The Engineering Projects

Introduction to LM258

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to provide a detailed discussion on Introduction to LM258. LM-258 has two internal Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps) which are frequency compensated internally. They are specially designed to perform their tasks from a single power supply source using a wide range of voltages. They can also perform different operations using split power supply. LM-258 low power supply current drain does not depend upon the magnitude of the power supply source. LM 258 has a lot of features including high DC voltage gain, large bandwidth, different input voltage equal to power supply, large output voltage swing, common mode input voltages include ground. These were the few of major features associated with LM-258 operational amplifier. LM 258 has a very wide range of real life applications. Its applications include DC gain blocks, transducer amplifiers, operational amplifiers circuits which can be implemented using single power supply source. LM-258 can be directly used with a voltage supply of 3.3V which is the most common voltage standard in digital systems. The further detail about LM-258 will be given later in this section.

Introduction to LM258

LM258 has two builtin internal operational amplifiers. These are internally frequency compensated. It can be operated with a single power supply source as well as from split power supply sources. Its low current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply. Wide voltage ranges and large output swing are some of its major features. DC gain blocks and transducer amplifiers are the example of its real life applications. LM-258 is shown in the figure shown below.

1. LM258 Pins

• LM-258 has total eight pins having different individual functions.
• All of these pins are listed in chronological order in the table shown in the figure given below.

2. LM258 Pins Description

• Each of the pin has different individual functions and we should know about each function.
• LM 258 pins functions are given in the table shown in the figure below.

3. LM258 Pinout

• Pinout diagram of the electronic device provides better understanding about its pins configurations for its proper usage.
• LM 258 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

4. LM258 Packages

• Packages are designed to present the different models of a same device.
• LM 258 packages are shown in the table given in the figure below.

5. LM258 Packages Dimensions

•  Usually the different dimensions are given to the different packages.
• LM 258 packages dimensions along with their units, are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

6. LM258 Symbolic Diagram

• The symbolic representation shows the internal structure of the particular device.
• LM 258 symbolic representation is shown in the figure given below.

7. LM258 Ratings

• The ratings of a device show the amount of voltage/current/power required by that particular electronic device.
• LM 258 ratings are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

8. LM258 Features

• The features can make a device popular in the market due to their uniqueness.
• LM 258's few of the main features are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

9. LM258 Applications

• LM 258 has a lot of real life applications.
• Some of the common applications are given in the table shown in the figure below.

In the tutorial Introduction to LM258 I have provided almost all the necessary information about the usage of LM-258 IC. The whole discussion has provided the details about pins configuration, packages & dimensions, features application and a lot more about this particular IC. I hope you have enjoyed this tutorial. If you have any kind of problem you can ask us in comments anytime. Our team will always be there to help you. I will share detailed discussion on different integrated circuits as well in my upcoming tutorials. Till then take care :)

Introduction to LM348

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge on Introduction to LM348. LM-348 i basically a General Purpose (GP) Operational Amplifier. It is an independent and quadruple operational amplifier. LM 348 has similar characteristics in comparison to uA741. It is an internally compensated amplifier having high gain. LM-348 has four internal amplifiers. We can achieve isolation between these amplifiers by biasing each of the amplifier independently. This isolation can be done using different techniques e.g. layout technique. It can be used at several different places where amplifier matching is needed. LM 348 has very low supply current drain as compared to the standard 741. Moreover, Its input voltage and input offset current is also lesser than the general 741. It has different features like no crossover distortion, low input offset voltage, low input offset current. input overload protection, output overload protection etc. It can be used at any place where there is a need of amplifier matching. The further detail about LM-348 will be given later in this tutorial. [otw_is sidebar=otw-sidebar-7]

Introduction to LM348

LM348 is basically a general purpose operational amplifier having four internal builtin amplifiers. It consists of four internal builtin amplifiers. These amplifiers are biased with a separate power supply and they can be isolated using layout technique. It provides high gain. It has different features including low input offset voltage, low input offset current, input and output overload protection etc. It can used anywhere, where there is a need of amplifier matching. LM-348 is shown in the figure below.

1. LM348 Pins

• LM 348 operational amplifier has total fourteen pins (14) having different individual function.
• LM-348 all pins are provided in the table shown in the figure below.s

2. LM348 Pins Description

• The different tasks are assigned to each of the 14 pins.
• The description of each pin is provided in the table shown in the figure below.

3. LM348 Pinout

• We can not use any electronic device until we do not know about its pin configurations.
• In order to understand pin configurations we must read its pinout diagram.
• LM-348 completely labeled pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

4. LM348 Packages

• If a company introduces the different models of the same device.
• These models can be differentiated from each other on the basis of their properties and dimensions as well.
• They are usually known as the packages of that particular device.
• LM 348 all the packages are listed in the table shown in the figure below.

5. LM348 Internal Amplifier

• LM-348 has four internal builtin amplifiers, they are separately biased in order to work independently.
• LM 348 internal amplifier is shown in the figure below.

6. LM348 Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic form of a device basically used to show the internal structure of that particular device.
• Since, LM 348 has four internal builtin amplifiers, so they are shown in the figure below.

7. LM348 Schematic

• Schematic representation shows the internal flow of the functions followed by an equipment.
• LM-348 schematic diagram is shown in the figure below.

8. LM348 Ratings

• To estimate the amount of power required by the specific device we must take help from somewhere, before using that device.
• The ratings of an equipment can help us to estimate its power requirements.
• LM-348 ratings are shown in the figure given below.

9. LM348 Features

• Features make a device popular and different from all the other devices.
• LM 348 major features are listed in the table shown below.

10. LM348 Applications

Most of the time a device is known on the basis of its real life applications, so applications play a very important role in the importance and performance of that device.

• LM-348 operational amplifier can be used anywhere, where there is a need of amplifier matching.

The tutorial Introduction to LM348, consist of a detailed discussion about the typical starting use of LM-348 a high gain general purpose amplifier. The main purpose of this article is to help the new user of this device. I hope, that they will have a better understanding about the use of LM 348, after going through this article, and they will surely be able to use this device easily. If anyone of you found something missing in this article, then please let me know so that I can update this tutorial for further ease. I will share the similar basic information about other electronic devices as well, in my later tutorials. So, till then take care & bye :)

Introduction to NE556

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fie and having fun. Today, I will elaborate you about Introductio to NE556 timer IC. NE-556 is a lot stable monolithic device. We can use precise delays and oscillation by using this device. NE 556 is bsically an dual version of NE 555 timer IC. Timing is provided for each function using an external capacitor and resistor. There are two internal timers which operates independently. They just share common power supply and ground. For the falling or rising wave forms we can trigger or reset the entire circuit. The trigger level and the threshold levels are usually one third and two third respectively. We can alter both of these level by using control pin of NE-556. If the input at trigger falls below the level of the trigger, flipflop is adjusted and the output becomes higher. Similarly, if the input at trigger is above the level of the trigger and flipflop is in reset mode then the output will be low. To start the completely new timing cycle, we can override all the inputs using NE-556's reset pin. NE-556 has different important features which are necessary to be discussed. These features may include active pull down, active pull up, two precise timing circuits in a single package, a-stable or mono-stable operation etc. Moreover, NE-556 can be used in application timers, pulse position modulators, pulse generator, missing pulse detectors, industrial control etc. The further detail about NE-556 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to NE556

NE556 is basically a high speed monolithic device or a timer IC. It is the dual version of NE 555, which is itself a timer IC. It has two internal builtin timer. These timers works without even depending on each other even for a single task. These timer share common voltage and ground terminal. NE-556 can be operated i two types of mode i.e. in a-stable mode as well in mono-stable mode. Moreover, NE 556 timer IC has a lot of applications including pulse generator, missing pulse detector, industrial control, applications timers etc. NE-556 timer IC is shown in the figure given below.

1. NE556 Pins

• This device has total 14 pins, seven on right and seven on the left side of the base.
• NE-556 all pins are provided in the table given below.

2. NE556 Pins Descriptions

• The function of each pins must be known before using any device.
• NE-556 pin functions are listed in the table given below.

3. NE556 Pinout

• Pinout diagram provides the description about pin configuration of a device.
• NE-556 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

4. NE556 Packages

• The different models of the same device are identified by its packages.
• NE-556 packages are listed in the table shown in the figure shown below.

5. NE556 Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic diagram shows the internal structure of an equipment.
• NE 556 symbolic form is given the figure shown below.

6. NE556 Block Diagram

• In order to understand the working principle of an electronic equipment we must have a look at its block diagram.
• NE 556 block diagram is shown in the figure below.

7. NE556 Ratings

• Ratings show the requirement of power and voltage for a specific device.
• NE-556 ratings are listed in the table given in the figure below.

8. NE556 Features

• The features associated with the timer IC NE 556 is shown in the table given below.

9. NE556 Applications

• Applications play a vital role in the importance of a device.
• NE-556 applications are shown in the figure below.

The tutorial Introduction to NE556 has discussed in detail about the basic use of the timer IC named as NE-556. The purpose of the whole discussion was to give you detailed explanation about its pins, pin configuration, features, applications and a lot more. If I have missed something, please tell me, so that I can update this tutorial in order to avoid any kind of future inconvenience for the readers. I will share information about the other several different integrated circuit in my upcoming tutorials. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to MMBD914

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to MMBD914. MMBD 914 is basically a switching diode. A switching diode has the functionality similar to the switch. Like an open switch, MMBD 914 has a high resistance for the particular applied voltage. Switching diodes are usually used in different device e.g. ring modulation. The right switching diode can be chosen keeping in mind our requirements e.g. reverse recovery time, power dissipation and maximum peak current etc. I have also written an article on another switching diode, Introduction to 1N4148, and this my second article on switching diodes. MMBD-914 has a vey wide range of applications including high speed switching, high speed rectification purposes, reverse polarity protection, general purpose switching etc. The further detail about MMBD 914 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to MMBD914

MMBD914 is a switching diode.It has three pins in total. Its maximum reverse voltage is around 100V and forward current is 0.2A. It has different features e.g. quick switching speed, general purpose switching applications, lead (Pb) free and RoHS compliant, halogen and antimony free. It has different applications like reverse polarity protection, general purpose switching, high speed rectification, high speed switching etc. MMBD-914 is shown in the figure below.

1. MMBD914 Pinout

• A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
• I have made a completely labeled diagram of MMBD 914 diode along with its animation.
• The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of MMBD-914 is shown in the figure below.

2. MMBD914 Symbolic Representation

• The schematic diagram of a device helps us to understand its internal functionality.
• A diode is connected between its 1st and the 3rd pin as show in the figure below.
• I have provided the labeled schematic diagram of MMBD 914 as shown in the figure below.

3. MMBD914 Packages

• MMBD-914 has two different type of packages 3000/Tape and reel and 10000/Tape and reel.
• Both of the packages along with their dimensions and part number are given in the table shown below.

4. MMBD914 Ratings

• The  voltage, current and power ratings of a device displays its power requirement i.e. how much amount of current and voltage is required for its operation.
• I have given MMBD-914 current, power and voltage ratings in the table shown below.

5. MMBD914 Thermal Characteristics

• Thermal characteristics usually include thermal resistance, power dissipation, operating and storage temperature.
• All of these parameters along with their typical values are given in the table below.

6. MMBD914 Features

• There are several different features associated with MMBD 914. A few of the major features are given in the table shown below.

7. MMBD914 Applications

MMBD-914 has different real life applications, a few of which are given below.

• Fast switching.
• General purpose switching.
• High speed rectification.
• Reverse polarity protection.

So, thats all from the tutorial Introduction to MMBD914. I hope you enjoyed this amazing tutorial. If you have any sort of problem, you can ask me in comments, any time you want, without even feeling a bit of hesitation. I will try me level best to sort out your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/7 available to help you out. I will explore further IC's and diodes in my upcoming tutorial and will share them with you as well for sure. So, till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to L298

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today I am going to elaborate you  about Introduction to L298. L-298 is an Integrated Circuit (IC) available in two type of packages now a days which will be given later. L 298 is a dual full bridge driver that has a capability to bear high voltage as well as high current. It receives basic TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) logic levels and is able to operate the different loads such as DC motors, stepper motors, relays etc. You should also have a look at Introduction to L23D. L-298 has two enable input to control any device by enabling or disabling it. L 298 IC is most commonly used to make motor drivers or motor controllers. These motor controllers can be controlled by any micro controller e.g Arduino, PIC, Raspberry Pi etc. They receives input from micro controllers and operate the load attached to their output terminals correspondingly. L-298 motor driver (H-Bridge) is able to control two different DC motors simultaneously. While it can control a single stepper motor as well. L 298 has two Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pins. PWM pins are used to control the speed of the motor. By changing the voltage signal's polarity at its input we can rotate the motor in either clockwise or counter clockwise direction. It has a lot of real life applications e.g robotics, doors lock systems, CNC machines etc. You should also have a look at L298D Motor Driver Library for Proteus.

Introduction to L298

L298 is a high current and high voltage IC. Its receives TTL logic signals and operates different loads like motors, solenoid, relays etc. It is mostly used in motor driver's designing. It has two specific pins for enabling or disabling the particular device attached at its output. Its features include low saturation voltage, over temperature protection etc. Its has a lot applications including robotics, automated door lock systems, CNC machines etc. The further detail about L-298 will be given later in this tutorial. You can download L298 Datasheet by clicking below button: Download L298 Datasheet

1. L298 Pinout

• L 298 IC has 15 pins in total, each having different functions associated with them.
• The animated image of L-298 IC is shown in the figure given below.

2. L298 Features

• L-298 has a lot of amazing features including low saturation voltage, over current protection etc.
• Some of the major features are given in the table shown below.

3. L298 Ratings

• The rating of a device displays basically its power requirement for the normal operation of that device under normal circumstances.
• The current, voltage and power ratings of L 298 IC are shown in the table given below.

4. L298 Motor Controller/Driver

• L-298 IC is most commonly used to design motor driver/controller.
• So, now I am going to discuss about L298 motor controller/driver.
• L-298 motor driver or motor controller's image is shown in the figure below.

5. L298 Motor Controller Pinout

• The pinout diagram usually consists of complete pin configuration of a device.
• L-298 motor controller's pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

6. L298 Motor Controller Pins

• L 298 motor controller has fourteen (14) pins in total, each having different individual function.
• All of the 14 pins along with the pin number are given in the table shown below.

7. L298 Motor Controller Pin Functions

• L 298 motor controller's each pin has different functions.
• The function associated with each of the pin are given in the table shown below.

8. L298 Motor Controller Schematic Diagram

• The schematic diagram of an equipment shows its internal structure and working flow.
• L-298 motor controller schematic diagram is shown in the figure given below.

9. L298 Motor Controller Interfacing with Arduino & DC Motor

• In order to control the DC motor using Arduino UNO and H-Bridge (L 298 motor controller) first we have to build a proper circuit diagram.
• The complete circuit diagram is shown in the figure given below.

10. DC Motor Control Arduino Source Code

• I have written a simple DC motor direction control source code in Arduino software as shown below.

int dir1PinA = 6;
int dir2PinA = 7;
void setup() { 
 
Serial.begin(9600); // baud rate

lcd.begin(20, 4);

pinMode(dir1PinA,OUTPUT);
pinMode(dir2PinA,OUTPUT); 

}
void loop() {
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
int inByte = Serial.read();

switch (inByte) {

case 'C': // Clockwise rotation
digitalWrite(dir1PinA, LOW);
digitalWrite(dir2PinA, HIGH);
Serial.println("Clockwise rotation"); 
Serial.println("   "); 
break;

case 'S': // No rotation
digitalWrite(dir1PinA, LOW);
digitalWrite(dir2PinA, LOW);
Serial.println("No rotation");
Serial.println("   ");
break;

case 'A': // Clockwise rotation
digitalWrite(dir1PinA, HIGH);
digitalWrite(dir2PinA, LOW);
Serial.println("Anti Clockwise rotation"); 
Serial.println("   "); 
break;
}

• You need to just copy and paste the source code in your Arduino software.
• After uploading it to the Arduino board, you will be able to control the direction of DC motor.
• You can download the circuit diagram and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Arduino Source Code

• Download .rar file, extract it and enjoy the package.

11. L298 Motor Controller Applications

L-298 motor controller/driver has several different real life applications, a few of which are given below.

• Robotics.
• Weight lifters.
• CNC machines.
• Automatic door control systems.

12. L298 Motor Driver Simulation in Proteus

• I have also designed a new L298D Motor Driver Library for Proteus. Using this Library you can easily simulate L298 Motor driver in Proteus.
• You can download this driver library by clicking above link.
• Here's a screenshot of how it looks in Proteus:

• You can have a look at How to use L298 in Proteus in below video:

That was the detailed discussion about Introduction to L298. I have shared almost all the important details regarding L 298 IC and motor driver/controller. If you have problem, you can ask us freely anytime you want. Our team is always here to entertain you. I will share a lot of informative topics in my upcoming tutorials. So till then take care :)

Introduction to LT1054

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. I am going to elaborate you on Introduction to LT1054. It is a monolithic device. LT-1054 is also known as voltage regulator and bipolar capacitive voltage converter. Its mean feature is that it provides very low voltage losses as compared to the other common converters. LT 1054 also provides large output currents in comparison to general converters. It provides a voltage drop of around 1.1V while operating at 100mA. LT 1054 provides us with a feature of regulation. This feature was not available in earlier voltage converters. We can get a regulated output just by inserting an external resistance. We can shut down LT-1054, if we ground its feedback terminal. Its internal oscillator works at 25kHz frequency. Switching frequency can be adjusted using oscillator terminal. LM-1054 operates on a temperature ranging from 0 degree Celsius to 70 degree Celsius. LM 1054 has several exciting features including external shut down, external oscillator synchronization, low losses, reference & error amplifier for regulation etc. The further detail about LT-1054 will be given later in this article.

Introduction to LT1054

LT1054 is a bipolar, switched capacitor voltage converter or voltage regulator. It is most common in the market now a days due to its amazing features like it provides low voltage losses in comparison to the standard normal converters and also provides higher output current as compared to the earlier voltage converters. LT 1054 provides oscillator synchronization, reference amplifier for regulation. It can be used in voltage regulators, voltage inverters, data acquisition supply etc. LT-1054 is shown in the figure below.

1. LT1054 Pins

• LT 1054 has eight (8) pins in total with a different individual feature.
• All of the 8 pins are listed in the table given below.

2. LT1054 Pin Description

• We can not use any device without even knowing the features associated with its each pin.
• LT-1054 pins function description is given in the table shown below.

3. LT1054 Pinout

• Before using a device we must know its pins configuration, pinoutout diagram helps us in this purpose.
• LT 1054 pinout diagram is shown in the figure below.

4. LT1054 Packages

• Packages just show the earlier and latest model of any device.
• LT-1054 has two types of packages i.e. PDIP (8) and SOIC (16).
• Both of the packages are listed in the table shown below.

5. LT1054 Packages Dimensions

• LT-1054 has two packages, each has different size.
• Both of these packages are shown with their dimension and SI units in the table given below.

6. LT1054 Block Diagram

• Block diagram presents the internal flow of the logic followed by any device.
• LT 1054 block diagram is shown in the figure below.

7. LT1054 Ratings

• The rating of a device or equipment show the how much power is needed to operate this device.
• LT-1054 power, current and voltage, all of these ratings are listed in the table given below.

8. LT1054 Features

• For a special purpose, a device can be identified from its features whether they are suitable for the required task or not.
• LT-1054 has a lot of features, some of them are given in the table shown below.

9. LT1054 Applications

• While purchasing any device we have to mention its application that why we are purchasing this device.
• They play a vital role in the popularity and availability of a device.
• Some of the applications associated with LT-1054 are given in the table shown below.

  The tutorial Introduction to LT1054 has provided the detailed discussion on the use of LT 1054 voltage regulator. I hope you will appreciate my effort. The whole discussion consist of IC's pin, pin functions and description, pin configurations, block diagram, features and applications. If there something missing please let me know so that I could update this article in order to avoid the future inconvenience. In my upcoming tutorials, I will share other informative articles. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to 74HC245

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to 74HC245. 74HC 245 is a eight (8) bit transceiver. It has three (3) output states. 74HC-245 is designed for a-synchronous transfer of data between different data buses. The external timing requirement can be reduced by the implementation of control function. You should also have a look at Introduction to 74HC595. There are two internal amplifiers in 74HS 245. They are named as A and B. Data is transferred from A amplifier to B amplifier and vice versa. Hence two way communication is done in 74HC-245. This communication depends upon the logic level on the direction control input (DIR). Out enable pin (OE) is used to enable and disable the device depending upon the requirements of the task. 74HC-245 has several amazing features e.g. low input current, large input voltage ranges, low power consumption etc. A lot of real life applications are associated with 74HC-245, a few of which are servers, electronic points of sale, telecom infrastructures, network switches, personal computers, notebooks, wearable health devices etc. The further detail about 74HC-245 will be given later in this article.

Introduction to 74HC245

74HC245 is basically and 8-bit transceiver. It has 3 output states. The data can be transferred in both directions depending upon the logic level at direction control (DIR). You can enable and disable the device from the output enable (OE) pin. low power consumption, wide voltage range, low input current are the major features associated with 74HC-245. 74HC 245 is mostly used in personal computers, servers, wearable health devices, fitness devices, network switches, electronic points of sale etc. 74HC 245 is shown in the figure given below.

1. 74HC245 Pins

• There are total twenty (20) pins in 74HC 245 having different and unique functions.
• All the 20 pins are given in the table shown below.

2. 74HC245 Pin Description

• Each pin of 74HC 245 performs different function.
• The description of each function is given in the table shown below.

3. 74HC245 Pinout

• With the help of pinout diagram, we can get familiar with the configuration of the pins of the particular device.
• 74HC-245 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

 

4. 74HC245 Functional Diagram

• Functional diagram presents the internal functionality of a device.
• 74HC-245 functional block diagram is shown in the figure below.

5. 74HC245 Ratings

• To understand the power requirements of a device me must need to know its rating information.
• 74HC 245 power, voltage and current ratings are given in the table shown below.

6. 74HC245 Features

• Features of anything play a vital role to differentiate this thing from all the other things.
• They may be good or bad, in terms of electronics features deal with the benefits of that device in real life.
• 74HC-245 has a lot of features, a few of the major features are listed in the table given below.

In the tutorial, Introduction to 74HC245, I have tried my best to cover and share all the necessary information about this particular Integrated Circuit (IC). This information include pins info, pins description, pinout diagram, functional diagram, features, ratings etc. These all are very important to know before using this device for any of the purpose. If you find that there is something missing in it. Please let me know about that. I will update this article correspondingly for the better understanding of the reader. And if you have any sort of problem you can freely ask us in comments anytime you want to. Our team is always available and will try our best to solve your issues. I will share further informative articles about different such IC's later. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to L293D

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today I am going to given elaboration on Introduction to L293D. L 293D is basically a high current dual motor driver/controller Integrated Circuit (IC). It is able to drive load having current up to 1A at the voltage ranging from 4.5V to 36V. Motor driver usually act as current amplifier because they receive a low current signal as an input and provides high current signal at the output. Motors usually operates on this higher current. L-293D has to builtin H-Bridge driver circuits and is able to control two DC motors at a time in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction. It has two enable pins and they should be kept high in order to control the motor. By changing the polarity of applied signal motor can be rotated in either clockwise or counter clockwise direction. If L 293D enable pin is high, its corresponding driver will provide the desired out. If the enable pin is low, there will be no output. L-293D has different features including internal ESD protection, large voltage supply range, large output current per channel, high noise immunity input etc. L 293D plays a vital role in electronics era and has several different applications e.g relay drivers, DC motor drivers, stepping motor drivers etc. The further detail about L 293D motor driver/controller will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to L293D

L293D is basically a motor driver or controller. It has two builtin H-bridge circuits which are able to control two DC motors simultaneously in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction. It acts as an current high amplifier because it take low current signal at its input and provides higher current signal at the output in order to drives different load e.g stepper motor & DC motors. Its features include large inpu voltage supply range, large output current high noise immunity input signals etc. Its common real life applications include stepping motor drivers, relay drivers, DC motor drivers etc. L-293D motor driver/controller is shown in the figure given below.

1. L293D Pins

• L-293D has sixteen (16) pins, having different individual functions.
• All of these sixteen pins along with their serial no, are given in the table shown below.

2. L293D Pin Functions

• L 293D each pin has different tasks to perform when they are in working condition.
• The tasks assigned to each pin are given in the table shown below.

3. L293D Pinout

• Pinout diagram of any device presents the pins configuration through a completely labelled diagram.
• L293D pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

4. L293D Packages

• L-293D has two types of packages and both of them are PDIP (16).
• Both of these packages along with their respective part number are given in the table shown below.

5. L293D Packages Dimensions

• L 293D each package has he same dimensions.
• L-293D packages along with their typical dimensions and SI unit are given in the table shown below.

6. L293D Logic Diagram

• A logic diagram presents an internal logic followed by an equipment.
• L293D logic diagram is shown in the figure below.

7. L293D Functional Block Diagram

• Functional diagram of a device shows the steps followed by that device in order to perform some action to give output.
• L-293D functional block diagram is shown in the figure below.

8. L293D Ratings

• Before using any equipment we must know about its ratings i.e. its power requirments that how much power will it consume.
• I have provided the current, power and voltage ratings of L 293D motor controller/driver.
• All of the ratings associated with L-293D are given in the table shown below.

9. L293D Features

L-293D has several features including:

• High output current up to 1A/channel.
• Wide voltage supply range ranging from 4.5V to 36V.
• Peak output current up to 2A/channel.
• Internal Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) protection.
• A separate input supply.
• Inputs having large noise immunity.

10. L293D Applications

L293D has a lot of applications including:

• DC motor drivers.
• Relay drivers.
• Stepper motor drivers.
• Two phase motor driver, block diagram of L 293D application for two phase motor is given in the figure shown below.

In the tutorial Introduction to L293D, I have shared all the necessary details about L 293D motor controller/driver which includes its pinout diagram, applications, features, functional and logic diagram, packages etc. Let me know if I have missed something. If you have any issues you can find each kind of help regarding your issues. Our team is always available here to help you. In my upcoming articles I will share other informative IC's as well. Till then take care :)

Introduction to LM1458

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to elaborate you about Introduction to LM1458. Lm 1458 is basically a general purpose dual Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) i.e. it consists of two internal amplifiers. The internal amplifiers has both common power supply as well as common biased network. This is done so that their operation remains dependent on each other. If the power supply and biasing is not common then they will be totally independent. LM 1458 is a device which is protected from short circuit and it requires no external components for the frequency compensation. LM 1458 is considered to be and ideal amplifier for voltage followers. This is due to its latch-up free operation and high common mode voltage range. LM 1458 has amazing features like short circuit protection, low power consumption etc. Lm-1458 has several different real life applications e.g. The further details about LM 1458 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to LM1458

LM1458 is a dual general purpose Operational Amplifier (Op-amp). Its has two builtin amplifiers having common power supply as well as common mode voltage. This condition is to make both of the amplifiers dependent on each other. LM 1458 has several amazing features. For example, low power consumption, lath-up free operation, short circuit protection etc. LM-1458 is shown in the figure given below.

1. LM1458 Pins

• LM 1458 has eight (8) pins total, having separate individual function.
• All of the eight pins are given in the table shown below in a periodic manner.

2. LM1458 Pinout

• Pinout representation displays the configuration of all the pins, moreover it helps users for their better understanding.
• LM-1458 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

3. LM1458 Packages

• LM 1458 has two different types of packages e.g. PDIP and SOIC.
• I have provided both of these packages in the table shown below.

4. LM1458 Symbolic Representation

• The symbol or a symbolic representation of a device shows the internal structure of that device.
• LM 1458 symbolic representation is shown in the figure given below.

• You can see from the above figure that LM 1458 has two builtin amplifiers named as A and B in the figure.
• The inputs of the A amplifier are connected to pin no. 2 & 3 and its output is connected to pin no. 8.
• The inputs of the B amplifier are connected to pin no. 5 & 6 and its output is connected to pin no. 8.

5. LM1458 Schematic Diagram

• This diagram presents internal logic followed by a particular device.
• LM-1458 schematic diagram is shown in the figure given below.

6. LM1458 Ratings

• Rating is a feature of a device which tell the amount of voltage, current and power required for its normal operations under normal conditions.
• LM 1458 ratings are given in detail in the table shown below.

7. LM1458 Electrical Characteristics

• Several different electrical characteristics are associated with each of the deice which may vary from one device to another.
• LM-1458 electrical characteristics are provided in the table shown below.

8. LM1458 Features

• The basic and primary method to identify a device for a special purpose is to identify it from its features.
• Features play a vital role in  the selection and rejection of a particular device.

9. LM1458 Applications

LM 1458 has several different real life applications, some of the are given below.

• Comparator.
• Summin amplifier.
• Band pass filter.
• Multi-vibrator.
• Narrow band filter.
• DC amplifier.
• Integrator or differentiator.

The detailed discussion about Introduction to LM1458 was given in this tutorial. This section has covered all the important points regarding the basic use of LM 1458. If some information is missed let our team know to update this article. If you face any kind of problem you can ask us in comments anytime. Our team is 24/7 available here. I will share further informative tutorials later. Till then take care :)

Arduino Projects for Beginners

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to elaborate you, how to make Arduino Projects for beginners. Before gong into the detail of this tutorial first of all I would like to explain you a bit about Arduino. Arduino is an open source micro controller. A lot of help is available online so its user friendly hardware. Most of the students prefer to do work on this device. Arduino is a low cost high performance device. Due to its cost effectiveness and open source feature it is commonly available in the market these days. An amazing thing about Arduino is that students can take help online with a lot of examples regarding any of the task. There are thousands of Arduino projects are available online from beginner level to the major real life projects. Students can make their own projects without having a lot of programming experience. Arduino kits for the beginners are also available in the market now a days. These kit usually consist of an Arduino board, jumper wires, motors, LED's, sensors, relays etc. Arduino has a very wide of real life applications including automation, robotics, remote control, LED's, environmental sensing, Internet of Things (IoT), display, monitoring etc. Further detail about this tutorial will be given later.

Arduino Projects for Beginners

In this section of the tutorial Arduino Projects for beginners, I will elaborate you how to make basic and very simple projects using Arduino which will lead you to the better and better understanding of Arduino environment later. With the help of such a projects you will be much confident and will be able to make large projects too. So here I am going to share some of the basic and beginners level Arduino projects from my blog.

Arduino Basic Projects

In this section I will provide Proteus ISIS libraries for the different Arduino boards e.g. Arduino Nano, Arduino UNO, Arduino Mega 2560 etc and other different projects too. Here is the list of those projects.

1. Getting Started with Arduino Software
2. Arduino Library for Proteus
3. Arduino UNO Library for Proteus
4. Arduino Genuino Library for Proteus
5. Arduino Lilypad Library for Proteus
6. Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus
7. Arduino Nano Library for Proteus
8. Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus
9. Arduino UNO PCB Design for Proteus
10. Arduino Library for Seven Segment Display
11. How to get .hex File from Arduino
12. How to use Arduino Software Serial
13. How to use Arduino Serial Flush
14. How to use Arduino Serial Read
15. Ultrasonic Sensor Library for Proteus

• These are the very basic Arduino Projects, a student must go through all of these projects for the better understanding of the other projects.
• Now, I am going to share all of the mini projects designed by our team using Arduino board.

1. A Simple Arduino LED Example in Proteus

In this tutorial I have shared an LED control example using Arduino UNO in Proteus ISIS. I have designed the circuit to control a single LED using Arduino in Proteus. First I have testes and verified the control of an LED using Arduino. After its successful testing I have designed another circuit in Proteus to control a bundle of LED using the Same Arduino board. You can also check the blinking of an on board LED attached to the pin 13 of Arduino board. I have provided the complete Proteus ISIS design and Arduino source code for your easiness.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

• Download .rar file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

2. Circuit Designing of LCD with Arduino in Proteus

In this tutorial I have shared the design of a circuit for LCD interfacing with Arduino UNO in Proteus ISIS. I have used LCD here basically for debugging purpose in order to check whether the Arduino source code is in working condition or not. I have designed the Proteus simulation first and then I wrote source code in Arduino software. At the end after uploading .hex file in Arduino I have verified the code as show in the figure.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

• Click on the button above and go through the detailed discussion.

3. Interfacing of Keypad with Arduino in Proteus ISIS

In this article I have elaborated the circuit designing of keypad with Arduino UNO. I have used 4*3 keypad. Keypads are most common in a lot of real life applications such as calculators, laptops, ATM machined etc. The functionality of keypad is based on matrix systems. I have interfaced Arduino UNO, LCD and keypad in such a way that the text is displayed on LCD with respect to the corresponding buttons pressed from the keypad.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

• Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

4. Scrolling Text on LED Matrix 8*8 using Arduino in Proteus ISIS

This part of this tutorial will explain the design for scrolling text on LED matrix 8*8 using Arduino in Proteus ISIS. I have used an LED matrix. It is basically used to display long messages that we want to write on it. I have designed the complete circuit simulation in Proteus ISIS. Then I have written the Arduino source code. After uploading the code I have verified the results as well. They were absolutely perfect. Our team has done a lot of hard work to design this project. So, I have imposed a very lost on it that a student can easily buy this project even with his pocket money.

• You can buy this project here by clicking on the button below.

Buy Simulation & Arduino Source Code

5. Ultrasonic Sensor Simulation in Proteus

This article presents the detailed discussion about the circuit designing for interfacing of SONAR with Arduino UNO. I have used the library for ultrasonic sensor whose link is given above. This sensor is very to interface using this library. I have shared three type of examples regarding ultrasonic sensor interfacing with Arduino in Proteus ISIS. These examples include ultrasonic sensor interfacing using buttons, as a proximity switch and as a switch. I have provided both Proteus simulation as well as Arduino source code.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

• Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

6. Interfacing of Temperature Sensor 18B20 with Arduino

  The detailed discussion about circuit designing and interfacing of temperature sensor with Arduino UNO is given in this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners. I have used non-water proof temperature sensor. I have used an LCD as well to print the values obtained from the temperature sensor. We can get the values of temperature in Celsius using 18B20. There is a library for Arduino while interfacing 18B20 with it. I have shared that library too.

• You can download the entire package containing both simulation and Arduino library for 18B20 here by clicking on the button below.

Download Library & Simulation

• Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

7. Interfacing of Temperature Sensor LM35 with Arduino in Proteus ISIS

This section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, will provide you the discussion about the circuit designing of L35 interfacing with Arduino in Proteus. LM35 is a low cost sensor as compared to the other temperature sesnsors e.g. 18B20. I have designed the circuit in Proteus ISIS first and then I have written the code in Arduino software. After that I have tested the written code and verified the results. There were absolutely accurate. I have provided both simulation and code for free.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Code

• Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

8. Interfacing PIR Sensor with Arduino

The detailed discussion about the interfacing of PIR sensor with Arduino is given in this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners. PIR sensor is designed for motion detection purposes. PIR sensor is a passive device and does not generate its own voltages and energy. I have provided the complete circuit diagram of PIR interfacing with Arduino as well as the source code in Arduino software. You can also read the detailed discussion here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

• Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

9. Interfacing Flame Sensor with Arduino

In this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, I have given the detailed discussion about interfacing flame sensor with Arduino UNO. Flame sensor is designed basically fire detection purposes or you can say for temperature monitoring purposes. You have to set a threshold value and above that value an LED on the top of the sensor will be turn on as an indication. I have designed its Proteus ISIS simulation first. Then I have written its source code in Arduino software. I have uploaded the code in Arduino in Proteus and observed the results, they were quite accurate. You have to change the state of logic state from 0 to 1. As the state becomes 1 the sensor will start working and a corresponding test will be displayed on LCD. I have provided the complete simulation and source code for this project.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

• Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

10. Interfacing NRF24L01 Sensor with Arduino

This section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, will give you the detailed discussio nabout the interfacing of NRF24L01 sensor with Arduino UNO. NRF24L01 is basically used for wireless communication between two different nodes.It operates on a frequency equal to WiFi frequency i.e. 2.4GHz. This sensor has a capability to send and receive data at the same time. I have provided Arduino library for NRF24L01, complete circuit diagram and Arduino source code for this project for free. You can easily design your own circuit with the help of this article.

• You can download the entire simulation and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

• Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

11. Interfacing RFID RC522 with Arduino

In this section I will elaborate you the method for interfacing RFID RC522 with Arduino. I have used a breadboard and jumper wires to make a connection between RFID RC522 and Arduino UNO. RFID RC522 is used in the projects where there is a need of wireless communication between laptop/PC and the micro controller. I have provide the pins configuration of Arduino as well as RFID RC522 sensor. I have also provided the library for RFID, a complete circuit diagram of in terfacing this module with Arduino as well as the source code to operate this module.

• You can download the library, circuit diagram and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

• Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

12. Control Servo Motor with Arduino in Proteus

This section of the tutorial Arduino Projects for Beginners, will provide explanation about control of a servo motor with Arduino in Proteus ISIS. Servo motor is commonly used in the projects where there is a need of high precision like CNC machines, robotics are such fields where high precised results are required. So, servo motors are the best option in such cases. I have designed a complete circuit for interfacing of a stepper motor with Arduino UNO in Proteus ISIS. I have provided the complete Arduino source code as well. After uploading the source code in Arduino you will be able to control the servo motor in Proteus ISIS.

• You can download the complete simulation and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

• Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

13. Home Automation Project using XBee and Arduino

In this tutorial I have explained all of the steps about making a home automation project using XBee and Arduino UNO. Now a says, since every thing is going under automation. So, I thought to design a pretty simple automation projects named as home automation project. Home automation project has the features e.g. you can control the entire appliances of the home from your PC or Laptop sitting anywhere in the world. This features required internet services. First of all I have designed the complete circuit as shown in the figure as well. I have designed the circuit to control the home using remote. I have written Arduino source code and after uploading the code in Arduino I have tested the projects and it was operating well. Our team has designed this project with a lot of hard work so we have imposed a very small amount of cost on it. Even a student can but this project with his/her pocket money.

• You buy the complete simulation as well the Arduino source code here by clicking on the button below.

Buy Simulation & Arduino Code

14. GSM Based Home Security System using Arduino

In this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, I have explained all of the necessary steps to design a GSM based home security system using Arduino. Some of people are very conscious and they want to secure there houses at any cost. So basically this type of project is pretty suitable for them. I have designed a complete Proteus ISIS simulation for home security system using Arduino and GSM. Then I have written a complete Arduino Source code and after uploading it on the Arduino board in Proteus I have tested the results which were quite efficient and precise. This project took a lot of hard work and time. So, we have imposed a small amount of cost on it as well.

• You can buy this project easily here by clicking on the button below, its not costly at all.

Buy Simulation & Arduino Code

This tutorial contains a detailed discussion of Arduino Projects for Beginners. I have a lot of basic Arduino projects. Some of them were free of cost and some projects are assigned with a small amount cost. I have tried to share different easy and moderate level Arduino projects. If you have any problem you can freely ask us. Me and my team is 24/7 available here to entertain you and to help you out in some good manner. I will share other informative and helpful tutorials in my upcoming articles. Till then, Taker Care :)