The Engineering Projects

Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. Today's post, as the name suggests, is about Arduino UNO PCB Design in Proteus ARES. I have already posted Arduino Library for Proteus on my blog using which one can quite easily run Arduino simulation in Proteus.but what if you wanna do the Arduino UNO PCB design in Proteus, then you are lucky that you are reading this post. :)

In one of my projects, I have to design the PCB for Arduino in Proteus so I thought to also post it here so that others can download it as well. Normally PCB design is not required for Arduino and I usually get Atmega328 out of Arduino and use it separately but sometimes, depending on the requirements of your project, you may also need to place Arduino itself on the PCB so in such cases Arduino UNO PCB Design is required. Using this design you can place the Arduino on the PCB in upside down direction and then can take pins out and can use them as you want them to use. You should also have a look at How to do PCB Designing in Proteus ARES.

Let me give you a little introduction about Proteus ARES as I haven't posted much tutorials on it. When you install Proteus software in your computer then you get two exe files one is named as Proteus ISIS while the other one is named as Proteus ARES. If you need to test some electronic circuit i.e. need to design the simulation then you use Proteus ISIS and when you need to design the PCB design then its done in Proteus ARES. As here we are talking about the Arduino UNO PCB design so that's why we are using Proteus ARES. Here's the list of Top 10 PCB Design software. So, let's get started with it.

Arduino UNO PCB Design for Proteus ARES

• First of all, download this Arduino UNO PCB design, which I have designed in Proteus ARES.

• Once downloaded, then open the file and unrar it on your desktop.
• Now double click the file to open it, make sure you already installed the Proteus software.
• When you open it, it will look something as shown in below figure:

• Now select the whole PCB design, right click it and select Make package as shown in below figure:

• When you click on Make Package, a new pop up window will open up, as shown in below figure:

• Now in the New Package Name, you can give any name to it, as I have given Arduino Shield to it and can select any Package Category.
• After selecting these options, hit the OK button and this Arduino UNO PCB design will save in your Proteus ARES library as the name you gave it. Like mine is saved as Arduino shield.
• Now whenever you wanna use it, you simply need to search for it and it will come up.
• You can also attach it to your Arduino package in Proteus ISIS so that you simple design the circuit in Proteus ISIS and then design the PCB in Proteus ARES.

Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. In today's post, I am going to share How to do  USB Communication between Android and Arduino. I have designed many projects before in which I have interfaced Android and Arduino and communicated between them but in those projects I have used either Wifi or Bluetooth as a mode for communication. But recently I got a project in which I have to do USB Communication between Android and Arduino, they have this restriction of using USB. So, I have to work on it and I got it working successfully. You should also have a look at How to Install Android Studio. and Getting Started with Android.

So, today I thought to share it with you guys. It isn't much difficult but will need a little patient. When I started working on it I couldn't find any data on it online and I have to work a lot to make it work. So that's why I am sharing it so that others can get it work easily. When I was starting this project then I have a bit confusion that whether to use the USB Host shield of Arduino or to use the usb cable through which we connect Arduino with computer. After a little research I got the idea that simple USB will work fine so I go with it. I have explained this tutorial in detail. First I have done the Arduino side because that one is quite easy and after that I touched the Android side that's a bit complex and you must have the prior knowledge of it if you wanna make it work. So, let's start this project. :)

Circuit designing for Monitoring Incoming Data

• First of all, I have used the OTG cable for interfacing Android with Arduino, which is shown in below figure:

• From the above figure, you have clearly got the idea that why I have used this cable, one side of this cable, which is mini usb, will be inserted in the Android mobile while the other side, which is the female usb port, will be plugged with the usb cable of Arduino, as shown below:

• I have connected the two cables in the above figure, now one end of this cable is gonna inserted in the Android mobile while the other side will be plugged in Arduino and in this way we will do the USB communication between Android and Arduino.
• But there's some problem, we need some way to display the data in Arduino, which we are getting from Android. So for that reason I have interfaced another Arduino with this Arduino and I am doing serial communication between these two Arduinos.
• So, in simple words, Android is plugged with first Arduino via USB and the first Arduino is connected with second Arduino via serial port. so, when Android will send the data to first Arduino then first Arduino will send that data to second Arduino, which we can easily see on the Serial Terminal. So here's the circuit diagram of two Arduinos.

• Now you can have the idea in above figure that the two arduinos are communicated via pin # 2 and 3 which I have made Software Serial, now with the pins they are sending data from first Arduino to second Arduino. Now let's have a look at the coding of both Arduinos.

Programming Code for Arduino

• As in the above section, we have connected two Arduinos via Serial communication in which we used software serial.
• Next thing we need to do is to write the code for both of them, so simply copy the below code and upload it in both of your Arduino boards.

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial mySerial(2,3);

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println("www.TheEngineeringProjects.com");

  mySerial.begin(9600);
  mySerial.println("www.TheEngineeringProjects.com");
}

void loop() 
{
  if (mySerial.available())
    Serial.println(mySerial.read() - 48);
  if (Serial.available())
    mySerial.println(Serial.read() - 48);
}

• Above code is quite simple and I am simply sending any data I am receiving on the Serial port to software serial, so when I get the data from Android via USB, I will receive that data and then will forward it to Software Serial on which my second Arduino is connected, which will receive that data and then show it over to Serial Terminal.
• Now let's have a look at Android side code, which is a bit complicated.

Programming Code for Android

• You must have the prior knowledge of Android, if you wanna make it work so if you know the basics of Android then you know that there are two main files designed in Android, which are Java file and XML file.
• So, first of all create a project in Android and place the below code into its XML File:

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    tools:context="com.example.androidusbhostarduino.MainActivity" >

    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_gravity="center_horizontal"
        android:autoLink="web"
        android:text="http://www.TheEngineeringProjects.com/"
        android:textStyle="bold" />

    <ToggleButton
        android:id="@+id/arduinoled"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:textOn="ON"
        android:textOff="OFF" />

</LinearLayout>

• Next thing we need to do is to add the USB permission in the manifest file, so paste this  code in your manifest file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.theengineeringprojects.dani" >


    <uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.usb.host" />

    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:supportsRtl="true"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
        <activity android:name=".MainActivity" >
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.hardware.usb.action.USB_DEVICE_ATTACHED" />
            </intent-filter>

            <meta-data android:name="android.hardware.usb.action.USB_DEVICE_ATTACHED"
                android:resource="@xml/device_filter" />
        </activity>
    </application>

</manifest>

• Now the last thing, you need to do is to add the code in java file so copy the below code and paste it in your jave file:

package com.theengineeringprojects.dani;

import java.nio.ByteBuffer;

import android.support.v7.app.ActionBarActivity;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.hardware.usb.UsbConstants;
import android.hardware.usb.UsbDevice;
import android.hardware.usb.UsbDeviceConnection;
import android.hardware.usb.UsbEndpoint;
import android.hardware.usb.UsbInterface;
import android.hardware.usb.UsbManager;
import android.hardware.usb.UsbRequest;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.CompoundButton;
import android.widget.SeekBar;
import android.widget.ToggleButton;
import android.widget.CompoundButton.OnCheckedChangeListener;

public class MainActivity extends ActionBarActivity implements Runnable{

    private static final char CMD_LED_OFF = '1';
    private static final char CMD_LED_ON = '2';

    SeekBar bar;
    ToggleButton buttonLed;

    private UsbManager usbManager;
    private UsbDevice deviceFound;
    private UsbDeviceConnection usbDeviceConnection;
    private UsbInterface usbInterfaceFound = null;
    private UsbEndpoint endpointOut = null;
    private UsbEndpoint endpointIn = null;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);


        buttonLed = (ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.arduinoled);
        buttonLed.setOnCheckedChangeListener(new OnCheckedChangeListener(){

            @Override
            public void onCheckedChanged(CompoundButton buttonView,
                                         boolean isChecked) {
                if(isChecked){
                    sendCommand(CMD_LED_ON);
                }else{
                    sendCommand(CMD_LED_OFF);
                }
            }});

        usbManager = (UsbManager)getSystemService(Context.USB_SERVICE);
    }

    @Override
    public void onResume() {
        super.onResume();

        Intent intent = getIntent();
        String action = intent.getAction();

        UsbDevice device = (UsbDevice)intent.getParcelableExtra(UsbManager.EXTRA_DEVICE);
        if (UsbManager.ACTION_USB_DEVICE_ATTACHED.equals(action)) {
            setDevice(device);
        } else if (UsbManager.ACTION_USB_DEVICE_DETACHED.equals(action)) {
            if (deviceFound != null && deviceFound.equals(device)) {
                setDevice(null);
            }
        }
    }

    private void setDevice(UsbDevice device) {
        usbInterfaceFound = null;
        endpointOut = null;
        endpointIn = null;

        for (int i = 0; i < device.getInterfaceCount(); i++) {
            UsbInterface usbif = device.getInterface(i);

            UsbEndpoint tOut = null;
            UsbEndpoint tIn = null;

            int tEndpointCnt = usbif.getEndpointCount();
            if (tEndpointCnt >= 2) {
                for (int j = 0; j < tEndpointCnt; j++) {
                    if (usbif.getEndpoint(j).getType() == UsbConstants.USB_ENDPOINT_XFER_BULK) {
                        if (usbif.getEndpoint(j).getDirection() == UsbConstants.USB_DIR_OUT) {
                            tOut = usbif.getEndpoint(j);
                        } else if (usbif.getEndpoint(j).getDirection() == UsbConstants.USB_DIR_IN) {
                            tIn = usbif.getEndpoint(j);
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (tOut != null && tIn != null) {
                    // This interface have both USB_DIR_OUT
                    // and USB_DIR_IN of USB_ENDPOINT_XFER_BULK
                    usbInterfaceFound = usbif;
                    endpointOut = tOut;
                    endpointIn = tIn;
                }
            }

        }

        if (usbInterfaceFound == null) {
            return;
        }

        deviceFound = device;

        if (device != null) {
            UsbDeviceConnection connection =
                    usbManager.openDevice(device);
            if (connection != null &&
                    connection.claimInterface(usbInterfaceFound, true)) {
                usbDeviceConnection = connection;
                Thread thread = new Thread(this);
                thread.start();

            } else {
                usbDeviceConnection = null;
            }
        }
    }

    private void sendCommand(int control) {
        synchronized (this) {

            if (usbDeviceConnection != null) {
                byte[] message = new byte[1];
                message[0] = (byte)control;
                usbDeviceConnection.bulkTransfer(endpointOut,
                        message, message.length, 0);
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1);
        UsbRequest request = new UsbRequest();
        request.initialize(usbDeviceConnection, endpointIn);
        while (true) {
            request.queue(buffer, 1);
            if (usbDeviceConnection.requestWait() == request) {
                byte rxCmd = buffer.get(0);
                if(rxCmd!=0){
                    bar.setProgress((int)rxCmd);
                }

                try {
                    Thread.sleep(100);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                }
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }

    }

}

• Now hit the Enter button on your Android Studio and if everything goes fine then you will get a screen as shown below on your mobile:

• Here's a simple button, when you press this button, it will show ON and will send the data which you wanna send for example, in my case I am sending character "1" and "2" on button press.

USB Communication Between Android and Arduino

• Now let's do the usb communication between Android and Arduino, I hope till now you have configured your Android Mobile and both the Arduinos so their overall picture will look something like:

• You can clearly see in the above figure that the Android Mobile is connected with Arduino, which is further connected with second Arduino and US of Second Arduino is connected with computer, where I am checking the coming data from Android in Serial Terminal.
• Now when I press the button on Android app, it will send 1 or 2 to Arduino, which is shown in below figure:

• I have pressed the toggle button on Android many times thats why I have got many 1 and 2 in Serial Terminal.
• So, that's how I am receving data from Android to Arduino. Now instead of sending 1 and 2, you can send any kind of data from Android to Arduino. I will post more tutorials on it in which I will be sending some data like GPS coordinates from Android to Arduino plus I will also post the 2 way communication i.e. receving data in Android from Arduino.

The Arduino part is easy but the Android part is bit difficult so if you need help then ask in comments and I will help you out. That's all for today, will meet you guys in coming tutorials. Take care !!! :)

Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. In today's post, I am gonna share How to get Hex File from Arduino. It's quite a simple post and I have already explained it many times in my posts but still, I am getting a lot of messages regarding it that's why I thought to write a separate post for it. First of all, let's have a little introduction about it. If you have worked on PIC Microcontrollers or Atmel etc then you have seen that you always get hex files from their compilers and then you burn that hex file in the respective Microcontroller using their programmer or burner. But that's not the case with Arduino. In Arduino boards, you simply plug it with your computer and you hit the Upload button and the code automatically gets upload in Arduino boards. It doesn't create any hex file. You should also have a look at Arduino Library for Proteus in which you can upload this hex file.

So, now the question arises that why do we need the hex file in the first place, when we can upload the code without it? The answer to this question is, there are many cases when a hex file is required. For example, instead of using the Arduino board you just want to use the ATmega328 or Attiny microcontroller then the easiest way is to write the code in Arduino and then get its hex file and upload it in your microcontroller, which makes the task quite easy. Another example is Proteus simulation, when you want to simulate your Arduino board in Proteus software then you need to get the hex file so that you can upload it to your Arduino board. Another case is freelancing, when you are working on some project as a freelancer, then there are many cases when you don't wanna send your code to the client, instead you want to send the hex file to him so that he can test and verify the code, in such cases it also required. So let's get started with how to get hex file from Arduino.

• Here's the video in which I have shown How to get the hex file from Arduino, I hope it will help:

How to Get Hex File from Arduino ???

• First of all, open your Arduino software and write your code and test it.

• If you haven't bought your Arduino UNO yet, then you can buy it from this reliable source:

• Once you are confirmed that your code is ready and you want to generate the hex file, then click on the File option in the above menu and then Preferences as shown in below figure:

• In the above figure, I have used the simple blink example and I am gonna generate its hex file.
• Now when you click on the Preferences, a new window will pop up.
• In this new window, tick the compilation option as shown in the below figure:

• After ticking it, now click on the OK button and this dialog box will close.

• By ticking this option you are allowing the Arduino software to show verbose outputs in the output panel present at the end of Arduino software, which has a black background.
• So, you can also tick the upload option but then you need to upload the code to get these output commands.

• Now hit the compile button as we tick the compilation option, so it will compile the code and will give you all the commands as shown below:

• Now you can see clearly in the above figure that there are many commands in the black portion, these are the verbose outputs that Arduino is giving us.
• The last line of these verbose outputs, which I have also highlighted is the link to hex file, which in our case is:

C:UserszainAppDataLocalTempbuild7243111610766241365.tmp/Blink.cpp.hex 

• Now, remove the name of the hex file from this link and it will become:

C:UserszainAppDataLocalTempbuild7243111610766241365.tmp

• Paste this link in the computer address bar and this folder will open up.
• In that folder search for your respective file and you easily get the hex file of your code.

• Actually, while uploading the code to Arduino boards, Arduino software creates the hex file of the code in the temporary folder and once the code is uploaded then it deletes that hex file.
• That's why, we don't get the hex file, but by clicking the option you can easily get the hex file and then can use it for any purpose.

That's all for today, and I think it was quite an easy tutorial but still if you having questions then ask in the comments and I will resolve them. till next tutorial, take care!!! :)

Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. Today, I am going to share a complete project with you guys. Its an Intelligent Energy Saving System which I designed around two years ago. So, today I thought to share it so that others could also get benefit. In this project, I have used Arduino UNO board for programming purposes. Its not much complicated project but is the basic for many complex projects.

Energy, is a small word, but is the problem of whole world. Particularly when we are talking about electrical energy. IF you consume more electrical energy then you will get quite huge bill at the end of the month. :P So, there's always work done on reducing the consumption of electrical energy and also we compare energy costs from different providers. As a human, suppose you turn ON your room fan, then normally you forget to turn it OFF and thus your bill keeps on increasing. So in order to avoid this, automation is the only tool which comes in handy. Like there must be such system which automatically detects whether someone is still in the room or not and if there's no one then lights got OFF automatically. In this way, you can quite easily reduce your electricity cost. This same concept is presented in this project, let's have a complete look over it. :)

Overview of Intelligent Energy Saving System

• In this project, we have designed a complete room and used two inductive loads i.e. bulbs and one fan.
• Now the purpose of this project was to save the energy so we used two IR sensors for counting.
• Now, if there's no one present in the room then the loads will automatically turn OFF and when someone will enter in the room then the loads will automatically turn ON.
• Moreover, we have also added a counter functionality in it i.e. the project will also count the number of people present in the room.
• All these parameters will also display on the LCD attached with Arduino.

Components Used

I am mentioning here the components used in designing this project. I am not giving the exact values as you will get them in the circuit diagrams. Here's the list:

• Arduino UNO
• IR Sensors
• 16 x 2 LCD
• 100W Bulbs
• 12V Fan
• 2 Relay Board
• 7805 (IC Regulator)
• LED (Indication)
• Resistance
• Capacitors

Circuit Diagrams of Intelligent Energy Saving System

Suppose you are designing this project then the first thing you are gonna need is the circuit diagrams for the project so here I am gonna show you all the circuit diagrams step by step so let's start:

1: Interfacing of Arduino with LCD

• First thing we are gonna need is the interfacing of Arduino with LCD. LCD used in this project is 16 x 2.
• I have first designed the simulation in Proteus as its always better to design the simulation before going into real hardware.

• Now upload the below code into it, just to test that whether its working fine or not:

    #include <LiquidCrystal.h>
    LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

    void setup()
    {

    lcd.begin(16, 2);
    lcd.print("www.TheEngineer");
    lcd.setCursor(0,1);
    lcd.print("ingProjects.com");
    }
    void loop() {}

• Now run it and if everything's gone fine then you will get something as shown in below figure:

• If you are new to LCD then you can read more about it in Circuit Designing of LCD with Arduino in Proteus ISIS.
• You should also read Arduino Library for Proteus so that you can use Arduino in Proteus.

2: Circuit diagram of 2 Relay Board

• Next thing we are gonna need is the two relay board. Using these relays we are gonna turn ON or OFF our loads.
• Here's the circuit diagram for 2 relay board.

• As you can see in the above figure, I have used two relay board, where both the relays are controlled bt simple logic operators.
• Now instead of these logic operators, you need to give Arduino Pins here.
• I have made the first relay ON while the second relay is OFF.
• In the above figure, relay outputs are open so you can place anything here as its gonna act as switch. So, in our case the loads will be placed after this relay.

3: Circuit Design of Buzzer

• Next circuit design which we need to understand is the buzzer circuit design.
• Its quite simple and similar to 2 relay board. I have also published a detailed post on How to Design a Buzzer in Proteus ISIS, which will be quite helpful.
• Here' I am gonna explain it lightly, so let's have a look at the circuit diagram of buzzer:

• You can quite easily understand the above figure, where I have shown both the ON and OFF states of buzzer.

4: Circuit Diagram of IR Sensor:

• In this project, I have used two IR sensors, both are placed on the door one after another. You can read more about the designing of IR Sensor on my post Circuit Diagram of IR Sensor using 555 Timer.
• I have named them Entering IR Sensor and Leaving IR Sensor.
• The logic behind these two sensors is that, when someone enters in the room then he will first pass the Entering IR Sensor and then will hit the Leaving IR Sensor and if someone is leaving the room then he will first pass the Leaving IR Sensor and then will cut the Entering.
• So, in this way I am counting the persons if someone entering in the room I simply increment and if someone's leaving then I decrement.
• Now, if number of people in the room becomes zero then I turn OFF all the lights and the fan, and if there even one person in the room then I turn ON the lights and fan.
• Here's the circuit diagram of IR Sensor:

• IR transmitter and Receiver are not available in Proteus so that's why I have used the button so when you press the button, its like someone cut the beam of IR sensor, and you will get below result:

5: Complete Circuit Diagram of Intelligent Energy Saving System

• Now that we have designed the individual circuit diagrams, next thing we are gonna do is the assembly of complete project.
• So, here's the complete circuit diagram of this project:

• As you can see in the above figure, I have used two IR Sensors. The first IR Sensor is for entering in the room while the IR sensor is for leaving the room.
• Next is the buzzer circuit which is also quite simple and I have explain in detail above.
• LCD will display the no of people in a room and will also display either the bulb is ON or OFF, and also about Fan status.
• I haven't shown the relay circuit in above figure as it will not fit in the space and I think you guys can place it easily.

Programming Code for Intelligent Energy Saving System

• The code designed for this project is developed in Arduino software.
• Code is as follows:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>
 
#define ONE_WIRE_BUS 8
OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);
DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

float celsius, fahrenheit;

int Sensor1 = A0;
int Sensor2 = A1;

int Bulb = A5;
int Fan = A4;
int Buzzer = A3;

int Counter = 0;
int Sen1Check = 0;
int Sen2Check = 0;

void setup(void) 
{
    Serial.begin(9600);
    digitalWrite(Bulb, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(Fan, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(Buzzer, HIGH);
    pinMode(Sensor1, INPUT);
    pinMode(Sensor2, INPUT);
    pinMode(Bulb, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(Fan, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(Buzzer, OUTPUT);
    
    
    lcd.begin(20, 4);
    lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
    lcd.print("Temp = ");
    lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
    lcd.print("Counter = ");
    lcd.setCursor(12, 0);
    lcd.print("Persons");
}

void loop() 
{
  CheckEntry();
  CheckLeaving();
  lcd.setCursor(7, 1);
  sensors.requestTemperatures();
  lcd.println(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
  lcd.setCursor(12, 1);
  lcd.print(" degC");
  lcd.setCursor(10, 0);
  if(Counter >= 0){lcd.print(Counter);}
  if(Counter < 0){Counter = 0;}
  
  if(Counter > 0)
  {
      digitalWrite(Bulb, LOW);
      digitalWrite(Fan, LOW);
      digitalWrite(Buzzer, HIGH);
      lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
      lcd.print("Fan : ON ");
      lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
      lcd.print("Bulb : ON ");
  }
  
  if(Counter < 1)
  {
      digitalWrite(Bulb, HIGH);
      digitalWrite(Fan, HIGH);
      digitalWrite(Buzzer, HIGH);
      lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
      lcd.print("Fan : OFF");
      lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
      lcd.print("Bulb : OFF");
      
  }
  

}


void CheckEntry()
{
    if(((digitalRead(Sensor1) == LOW) || (Sen1Check == 1)) && (Sen2Check == 0))
    {
        while(digitalRead(Sensor1) == LOW);
        Sen1Check = 1;
     
        if(digitalRead(Sensor2) == LOW)
        {
            Counter++;
            Sen1Check = 0;
            while(digitalRead(Sensor2) == LOW);
        }
    } 
}


void CheckLeaving()
{
    if(((digitalRead(Sensor2) == LOW) || (Sen2Check == 1)) && (Sen1Check == 0))
    {
        while(digitalRead(Sensor2) == LOW);
        Sen2Check = 1;
       
        if(digitalRead(Sensor1) == LOW)
        {
            Counter = Counter - 1;
            Sen2Check = 0;
            while(digitalRead(Sensor1) == LOW);
        }
    } 
}

• Coding isn't much difficult for this project, but still if you get into some trouble ask in comments and I will check it out.
• Here's the complete video for this Intelligent Energy Saving System, which will explain all about the project.

Hello friends, hope you all are having fun and enjoying life. Today's post is quite a simple one and is about designing of circuit diagram of buzzer in Proteus ISIS. Buzzer is quite a common electrical component which is used in almost every Embedded Systems project. For example, you have seen a simple UPS, it gives a beep each time the light goes off or it has depleted its battery. Buzzer is normally used for given some indication and normally this indication is kind of a warning.

Proteus has a builtin component for buzzer and its an animated component means it gives a sound (beep) when its turned ON. So, I am gonna use that one and will give you an actual beep on it. So, it won't be much difficult and quite a simple procedure. In this post, I am not gonna interface it with any Microcontroller i.e. Arduino or PIC Microcontroller but if you want then you can quite easily control it using any of them. You simply need to give pulse to it and you can control it. If I get time then I will post the control of buzzer with Arduino. So, let's start with it.

Design a Buzzer in Proteus ISIS

• First of all, get components from the Proteus library as shown in below figure:

• Now after selecting these components, design a circuit diagram in Proteus as shown in below figure:

• In the above circuit, I have used an optocoupler PC817 in order to control the buzzer.
• The optocoupler is controlled by a simple logic operator, now when you change the logic operator from 1 to 0 the buzzer will turn on.

• Optocoupler is working here on inverse logic i.e. when we send 1 then its OFF and when we send 0 then its ON.
• If you are designing it on hardware then you can use PC817 Optocoupler.

• So now if everything's fine then simply run the simulation and then click on the logic operator and you will get the below results:

• You can see in the above figure, there are two states.
• In the Buzzer ON state LED is OFF but the buzzer will be ON and you will hear a beep like sound, which obviously can't be heard here in the image. :)
• While in the OFF state LED is ON but the buzzer will be OFF and you wont hear anything.

Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. Today I am going to share a problem and also its solution with you guys. A few days ago, I bought new NRF24L01 modules as they were needed for a project. So, today when I started working on them, I encountered a very strange problem. When I interfaced my NRF24L01 with Arduino and uploaded the transmitting and receving codes in them, I couldn't get anything on my serial terminal as I explained in my previous post Interfacing of NRF24L01 with Arduino. That was quite strange for me as I have worked on this module many times and it never troubled me before. So I keep on working on it but no luck. I even changed my RF modules as I thought may be they are faulty modules but still no luck. :(

So, the next thing came to my mind is to upload the Getting Started example from the RF24 library which I have also given in my previous post Interfacing of NRF24L01 with Arduino, and now when I checked the serial terminal, I got this error:

• Failed, response timed out.

The screenshot of this response is as follows:

As you can see in the above figure, in the last lines we are getting error that "Now sending 4679...failed. Failed, response timed out." So, that was the problem which I encountered almost for half an hour and then I finally realized what I am missing and how to solve it. Before going to the solution, let me first tell you the types of this modules.

Types of NRF24L01 Module

• When I encountered this problem, and instead of lot of efforts and not being able to resolve it, I finally thought of using the old module, so I searched for it and luckily I found one of them.
• So, now I plugged this new module with another Arduino and I checked the properties of both these modules (i.e. the old one and the new one) and for that I simple uploaded the below sketch in both of my Arduino boards and opened the serial terminal.

#include <SPI.h>
#include "nRF24L01.h"
#include "RF24.h"
#include "printf.h"

RF24 radio(9,10);

const uint64_t pipes[2] = { 0xF0F0F0F0E1LL, 0xF0F0F0F0D2LL };

typedef enum { role_ping_out = 1, role_pong_back } role_e;

const char* role_friendly_name[] = { "invalid", "Ping out", "Pong back"};

role_e role = role_pong_back;

void setup(void)
{
 
    Serial.begin(57600);
    printf_begin();
    
    radio.begin();
    radio.setRetries(15,15);
    
    radio.openReadingPipe(1,pipes[1]);
    
    radio.startListening();
    
    radio.printDetails();
}

void loop(void)
{
}

• In this sketch, I simple print the details of NR24L01 module, so I uploaded the above sketch in both the Arduinos, one with old NRF24L01 module and the one with new NRF24L01 module, and I got the below response.

• Now I got the reason that why I am not getting the response for the same code, which worked on the old one, because the old module model was NRF24L01 while this new module is NRF24L01+ which is slightly different from NRF24L01.
• So that's the reson why I was constantly getting the Failed, response timed out error for this module. So, now lets have a look on how to resolve this issue.

How to resolve "Failed, response timed out" for NRF 24L01+ with Arduino

• So, now one thing I knew that my module is NRF24L01+ and not NRF24L01 so I need to interface NRF24L01+ with Arduino. :)
• So, I started looking online and get its datasheet which helped a lot and finally I got the thing.
• NRF24L01+ draws more current than NRF24L01 while starting up and Arduino couldn't provide that required current to it. That's the reason NRF24L01+ failed to initialize and couldn't send or receive the response.
• So, in order to remove this issue, I simply placed a Capacitor of 100uF between 3.3V and GND of Arduino and it did the magic. :)
• Detailed circuit diagram is as follows:

• So, that's the simple solution which kept me on for around an hour and then I finally got it.
• As you can see in above figure, its exactly the same circuit diagram and the only addition is the capacitor placed between 3.3V and the GND.
• After that I uploaded both the codes for receiver and transmitter which I have already posted in my old post Interfacing of NRF24L01 with Arduino and it worked like charm. :)

That's all for today, will meet you guys in the next tutorial soon. Take care!!! :)

Hello friends, I hope you all are fine and enjoying yourself. Today I am going to share a new project titled Interfacing of temperature sensor LM35 with Arduino UNO in Proteus ISIS. So far, I have only worked on temperature sensor DS18B20 for temperature measurements and I have also uploaded a tutorial on Interfacing of Temperature Sensor 18B20 with Arduino.

Recently I got a chance to work on a project regarding temperature sensing but the condition of this project was that to use only LM35 for temperature detection. Then, I get to know much about LM35, its operating conditions and features. So I thought I should also upload its tutorial as it will also be advantageous for engineering students. Because learning new things is always a charm.

An excellent thing about LM35 is that it's quite cheap as compared to other temperature sensors. And as it's cheap, that's why it's not very reliable, if you personally ask me then I will prefer DS18B20 over LM35 because of its accurate readings. Now, let's move towards its interfacing and its practical applications. First of all, let's have a quick look at the introduction of LM35 and then we will design it in Proteus ISIS.

Introduction of LM35 Temperature Sensor

• LM35 is an embedded sensor, used to measure the temperature of its surroundings and is famous because of its low cost.
• Its output is generated in the form of an Electrical signal and this electrical signal is proportional to the temperature, which it detects.
• Lm35 is much more sensitive than other temp measuring devices (not accurate).
• The internal circuitry of this embedded sensor is sealed inside a capsule.
• LM35 is a 3 pin IC and it is used for temperature detection. The physical appearance of LM35 is shown in the image given below:

• As you can see in the above image that LM35 is a 3 pin IC:
  1. The first pin is Vcc, so it should be connected to 5V.
  2. The center pin is its Data Pin and LM35 gives its output when it measures temperature.
  3. The third pin is GND and should be connected to the ground of the battery/source.

LM35 Arduino Interfacing

• As my today's tutorial is about interfacing LM35 with Arduino so let's start it.
• I have connected LM35 with Arduino microcontroller and it is shown in the image given below:

• As you can see in the above image, I have connected an LM35 sensor with Arduino UNO.
• The VCC pin of LM35 is connected to +5V of the Arduino board.
• Since LM35 generates an analog value at its output pin that's why I have connected this pin to the 'A0' pin of the Arduino board.
• This pin of Arduino board is used to receive analog data from an external source.
• And the last pin is connected to the GND pin of the Arduino board.

Arduino Code for LM35

• After connecting the circuit, now upload the below code to your Arduino board.

#define TempPin A0

int TempValue;

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(9600); // Initializing Serial Port
}
void loop()
{
  TempValue = analogRead(TempPin); // Getting LM35 value and saving it in variable
  float TempCel = ( TempValue/1024.0)*500; // Getting the celsius value from 10 bit analog value
  float TempFarh = (TempCel*9)/5 + 32; // Converting Celsius into Fahrenhiet

  Serial.print("TEMPRATURE in Celsius = "); //Displaying temperature in Celsius
  Serial.print(TempCel);
  Serial.print("*C");
  Serial.print("    |    ");

  Serial.print("TEMPRATURE = "); // Displaying Temperature in Fahrenheit
  Serial.print(TempFarh);
  Serial.print("*F");
  Serial.println();
  
  delay(1000);

}

LM35 Arduino Simulation in Proteus ISIS

• Now let's do this project in Proteus. Proteus also has an LM35 sensor in its database which we are going to use here.
• Moreover, we also know about Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0, so using that library we are going to interface LM35 with Arduino in Proteus ISIS.
• First of all, design the same circuit as shown in the above figure in Proteus software as shown below:

• It's the same circuit as we designed before, the only addition is the virtual terminal. We are using it to check the values.
• It's simply like the Serial Monitor we use in Arduino software.
• So, now using the above code, create the hex file and upload it in Proteus.
• Now hit run and if everything goes fine then you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• You can see the Virtual Terminal is showing the same value as shown on the sensor which is 33 in Celsius and later I converted it to Fahrenheit.

Hello everyone, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. Today's tutorial is quite simple and we will have a look at circuit diagram of IR sensor using 555 Timer. There are different types of IR sensors available in the market. IR is abbreviation of infrared and so they use infrared ray for detection of objects. There are many types of IR sensors with different functionality, but in all of them infrared rays are omitted from transmitter and are received by the receiver. and using these ray we can say whether an object is placed in the path or not.

Today we are gonna see how to design your own IR sensor using 555 Timer. We can also interface these IR sensors quite easily with any microcontroller like PIC Microcontroller , Arduino etc. I was also thinking of designing it in Proteus but Proteus doesn't have the IR leds in it so I couldn't do it. IR sensors available in market are quite costly ranging from 10$ to 100$ obviously they are also excellent in efficiency but in engineering cost efficiency also plays an important role so today we are gonna have a look at circuit diagram of IR sensor using 555 timer which will cost you just $2. Before going into the details, lets first have a look at types of IR sensors.

Types of IR sensors

• There are normally two types of IR sensors available in market.

• First type is transceiver IR sensor which has both transmitter and receiver in it. This type of IR sensor is used to detect the distance of object from the sensor.
• In this type of IR sensors, rays are omitted from the transmitter and are reflected back after hitting some object and are captured by the receiver.
• On the basis of the time taken by these rays to reflected back, we calculate the distance of the object from the sensor.

• In these types of IR sensors, transmitter and receiver are not on same chip but on seperate pieces.
• These types of IR sensors are used for detection of object.
• For example we need to count people entering in some room then we will place this IR sensor on the door of that room with transmitter on one end and receiver on the other.
• So, now when some one will enter through the door , he will cut the IR beam and thus the IR light wont be received by the receiver and thus the sensor will know that someone entered.
• These types of IR sensors are also used in electronic devices like TV remote etc.

Circuit Diagram of IR Sensor using 555 Timer

• So, here we are gonna design the second type of IR sensor using 555 timer.
• In this sensor we need to design both the transmitter and the receiver.
• So, lets get started the transmitter.
• Design the below circuit on some circuit board:

• In the above circuit diagram of IR sensor, I have clearly mentioned all the values of components so that you can easily design it. Moreover there are two leds used in it, these are not simple leds. There are IR leds which emits IR rays. the range of this sensor will depend roughly on the number of leds you are gonna use here, as I used two leds.
• So, now lets have a look at circuit diagram of receiver side.

• On this side we have use IR led but that one is receiving and will received that IR rays coming from the transmitter IR leds.
• These are quite simple in designing and you can design it without any trouble. Before going into PCB, its better if you first design them on some wero board or bread board.
• Here's a manufactured piece of the above given circuit diagrams. The one with two leds is the transmitter and the other one is receiver.

• The image is a bit blur, coz I was in a bit of hurry but they work perfectly fine. :)
• That's all for today, will see you guys in the next tutorial. Till then take care!!!

Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. Today, I am going to share a Traffic Signal Control using Arduino. Few days earlier, I have posted the same tutorial but it was Traffic Light Signal Using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS and today we will do the same thing but using Arduino programming. Its quite a simple but good starting project on Arduino. So, if you are new to Arduino then must give it a try.

Traffic Signal Control is quite a usual thing. We see traffic signals daily on our roads and usually engineers are asked to design such projects in their initial semesters. If we look at the traffic signals then we can see they are simply turning ON and OFF lights at some fixed regular intervals. and the pattern is quite simple as well. so I have simply followed that pattern and design the code. You should also have a look at Arduino 3 Phase Inverter. So let's start with designing this project named as Traffic Signal Control using Arduino.

Traffic Signal Control using Arduino

• First of all, design a circuit in Proteus for Traffic Signal Control using Arduino as shown in the below figure:

• Its quite a simple project so the circuit is quite simple as well. You can see I have just placed an Arduino board and plugged three LEDs with it and obviously they are Green, Yellow and Red in color.
• These LEDs are attached to pins 2,3 and 4 of Arduino UNO.
• Now next step is to write the Arduino Code for Traffic Signal Control using Arduino, so I have written and it is shown below:

#define GreenLed 4 #define YellowLed 3 #define RedLed 2 void setup() { pinMode(GreenLed, OUTPUT); pinMode(YellowLed, OUTPUT); pinMode(RedLed, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(GreenLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(YellowLed, LOW); digitalWrite(RedLed, LOW); delay(5000);delay(5000); digitalWrite(GreenLed, LOW); digitalWrite(YellowLed, LOW); digitalWrite(RedLed, HIGH); delay(5000);delay(5000); digitalWrite(GreenLed, LOW); digitalWrite(YellowLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(RedLed, LOW); delay(3000); }

• That's the complete code for this project Traffic Signal Control using Arduino and I think its quite self explanatory plus I have also changed the color accordingly.
• First of all Green LED is ON and the rest are OFF which is shown in green color.
• Next Red LED is ON and the rest are OFF after around 10 seconds which you can change by changing these delays.
• Finally the Yellow LED will be ON and you can see it goes OFF just after 3 sec because it has short delay, you can change these delays quite easily.
• Below is the flow chart of above programming for Traffic Signal Control using Arduino which will clear the theme properly.

• Now compile your Arduino code and get the hex file.

• If you don't know How to get the hex file then read Arduino Library for Proteus.

• Now when you upload the hex file into your Arduino, it will give output as shown below:

• So that's how it will work, I hope you got this clearly as its quite simple, will meet you soon in the next tutorial. Till then take care!!! :)

Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. Today's post is about interfacing of RFID module RC522 with Arduino. RC522 is very simple yet effective module. It is an RFID module and is used for scanning RFID cards. Its a new technology and is expanding day by day. Now-a-days it is extensively used in offices where employees are issued an RFID card and their attendance is marked when they touch their card to rfid reader. We have seen it in many movies that when someone places ones card over some machine then door opens or closes. In short, its a new emerging technology which is quite useful.

I recently get a chance to work on a project in which I have to use RFID reader to scan cards. In this project I have used it for for student attendance so I thought to share it on our blog so that other engineers could get benefit out it.

Let's first have a little introduction of RFID and then we will look into how to interface RC522 with Arduino. RFID is the abbreviation of Radio frequency identification. RFID modules use electromagnetic fields to transfer data between card and the reader. Different tags are attached to objects and when we place that object in front of the reader, the reader reads that tags.Another benefit of RFID is that it doesn't require to be in a line of sight to get detected. As in barcode, the reader has to be in the line of sight to the tag and then it can scan but in RFID there's no such restriction. So, let's get started with Interfacing of RFID RC522 with Arduino.

You should also read:

• Interfacing of XBee Module with Arduino.
• Interfacing of EasyVR with Arduino.
• Interfacing of GPS Module with Arduino.

Interfacing of RFID RC522 with Arduino.

Now let's start with the interfacing of RFID RC522 with Arduino. There are many different RFID modules available in the market. The RFID module, which I am gonna use in this project, is RFID-RC522. Its quite easy to interface and works pretty fine. This module has total 8 pins as shown in the below figure:

• SDA
• SCK
• MOSI
• MISO
• IRQ
• GND
• RST
• 3.3V

• The pin configuration is as follows:

• Now, I suppose that you have connected your RFID module with Arduino as shown in above figure and table, which is quite simple. You just need to connect total 7 pins, IRQ is not connected in our case.
• Now next step is the coding, so first of all, download this Arduino library for RFID RC522 module.

• Its a third party library, we haven't designed it, we are just sharing it for the engineers.

• Now coming to the final step. Upload the below code into your Arduino UNO.

#include <SPI.h> #include <MFRC522.h> #define RST_PIN         9 #define SS_PIN          10 MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); void setup() { SPI.begin(); mfrc522.PCD_Init(); } void loop() { RfidScan(); } void dump_byte_array(byte *buffer, byte bufferSize) { for (byte i = 0; i < bufferSize; i++) { Serial.print(buffer[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " "); Serial.print(buffer[i], HEX); } } void RfidScan() { if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) return; if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) return; dump_byte_array(mfrc522.uid.uidByte, mfrc522.uid.size); }

• Now using this code, you can read the RFID no of your card quite easily. Now the main task is to use that number and distinguish them so for that I changed the dump_byte_array function a little, which is given below:

#include <SPI.h> #include <MFRC522.h> #define RST_PIN         9 #define SS_PIN          10 MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); int RfidNo = 0; void setup() { SPI.begin(); mfrc522.PCD_Init(); } void loop() { RfidScan(); } void dump_byte_array(byte *buffer, byte bufferSize) { Serial.print("~"); if(buffer[0] == 160){RfidNo = 1;Serial.print(RfidNo);} if(buffer[0] == 176){RfidNo = 2;Serial.print(RfidNo);} if(buffer[0] == 208){RfidNo = 3;Serial.print(RfidNo);} if(buffer[0] == 224){RfidNo = 4;Serial.print(RfidNo);} if(buffer[0] == 240){RfidNo = 5;Serial.print(RfidNo);} Serial.print("!"); while(1){getFingerprintIDez();} } void RfidScan() { if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) return; if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) return; dump_byte_array(mfrc522.uid.uidByte, mfrc522.uid.size); }

• Now using the first code I get the card number for all RFID cards and then in second code I used these numbers and place the check now when first card will be placed it will show 1 on the serial port and so on for other cards.
• So, what you need to do is to use the first code and get your card number and then place them in second code and finally distinguish your cards.
• Quite simple and easy to work.
• Hope I have explained it properly but still if you get any problem ask me in comments.