from collector to emitter, unlike PNP transistors where current flows from emitter to collector.
• Though both electrons and holes play a key role in conductivity, in the case of NPN transistors, electrons are major charge carriers.
• The base terminal controls the number of electrons passing from collector to emitter and appears positive with respect to the emitter terminal.
• The applied voltage at the base terminals draws a small current which is then used to police the large current at the collector and emitter terminals.

4. BC548 Power Ratings

The following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of BC548:

• Collector-Base voltage is 30V. While Emitter-Base voltage and Collector-Emitter voltages are 5V and 30V respectively.
• The Collector current is 500mA with maximum power dissipation 625mW at temperature 25C.
• And the current gain ranges from 110 to 800.
• It’s important to note that these values are called stress ratings. Before you employ this transistor into the required circuit, make sure these ratings don’t cross the absolute maximum ratings, else you can risk your transistor and thus the entire project.
• Plus, if these ratings are applied for an extended period, they can influence the device reliability.
• Note: these values are measured at T = 25 C

5. BC548 Alternatives

The following are equivalent transistors of BC548:

• 2N2222
• 2N3904
• BC547
• BC549
• BC550

They all belong to the NPN family. The PNP complementary of BC548 is BC558. The type of transistor you use depends on the ratings of load you intend to drive i.e. in case of BC548 you can drive loads under 500mA.

6. BC548 Applications

NPN type transistors are used in circuits when you intend to sink the current. BC548 is used in the following applications:

• Used in Darlington pairs to amplify weak signals.
• It can be employed in sensor circuits.
• Driving loads under 500mA.
• Used in audio amplification.
• Used in audio Amplifier Stages.

7. BC548 Physical dimensions

The following diagram shows the physical dimension of the BC548: Recall, BC548 is a bipolar NPN junction transistor and is considered as a current-controlled device where small current at the base is used to control large current at the collector and emitter terminals. Plus, it can drive loads under 500mA and is available in TO – 92 package. That's all for today. I hope you find this read helpful. If you have any question, you can approach me in the section below, I'd love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions. They help us create quality content. Thank you for reading this article.

Introduction to BC546

Hi everyone! Thank you for viewing this article, I welcome you on board. In this post I’ll walk you through the detailed Introduction to BC546. BC546 is a low power NPN transistor mainly used for general purpose amplification and switching applications. In this read you’ll study all nitty-gritty of BC546 transistor i.e. from pinout, pin configuration, and working principle to power ratings, key parameters, physical dimensions and applications. Keep reading.

Introduction to BC546

• BC546 is a bipolar junction NPN transistor that finds applications in switching, amplification, impedance, H-bridge and current mirror circuits.
• This transistor falls in silicon epitaxial planar transistor category which is generally divided into three groups A, B & C. This BC546 is available in group A & B.
• BC546 low power transistor mainly contains three terminals named emitter, base and collector. And all these terminals are different in terms of their doping concentration and are used for external connection with electronic circuits.
• BC546 transistor contains three layers i.e. two N-doped layers and one P-doped layer. The P-doped layer resides between two N-doped layers. Plus, it carries two PN junctions where one is forward biased and other is reverse biased.
• Unlike FET (Field-Effect Transistor) that is voltage controlled device, BC546 is a current controlled device where small current at the base terminal is primarily used for controlling the large current at both emitter and collector terminals.

1. BC546 Datasheet

• Although, we are going to discuss everything related to BC546, in this tutorial but still its always wise to have a look at the datasheet.
• You can download BC546 Datasheet by clicking the below button:

Download BC546 Datasheet

2. BC546 Pinout

BC546 carries three pins named

• Emitter.
• Base.
• Collector.

The collector voltage is much larger than the base voltage and emitter terminal is highly doped compared to base and collector terminals. When voltage is applied at the base terminals, it ignites the electron reaction between emitter and collector terminals.

3. BC546 Pin Configuration

• Emitter current is a sum of both collector current & base current.
• The small current at the base terminal is used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• This transistor can be employed in three main configurations named:
  • Common base configuration.
  • Common emitter configuration.
  • Common collector configuration.
• Common emitter configuration comes with exact voltage and current ratings required for amplification.
• Forward current defines the nature of amplification. It is called amplification factor, or beta and denoted by ß. Which is a ratio between collector current and base current and it carries no unit. The amplification factor ranges from -110 to 800.
• Similarly, current gain is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. It is known as alpha, denoted by a. The alpha value ranges from 0.95 to 0.99 but more often than not its value is taken as unity.

4. BC546 Working Principle

• BC546 is a junction transistor where both electrons and holes are responsible for conductivity, electrons are majority charge carriers, however.
• In NPN transistor base terminal is positive with respect to emitter and is usually used to control the number of electrons.
• It gets biased and draws current when voltage is applied at the base terminal, thus controlling the large current at emitter and collector side.
• Free movements of electrons plays a key role for conductivity and is mainly used to bridge the gap between emitter and collector where electrons are emitted by the emitter which are then collected by the collector.
• In this NPN transistor current flows from collector to emitter unlike PNP transistor where current flows from emitter to collector.

5. BC546 Power Ratings

Absolute maximum power ratings of this NPN transistor are shown in the figure below:

• Collector-Base voltage is 80V. And Emitter-Base voltage is 6V.
• High Collector-Emitter voltage of 65V makes it the best pick for high voltage audio amplifier applications.
• Collector current is 100mA with maximum power dissipation 500mW at temperature 25C.
• These are stress ratings that, if increased from absolute maximum ratings, can severely affect the quality of the product, thus damaging the device.
• Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the extended period of time, they can affect the device reliability.
• The absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings with values measured at T = 25C

6. BC546 Modes & Key Parameters

The current directions and voltage polarities are opposite in both NPN and PNP transistors. If current flows in a clockwise direction in NPN transistor and carries positive polarity at the base terminal, it will flow in an anticlockwise direction in PNP transistor negative voltage polarity. Flow of electrons from collector to emitter in this NPN transistor depends on the biased voltage applied at the base terminal. Following are four modes of BC546 transistor:

• Active mode.
• Cut-off mode.
• Saturation mode.
• Reverse-active mode.

Base terminal is also called the active mode, and is mainly responsible for transistor action, where voltage is applied that draws small current which is then used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals. In cut-off mode transistor acts like an open switch and no current flows between the terminals. Saturation mode acts like an ON switch where current flows from collector to emitter. In this condition the voltage difference between collector and emitter is zero. In reverse active mode transistor acts like an active mode but here current direction is reversed, now it flows from emitter to collector.

7. BC546 Alternatives

BC546 contains following alternatives:

• 2SC4145
• 2SD1698
• 2SD1701
• 2SD1978
• 2SD1981
• 2SD2296A
• 2SD2213
• HIT667
• KTC1026
• KTC3200

All transistors mentioned above are NPN transistors and are composed of silicon material. While its complementary types PNP transistors are BC556 & BC559.

8. BC546 Applications

BC546 is mainly used in the following applications:

• It is used in linear amplifiers.
• BC546 finds applications in H-Bridge circuits
• Used for impedance circuits and current mirrors circuits
• Also employed in oscillator circuits and Astable vibrators
• Used in bistable multivibrators and comparator circuits

9. BC546 Physical dimensions

Following diagram shows the physical dimension of BC546: All three terminals are 0.492in in length and 0.181in in width with distance between two terminals 0.142in. This transistor carries weight approx. 0.18g. That's all for today. I hope you’ve got clear idea about BC546 transistor. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the section below, I'd love to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions. Thank you for your precious time.

IR Proximity Sensor Library for Proteus

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to share a new IR Proximity Sensor Library for Proteus. Proximity Sensors are not available in Proteus and we are sharing its Proteus library for the first time. So far, I have only shared Proteus Libraries of digital sensors but today I am sharing an analog sensor, so too excited about it. In the next few days, I will keep on sharing Proteus Libraries of different analog sensors, so if you want any sensor in Proteus, then let me know in the comments. IR Proximity Sensors are used to detect hurdles/obstacles placed in their path. They are normally used on robots for path navigation and obstacle avoidance. So, let's have a look at How to download and simulate IR Proximity Sensor Library for Proteus: Note:

• You should also have a look at:
  • Infrared Sensor Library for Proteus.
  • Infrared Tracker Sensor Library for Proteus.

IR Proximity Sensor Library for Proteus

• First of all, download this IR Proximity Sensor Library for Proteus, by clicking the below button:

IR Proximity Sensor Library for Proteus

• It's a .zip file, which will have two folders in it i.e. Proteus Library & Proteus Simulation.
• Open Proteus Library Folder, it will have 3 files, named as:
  • IRProximitySensorTEP.IDX
  • IRProximitySensorTEP.LIB
  • IRProximitySensorTEP.HEX
• Place these three files in the Library folder of your Proteus software.

Note:

• If you are unable to add a Library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should have a look at How to add a new Library in Proteus 8.

• After adding these library files, open your Proteus ISIS software, or restart it if it's already open.
• In the component's search box, make a search for IR Proximity.
• If you have installed the Library successfully, then you will get similar results, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure that we have two IR Proximity sensors.
• When it comes to functionality, both sensors are exactly the same, they just have different colors.
• Now simply place these IR Proximity Sensors in your Proteus workspace, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, I have placed both of these IR Proximity sensors in my Proteus workspace.
• This sensor has 4 pins in total, which are:
  • V ( Vcc ): We need to provide +5V here.
  • G ( Gnd ): We need to provide Ground here.
  • O ( Out ): It's an analog output signal from the sensor.
  • TestPin: It's solely for simulation purposes, we don't have this pin in a real IR sensor.
• As we can't actually place an obstacle in front of this sensor in Proteus simulation, that's why I have used this TestPin.
• If we change the value of TestPin from 0V to 5V then that means the obstacle is coming close.

Adding Sensor's Hex File

• Lastly, we need to add the Sensor's Hex File, which we have downloaded and placed in the Library folder.
• So, in order to do that, right-click on your IR sensor and then click on Edit Properties.
• You can also open the Properties Panel by double-clicking on the sensor.
• Here, in the Properties Panel, you will find Sensor's Hex File Section.
• Click on the Browse button and add IRProximitySensorTEP.HEX file here, as shown in the below figure:

• After adding the Sensor's Hex File, click on the OK button to close the Properties Panel.
• Our IR Proximity Sensor is now ready to simulate in Proteus ISIS.
• Let's design a small circuit, in order to understand the working of this IR Proximity Sensor.

Proteus Simulation of IR Proximity Sensor

• First of all, let's design a simple circuit, where I am attaching a variable resistor with the Test Pin & I am adding a Voltmeter at the Output pin, as shown in the below figure:

• Using this variable resistance, we can change the voltage on Test Pin.
  • If TestPin has 0V, means we don't have any obstacle in front of the sensor.
  • If TestPin has 5V, implies that something's placed right in front of the sensor.
• So, let's have a look at How the output value will change when we change the voltage on TestPin.
• At the Output Pin, I have placed an LC filter, which is also not required in real hardware implementation.
• But I have to use this filter in Proteus Simulation, as Proteus provides the Peak to Peak value and we need to convert that value into Vrms.
• So, if you are working on a real sensor then you don't need to add this inductor or capacitor.
• Now, let's run this Proteus Simulation and if you have done everything correctly, then you will get similar results:

• I have shown three different scenarios in the above figure:
  • In the first image, the variable resistor is at 100%, thus providing 0V at TestPin. That's why we got 0V at Output and hence no obstacle detected.
  • In the second image, the variable resistor is around 50%, thus providing around 2.5V at TestPin. So, we are getting around 2.5V at Output and hence obstacle detected in close range.
  • In the third image, the variable resistor is around 0%, thus providing around 5V at TestPin. So, we are getting around 5V at Output and hence obstacle's just in front of the sensor.
• I have placed this simulation in the above zip file, so play with it and don't forget to add the Sensor's Hex File.

So, that was all for today. I hope this IR Proximity Sensor Library will help engineering students in simulating their course projects. I will interface this IR sensor with Arduino and other Microcontrollers and will share their simulations. If you have any issues, then ask in the comments and I will help you out.

Introduction to ADC0804

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to ADC0804. In electronic engineering different modules used to conversion of analog signal into a digital signal. These tools are recognised as analog to digital converter or ADC. Thes signal converter also used to find the value of input current and voltage. Normally the output of these converters are 2 binary numbers but other values are also possible. These analog to digital converter are available in different structure scheme but mostly they are available in integrated circuits packaging. The working ability of these signal converter depends on their bandwidth and signal to noise ration (SNR). Their bandwidth can be fined by their sample rate (sample rat is the elimination of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal). The signal to noise ratio can be measured by the resolution (resolution of the converter designates the number of discrete values it can create over the series of analog values), accuracy of signal, aliasing (It is an effect that makes different signals to become indistinguishable). In today's post, we will have a look ADC0804 analogue to digital converter, its pinout working, applications, advantage and some other related parameters. So let's get started with Introduction to ADC0804.

Introduction to ADC0804

• The ADC0804 is integrated circuitry that used to transform anlog input into the digital output. This eight-bit analog to digital converter has twenty pinouts.
• This integrated circuit is mostly used in different microcontrollers such as Raspberry Pi etc. To triggering this ADC module there is no need of external clock this module has its own clock.

• This component is the best choice if you are looking such analog to digital converter having the finest resolution and eight bits.
• Earlier microcontrollers do not consist of analoge digital converter that used separate hardware for this purpose but currently, microcontrollers comprise of the ADC converter.
• These signal converter mostly used for temperature measurements like in homes or industries to measure the temperature of heating elements used in different machines. In automobiles like a car, it also used for measurement of temperature.
• This module is not used only for the temperature calculation but used in such applications where analog signal is used.

Pinout of ADC0804

• These are the main pinouts of this module that are described here with the detailed.

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	Chip Select  Pinout	If more than one analog to digital converter is working with this module.
Pin#2	Read command pinout	This pinout should be grounded to read the analog signal.
Pin#3	Write command	For data, conversion this pinout has a large pulse.
Pin#4	Clock in command	The exterior clock signal can be linked at this pinout.
Pin#5	Interrupt	Interrupt command is provided at this pinout.
Pin#6	Vin positive	For differential analog input attach analog to digital converter here.
Pin#7	Vin negative	For differential analog input, link to ground terminals.
Pin#8	Gnd	At his pinout analog ground terminal is connected.
Pin#9	reference voltage	This pinout is used to provide reference voltage during analog to digital conversion.
Pin#10	Gnd	At this ground pinout, the digital ground is connected.
Pin#11 to 18	Data bit 0 to bit 7	Seven output Data bit pins from which output is obtained
Pin#19	Clock R	This is RC timing resistor input pinout for interior clock generator.
Pin#20	Data Pin 6	This pinout is used to connect input plus five volts for analogue to a digital module.

Features of ADC0804

• These are some features of ADC0804 that describe with detail.
• This module can easily connect with other microcontroller and can also work alone in any circuitry.
• This is eight-bit analog to digital converter module.
• At this module, interior clock exists there is no need of special clock oscillator.

• Its digital output values change from zero to two fifty-five volts.
• This module is available in twenty pinouts PDIP (dual inline packaging) and SOIC (small outline integrated circuits) packaging.
• It takes one hundred ten microseconds for the conversion of analoge to digital values.
• Its interior clock frequency is six fort kilo-hertz.
• It can measure the voltages from zero to five volts by operating on the five volts input supply.

Working of ADC0804

• Now we discuss the working of ADC0804 with the detailed.
• As we discussed above that this module consists of the interior clock and there is no need of any separate clock.
• But if for use of this interior clock we have to connect RC circuitry with this module. This module must be linked with the plus five volts power supply and both ground pinouts linked with the ground terminal of circuitry.
• For the construction of resistance-capacitor (RC) circuitry use ten-kilo resistance and capacitor of hundred pico-farads after that attached the pinouts CLK R and CLK in as shown in a given figure.
• The pinouts CS and R should be linked with the ground. The reference pinout is not connected with any point since it will be linked with the plus five volts.
• In given circuitry you can observe that the input analog voltage is provided at the IN (+) pinout and digital output will be obtained at the DB0 and DB7 pinouts.
• You can also see that the second terminal of a source is connected with the ground for analog to digital conversion.
• Before starting of analog to digital transformation the WR pinout should be high this condition can be obtained by linking this pinout with the input or output pinout of Microprocessing Unit and it set to high value.

• In the circuit you can also see that potentiometer is linked to varying the voltage from zero to five volts at the input pinout.
• In the given figure, you can also see that voltage value is 1.55 volts and its corresponding binary value is (01001111) .
• Now we discuss how we can  convert this binary value into the analog,
• As our binary value is (01001111)
• First of all, we convert it into decimal.

Binary  to Deci = (0 x128)+(1 x 64)+(0 x 32)+(0 x16)+(1 x 8)+(1 x 4)+(1 x 2)+(1 x1)

                                       =   79 Analoge value will be= Deci x step size

                             = (79) x (19.53)mV = (1.54)V

• As you can observe that obtained value is (1.54 volts) and 1,55 volts is measured value both of these are approximately close to each other.

Applications of ADC0804

• These are some applications of ADC0804, let's discuss with the detailed.
• It can function with an eight-bit processor.
•  Normally it used with the different microprocessors like Raspberry PI, Beagle Bone, etc.
• It can easily be linked with the sensing devices, voltage sources and transducers.

So, friends, it is the detailed tutorial on the ADC0804 if you have any question about ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller. This microcontroller is a new category of a microcontroller family it is a thirty-two-bit microcontroller also compatible with the ARM and Cortex M processor. Due to thirty-two bits compatibility, this module provides good performance, processing of digital signal and consumes less power and voltage. The modules used in most of the industries due to their compatibility with the cortex M0, M0+, M3, M4.

In today's post, we will have a look at its working, features, pinouts, applications and some other related parameters. So lets with the Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller.

Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller

• The STM32 is a type of microcontroller that offers the ARM Cortex-M thirty-two bits processor.
• This type of microcontroller is mostly used in different engineering projects.
•  This module has numerous series and parallel combinations for the connections so many other electronic devices can be linked with this module such as LCD display, a sensing module, electrical motors, etc.

• All modules of the STM32 are mounted with interior memory storage and random access memory (RAM).
• The price of some other STM family modules is higher. And STM series like STM32F0 and STM32F1 is consists of the twenty-four megahertz and sixteen pinouts.
• The STM32H7 modules use four hundred megahertz and have two forty pinouts at its casing.
• The sophisticated modules of STM series are used for FPU floating-point units applications where there is need of some special arrangements.

Pinout of STM32 Microcontroller

• Now we discuss the pinouts of STM32 with the detailed, that is described here with the detail.

Pin names	Pin Types:	Parameters
IOREF	It is power pinout.	At his pinout reference, 3,3 volts are applied.
RESET	It is power pinout.	This pinout is used to reset the controller.
+3.3 volts	It is power pinout.	At this pinout, 3.3 volts are applied as output that can also be used to give input to the microcontroller.
+5 volts	It is power pinout.	This pinout is only for five volts outputs.
GND	It is power pinout.	It is ground pinout.
A0-A1	Analog Pins and I2C	At this pinout, analogue voltage is found.
A4 and A5	Analog Pins and I2C	At this pinouts, I2C transmission of data is done A4 is SDA (Serial Data) pinout and A5 is SCL (Serial Clock) pinout.
D8-D15	Digital Pins and SPI	These are digital GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins.
AVDD	Digital Pins and SPI	At this pinout, the analogue reference voltage is applied.
GND	Digital Pins and SPI	It is ground pinout.
D13, D12. D11 and D10	Digital Pins and SPI	These pinouts work as SCK (serial clock), MISO (master in slave out), MOSI (master out slave in) and CS pins respectively for SPI communication.
D0 to D7	Digital Pins and USART	These pinouts are Digital GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins
D0 and D1	Digital Pins and USART	These pins act as Rx (receiver) and Tx (transmission) pins respectively for USART communication.
PC0, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC10, PC11, PC12, PC13, PC14, PC15	These are Port pinouts	All these are digital pinouts of port c of the module.
PD2	It is Port pinouts	It is the input and output pinout of Port D.
PA0, PA1, PA4, PA13, PA14, PA15	These are Port pinouts	All of these are input/output pinouts of Port A.
PB7, PB8 and PB9	These are Port pinouts	These are input/output pinouts of PORT B.
PH0 and PH1	These are Port pinouts	These are input/output pinouts of port H.
VBAT	It is power pinout.	This pinout used to provide power to the module form the battery.
+3.3 Volts	It is power pinout	This pinout provides 3.3 volts as output that can be used to power up the module.
+5V	It is power pinout	It is five volts output supply pinout.
VIN	It is power pinout	It is unregulated input power pinout.
RESET	It is power pinout	It used to Resets the microcontroller.
IOREF	It is power pinout	This is reference voltage pinout.
PC4, PC5, PC6, PC7, PC8, PC9	These are Port Pinouts	These are the input and output pinout of Port C.
PA2, PA3, PA4, PA6, PA7, PA10, PA11 and PA12	These are Port Pinouts	These are the Port A inputs and outputs pinouts.
PB1, PB2, PB3, PB4, PB5, PB6, PB8, PB9, PB10, PB12, PB14, PB15	These are Port Pinouts	These are the Port B inputs and output Pinouts.
U5V	It is power pinout	It is five volts power pinout.
GND	It is power pinout	It used to ground the controller.
U5V	It is power pinout	It is analog ground pinout.

• Now we see the pinout diagram of STM32.

Applications of STM32

• These are some practical applications of STM32 that are described in detail.
• This module is used in less power consuming hand-held electronic devices.
• This microcontroller is also used in Robotics and different electronic projects.
• It is also used in system automation.

It is a detailed tutorial on the STM32 I have explained each and everything related to this microcontroller. I tried my level best to describe this module in the simplest way, but still, if you have any question and query about this module please as in comments. Thanks for reading.  see you in the next tutorial. Have a nice day.

Introduction to PT2272

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to PT2272. It is a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) that use to design simple wireless controlling of instruments installed at some distance. This module is normally used for controlling the circuits of garage door, speed control of the fan, robots and for monitoring the alarm connected at different places for security purposes. This integrated circuitry uses non-variable code address and no built-in encryption due to these parameters it not used for such circuits where high security is need but uses only for small or less cost security circuits such as used in home security alarms etc. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout,  applications and some other related parameters. So let's get started with the Introduction to PT2272.

Introduction to PT2272

• The PT2272 is a decoder coupled with the PT2262 use the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technique.
• The use of PT2262 with this module to work as a transmitter for the PT2272 that work as a receiver and decodes the data sent by the transmitter.
• The output pinouts of this module are transistor-transistor logic that can be connected with the other circuitry and microcontroller.

• The operating voltage of the transmitter (PT2262) is five volts to twelve volts dc and the operation voltage of PT2272 are also five volts dc.
• This module consists of twelve bits of tri-state address pinout that offers three hundred twelve address codes.
• This module has features like large no of output data pinouts, latching and temporary output.
• The complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technique (CMOS) technique used in this module offered the use of less power, less sound to noise ratio, twelve tri-state address pinouts, six data pinouts many ranges of voltages operation.
• This integrated circuitry is the finest option for security circuits used in different vehicles like cars, door alarm, robotic controls and some other home automation circuits.

Pinouts of PT2272

• Now we discuss the pinouts of PT2272 with the detailed, that is described here with the detail.

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
A0 to A5	Input pinout	These pinouts are address pinouts. All these six pinouts are used to get input coming from the transmitter and then encode the data.
A6/D5 ~ A11/D0	Input and output pinouts	These 6 pinouts are used for such data that has a large number of bits and also on the type of PT2272 module used.
DIN	Input pinout	When these pinouts are operating as inputs, these pins behave as tri-state input pinouts and every pin can set at the three different levels one, zero and floating. If we use these six pinouts as When used as output pins, these pins are driven to VCC if (1) the address decoded from the waveform that was received matches the address setting at the address input pins, and (2) the corresponding data bits received is a “1” bit. Otherwise, they are driven to VSS.
OSC 1	input pinout	It is oscillator pinout no one.
OSC 2	Output pinout	It is oscillator pinout number two. A specific value of resistance connected among them finds the value of the fundamental frequency of PT2272.
VT	Output	This pinout is used for the output gain
VCC	-	At this terminal positive input is provided.
VSS	-	This terminal is used to provide a negative supply.
NC	-	This is open pinout.

Features of PT2272

• These are some features of PT2272 that are described here with the detailed.
• This module used complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technique.
• This module used a small amount of energy for its operation.
• Its provides larger immunisation from the noise.

• This module has twelve tri-state code address pinouts.
• This module has six data pinouts.
• Its operating volt re from four to fifteen volts.
• This module also consists of a single resistance oscillator.
• It is also available in dual in-line package and in small outline package.
• Its operating span is from five volts to twelve volts.
• Its input voltage is five volts dc.
• This module has already assembled light-emitting diode on its assembly.
• This module also has four outputs of transistor-transistor logic.
• Its transmitter is dimensions are thirty-six milli-meter by twenty-six milli-meters.
• Its receiver dimensions are forty-five to twenty-six millimetres.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of PT2272

• Now we discuss the ratings of PT2272 with the detailed.

Parameter	Symbol	Rating
Input Voltage	Input voltage denoted as VI.	The value of these voltages is -0.3 VCC+0.3 volts.
Supply Voltage	Denoted as VCC	The value of voltage is -0.3 to 16 volts.
Storage Temperature	This temperature denoted as Tstg.	The temperature value is -65 to 150 Celsius.
Operating Temperature	It denoted as Topr.	Temperature value from -40  to +85 celsius.
Output Voltage	This voltage denoted as VO.	This temperature is from -0.3 VCC+0.3 volts.

DC Electrical Features of PT2272

• Now we discuss the pinouts of PT2272 with the detailed, that is described here with the detail.

Parameter	Symbol	Conditions
Supply Voltage	This voltage denoted as VCC.	-
Stand-by Current	This current is denoted as ISB.	The conditions for this voltage is VCC is twelve volts. DIN is zero volts. OSC1 is zero volts.
DOUT Output Driving Current	It denoted as IOH.	The voltage VCC is eight volts. The voltage VOH is four volts.
DOUT Output Sinking Current	It is denoted as IOL.	The value of VCC is five volts. The value of VOH three volts.
“H” Input Voltage	This input voltage is denoted as VIH.	VCC
“L” Input Voltage	VIL	VCC

Applications of PT2272

• These are some applications of PT2272 described with the detailed.
• It uses in circuits of a different security system.
• It is used in circuits of automatic on and off of garage door circuits.
• It used for the automatic control fan speed circuits.
• Security circuits of home.
• It used in different robotics circuits.
• It used in industries for the control of different machines.

It is the detailed tutorial on the PT2272 if you have any question about it ask in comments thanks for reading.

Introduction to LCD 20x4

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at the Introduction to 20x4 LCD Module. The LCD stands for liquid crystal display, which works on the light modulation features of liquid crystals. It is available in electronic visible display, video display and flat panel display. There are numerous categories and features are exist in markets of LCD and you can see it on your mobile, laptop, computer and television screen.

The invention of LCD gives new life to electronic industries and replaces lED and gas plasma techniques. It also replaces the CTR (cathode ray) tube that is used for visual display. The input power consumed by the liquid crystal display is less than the light-emitting diode and plasma display. In today's post, we will have a look at 20 x 4 LCD, its features, working, applications, and practical implementation in different electronic devices. So let's get started with the Introduction to 20x4 LCD Module.

Introduction to 20 x 4 LCD Module

• In a 20x4 LCD module, there are four rows in display and in one row twenty characters can be displayed and in one display eighty characters can be shown.
• This liquid crystal module uses HDD44780 (It is a controller used to display monochrome text displays) parallel interfacing.

• The liquid crystal display interfacing code is easily accessible. We just required eleven input and output pinouts for the interfacing of the LCD screen.
• The input supply for this module is three volts or five volts, with that module other components like PIC, Raspberry PI, Arduino.
• Thie electronic device can be used in different embedded systems, industries, medical devices, and portable devices like mobile, watches, laptops.
• Liquid crystal display works on two types of the signal first one is data and the second one is for control.
• The existence of these signals can be identified through the on and off condition of RS pinout. Data can be read by pushing the Read/write pinout.

20x4 LCD Pinout

• These are some pinouts of 20x4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	It is denoted as Vss	It is ground pinout potential at this pinout is zero.
Pin#2	It is denoted as Vdd	At this pinout, five volts are provided.
Pin#3	This pinout denoted as Vo	This pinout is used to set the contrast of the screen.
Pin#4	This pin denoted as RS	It is used to H/L register select signal.
Pin#5	It is denoted as R/W	It is used for H/L read/write signal.
Pin#6	This pinout denoted as E	It is used for H/L enable signal.
Pin#7-14	The pinouts from seven to fourteen are denoted as DB0 – DB7.	It is used for H/L data bus for 4-bit or 8-bit mode.
Pin#15	It identified as A (LED+)	It is used to set the backlight anode.
Pin#16	It is recognized as K (LED-).	It is used to set the backlight cathode.

Features of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some features of 20 x 4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.
• The most important feature of this module is that it can display 80 characters at a time.
• The cursor of this module has 5x8 (40) dots.
• This module already assembled the controller of RW1063.
• This module operates on the plus five volts input supply and can also work on the plus three volts.
• The plus 3-volt pinout can also be used for the negative supply.
• The duty cycle of this module is one by sixteen (1/16).
• The light-emitting diode of this module can get supply from the pinout one, pinout two, pinout fifteen, pinout sixteen, or pinout A and K.

Electrical Characteristics of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some pinouts of 20 x 4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.

Parameters	Symbol	Conditions
Input Voltage	It is denoted as VDD	The value of VDD is plus five volts.
Supply Current	It denoted as IDD	Its value is ten milliamperes.
LC Driving Voltage for Normal Temperature Version Module	Its symbol is VDD to V0.	Its value is 5.2 volts
LED Forward Voltage	It is denoted as VF.	Its value is 4.3V
LED Forward Current	It is denoted as IF.	Its value is 4.6V.
EL Supply Current	This pinout denoted as EL	VEL = 110 VAC, and four hundred frequency.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

• Now we discuss the maximum ratings of 20 x 4 LCD.

Parameters	Symbol	Conditions
Working temperature	It is denoted as Top	Its value is zero to a plus fifty-celsius degree.
Storage Temperature	It is denoted as Tst.	Its value is minus twenty Celsius to plus seventy Celsius.
Supply Voltage for Logic	It is denoted as Vi.	Its minimum value is Vss and the maximum value is equal to Vdd volts.
Supply Voltage for liquid crystal display	It is denoted as Vdd or Vss.	Its value is three volts to thirteen volts.

Advantages of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some advantages of this module that are described in detail.
• It is less expensive, and lightweight as compared to the cathode ray tube display.
• It uses less power according to the brightness resolution.

• It produces less amount of heat due to less use of power.
• In this module, there is no geometric distortion.
• It can be constructed in any shape and size according to user requirements.
• The LCD used in the computer monitor uses twelve volts.

Disadvantages of 20 x 4 LCD

• Despite the advantages of this module, there are some problems created by this module that are described here.
• In some older LCD modules, there are some issues due to view angle and brightness.
• It loses brightness and operates at less response time with the increment of temperature.
• With the increment of the surrounding temperature, its contrast also disturbs.

It is a detailed tutorial on the 20x4 LCD module I have mentioned everything related to this Liquid crystal display. If you have any questions about it ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to LCD 16x2

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module. LCD stands for liquid crystal display it is mostly used in different electronic projects and devices to display different values. LCD uses liquid crystals for the generation of visible images. 16 x 2 liquid crystal display is a basic LCD module used in DIY electronic projects and circuits. In this LCD module, there are two rows every row consists of sixteen numbers.

With the two rows in this module, there are sixteen columns. The VA dimensions of these modules are (66 x 16) millimeters and the thickness is 13.2 millimeters. Its operating voltage is plus five or plus three volts. In today's post, we will have a look at working, applications, circuits,  features, advantages and disadvantages. So let's get started with Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	LCD 16x2	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module

• LCD(liquid crystal display) is normally used in embedded projects due to its low cost, easy access and flexibility to get programmed.
• Almost every electronic device we daily see like in you mobile, calculator and some other devices.
• There is a type of liquid display that has sixteen column and two rows so it is known as 16 x 2 LCD modules.
• LCD also available in different arrangements like (8 x 1), (10 x 2), (16 x 1), but the 16 x 2 liquid crystal is normally used in embedded projects.
• In this liquid crystal display, there are thirty-two characters and each of them consists of 5 x 8 pixels.
• So we can say that character consists of forty pixels or dots and total pixels in this liquid crystal display can be fined as (32 x 40) or 1280 pixels.
• During its interfacing with a microcontroller, it makes sure that liquid crystal display should be directed about the locations of pixels.

Pinout of 16x2 LCD Module

• These are the main pinouts of 16 x 2 LCD that are described here with the detailed

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	Ground	This pin is used to connect the ground.
Pin#2	+5 Volt	At this pinout plus five volts are applied to on the LCD.
Pin#3	VE	This pin used to select the contract of the display.
Pin#4	Register Select	This pinout is used to MCU controller connected led to a shift from command to data mode.
Pin#5	Read and Write	It used for reading and wiring of data.
Pin#6	Enable	It linked with the MCU to toggle among zero and one.
Pin#7	Data Pin 0	The pinouts from zero to seven are data pinouts and these are linked with the MCU for transmission of data. This liquid crystal module can also operate on the four-bit mode by working on o, 1, 2, and 3 pinouts and others are free.
Pin#8	Data Pin 1
Pin#9	Data Pin 2
Pin#10	Data Pin 3
Pin#11	Data Pin 4
Pin#12	Data Pin 5
Pin#13	Data Pin 6
Pin#14	Data Pin 7
Pin#15	LED Positive	This pinout is for turn backlight of led into positive.
Pin#16	LED Negative	Backlight liquid crystal display pinout negative terminal.

Command codes for 16x2 LCD Module

• These are some commands codes for 16 x2 LCD modules.

Sr.No	Hex Code	Parameters
1	1	This command will remove data displaying on the screen of lcd.
2	2	It used to move back home.
3	4	It used to change location of a cursor to left side.
4	6	It changes the position of cursor to right side.
5	5	It used for shift display on right.
6	7	It used for Shift display one  left
7	8	It used to off the display and cursor will also off.
8	0A	It used for both display off, a cursor on.
9	0C	It used for display on, cursor also off.
10	0E	By using this command we can on display, the cursor  will be blinking
11	0F	By this command Display will be on, the cursor also blinking.
12	10	It changes the location of a cursor to left.
13	14	It set cursor location to right.
14	18	It changes the location of the complete display to the left side.
15	1C	It changes the location of the complete display to right side.
16	80	It used to move the cursor to the first line.
17	C0	It send the cursor to starting of the second line.
18	38	2 lines and 5×7 matrix.

Features of 16x2 LCD Module

• These are some features of 16x2 LCD Module that are described with the detailed.
• Its functioning voltages are from 4.7 volts to 5.3 volts.
• It uses one milliampere current for operation.
• In this liquid crystal display, we can work both alphabets and numbers.
• On this module, there are rows each has sixteen characters.
• Every character of this board has 5 x 8 or 40 pixels.
• It works on both four and eight bits mode.
• It display screen backlight is two colour green and blue.

Registers of LCD

• In this module there are 2 main types of register first one is data register and the second one is command register. The RS pinout is used for the change the register.
• If we set zero then the register is command and at one data register will work.
• Now we discuss these two registers with the detailed.

Command Register

• The main function of this register is to save instructions shown on display.
• That help to a clearing of data changes the location of the cursor and display control.

Data Register

• This register saves the date to display on the liquid crystal screen. When we send data to liquid crystal display it moves to the data register, processing of that data will initiate.
• If we set the value of register at one then the data register will start operation.

So it is the detailed article on the 16x2 LCD Module if you have any question about ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pinout, Datasheet, Features & Applications

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. Today, we will discuss HC-05 Bluetooth Module in detail. We will also study HC-05 Pinout, Datasheet, Features & Projects. HC05 is a Bluetooth module, that works on Serial Protocol ( RX/TX ) for sending and receiving data. We have also designed Bluetooth Library for Proteus, which will help you in simulating this Bluetooth Module in Proteus software.

HC05 Bluetooth Module consists of CSR Bluecore 04 outer single-chip Bluetooth system having CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology. This module also fulfils the Bluetooth V2.0+EDR technology. So let's get started with Introduction to HC-05.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	HC-05	Amazon	Buy Now

HC-05 Bluetooth Module

• HC-05 Bluetooth Module is a low-cost, easy-to-operate & small-sized module used for wireless communication in the Bluetooth spectrum.
• It supports Serial Port Protocol (SPP), which helps in sending/receiving data to/from a microcontroller (i.e. Arduino UNO).
• Its default baud rate is 9600 for data communication and 38400 for command mode communication.
• HC05 can operate in master/slave mode and thus multiple slave nodes can be controlled using a single master node (called mesh networking).
• HC-05 supports "AT commands", controlled by TX (transmission) and RX (receiver) pinouts.
• You should also have a look at Arduino Bluetooth Communication using HC05.

HC-05 Pinout

• HC-05 Pinouts are used for powering up the module and sending/receiving data via Serial Port.
• So, let's have a look at HC-05 Pinout, shown in below table:

HC-05 Pinout
Pin#	Pin Name	Working
Pin#1	Enable Pin	The purpose of this pinout is to set data value at a high and low level.
Pin#2	Vcc	At this pinout, the input supply is provided to the module. Its operating voltage is plus five volts.
Pin#3	GND	Ground (0V)
Pin#4	TX	Serial Transmitting Pin.
Pin#5	RX	Serial Receiving Pin
Pin#6	State	This Pin is connected to an LED, shows the operating state of the HC-05 Bluetooth module.

• Here's the image, where I have labelled HC-05 Pinout:

• In the above figure, I have labelled 7. LED, which tells about different states of Bluetooth module:
  • If it's blinking once in two seconds, it has received a command.
  • If it's blinking continuously, means the module is waiting for input data.
  • If it's blinking twice in one second, means it's connected properly.

HC-05 Datasheet

• You can download the HC-05 datasheet by clicking the below button:

HC-05 Features

• HC05 follows the "Bluetooth V2.0+EDR" protocol (EDR stands for Enhanced Data Rate).
• Its operating frequency is 2.4 GHz ISM Band.
• HC05 uses CSR Bluecore 04-External single-chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology.
• This module follows the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.15.1 standard protocol.
• Dimensions of HC-05 are 12.7mmx27mm.
• Its operating voltage is 5V.
• It sends and receives data by UART, which is also used for setting the baud rate.
• it has -80dBm sensitivity.
• This module also uses (FHSS), a technique by which a radio signal is sent at different frequency levels.
• This module has the ability to work as a master/slave mode.
• This module can be easily connected with a laptop or mobile phone via Bluetooth.

HC-05 Working

• HC-05 is normally used in embedded projects, where data needs to be transmitted wirelessly over a small distance.
• We can transmit data between two HC-05 modules and can also send data from HC-05 to any Bluetooth appliance i.e. mobile phone, laptop etc.
• In order to do so, first of all, we need to power up our HC-05 module, as shown in below figure:

• As we push the button connected to Key Pin, it will get LOW & HC-05 will start blinking.
• Now, if you check on your mobile phone or laptop, you will be able to find a new Bluetooth device named HC-05.
• Once you connected with this device, you will be able to send and receive data in a serial stream manner.
• This stream is then processed by a microcontroller (i.e. Arduino UNO) attached with HC-05.
• However, do not expect this module to transfer multimedia like photos or songs; you might have to look into the CSR8645 module for that.

HC-05 Arduino Interfacing

• HC-05 has 2 working modes:
  • Data Mode: HC05 sends and receives data via Bluetooth spectrum and then further processes it to Serial Pins.
  • Command Mode: HC-05 waits for AT (ATtention) commands, acts accordingly & then sends the response in return.
• This module uses SPP (Serial Port Protocol) for the transmission of data so it can be easily interfaced with any microcontroller.
•  For HC-05 Arduino Interfacing:
  • 5V to Vcc Pin.
  • 0V to GND Pin.
  • RX (receiver) pin of HC-05 with the TX (transmitter) pin of UNO.
  • TX pin of the HC-05 with the RX pin of UNO.

HC-05 Applications

Now, let's have a look at HC-05 Applications, it can be used in various ways, here I have mentioned few of them:

• HC-05 Bluetooth Module is normally used for wireless data transmission among multiple microcontrollers.
• It can also be used to communicate between electronic devices like mobile, laptop, computers for data transmission.
• It also used in different information and data logging applications.
• It's used in robotics for wireless control.
• It's used in autonomous projects for collecting data.

So, that was all about the HC05 Bluetooth Module. I have tried my best to explain everything related to this module but if you have any question, ask in the comments. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

Introduction to TIP35

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP35. It is a reliable silicon NPN transistor that is projected to use in common persistence amplification and swapping capitulations. It is existing in TO-247 that is no more used by most fabricators. It's corresponding transistor TIP36 which is PNP transistor. It is a communal transistor which is used in several industrial projects where audile magnification is required. Its structures are good-observing much the similar refusing for the exciting power acceptance that is rather lesser. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, wreckage, eminence, claims, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP35. 

Introduction to TIP35

• It is a reliable silicon NPN transistor that is projected to use in common persistence amplification and swapping capitulations. It is existing in TO-247 that is no more used by most fabricators.

• This amplifier does not privilege to be 'state of the art' and in statistic the base enterprise times back to the initial 1970s.  It is a modest amplifier to construct, usages normally accessible fragments and is constant and consistent. 
• The scheme contained is a small adjustment of an amplifier which intended numerous ages back, of which hundreds were constructed. 
• This transistor catches wide use in Power Swap structures like inverters, and output stages of audile amplifiers where they are associated in push-pull with a matching power transistor type.
• Whenever it is used in an audio amplifier arrangement, it is practical to initiative the power transistor from a pre-amplifier stage as maximum power transistors have a slight gain of current.

Pinout of TIP35

• These are the pinout of TIP35 which is well-defined underneath.

• Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	The emitter is for an outdoor motion of current.
  Pin#2	Base	The base achieves the biasing of the transistor. It impulses the state of the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	The collector is for the current inner drive. It is linked to the load.

  Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of TIP35

• These are the main features of TIP35.
  • It is offered in covering the type of TO-247.
  • This fits in NPN transistors.
  • The voltage put on at collector and emitter is 40 volts.
  • The voltage at collector and base points is 40 volts.
  • The voltage at emitter and base is five volts.
  • This transistor devours 25-ampere current at the collector.
  • The power forbearance at the collector point is 125 watts.
  • Its gain is about 15 to 75.
  • Its switching frequency is 3 Mhz.
  • Its functioning and stowage joining temperature range are -65 to +150°C.
  • This transistor is free from Lead (Pb).

Maximum Ratings of TIP35

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCEO	60V	It is the voltage crosswise collector and emitter.
VCB	60 V	It is the voltage crosswise collector and emitter.
VEB	5.0 V	It is the voltage across emitter and base.
IC	25 V	It is the current at the collector.
IB	5.0 A	It is the value of current at the base point.
PD	125 A	It is the entire Power Indulgence at T = 25 C  overhead 25 C.
TJ, Tstg	-65 to +150	Working and Storing Connection Temperature Choice
ESB	90	It is the unclamped Inductive Load.

Electrical Characteristics

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCEO	60V	These are C-E Supportive Voltage (IC = 30 mA, IB = 0)
ICEO	1mA	It is the collector and emitter Cut-off Current. (VCE = 30 V).
ICES	0.7mA	It is the collector and emitter Cut-off Current.
IEBO	1 mA	It is the emitter and base Cut off Current.
hFE	25 15	It is the DC current gain. (IC = 1.5 A, VCE = 15 V) (IC = 4 A, VCE = 4 V)
VCE	1.8 4.0	These are emitter and collector saturation voltage. (IC = 15 A, VCE = 1.5 V) (IC = 25 A, VCE = 5 V)
VBE	2V 4V	These are the Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage. (IC = 15 A, IB = 4 A) (IC = 25 A, IB = 4 A)
ft	3V	It is the current gain-bandwidth product.

Working of TIP35

• Now we read about its working with a circuit diagram.
• In this circuit, I am going to show you 500W power inverter circuitry which using TIP35.
• In this circuit diagram, there is merely one adjustable resistance which is for changing the frequency of 240 AC output current.It is finest to use a frequency meter to regulate this frequency of 50HZ to 60HZ according to your requisite.Please avoid giving power any instrument by an inverter before changing the frequency according to your instrument.  Otherwise, it will damage your device.
• For further understanding, let's see the circuit diagram.

Applications of TIP35

• These are specific applications of TIP35.
  • It is cooperative obstinacy transistor it can be used in different industrial schemes.
  •  It is used as an audio Amplifier.

So it was all about TIP35 if you have any question please ask in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.