The Engineering Projects

7 Most Commonly used Types of PCB (Printed Circuit Board)

Hello everyone, how are you doing and I hope everybody is doing great.  i am going to discuss today the Types of PCB (Printed Circuit Board). Thank you, everyone, for coming back to our website and it means so much. we are grateful for your engagement and most importantly for choosing to educate yourself over anything else in the world.

PCB circuit boards are everywhere and we daily use dozens of circuit boards and interact with them. There is no doubt in saying that the PCB has made our lives easier and advanced. For example, the first thing in the morning your alarm goes off, and wherever you hit snooze, every time you send a signal through its circuit board.  And probably the list goes on as you turn the light on off etc.

Let's begin!

What is PCB

The abbreviation of the Printed circuit board is PCB, and it is the core of electronic products. But all of them are not equal. They are available in different types and made from different materials and specifications for a wide range of applications. Since the early 1900 PCBs are manufacturing and there is a major evolution of PCB happened in the last few years. PCB is a board that interconnects different electronic and electrical components. It is necessary for building a circuit. This article will bring a deeper understanding of the types of the circuit board and help you in finding the most suitable PCB for your needs. If you are working on some electronics project and want to design or fabricate PCB / PCBA, then we would suggest you to try PCBWay Fabrication House. They have an experienced team, eager to guide you throughout the process. & they always provide excellent results as per your requirements.

Different Types of Circuit board

• As I mention before that printed circuit board comes in a different size because of their characteristics and different requirements.
• The copper rails on circuit boards are used to connect different points of locations. They are easy to recognise.
• Their design makes them different from each circuit.
• Most of the PCBs are made of fibreglass, composite epoxy, and other composite materials.
• For simple electronics most of the time only one or single layer PCB use. But for the sophisticated or complex one such as motherboards and computer graphics card multi-layers PCBs used.

Now let's find about the types of circuit boards in details.

Single Sided PCBs

A single-sided circuit board is the simplest one and made out after a different process. Let's find out.

• It is the least complicated one.
• Contain one layer of substrate or base material
• One layer of the substrate is covered with the thin layer of metal or copper (it is excellent conductor)
• After the copper base painting usually a protective solder mask is applied.
• A silkscreen coat is applied to complete the look

Since the circuit board is single sided, it is easy to design and manufacture. All of the components are located on one side of the board. They can be purchased on low cost and especially for high volume orders. Their cost is low as compared to other circuit boards. They are used in a variety of applications like cameras, radio, printers, calculator etc.

Double Sided PCBs

Double Sided Printed circuit boards are more common as compare to single sided PCBs. Because of their high properties.

• Both sides have metal conductive layers and parts are connected to both sides
• Electric components are separated evenly on the entire board
• Holes are drilled through the board to connect to the other side too.
• For connecting both sides used through holes or with the surface-mount.

What is Through Hole

Through holes in double-sided PCBs means that small wires (known as leads) are fed through the holes with each end of the leads and then joined to the right component.

What is Surface Mount

In the surface mount wires are not used as connectors. Alternatively, small leads are soldered directly to the board. Simply put, that board itself is used as a wiring surface for the many components.

• Less space
• Allowing the board to complete more function by freeing up space
• Lighter weight and higher speed than through hole

Double-sided PCBs are used in complex applications as comper to single sided PCBs. It demands a medium level of complexity. The applications that used double sided or double layers PCBs are power supplies, HVAC systems, LED lighting and Vending machines etc.

Multi Layers PCBs

The Multi Layers PCBs are more complex than double sided PCBs. It consists of a series of three or more double layers.  These are using advanced technology in double sided boards.

• More than two layers of the substrate on the board
• The insulating material used on every layer
• The same latest technology of double sided is used to connect the different components
• The largest multilayer PCB was fifty layers thick.

All the applications that are using multi layers PCBs are data storage, file servers, satellite etc.

Rigid PCBs

Rigid Circuit boards are made of the solid substrate like printed circuit boards. Printed circuit board are not just classified based on layers and sides.

• It prevents the board from twisting.
• A most common example is a rigid motherboard
• The main difference is the number of layers
• Rigid PCBs consist of different rigidity

Rigid PCBs can be simple to multi-layers of PCBS. These PCBs can be used everywhere where it needs for PCB.  This type of circuit board is solid and inflexible. Fibreglass is one of the best options because it keeps the board from bending and stops any type of damage.

Flex PCBs

Flex is a short form of flexible. You can guess it with a name that it will make the flexible PCBs with the flexible plastic.

• Fit into different shapes
• Bend the board anytime and keep it safe
• Costly than other designs
• PCBs are light in weight and used in advanced technology

 

Rigid-Flex PCBs

As shows in name that it is the combination of rigid and flex. It is the last type a litle bit confusing but the main concept behind it was to use it with the strongest boards.

• Bothe flexibe and rigid
• Circuit board is rigid but its connect layers with the flex circuit board
• Difficult to make
• Consist of multi layers of flexible PCBs

It have many advantages of using over flex and rigid PCBs. These are found in cell phone applications, digital cameras and automobile etc.

1N5819 Schottky Diode Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hello Friends! Happy to see you around. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll document the Introduction to 1n5819. The 1n5819 is a Schottky diode, also called hot-carrier diode, employed for extremely fast switching. This diode is formed when the metal material is combined with the semiconductor material. This combination results in the formation of a barrier that blocks the flow of electrons. The reason this is also called a hot-carrier diode. I suggest you read this post all the way through, as I’ll walk you through the complete introduction to 1n5819 covering datasheet, pinout, features, equivalents, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to 1N5819

• The 1n5819 is a Schottky diode used for fast switching applications.
• With high switching speed and low forward drop voltage, this device is employed in high-frequency applications like DC-DC inverters.

• This diode features low electronic energy in an unbiased condition that is responsible for the creation of a barrier inside the diode that in return blocks the movement of electrons. The formation of a barrier is the reason these Schottky diode devices are also known as a hot-carrier diode.

• The regular diodes and Schottky diodes are similar devices in terms of the current flow. Both favor the movement of current in one direction only i.e. from the anode terminal to the cathode terminal.
• These devices are different in terms of the voltage required to power up these devices. Output 2V DC voltage source applied to the diodes, Schottky diodes require only 0.3V, leaving behind 1.7V to power up the diode while regular diode requires only 0.7V leaving behind 1.3V to power up the regular diode.

Know that… where less power dissipation is required these Schottky diodes can be replaced with the MOSFETs.

1N5819 Datasheet

Before working with this component, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of this device by clicking the link below.

1N5819 Pinout

The picture below shows the pinout diagram of 1n5819.

• The component 1n5819 is composed of two terminals. These terminals are used for the external connection with the electrical circuit.
• One terminal is called anode that is positive while the other terminal is called cathode that is negative.
• The positive anode is made of metal material while the negative cathode is composed of semiconductor material.

• The conduction process is carried out from the anode terminal to the cathode terminal. An anode is an area from where current enters the diode and a cathode is the side from where it leaves the diode.

1N5819 Features

The following are the main features of 1n5819 that help you understand how this device is different from its peers available in the market.

• Diode type = Schottky diode
• Semiconductor used = n-type
• RMS Reverse Voltage = 28V
• Average forward current = 1A
• Forward Voltage Drop = 600mV at 1A
• Forward Surge Current = 25A
• Peak reverse voltage = 40V
• Available package = DO-41

1n5819 Schottky Diode Construction

• This Schottky diode is made of metal and semiconductor material. The anode side is composed of metal while the cathode side is made of semiconductor material.
• The n-type semiconductor is used for the construction of the Schottky diode. The n-type semiconductor is a material where electrons are the majority carriers while the holes are minority carriers. You can also use p-type semiconductor material for the making of this Schottky diode but n-type materials are preferred over p-type material since the latter carries low forward drop voltage.
• When metals like tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, and platinum are attached with the n-type semiconductor material they constitute Schottky diode.
• In the Schottky diode, the current moves from the anode terminal to the cathode terminal and this diode blocks the movement of current in the opposite direction.
• The forward drop voltage on the Schottky diode is mainly related to the nature of metal and the semiconductor material used for the formation of a barrier that restricts the movement of electrons.

1N5819 Applications

The 1n5819 is used in the following applications.

• Used to control the electronic charge.
• Used in freewheeling and logic circuits.
• Used in sample-and-hold circuits.

• Used in polarity protection and DC/DC converters applications.
• Used for signal detection and extremely fast switching applications.
• Used in radio frequency applications and solar systems.
• Used in high-frequency and low voltage inverters.

That was all about the Introduction to 1n5819. Share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share and help us create quality content based on your requirements. If you have any questions related to this article, you’re most welcome to ask in the comment section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this article.

IRF840 MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features, Equivalent & Applications

Hi Fellas! I hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to IRF840.

The IRF840 is an n-channel power MOSFET. It is a fast switching and high voltage device that is available with low on-state resistance. As this is an n-channel MOSFET here conduction process is exercised by the movements of the electrons. In other words, though conduction is carried out by both the movement of holes and electrons, electrons are major carriers in this case.

I suggest you read this entire post till the end as I’ll discuss the complete Introduction to IRF840 covering datasheet, pinout, features, equivalent, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to IRF840

• The IRF840 is an n-channel power MOSFET that supports loads up to 8A and 500V. It is a fast-switching and high-voltage device that requires 10V across the gate terminal to initiate the conduction process.
• This IRF840 MOSFET is a three-terminal device made of gate (G) drain (D) and source (S) terminals. The external circuits are connected with these MOSFETs through these terminals.

• This is an N-channel MOSFET, here the conduction process is exercised by the flow of electrons in contrast to the P-channel MOSFET where the conduction process is carried out by the flow of holes.
• It is important to note that conduction is a process that is carried out inside MOSFET by the movements of both electrons and holes but electrons are major carriers in the n-channel MOSFET devices while holes are major carriers in the p-channel MOSFET devices.

• The MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor. It is also known as the IGFET Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor. It is made by the controlled oxidation of a silicon semiconductor material.
• MOSFETs and BJTs (bipolar junction transistors) are considered as different semiconductors as BJT is a current-controlled device while the MOSFET is a voltage-controlled device.
• The voltage applied at the gate terminal usually is directly related to the current between the source and drain terminals. The gate terminal voltage controls the current at the drain and source terminals. Simply put, the gate terminal acts like a control valve that controls the current between two terminals.

IRF840 Datasheet

Before incorporating this device into your electrical project, it’s better to scan through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of this component IRF840 by clicking the link given below.

IRF840 Pinout

The IRF840 is an N-channel power MOSFET. It is a fast-switching device that comes with three pins known as:

1. Gate
2. Drain
3. Source

Recall, the gate terminal controls the current between the source and drain terminals.  The gate terminal initiates the conduction process when we apply the biased voltage of around 10V at the gate terminal.

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of IRF840 MOSFET.

Mind it… generally, the MOSFET is a four-pin component that contains four terminals called:

1. Source (S)
2. Gate (G)
3. Drain (D)
4. Body (B) / Substrate.

The bodyside is always connected with the source pin. So we generally call the MOSFET a three-terminal device.

IRF840 Features

• Type: N-Channel fast switching Power MOSFET
• The rise time and the fall time are 23nS and 20nS respectively
• Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) = 10V (limit = ±20V)
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) = 8A
• Drain Source Resistance (RDS) = 0.85 Ohms
• Available package = TO-220
• Drain to Source Breakdown Voltage = 500V

IRF840 Equivalent

The following are the equivalent of IRF840.

• 8N50
• FTK480
• KF12N50

IRF840 Applications

The IRF840 is used in the following applications.

• Used in Inverter Circuits and DC-DC Converters.
• Incorporated in High-Speed switching applications.
• Used for switching high-power devices.
• Employed in Control speed of motors and LED dimmers or flashers.

That was all about the Introduction to IRF840. Hope you enjoyed reading this article. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can pop your query in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your thoughts about the content we share so we keep sharing quality content based on your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

1N5818 Schottky Diode Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! I hope you’re doing well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to 1n5818.

The 1n5818 is a Schottky diode. It is also known as a hot-carrier diode that is employed for extremely fast switching applications. It carries high forward surge capability and low forward drop voltage, making it a suitable pick for high-frequency applications. It is available in the DO-201AD package and comes with very small conduction losses.

I recommend you buckle up as I’ll discuss the complete introduction to 1n5818 covering the datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Without further ado, let’s get started.

Introduction to 1N5818

• The 1n5818 is a Schottky diode that is incorporated in extremely fast switching applications. It is also known as a hot-carrier diode.
• It is available in the DO-201AD package and comes with low forward drop voltage and high forward surge capability.

• MOSFETs semiconductors are the appropriate alternatives to these Schottky diodes and where less power dissipation is needed, MOSFETs replace these Schottky diodes.
• Low electronic energy in an unbiased condition is responsible for the formation of a barrier on these Schottky diodes that restricts the movement of electrons. This barrier formation is the main reason these diodes devise are also named hot-carrier diodes.
• Know that… generally, both the Schottky diode and regular diode are the same devices in terms of the current flow i.e. both devices support the conduction process in one direction only and restrict it in the opposite direction. And current flows from the anode pin to the cathode pin.
• These devices, however, stand different in terms of the voltage required to power up these devices. Both components receive 2V DC source voltage out of which the Schottky diode requires only 0.3V leaving behind 1.7V to power up the diode devices. And regular diode requires only 0.7V, leaving behind only a 1.3 potential difference to power up the component.

1N5818 Datasheet

Before applying this component to your circuits, it’s wise to read the datasheet that details the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below and download the datasheet of 1n5818.

1N5818 Pinout

• The following figure shows the pinout diagram of the 1n5818 device.

• This power diode carries two terminals called an anode and a cathode. The external circuits are connected with the diodes through these terminals.
• And current flows from the anode terminal to the cathode terminal.
• The anode terminal is positive while the cathode terminal is negative.
• The current enters the diodes from the anode pin while it leaves the diode from the cathode pin. Again, the current flows in one direction only.
• You cannot force this device to flow current in the opposite direction. Doing so will damage the device and thus the entire project.

1n5818 Schottky Diode Construction

• The 1n5818 is made by the mixture of metal with the semiconductor material which results in the creation of a barrier.
• When metals like platinum, tungsten, chromium, and molybdenum are joined with the n-type semiconductor material, they create a Schottky diode. The n-type semiconductor is the semiconductor material where electrons work as major carriers and holes work as minority carriers.
• The Schottky diode comes with two terminals called anode and cathode. The anode side is positive and the cathode pin is negative. The anode pin is made of metal material and the cathode pin is made of semiconductor material. Know that... the current enters the diode from the anode side and it exits the diode from the cathode pin. The current moves from the positive anode side made of metal to the negative cathode side made of semiconductor material.
• The forward drop voltage of the Schottky diode is mainly dependent on the nature of the metal and semiconductor material that is used to create the barrier that blocks the movement of electrons.
• Both n-type and p-type semiconductor materials can be employed to operate as a cathode terminal in Schottky diode, but n-type materials are preferred over p-type material because the latter carries with low drop voltage.

1N5818 Features

• Guarding for overvoltage protection
• Very small conduction losses
• Carries high surge capability.
• Contains low forward drop voltage.
• Extremely fast switching
• Available in package DO-201AD.
• Low forward voltage drop
• High-frequency operation
• Protected against overvoltage.

1N5818 Applications

• Employed in radio frequency applications.
• Applied in solar systems.
• Incorporated to control the electronic charge.
• Used in high-frequency and low-voltage inverters.
• Used in sample-and-hold circuits.
• Used for signal detection and extremely fast switching applications.
• Used in polarity protection and DC/DC converters applications.
• Used in freewheeling and logic circuits.

That was all about the Introduction to 1n5818. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can pop your question in the section below, I’d love to help you according to the best of my expertise. You’re most welcome to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share and keep helping us produce quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

1N4004 Datasheet, Pinout, Features, Equivalents & Applications

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to 1n4004.

The 1n4004 is a diode that allows the current to flow in one direction only. It blocks the flow of current in the opposite direction. It comes with two terminals called anode and cathode and current always flows from the anode terminal to the cathode terminal. This device comes with a reverse peak voltage of around 400V and it can support loads under 1A.

I’d recommend reading the Introduction to 1n4007 that I’ve uploaded previously. This diode is almost similar to the device 1n4004 that I’m going to stretch in this post.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll discuss the complete introduction to 1n4004 covering datasheet, pinout, features, equivalents, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to 1N4004

• The 1n4004 is a diode device that allows the current flow in one direction only. There are terminals on this device that are mainly used for the external connection with the electrical circuits.

• The grey-colored band on one side represents the cathode terminal. Current always flows from the anode pin to the cathode pin.
• The 1n4004 is available with a high current capability and low forward drop voltage.

• Used in current flow regulators, 1n4004 comes in the DO-41 package. And it is a rectifier diode that carries a PN junction. This rectification capability of the device is mainly used to convert AC to DC current.
• It is employed in general-purpose rectification applications and is electrically compatible with other rectifier diodes.

1N4004 Datasheet

Before applying this device to your electrical project, it’s better to scan through the datasheet of the component that details the main characteristics of the component. Click the link below and download the datasheet of 1n4004.

1N4004 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of 1n4004.

 

• The 1n4004 is a two-terminal device. These terminals are called anode and cathode which carry opposite charges on them. The anode pin is positive while the cathode terminal is negative. The current enters the diode from the anode positive pin and it leaves the diode from the cathode negative pin.
• The following diagram shows the electrical symbol of 1n4004 where a triangle with a line on one end indicates the presence of a cathode terminal.

And current flows from the anode terminal to the cathode terminal.

1N4004 Features

The features of any device basically demonstrate the specialty of the device based on which this device stands out from the other rectifier diodes available in the market. The following are the main features of the device 1n4004.

• Non-repetitive Peak  current = 30A
• RMS reverse voltage = 280V
• Low forward drop voltage

• Comes with high current capability
• Low reverse leakage current = 5uA.
• Comes in DO-41 Package
• Average forward current = 1A
• Peak repetitive reverse voltage = 400V

1N4004 Applications

• Incorporated as a protection device
• Used in Half Wave and Full Wave rectifiers
• Used in Current flow regulators
• Employed to prevent reverse polarity problem

That’s all for today. I hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you’re unsure or have any questions you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback about the content we share so we keep sharing quality content customized to your exact requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

TL082 Op-Amp Datasheet, Pinout, Feature & Applications

Hello Guys! I hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to TL082.

The TL082 is a wide bandwidth dual JFET input operational amplifier. High speed, low cost this device comes with internally trimmed offset voltage. It is available with a fast slew rate, a large gain bandwidth, and a low supply current.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll discuss the complete Introduction to TL082 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started:

Introduction to TL082

• The TL082 is a high-speed, low-cost, wide bandwidth and dual JFET input operational amplifier.
• This component is available with an internally trimmed offset voltage. It comes with a fast slew rate and low supply current.

• This JFET input device extends low offset and input bias current.
• The TL082 is electrically compatible with LM1558 and is used to enhance the overall performance of the LM1558 device.

• With high input impedance and low total harmonic distortion, this device features low noise and offset voltage drift.
• This amplifier is widely used in audio pre-amplification, sample and hold amplifiers, peak detectors and active filters.

TL082 Datasheet

Before you apply this device to your electrical project, it is better to scan through the datasheet of the device that details the main characteristics of the component. You can download the datasheet of TL082 by clicking the link below.

TL082 Pinout

This device comes with 8 pins as described below.

Absolute Maximum Rating of TL082
Pin No.	Rating	Symbol
1	Output of op-amp A	Output A
2	Inverting Input A	Input A
3	Non-inverting Input A	Input A
4	Ground	V-
5	Inverting Input B	Input B
6	Non-inverting Input B	Input B
7	Output of op-amp B	Output B
8	Voltage supply	V+

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of TL082.

Pin 4 is a negative voltage supply or ground while pin 8 is a positive voltage supply.

TL082 Features

The main features of TL082 are mentioned below which will help you understand how this device is different from other operational amplifiers available in the market.

• Carries Low input bias current = 50 pA
• Available with Low input noise current = 0.01 pA/Hz
• Comes with Fast settling time to 0.01% = 2us
• Contains internally trimmed offset voltage = 15 mV
• Carries Low input noise voltage = 16nV/vHz
• Exhibits Low supply current = 3.6 mA
• Features Low 1/f noise corner = 50 Hz
• Comes with Wide gain bandwidth = 4 MHz
• Features High input impedance = 1012?
• Exhibits High slew rate = 13 V/µs
• Comes with Low total harmonic distortion = =0.02%

TL082 Applications

TL082 is used in the following applications.

• Used in function generators and comparators.
• Used in amplifier circuits.
• Used in high-speed integrators.
• Used in other electrical circuits with low input offset voltage.
• Used in a circuit requiring high input impedance.
• Used in audio pre-amplification.
• Used in a sample and hold amplifiers.
• Used in peak detectors and active filters.

That’s all for today. I hope you find this read useful. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable suggestions and feedback about the content we share so we keep sharing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

CA3162 A/D Converter Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Friends! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to CA3162.

The CA3162 is a monolithic A/D converter, offering a 3-digit multiplexed BCD output. It comes with an ultra-stable internal band-gap voltage reference. With differential input, this device provides a choice of low-speed (4Hz) or high-speed (96Hz) conversion rate. It is a 16-pin device that provides dual slope A/D conversion.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll walk you through the complete Introduction to CA3162 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Without further ado, let’s get started.

Introduction to CA3162

• The CA3162 is a monolithic A/D converter that offers a 3-digit multiplexed BCD output. It is available with ultra-stable internal bandgap voltage reference.
• To apply a complete 3-digit display, it is employed with the CA3161E BCD-to-Seven-Segment Decoder/Driver along with a minimum of external parts.

• A/D converter is a device that converts analog input signals to digital output signals.

• The environmental quantities are considered analog signals including temperature, sound, time, pressure, etc. are analog quantities.
• Analog quantities provide value at every instant of time, making it almost impossible to monitor them with digital devices.
• The reason we often have to convert analog signals to digital signals is so we can analyze this information using digital instruments like CA3162.

CA3162 Datasheet

While working with any component, it’s wise to read the datasheet of the component that details the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of this component CA3162 by clicking the link mentioned below.

CA3162 Pinout

The CA3162 is a 16-pin device. The pinout diagram of this device is shown below.

• Pin 1 & 2 are BCD outputs. Pin 3,4,5 are digit select outputs. The input at pin 6 is used to determine the sampling rate. Pin 7 is ground while Pin 8 & 9 are zero adjustment pins which are used to display the zero setting of this device.
• These pins are considered the starting point of any instrument.
• Pin 10 & 11 are low input and high input respectively which means the input voltage applied on pins 10 and 11 is converted to a current which in return charges the integrating capacitor incorporated on pin 12 for a predetermined time interval.
• Pin 14 is a voltage supply pin and pin 15 & 16 are again BCD outputs.

CA3162 Features

The following are the main features of CA3162 that help you understand how this device differs from its peers available in the market.

• Dual Slope A/D Conversion
• Multiplexed BCD Display
• Ultra Stable Internal Band Gap Voltage Reference
• Capable of Reading 99mV Below Ground with a Single Supply
• Differential Input
• Internal Timing - No External Clock Required
• Choice of Low Speed (4Hz) or High Speed (96Hz) Conversion Rate
• “Hold” Inhibits Conversion but Maintains Delay
• Internal Timing
• Overrange Indication
• “EEE” for Reading Greater than +999mV

CA3162 Applications

CA3162E can be employed in a 7-segment display or LCD.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this post. If you’re unsure or have any questions in your mind, you can approach me in the section below, I’ll help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share, and help us create quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

IRF830 MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features, Equivalent & Applications

Hello Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to IRF830.

The IRF830 is an n-channel power MOSFET where conduction is carried out by both electrons and holes but electrons are the major carriers and holes are the minority carriers. It is a high voltage and fast switching device that comes with low on-state resistance. You can also check this post on the Introduction to IRF730 that I’ve uploaded previously.

I suggest you buckle up and read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to IRF830 covering datasheet, pinout, features, equivalent, and applications. Let’s get started:

Introduction to IRF830

• The IRF830 is an n-channel power MOSFET where electrons are the major carriers and holes are the minority carriers.
• It is widely used in amplification and switching applications of electrical circuits.
• The MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor which is produced by the controlled oxidation of a silicon semiconductor material. It is also known as the IGFET Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor.

• This device is an n-channel MOSFET which means the conduction is carried out due to the movement of electrons in opposed to the p-channel MOSFET where the conduction process is carried out by the movement of holes.
• Know that, the conduction process is done by both the movement of electrons and holes but in the case of n-channel MOSFET the major carriers are electrons and in the case of p-channel MOSFET major carriers are holes.

• With a maximum drain-to-source voltage of around 500V, this IRF830 MOSFET is a three-pin component made of gate (G) drain (D), and source (S) terminals. These terminals are used for the external connection with the electrical circuits.
• In terms of the controlled value, the MOSFET is different from the BJT semiconductors. The MOSFETs are voltage-controlled devices while the BJT (bipolar junction transistors) are current-controlled devices.
• These devices, however, are the same in terms of performance and efficiency. Both are high-speed and low-power loss devices.
• The voltage at the gate pin controls the current between the source and drain terminals. The gate terminal behaves like a control valve that controls the conduction between source and drain terminals.
• When a voltage signal is applied at the gate terminal, the current starts flowing between the source and drain terminals.

IRF830 Datasheet

Before applying this component to your electrical project, it’s better to go through the datasheet of the component that highlights the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of this component IRF830 by clicking the link mentioned below.

IRF830 Pinout

The IRF830 is an N-channel power MOSFET that contains three pins named:

1. Gate
2. Drain
3. Source

• The gate pin controls the current between the source and drain terminals when we apply a voltage signal on the gate pin
• The following figure shows the pinout diagram of IRF830 MOSFET.

Know that… typically, the MOSFET is a four-pin device that comes with a Source (S), Gate (G), Drain (D), and a Body (B) / Substrate. The bodyside is always connected to the source terminal thus the MOSFET operates as a three-terminal device.

IRF830 Equivalent

The following are the equivalent of IRF830.

• FTK480
• 8N50
• KF12N50

While working with the alternatives, always check the pinout as the pinout of the alternatives might differ from the pinout of this device.

IRF830 Features

The following are the main features of IRF830. These features will help you understand how this device is different from its peers available in the market.

• Type = n-channel power MOSFET
• Package = TO-220
• Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) = 10V (limit = ±20V)
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) = 4.5A
• Drain to Source Breakdown Voltage = 500V
• Rise time is 16nS and fall time is 16nS
• Drain Source Resistance (RDS) = 1.5 Ohms

One main disadvantage of this IRF830 MOSFET is its high on-resistance (RDS) value which stands around 1.5 ohms. Though this device is used for switching applications, it cannot be used in applications where high switching efficiency is needed… due to its high on-resistance.

IRF830 Applications

The IRF830 is used in the following applications.

• Used in motor control and UPS.
• LED dimmers or flashers.
• Incorporated in high-efficiency DC to DC converters.
• Used in inverter circuits.
• Used in switching and amplifying applications.

That’s all for today. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact requirements. Thank you for reading this post.

CA3080 Operational Transconductance Amplifier Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to CA3080.

The CA3080 is an operational transconductance amplifier mainly used to convert the input voltage signal into an output current. It is widely used in variable gain amplifiers, frequency oscillators, current-controlled filters, and comparators. It carries an amplifier bias input which is utilized for linear gain control.

I’d recommend reading this entire post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to CA3080 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to CA3080

• The CA3080 is an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) mainly employed in electrical circuits for converting the input voltage signal into an output current.

• In other words, it is an amplifier where the differential input voltage generates an output current. The reason it is termed as a voltage-controlled current source.
• This OTA amplifier is almost similar to the standard amplifier and it carries high impedance and can be employed with negative feedback. It is also applied in the sample and hold circuits.

• The output of this OTA is different from the standard operational amplifier. In OTA the output is current as opposed to the standard amplifier where the output is a voltage.
• Moreover, in linear applications, this OTA is used without negative feedback. And at higher differential input voltages OTA shows non-ideal characteristics due to the input stage non-linearity caused by the input stage transistors.
• The transconductance of this device is directly related to the amplifier bias current means by increasing the bias current its transconductance would increase.
• The CA3080 is available with a remarkable slew rate that makes it an ideal pick for the unity-gain voltage followers and multiplexer.
• When used in multiplexer applications, this device consumes power only during the ON channel state. No power is consumed when the device is present in the OFF channel state.
• This device features a total of 8 pins out of which pin# 8 is not connected while pin# 7 & 4 are voltage supply and ground respectively.

CA3080 Datasheet

Before embedding this device in your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that highlights the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of CA3080 by clicking the link below.

CA3080 Pinout

There are a total of eight pins incorporated into this device. The description of each pin is given below.

CA3080 Pinout
Pin No.	Description	Pin Name
1,8	Not connected	NC
2	Inverting Input	IN -
3	Non-inverting Input	IN +
4	Ground	GND
5	Amplifier bias input	Ibias
6	Output	Output
7	Voltage supply	Vcc

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of CA3080.

Pin# 4 is a ground pin while pin# 7 is a voltage supply pin.

CA3080 Features

• Slew Rate (Unity Gain, Compensated) around = 50V/µs
• Adjustable Power Consumption Range = 10µW to 30µW
• Flexible Supply Voltage Range = ±2V to ±15V
• Fully Adjustable Gain

CA3080 Applications

• Sample and Hold
• Multiplier
• Multiplexer
• Comparator
• Voltage Follower

That’s all for today. Hope you enjoyed this article. If you have any questions, you can pop your query in the comment section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions about the content we share. They help us create quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

KA3525A PWM Controller Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Everyone! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to KA3525A.

The KA3525A is a monolithic IC chip that features the control circuitry mainly required for a pulse width modulating regulator. This device comes with an error amplifier, voltage reference, pulse width modulator, an under-voltage lockout, an oscillator, the output driver, and a soft start circuit, all in one package.

I suggest you buckle up as I’m going to discuss the complete introduction to KA3525A covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to KA3525A

• The KA3525A is a monolithic IC chip that incorporates the control circuitry used for pulse width modulation.
• During the PWM process, the control circuit inside the chip generates variable-width pulses against the amplitude of the input analog signal.

• The PWM is a technique that reduces the power produced by the electrical signal by converting it into discrete several parts. Thus, controlling the value of current or voltage by the switch. This switch is located between the supply & load and controls the value of the input signal when we turn it ON and OFF at a fast rate.

• The term duty cycle is associated with this PWM which is defined as the proportion of ON time of the entire input signal. If the signal remains 10% ON and 90% OFF, then the duty cycle tends to be 10%. If the signal remains 50% OFF and 50% ON, then the duty cycle is said to be 50%.

• This is a 16-pin chip that requires a supply voltage of around 40V and features a reference output current of around 50mA.
• The operating temperature ranges from 0 to 70 C while the storage temperature ranges from -65 to 150 C.
• Power dissipation is 100mW and the output sink current is 500mA.
• This pulse-width modulation regulator IC incorporates 16 pins.
• This device generates two PWM signals that are a complement to each other.
• This component is widely used in switch-mode power supply and other electronic circuits.
• The output voltage is controlled by feedback circuitry that does it by comparing the feedback signal with a reference voltage.
• This device features a shutdown protection circuit that turns off the PWM signal if the feedback signal reaches its limit.

KA3525A Datasheet

Before you use this device in your electrical project, it’s better to go through the datasheet of the device that features the main characteristics of the component. Click the link below to download the datasheet of KA3525A.

KA3525A Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of KA3525A.

• Pin 1 represents the inverting pin and pin 2 represents a non-inverting pin.
• If the voltage on the non-inverting pin is less than the voltage on the inverting pin, then the respective duty cycle increases.
• Pin 3 is employed for the synchronization of two waves while Pin 4 is the output pin of an oscillator.
• Pins 5, 6 & 7 are incorporated to adjust the frequency of PWM.
• We can control the frequency of PWM by controlling the value of the discharge resistor, CT capacitor, and RT resistor.
• Pin 8 SS is a soft start pin that enables the output signal after some time. The value of capacitance is directly related to the soft-start time.
• Pin 9 is called a compensation pin employed to prevent rapid fluctuations in the output voltage signal.
• Pin 10 is known as a shutdown pin. It shuts down the PWM signal when the current reaches its limit.
• Pins 11 and 14 are known as the output pins used to provide input to the MOSFETs. KA3525A incorporates a built-in MOSFET driver circuit.
• Pin 13 and 15 are called the power pins. Vc should range from 5-35 volts while Vin should stand between 8-35 volts.
• Pin 16 is known as the reference pin used to adjust the reference voltage through pin 1 or 2.

KA3525A Features

The following are the main features of KA3525A.

• Carries under-voltage lockout.
• Available with Oscillator Sync Terminal.
• Comes with 5V ± 1% Reference.
• Comes with Deadtime Control.
• Features Internal Soft Start.

KA3525A Applications

• It is employed in consumer power electronics applications such as pure sine wave inverters.
• Used to generate a regulated voltage in a boost converter and a buck converter.

That’s all for today. I hope you enjoyed reading this post. If you have any questions, you can pop your query in the section below, I’d love to assist you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable suggestions and feedback about the content we share so we keep sharing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.