The Engineering Projects

Introduction to 2N3772

Hello friends! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you an elaboration on Introduction to 2N3772. I have already shared basic knowledge about different IC's and transistors in my previous tutorials e.g. Introduction to IRF540, BC547, MMBD914, LM339, LM224 and LM386. You must have alook at these tutorials before going into the details of this tutorials. It will be quite helpful in the better understanding of this article. 2N-3772 is basically a type of central semiconductor. It is basically a Negative Positive Negative (NPN) semiconductor. This semiconductor is designed by the process named as epitiaxial process. The main purpose behind its designing is to provide the high power based amplification process and fast switching applications. The structure of 2N-3772 is mounted in JEDEC TO-3 metalic case. It is most suitable for inductive switching as well as linear amplifiers. 2N-3772 has a lot of amazing and unique features. These features include low saturation voltage for collector emitter junction. This voltage is around 4 volts. Capability of forward biased 2nd breakdown current is it another unique features among its competitors. 2N-3772 is also available in lead (Pb) free packages in the market these days. It has a wide range of applications in real life. Its most common real life applications include its use in linear amplifiers, fast switching devices, inductive switching, series pas regulators and many more that may be discussed later. This is the brief introduction to 2N3772. Thee further information about the basic use of 2N-3772 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to 2N3772

2N3772 is an Negative Positive Negative (NPN) transistor. It belongs to the family of central semiconductors. It is enveloped in JEDEC TO-3 metalic structure. It is available at low cost while providing higher efficiency as compared to the other similar devices. It is easily available in the market and most of the time it is known on the basis of its applications. It has several different amazing features including low collector-emitter junction voltage, capable of forward biased current break-down. Its applications are include inductive switching, General Purpose (GP) linear amplifiers, series pas regulators and a lot more. "N-3772 is given in the figure shown below.

1. 2N3772 Pins

• Similar to the other transistor, it also has total three (3) pins.
• The names of all the pins are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

2. 2N3772 Pin Symbols

• In order to avoid the complexity, each pin is simply assigned with the first letter of its name.
• The symbols assigned to each pin are provided in table given in the figure shown below.

3. 2N3772 Pin Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic representation of a device shows its symbol for theoretical use.
• 2N-3772 symbolic representation is shown in the figure below.

4. 2N3772 Pinout

• One must know about the pin configuration of any electronic device before using it.
• Pins configuration can be easily estimated via pinout diagram of an electronic device.
• I have also shared pinout diagram of different electronic devices in Introduction to L293D, L298, LM117, LM339, NE555, NE556, TL431 and TL072
• 2N-3772 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

• From the above figure, you can see that I have provided the pins information as well as its real image for the better understanding.

5. 2N3772 Ratings

• Power requirements of each electronic device are very important parameters to operate them appropriately.
• If we don't know about the power requirements of a particular device, then providing slight higher voltage or current, it may be damaged immediately.
• Power requirements can be estimated from the power ratings of any device.
• Power ratings of 2N-3772 are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

6. 2N3772 Electrical Characteristics

• It shows the electrical requirements of any electronic device.
• 2N-3772 electrical characteristics are listed in the table shown in the figure below.

7. 2N3772 Features

• Features belong to such parameters which are normally considered to be the most important key to success of any device while designing it.
• Unique features can make a device more popular.
• 2N-3772 common features are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

8. 2N3772 Applications

• Applications are directly related to the popularity and sale of a product in the market.
• Larger the area of applications, higher will be chance of its sale.
• 2N-3772 application are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

• Charging test time circuit for 2N-3772 is shown in the figure given below.

The tutorial Introduction to 2N3772, has provided the platform consisting of all the necessary and important details about the basics of 2N3772, that one must know before its use. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial. If there is something missing in this article, please do let me know. I will immediately update it correspondingly so that the future convenience can be avoided. If you have any sort of issue, you can ask us inn comments anytime you want to! Our team is 24/7 available to support you. We will try our level  best to sort out your problems as soon as possible. I will share a lot of interesting as well as informative topics in my upcoming tutorials. So, till my next tutorial, take care and bye bye :)

Introduction to 2SC3320

Hello friends! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you an elaboration on Introduction to 2SC3320. I have shared the basic knowledge  of different electronic devices in my previous articles like Introduction to ULN2003, LM317, LM393, IRF540, BC547, UA741 and MC34063. 2SC-3320 is a Negative Positive Negative (NPN) transistor. It is made up of silicon. It is basically a power transistor. Power transistor is an electronic device which is able to handle certain level of power. 2SC-3320 has three terminals whose detail will be given later. Its an efficient device with higher efficiency available at at lower cost in the market these days. Due to cost efficiency and its unique features it is more popular device among the similar transistors. It is available in TO-3PN packages. It has different features due to which it is famous in the market. These features include its capability of handling high voltages, capability of high speed/fast switching. Moreover, higher reliability is its major and the most common feature that makes it different from the standard transistors. It has a wider range of its application area which include General Purpose (GP) power amplifiers, high frequency inverters, switching regulators, ultrasonic generators and many more. This was thr brief introduction to 2SC-3320. The further deatil about the basic use of this device will be given later in this section.

  Introduction to 2SC3320

2SC3320 is an NPN transistors i.e. its emitter arrow, in its symbolic representation, will be directed towards outside of the structure. Its symbolic representation is given below. It is a power amplifier, capable of handling a particular power level. It is a silicon transistor available at low cost in the market these days. It is having three terminals as explained below. It features include high reliability, high voltage, fast speed switching and a lot more. It real life application are switching regulators, general purpose amplifiers, inverters with higher frequencies, ultra sonic generators etc. 2SC-3320 is shown in the figure given below.

1. 2SC3320 Pins

• Like the other transistors, it has total three (3) terminals.
• All of its pins are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

2. 2SC3320 Pins Symbols

• Each terminals is assigned with the first letter of its name in order to avoid complication.
• Symbol associated with each pin is given in the table shown in the figure below.

3. 2SC3320 Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic representation helps us to represent a particular device in theoretical use.
• 2SC-3320 symbolic representation is given in the figure shown below.

4. 2SC3320 Pinout

• Pin configuration of any device must be known before its usage.
• If we do not know the pin configuration, we will not be able to use that device.
• Pinout diagram helps us to provide the information about pins configuration.
• I have also shared the pinout diagrams of different devices in my previous tutorials e.g. Introduction to LM317, BC547, IRF540, ULN2003, MMBD914 and L298.
• 2SC-3320 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

5. 2SC3320 Ratings

• Power requirements of any device must be known for its proper operation.
• Ratings list provides the information about the power requirements of a particular device.
• 2SC-3320 ratings is provided in the table shown in the figure below.

6. 2SC3320 Features

• Features of a device are the most important parameters that play a vital role in its popularity.
• 2SC-3320 major features are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

 

7. 2SC3320 Applications

• Many electronic devices are usually known on the basis of their applications.
• Application area and the sale of a product are directly related to each other.
• Larger the application area larger will be chances of its sale.
• 2SC-3320 major applications are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

The tutorial Introduction to 2SC3320, has elaborated the all the necessary information about the basic use of NPN silicon power transistor named as 2SC-3320. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial hoping for your appreciation as well ;) If something is missing in this article, please let me know as soon as possible so that I can immediately update it correspondingly. If you are feeling any sort of problem, you can ask us anytime in comments. Our team is always available for your support. We will try our level best to solve your issues. I will share different interesting topics in my upcoming tutorials. Take care and bye bye till my nest tutorial :)

Introduction to 20N60

Hello friends! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you an elaboration on Introduction to 20N60. 20-N-60 is basically a power Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). Power MOSFET is a device that can handle a specific level of power. I have already shared information about MOSFET in my previous tutorials e.g. Introduction to 75N75, SG3524, 50N06, IRFZ44N, C945 and TL072. Before going into the details of this article you must have a look at these articles. They will result in the better understanding of this article. MOSFET family is divided into two categories. P-channel MOSFET and N-channel MOSFET. 20-N-60 belongs to the N-channel MOSFET. It is based on United Technologies Corporation (UTC) technology. This technology is used in order to provide minimum on state resistance. It also provides the fast switching applications at different places. 20-N-60 has a lot of amazing features. These features include capability of handling higher currents, higher switching speed, low on state resistance and many more. It has a wider range of real life applications associated with it. Its applications area include DC chopper, servo motor drivers, AC motor control speed, Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), switch mode power supply, resonant mode power supply etc. The further detail about the basics of MOSFET 20-N-60 will be given later in this tutorial.

 Introduction to 20N60

20N60 belongs to the family of N-channel MOSFET. Its basically a power MOSFET that means it can handle certain levels of power. Its working principle is based on UTC technology. It provides the fast switching application and the minimum on state resistance as well. handling of high current, high speed of switching and low on sate resistance are its major features. Its real life applications include servo motor drivers, UPS, speed control of AC motor and many more. 20-N-60 is given in the figure shown below.

1. 20N60 Pins

• Similar to the other MOSFET's it also has three (3) pins in total.
• All of these three pins along with their names are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

2. 20N60 Pins Symbol

• In order minimize the complications, each pins is assigned the first letter of its name, as a symbol.
• All the pins with corresponding symbols are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

3. 20N60 Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic representation of an electronic device helps us to understand the internal structure with the help of a symbol and its theoretical use.
• 20N60 symbolic representation is given in the figure shown below.

4. 20N60 Pinout

• Before using any electronic device we must know about its pins configuration.
• Pinout diagram of an electronic device helps us to better understand the pin configurations of the particular device.
• I have already shred pinout diagrams of many IC's in Introduction to TL081, TL431, TL494, UA741, UC3843 and ULN2003, you ust have a look at these tutorials.
• 20-N-60 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

5. 20N60 Ratings

• Ratings of a device tells us about the estimation of its power requirements.
• 20-N-60 ratings are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

6. 20N60 Features

• The features of a device are such parameters that can make it popular on the basis of their uniqueness.
• 20-N-60 some of the most common features are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

7. 20N60 Advantages

• Advantages play vital role in the device's importance.
• Advances basically help us to do our real life problems using a particular device.
• Advantages associated with 20-N-60 are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

8. 20N60 Applications

• Applications area is very important for the importance of a product in today's market.
• Most of the devices are available on the basis of their applications, in the market these days.
• The common real life applications of 20-N-60 are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

In the tutorial Introduction to 20N60, I have provided all the basic knowledge about the use of 20N60 power MOSFET. The discussion includes the pins related information, its features, application area, symbolic representation and pinout diagram. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial and hoping for your appreciation ;) If you have any problem regarding any engineering related topic, you can ask us in comments anytime, Our team is always available for you to provide you with the better support. If you found something missing in this article, please let me know immediately. So that, I can update it correspondingly to avoid any kind of future inconvenience. I will share different interesting and informative topic in my upcoming tutorials. Till my next article take care and bye bye :)

Introduction to 50N06

Hello friends! I hope you will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you an elaboration about Introduction to 50N06. 50-N-06 is a device having three terminals named as gate, drain and source respectively. It is made up of silicon and is capable of current conduction up to 50A. I have already shared basic knowledge about different electronic devices in my previous articles like Introduction to MC34063, MMBD914, MSP430, NE555, NE556 and LM2902. Before going into the details of this article you must go through my previous tutorials for the better understanding. 50-N-06 provides fast switching speed. 50N06 is an N-channel power Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) specially designed to handle particular power levels. It uses the DMOS technology which is a double diffused metal oxide semiconductor. 50-N-06 has a lot of features. Its most common features include fast switching, low CRSS, very low gate charge, improved dv/dt capability, complete avalanche energy specified and many more. In the later part of this article I will specially keep focus on the basic knowledge about using this device including its pins information, actual image, pinout diagram, ratings, features, applications etc. The main purpose to design this device is fast switching applications which is its most important and common applications around the world. The further detail about the basics of 50-N-06 will be given later in this section.

Introduction to 50N06

50N06 is and N-channel power MOSFET. Power MOSFET is a device designed to handle a specific level of power. It is made up silicon having capability of conduction up to certain level as given above. It has three terminals gate, source and drain, their detail will be given later. 50-N-06 is based on DMOS technology. It has different features including low charge on gate, fast switching, specified avalanche energy and a lot others as well. 50-N-06 is given in the figure shown below.

1. 50N06 Pins

• It has total three pins, each is assigned with a different task to perform either separately or simultaneously.
• All of its pins are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

 

2. 50N06 Pin Symbols

• Just for the sake of easiness, each pins is assigned with a symbol, which is the first letter of its name.
• The symbols assigned to each of the three pins are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

3. 50N06 Symbolic Form

• Symbolic representation of a device shows the internal circuit through a simple symbol.
• 50-N-06 symbolic form is given in the figure shown below.

4. 50N06 Pinout

• The most important thing to know about an electronic device is it pins configuration.
• We can not properly use any device until we don't know about its proper pins configuration.
• Pins configuration can be understood by the pinout diagram of the particular device.
• I have already shared pinout diagrams of other IC's in my previous tutorials e.g. Introduction to PC817, PIC12C508, TL072, TL081, TL431 and TL494, you must have a look at these articles.
• 50-N-06 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

• You can see in the above figure, I have provided the animation of 50-N-06, its real image as well as its symbolic form.
• This all will be quite helpful to understand its pins configuration.

5. 50N06 Ratings

• To turn ON any electronic device, there is a need of external power supply.
•  It is compulsory to know about the power requirements of a specific device for the specific purpose.
• We can estimate the power requirements of any device through its ratings manual.
• 50-N-06 ratings are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

6. 50N06 Features

• Features of a device play a vital role in making that device popular among its competitors.
• If a product has unique and amazing features, that could be one of the top products of today's market.
• 50-N-06 features are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

7. 50N06 Applications

• There are a lot real life applications associated with 50-N-06,
• Fast switching is the most common applications.
• Moreover, the other applications are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

In the article Introduction to 50N06, I have provided the complete and detailed discussion on the basic applications of 50-N-06, it pin configurations, features, applications etc. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial. If you found something missing in this tutorial, please let me know as soon as possible, so that I can immediately update it in order to avoid any future inconvenience. If you have any problems/issues, you can ask us in comments. Our team is always there to help you. I will share other interesting and informative topic in my later tutorials. Till then take care and bye :)

Introduction to SG3524

Hello friends! I hope you will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I will give you an elaboration on Introduction to SG3524. I have already shared articles on Introduction to 74HC245, 74HC595, CD4051, L293D, L298, LF351 and LF411. You should also go through all of these tutorials in order to have a better understanding. SG 3524 consists of all the important functions necessary to design inverters. Moreover, using SG-3524 we can also design regulation power supplies as well as switching regulators. This all design is based on a single chip. High power applications can also be controlled through this device. SG-3524 is especially designed for voltage doublers without transformers, transformer coupled DC to DC converters. Their design was also related to work for switching regulators as well as polarity converters. This was the brief discussion about this Integrated Circuit (IC). Now, I am going to discuss about its different parameters including its features and applications. SG-3524 has a lot of amazing features e.g. 8mA stand-by current, a complete power control circuitry for Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), No committed output for push pull applications as well as for single ended applications and many more. SG 3524 ha several different real life applications. Its applications include transformer coupled DC to DC converters, switching regulators of either polarity, regulating power supply, transformer less voltage doublers, PWM techniques and a lot more. The further detail about the basics of SG-3524 IC will be given later in this artice.

Introduction to SG3524

SG3524 is an integrated circuit having all the desired functions which are required to design dual polarity converters. It can also be used to design transformer coupled DC to DC converters as well as transformer less voltage doublers, It has a complete power control circuitry for PWM, which is its unique and special feature. It provides uncommitted output for single ended and push pull applications. Its major application area includes switching regulators having any polarity and transformer coupled DC-DC converters. SG-3524 is given in the figure shown below.

1. SG3524 Pins

• SG-3524 has total sixteen (16) pins having separate individual function.
• Its all sixteen pins along with their serial number, are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

2. SG3524 Pins Description

• Since different function is associated with each of the single pins.
• We must have to understand function associated with each pin.
• SG-3524 pin descriptions/functions are provided in the table shown in the figure below.

3. SG3524 Packages

• Packages basically show the different models/versions of the same device.
• SG-3524 has three different packages, all are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

4. SG3524 Packages Dimensions

• Each package is assigned with a different dimension in order differentiate them properly.
• Dimensions of all the packages are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

5. SG3524 Pinout

• Pinout diagram tells us about the proper and detailed pin configuration of any electronic device.
• I have already shared pinout diagram in my previous tutorials e.g. Introduction to LM117, LM224, LM258, LM311, LM348, LM358 and LM380, you must have a look on all these.
• SG-3524 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

6. SG3524 Logical Diagram

• Logic diagram of a device shows the internal logic followed by that device to perform any action.
• SG-3524 logical diagram is given in the figure shown below.

7. SG3524 Ratings

• Ratings show the power requirements of any electronic device.
• SG-3524 ratings are given in the table shown in the figure below.

8. SG3524 Features

• Features are such parameters which can make a device more popular.
• SG-3524 features are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

9. SG3524 Applications

• SG-3524 has a wide range of real life applications.
• Few of the major applications of this device are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

In the tutorial Introduction to SG3524, I have elaborated all the basic information about the use of SG-3524. I hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and waiting for your appreciation ;) If anything is missing in this article, please let me know so that I can immediately update it correspondingly. If you have any problem/issue, you can ask us in comments anytime. I will share other informative topics in my upcoming tutorials. So, take care and bye till my upcoming tutorial :)

IRFZ44N Datasheet, Pinout, Features, Equivalents & Applications

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to provide you a detailed Introduction to IRFZ44N.  IRFZ44N belongs to the family of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). It is a power MOSFET. There are two types of MOSFET i.e. N-channel and P-channel. IRF-Z44N belongs to the N-channel family. It uses "Trench" technology and is enveloped in a plastic structure. It has very low on state resistance. It has zener diode, which provides ESD protection up to 2 kilo-volt. It is a low cost device and provides higher efficiency. It is easily available in the market these days and is mostly known because of its vast applications. IRF-Z44N has modern features i.e. advance processing technology, ultra low on resistance, dynamic rating, avalanche rated completely, quick switching process and many more. It has a wide range of real life applications including full bridge, push pull applications, consumer full bridge and a lot more. Let's discuss it in detail:

Introduction to IRFZ44N

• IRFZ44N belongs to the family of  N-channel Power MOSFETs, covered in plastic body and uses "Trench" technology.
• Similar to other transistors, IRFZ44N pinout has three terminals named as Gate, Drain and Source. They are denoted by the alphabets G, D and S respectively.
• Its features include very low on state resistance, high speed processing technology, completely avalanche rated etc.
• Push pull systems and full bridge are few of its real life applications.
• You should also have a look at its Characteristic Curves in Proteus ISIS.
• IRF-Z44N is given in the figure on right side.

IRFZ44N Pinout

• Pin configuration of any device can be understood through its pinout diagram.
• IRFZ44N Pinout consists of three (3) pins having different individual functions.
• IRFZ44N Pinout along with their symbols are shown as follows:

Pin No.	Pin Name	Pin Symbol
1	Gate	G
2	Drain	D
3	Source	S

IRFZ44N Datasheet

• You should download IRFZ44N datasheet, if you want the in-depth study on this mosfet.
• Here's the link to IRFZ44N datasheet:

IRFZ44N Ratings

• Before using any electronic device its power requirements must be known.
• These power requirements can be known through its ratings.
• IRF-Z44N ratings are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

IRFZ44N Features

• Features are such parameters which can make a device more and more popular.
• IRF-Z44N major features are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

IRFZ44N Applications

• Most of the devices are usually known on the basis of their applications.
• IRF-Z44N real life applications are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

That is all from the tutorial Introduction to IRFZ44N. I have provided all the basic knowledge of IRF-Z44N. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial and will appreciate my work. If you feel that there is something missing in this tutorial, please let me know as early as possible, so that I can update it in order to avoid any future inconvenience. If you have any problem regarding any engineering related issue, you can ask us in comments anytime. Our team is 24/7 available for your support. I will share different interesting topics in my upcoming tutorials. So, till then take care and bye bye :)

Introduction to 75N75

Hello friends! I hope you will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I will give you a detailed discussion about Introduction to 75N75. I have also shared different articles on Introduction to 2N3904, 2N3906, BC547, C945 and IRF540. You must go through all of these articles for the better understanding of this tutorial. 75-N75 is basically a Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). MOSFET is a transistor which is frequently used in electronic devices for the amplification and fast switching purposes. MOSFET consists of four different terminals. These terminals include body terminal, source, drain and gain respectively. There two different type of transistors i.e. P-channel transistor and N-channel transistor. 75N-75 is N-channel MOSFET. It is designed specially to reduce gate charge and input capacitance. Mostly it is used for fast switching purposes. Therefore, in telecommunication and computer industry we can use it as a primary switch in DC to DC converters with a high frequency. It has several different features including fast switching applications, low gate charge, very low reverse transfer capacitance, high ruggedness and a lot more. It has a lot of real life applications including fast switching devices as well as General Purpose (GP) amplifiers. The further detail about the basics of 75 N75 and its features & applications will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to 75N75

75N75 is basically a N-channel Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). It is mostly used in switching applications. It is a low cost device with higher efficiency and is easily available in the market. This device has three basic terminals or pins named as sourc, drain and gate. Source is denoted by S, drain is denoted by D and the gate is denoted by G. Its is designed in such a way that it reduces the gate charge and input capacitance. It major applications include fast switching and general purpose amplifiers. 75-N75 is given in the figure shown below.

1. 75N75 Pins

• This transistor has three (3) pins in total.
• Each pin is having different functions to perform.
• All of the three pins along with their names are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

2. 75N75 Pin Symbols

• Different symbol is assigned to each pin on the basis of the first letter of its name.
• All the symbol corresponding to their names are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

3. 75N75 Symbolic Respresntation

• Symbolic representation of any electronic device helps us to better understand the internal functions of that particular device.
• Symbolic representation of 75-N75 is given in the figure shown below.

4. 75N75 Pinout

• For having better understanding about the pin configuration of any electronic device, we must have a look at its pinout diagram.
• I have already shared pinout diagram of other IC's in previous tutorials e.g. Introduction to LM117, LM317, LM318, LM339, LM324, LM335 and LM348.
• Pinout diagram of the transistor 75N 75 is shown in the figure given below.

 

• You can see, in the above figure I have provided 75N75 animation, its symbolic duagram as well as its original structure in order to get better understanding.

 

5. 75N75 Ratings

• It is compulsory to know about the power requirements of an electronic device while using it, for its appropriate functions.
• Ratings are helpful in telling us about the power requirements of any device.
• 75 N75 ratings are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

6. 75N75 Features

• Features of any device are its key parameters which can make a device more popular on the basis of uniqueness.
• Different features associated with 75 N75 are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

7. 75N75 Applications

• Most of the electronic devices are famous in the market on the basis of their real life applications.
• So, we can say applications along with the features also play a vital role in the popularity of any electronic device.
• Applications associated with 75-N-75 are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

• These were the few of its real life applications given in the above table.
• I have personally used 75-N-75 MOSFET in stepper motor driver, while designing my robotic lawnmower.
• Stepper motor driver is given in the figure shown below.

• My robotic lawnmower along with this stepper motor driver is also given in the figure shown below.

That is all from the tutorial Introduction to 75N75. I have provided all the basic and necessary details about the use of 75N-75 MOSFET. I have provided its pin details, their symbols, features, applications, symbolic diagram etc. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial and it will be a helpful information for you all. If you have any sort of problem, you can ask us in comments anytime you want. Our team is always available for solving your issues. I will also share articles on other IC's as well in my upcoming tutorials. Till my next tutorial, take care and bye :)

Introduction to C945

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I would like to provide a complete discussion on Introduction to C945. You will see a detailed description on the basics of the transistor C-945 and its different parameters. I have already shared Introduction to MMBD914, 74HC245, NE556, LM348 and PIC18F4550. So, must go through these tutorials in order to have better understanding about different IC's. C-945 transistor is basically a Negative Positive Negative (NPN) bipolar junction transistor. C945 is usually used in the electronic circuits where there is a need of high speed transistor and a low current. C-945 has three semiconductor regions named as emitter, base and collector respectively. Since C-945 is a bipolar junction transistor, its base is doped with the positive or P type semiconducting material. Whereas, it collector and emitter both are doped with the negative or N type semiconducting material. When we apply voltage at C-945's base, the current starts to flow between collector and emitter. C-945 transistor is an electronic equipment used for low power applications. C945 has a lot of amazing features. These features include low current, low voltage, good linearity, low noise, complementary to A733 and many more. C-945 bipolar junction transistor has a wide range of applications in real life. Some of them include high speed switching applications, amplification processes, low power applications and a lot more. I have also provided all these information of other IC's in Introduction to L298, MC34063, LM386, TL072, UA741, 2N3906 and LM1458.  It is a low cost electronic component and is easily available in the market these days. It is most common equipment in the market due to its large range of applications. C-945 can also be used in two relay module used to drive different AC (Alternating Current) as well as DC (Direct Current) loads. If you want to work on C945 in Proteus, then you should download this C945 Library for Proteus. The further detail about C-945 transistor will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to C945

C945 is a Negative Positive Negative (NPN) bipolar junction transistor. It has three regions emitter, base and collector. Its base is doped with P type semi-conductor material. Emitter and collector are doped with N type semiconducting material. Its a low cost device and is very popular in the market due to its large range of applications. Its applications include fast switching, amplification, low power electronic circuits and many more. C-945 is shown in the figure given below.

• Moving from left to right pins of C-945 in the above figure are in an order emitter, collector and base.

1. C945 Pins Symbol

• C-945 has three (3) pins, each having different symbol.
• All the pins along with the symbols are give in the table shown in the figure given below.

2. C945 Pins Names

• It has three pins having different individual functions.
• C-945 pin names are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

• Symbols of C-945's pins are shown on the left side of the table.
• Its pin names are listed on the right side in the above table.

3. C945 Pinout

• Pinout diagram represents the pin configurations of any electronic device.
• A new user can be easily able to use any device after going through its pinout diagram
• C-945 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

• You can see from the above figure, I have provided the animation, symbolic representation and real image of C-945 bipolar junction transistor.
• For the pinout diagram of other IC's, you must also have a look at Introduction to LM393, LM317, 1N4007, and LM335.

4. C945 Pin's Doping Material

• As we already know C-945 is a NPN bipolar junction transistor, i.e. it has both type of doping materials N-type as well as P-type.
• It base region is doped with P-type semiconducting material and is sandwiched between emitter and collector.
• Both emitter and collector are doped with N-type materials.
• The doping materials of all the regions are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

5. C945 Ratings

• If we have not used any device before, we must know about its power requirements.
• We can estimate the power requirements of any electronic device with the help of its ratings.
• C-945 ratings are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

6. C945 Features

• A device's popularity is directly related to its features.
• If a device is having more unique and beneficial features, it will be more popular among its competitors.
• C-945 some of the features are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

7. C945 Applications

• Today, most of the devices are popular and known on the basis of their application areas.
• So, we can conclude that applications plays a vital role in the importance and popularity of an electronic device.
• C-945's few of the applications are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

• Here's a short video in which I have shown How to use this C925 Transistor:

In the tutorial Introduction to C945, I have tried my best to provide all the important details about the basics of the NPN bipolar junction transistor named as C945. I have provided the deaitls about its pin configurations, features, applications etc.I hope you enjoyed the tutorial. If you have any problem, you can ask us in comments anytime, without even feeling any sort of hesitation. Our team is 24/7 here to help and to entertain you. I will share different IC's information in my upcoming tutorials as well. So, take care till my next tutorial :)

Ultrasonic Sensor Arduino Interfacing

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I would like to provide a complete discussion on Ultrasonic Sensor Arduino Interfacing. I would like to tell you some detail about ultrasonic sensor, after that we will move towards ultrasonic sensor Arduino interfacing. Ultrasonic sensor is also known as SONAR sensor. SONAR basically stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging. Ultrasonic is mostly used for the distance measurements. It can also be used for measuring the depth of the sea. I have already shared Ultrasonic Sensor Library for Proteus. Ultrasonic/SONAR sensor is an electronic device used to estimate the distance of an object by continuously transmitting sound waves at a particular frequency and listens to that transmitted sound wave to bounce back. It measures the time between the transmission and receiving of that sound wave, which is actually equal to the distance of an object from the SONAR. An optical sensor has both a transmitter to transmit and a receiver to receive the waves. But in comparison to that optical sensor ultrasonic sensor has only a single element for both transmitting and receiving ultrasonic/sound waves. I have also shared Ultrasonic Sensor Simulation in Proteus. Ultrasonic sensor has four pins whose detail will be given later in this tutorial. This is another sensor similar to the ultrasonic sensor i.e. PNG sensor. PNG has three pins. Both of these sensors are designed for the estimation of the distance of an object from the sensor. In this tutorial I am going to use ultrasonic sensor. The basic principle of ultrasonic sensor is that, it transmits ultrasonic waves and receives it back after getting reflected back from the surface of the object and measures the time between transmitting and receiving of the ultrasonic wave. The further detail about ultrasonic sensor/SONAR will be given later in this article.

Ultrasonic Sensor Arduino Interfacing

Ultrasonic sensor is also known as SONAR. It is used for measuring the distance between the object and the sensor itself. It transmits ultrasonic waves and receives it back after reflecting from the surface of an object. Then its measures the time during entire process which is equal to the distance between object and the sensor itself. It has four pins and is very easy to use. It is easily available in the market and is available at very low cost. It has a wide range of applications e.g. estimating the sea’s depth and many more. SONAR/ultrasonic sensor along with proper labeling is given in the figure shown below.

1. Ultrasonic Sensor Pins

• Ultrasonic sensor has total four pins, each pin has to perform different task.
• Ultrasonic sensor all pins are listed in the table shown in the figure below.

2. Ultrasonic Sensor Pins Description

• Since each pin has different task to perform, so we must know about the functionality of each pin.
• Ultrasonic sensor pins description is listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

3. Ultrasonic Sensor Pinout

• Pinout diagram provides us the information about all the pins of electronic device.
• Ultrasonic pinout diagram is given in the figure show below.

4. Ultrasonic Sensor Working Principle

• Ultrasonic sensor transmits sound waves.
• These waves are reflected back from the surface of an object.
• Ultrasonic sensors receives the reflected waves.
• Then it measures the time elapsed during the entire process, from transmission to receiving, it is known as round trip time.
• This time is equal to the distance between an object and the sensor itself.
• I have also provide some visual, so that you can easily understand its working principle.
• Ultrasonic sensor principle is shown in the figure given below.

5. Ultrasonic Sensor Arduino Interfacing Wiring Diagram

• I have also shared Interfacing of Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino in previous tutorial.
• I have discussed a detailed information on Interfacing of Multiple Ultrasonic Sensor With Arduino.
• Ultrasonic sensor Arduino interfacing completely labeled wiring diagram is given in the figure shown below.

6. Ultrasonic Sensor Arduino Interfacing Source Code

• I have provided the complete Arduino code for ultrasonic sensor Arduino interfacing.
• You need to just copy and paste the entire code in your Arduino software.
• After uploading it to Arduino board, you will be able to get the desired results.

// defines arduino pins numbers
const int trigPin = 12;
const int echoPin = 11;
// defines variables
long duration;
int distance;
void setup() 
{
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication
}
void loop() {
// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance
distance= duration*0.034/2;
// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("Distance from the object = ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
delay(1000);
}

• First of all I have defined the pins for Echo and Trig pin.
• Then I changed their mode to input and output as well.
• Then I defined the formula to calculate the distance.
• You can download the wiring diagram and complete Arduino source code here by clicking on the button below.

7. Ultrasonic Sensor Ratings

• From the ratings of a device we can learn about its power, voltage and current requirement.
• Ultrasonic sensor ratings are listed in the figure shown below.

8. Ultrasonic Sensor Dimensions

• The dimensions of ultrasonic sensor are given in the figure shown below.

9. Ultrasonic Sensor Features & Formula to Measure Distance

• Ultrasonic sensor features are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

• The formula to calculate the distance between an object and the sensor itself is given below.

Distance = (Speed of sound × Time)/2

In the tutorial Ultrasonic Sensor Arduino Interfacing, we have learnt about the pins and working principle of ultrasonic sensor to estimate the distance of an object from the sensor. I hope you enjoyed the tutorial. I have provided all the important details about ultrasonic sensor Arduino interfacing. If you find something missing, please let me know in comments, so that I can update the tutorial correspondingly. I will share further topics in my upcoming tutorials. Till my next post take care and bye :)

2 Relay Module Interfacing with Arduino

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to provide a detailed discussion on 2 Relay Module Interfacing with Arduino. First of all I would like to explain you that what is relay and how to use it and then we will move forward towards 2 relay module interfacing with Arduino. I have already controlled relay with 555 timers. 2 relay module consists of two relays. Relay is basically an electronic device or a switch which is used to open and close the circuits electronically. A relay controls an electric circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. When the relay contact is normally open (NO), there will be an open connection when the relay is not energized. When the relay contact is normally closed, there will be a closed connection even when the relay is not energized. We can use relays to control the smaller currents in different electronic circuits. 2 relay module has two relays. One relay can control two AC/DC device simultaneously. That means 2 relay module can control four AC/DC devices at a time. 2 relay module is normally used to control the DC motors in different projects e.g. robotics, automation, embedded projects etc. It can control two DC motors simultaneously. Moreover, we can also use it for different applications e.g. to control DC/AC fans, AC/DC lights, AC/DC bulbs and a lot more. The further detail about 2 relay module interfacing with Arduino will be given later in this tutorial.

2 Relay Module Interfacing with Arduino

2 Relay Module is an electronic device consists of two relays as its major components. Relay is a switch which makes or loses the connection between two different circuits. A single relay is capable of controlling two AC/DC devices simultaneously. So, 2 relay module is able to control four AC/DC devices at the same time. Mostly it is used to control the DC motors. It can also be used in different projects e.g embedded projects, robotic, automation, power etc. 2 relay module is shown in the figure given below.

1. Relay Proteus Simulation

• I have also designed relay simulation in Proteus ISIS.
• Relay Proteus ISIS simulation is shown in the figure given below.

2. 2 Relay Module  Components

• A complete list of the components used while designing 2 relay module is shown in the figure given below.

3. 2 Relay Module  Input Pins

• 2 relay module has five (5) input pins in total, each perform different action.
•  All of its pins are provided in the table shown in the figure below.

4. 2 Relay Module  Input Pins Description

• We must know about the functions of each pin.
• 2 relay board/module input pin functions are listed in the table shown in the figure below.

• Both IN1 and IN2 comes from the micro-controller (Arduino UNO in this case).
• IN1 pin controls the 1st relay attached on 2 relay module.
• IN2 pin controls the 2nd relay attached on 2 relay module

5. 2 Relay Module  Output Pins

• 2 relay module has three (3) output pins for each relay.
• Its output pins are given in the table shown in the figure given below.

6. 2 Relay Module  Output Pins Description

• Each output pin of 2 relay module has its own functions.
• 2 relay module pin functions are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

• NO pin is normally open pin and device attached to this pin will not work if the relay is not energized.
• COM is a common pin i.e. ground pin.
• NC is normally closed pin and device attached to this pin will start working even if the relay is not energized.

7. 2 Relay Module  Compatibility

• 2 relay module is compatible with different micro-controllers.
• Some of those micro-controllers are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

8. 2 Relay Module  Circuit Diagram

• Circuit diagram of 2 relay module is given in the figure shown below.

9. 2 Relay Module  Interfacing with Arduino Wiring Diagrams

• First you should have a look at Relay Interfacing With Microcontroller using ULN2003A, you will get a better idea about its interfacing with different micro-controllers.
• Wiring diagram for 2 relay module interfacing with Arduino is shown in the figure given below.

10. 2 Relay Module  Interfacing with Arduino Actual Diagrams

• I have provided the complete wiring diagram for 2 relay module interfacing with Arduino.
• Wiring diagram is shown in the figure given below.

11. 2 Relay Module  Interfacing with Arduino Source Code & Description

• If you are new to Arduino software then you must have a look at How to write Arduino code.
• You just need to copy and paste the source code given below in your Arduino software.
• The complete source code for 2 relay module interfacing with Arduino is given below.

int relay1 = 6;
int relay2 = 7;  

void setup() {
  
  pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT); 
  pinMode(relay2, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

   digitalWrite(relay1,LOW);
   delay(1000);
 
   digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH); 
   delay(1000);
   
   digitalWrite(relay2,LOW); 
   delay(1000);
   
   digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH); 
   delay(1000);
}

• First of all I have defined relay pins.
• Then I have changed the mode of these pins to output.
• After that I have turned on and off both of the relays with the delay of 1 sec or 1000 msec.
• So, that was the brief description about the source code for 2 relay module interfacing with Arduino.
• You can download the wiring diagram and complete Arduino source code here by clicking on the button below.

12. 2 Relay Module  Features

• The most common features associated with 2 relay module are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

13. 2 Relay Module  Application

• 2 relay module applications are given in the table shown in the figure below.

In the tutorial 2 Relay Module Interfacing with Arduino, we have learnt about the components used in the design of 2 relay module. We have also learnt about the 2 relay module interfacing with Arduino. I have provided the complete Arduino source code, you can control this module using the same code. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial. If you have any problem you can ask us in comments. Out team is 24/7 available for you. I will share different informative engineering topics in my upcoming tutorials. So, till my next tutorial, take care and bye :)