The Engineering Projects

Introduction to 74HC14

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to 74HC14. 74HC14 is a member of 74XXXX integrated circuit series, it consists of logic gates. This module is also called HEX Inverting Schmitt Trigger. It is available in six independent Schmitt trigger input inverters with standard push-pull outputs. The boolean function performed by this logic gates is Y=A. It is a 14 pin module which is available in various packages. The 74HC14 works on the voltage range of 2.0V to 6.0V. This is a higher speed CMOS Schmitt Inverter mounted with a silicon gate C2MOS technology. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, construction, specifications, applications, working, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So let's get started with Introduction to 74HC14.

Introduction to 74HC14

• 74HC14 is a member of 74XXXX integrated circuit series, it consists of logic gates. This module is also called HEX inverting Schmitt trigger.
• It is a high-speed CMOS Schmitt Inverter which consists of C2MOS technology. It provided high-speed operation like LSTTL, by using low power.

• Its pin configurations are the same as the 74HC04D, but the inputs have 25% Vcc hysteresis.
• Due to its Schmitt trigger function, it is used as a line receiver which will receive slow input signals.
• Its all inputs are equipped with protection circuits for static discharge or fleeting voltage.

Now, we discuss its pinout with a detailed description.

74HC14 Pinout & Description

• These are the main pinout of 74HC14, which are described below. For further information, let's discuss them one by one.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	1A	It is an input of gate 1.
Pin#3	2A	It is an input of gate 2.
Pin#5	3A	It is an input of gate 3.
Pin#9	4A	It is an input of gate 4.
Pin#11	5A	-It is an input of gate 5.
Pin#13	6A	It is an input of gate 6.
Pin#7	GND	It is connected to ground.
Pin#14	Vcc	It is connected to a positive voltage to provide power to all six gates.
Pin#2	1Y	It is an output of gate 1
Pin#4	2Y	It is an output of gate 2
Pin#6	3Y	It is an output of gate 3
Pin#8	4Y	It is an output of gate 4
Pin#10	5Y	It is an output of gate 5
Pin#12	6Y	It is an output of gate 6

For better understanding lets see pinout diagram. Now, we have a look at the specifications of 74HC14.

Features of 74HC14

• These are the main features of 74HC14, which are described below.
  • Its operating voltage is -0.5V to +7.0V.
  • The maximum current allowed to daw through each gate is 25mA.
  • Maximum total current can pass through Vcc or GND pins are 50mA.
  • This device is lead-free.
  • This module has a TTL type outputs.
  • It has noise immunity.
  • It maximum ESD is 2kv.
  • Its typical rise time is 85-625ns (depending on supply voltage)
  • Its typically fall time is 85-625ns (depending on supply voltage).
  • It's working temperature is  -55°C  to 125 °C.
  • It's working voltage range is 2.0 to 6.0 V.
  • Its output drive capability is 10 LSTTL Loads.
  • It has the ability to directly interface to CMOS, NMOS, and TTL.
  • This module is compatible with the JEDEC standard No.7A requirements.
  • Its chips consist of 60 FETs or equivalent gates.

Now we discuss its works, with a detailed description.

Working of 74HC14

• As mentioned earlier, there are 6 Schmitt Trigger Gates (inverted) in 74HC14, and we can used each of these gates separately.
• The internal circuit of 74HC14 is shown in the given diagram.
• For our knowledge how single gate works let's take one gate and connect it with power supply and analog signal at the input.
• We can see in the given diagram,  the sinusoidal signal is given at the input and we receiving  (Vout) as an output. The input, output graph is shown in the above diagram.
• The working principle of Schmitt trigger is very simple, the inverting Schmitt trigger's output is low only when input voltage values cross the threshold voltage (+Vt).
• We can see in the given diagram that the value of input voltage (Vin) is below the threshold voltage (Vt+), an output voltage is high. The value of the input voltage closer the value of the threshold voltage, the value of the output voltage shows low-value state.
• The value of output voltage remains low until the input voltage value is low to the threshold voltage. After this cycle continues.
• We can observe form diagram that the sinusoidal signal is our input and square wave is output. We can use every gate to get the output according to our requirements.

Switching Time of 74HC14

• Now, discuss switching time of 74HC14, in which we see how much time it take for switching.
• Every gate in 74HC14 takes some time to show output according to applied input. This delay of time is called switching time. For better understanding lets see switching diagram of 74HC14.
• There are two types of delays which occurs during switching. Which are Rise time (t_PHL) and Fall time (t_PLH).
• In a given diagram we can see that VoH becomes low when input reaches a threshold voltage and VoH becomes higher when the input voltage lower than the threshold voltage.
• We can observe from a graph that there is a delay between input as it is going high and Voh going low. This time delay is called Rise time (t_PHL ). The value of rising time (t_PHL ) is 95ns.
• We can also see from a picture that there is a time delay between logic input as it is going low and VoH is going high at the output. This time delay is called Fall time (t_PLH ).
• All these delays occur at higher frequencies, if frequencies are below given frequencies, then there will be some major errors.

 

Applications of 74HC14

• These are some applications of 74HC14.
  • It is the general purpose logic.
  • It is used in PCs and notebooks.
  • It is used in TV, DVD, Set Top Box.
  • It is used for Networking.
  • It is also used in Digital systems.

So, friends that were all about 74HC14, if you have any question about it please ask in comments I will resolve your queries. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial...

Introduction to BME280

Hello friends! Hope you’re well. In today’s tutorial, we’ll cover a detailed Introduction to BME280. BME280 is a digital environmental pressure, humidity, and temperature sensor mainly designed for mobile applications. This module comes with extremely compact metal-lid LGA packages. It has low power consumption (consumes only 5µA during idle and less than 1mA during measurements) and small dimensions that make it a perfect fit for battery-driven devices such as GPS, mobiles, and smartwatches. The BME280 working protocols are I2C and SPI which consist of separate pinouts. The module contains a built-in LM6260 regulator, allowing you to effortlessly use it with a 3.3V or 5V logic microcontroller or Raspberry Pi.

BME280 is used in a range of industrial projects and electronic devices and provides high performance in all applications where pressure and humidity measurement is required. From gaming controls to weather monitoring to altitude measurement, this module serves the purpose of all with high precision and accuracy. The device comes with many filtering and sampling options that can be customized to make it compatible with the scores of applications.

In today’s post, we will have a look at its pinout, features, specifications, modes, applications, etc. I will also share the information where I have interfaced with other microcontroller.

Let’s get started with an introduction to Introduction to BME280.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	BME280	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to BME280

• BME280 is a digital device designed to sense pressure, humidity, and temperature. This module consists of extremely concise metal casing.
• This device is used to measure humidity, temperature, and pressure with high accuracy and high linearity in an 8-pin metal-lid 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.93 mm³ LGA package.
• BM230 is developed for low current consumption (3.6 µA), high EMC robustness and long-term stability.
• This device can perfectly work with Bosch Sensortec BMP280 digital pressure sensor.
• As it provides high performance in humidity and pressure measurement, it is used in advanced and emerging applications such as home automation, indoor navigation, health care, GPS, and a low TCO.
• The BME280 humidity sensing part provides a fast response time for context-awareness applications and high accuracy over a wide temperature range. This device can measure humidity with the range of 0 to 100% maintaining an accuracy of ±3%. Know that the maximum measurable humidity of the module reduces at high or low temperatures.
• Its pressure sensing part is an absolute barometric pressure sensor having high accuracy, resolution, and drastically lower noise than the Bosch Sensortec BMP280. Know that the pressure and altitude are related to each other, the reason this device is also used as an altimeter with ±1 meter accuracy. Plus, it can measure pressure ranging from 300 to 1100 hPa maintaining an accuracy of ±1.0 hPa. To maintain 100% accuracy, a temperature range from 0 to 65°C is required.

• Its temperature sensing part has been optimized for the lowest noise and high resolution.
• This sensor is available in both I2C and SPI interfaces and it can be supplied with 1.71 to 3.6 V for sensor supply Vdd and 1.2 to 3.6 V for the interface supply Vddio.
• Whenever the sensor is disabled, current consumption drops to 0.1µA.
• It supports a full suite of operating modes that optimize the device for power consumption, filter performance, and resolution.

BME280 Pinout

BME280 environmental sensor comes with 10 pins but more often only 6 pins are employed at a single time. The pin description of each pin is described below.

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of this module.

BME280 Datasheet

If you want to incorporate this module into your relevant project, make sure you thoroughly look at the datasheet of BME280. The characteristics of the device are listed in this datasheet. Click the link below to check the datasheet of BME280.

 

BME280 Arduino Interfacing

In this section, we’ll explain An Arduino Weather Station project with the BME280 sensor.

The components used in this setting include:

• • • An Arduino Mega
    • A BME280 sensor
    • An LCD shield for Arduino
    • A power bank
    • Wires

Here, we are using Arduino Mega but Arduino UNO can also be used.

• First, we connect LCD to Arduino. After this, we connect the Vin pin of a sensor with the Arduino 5v output pin. Next, we connect the GND pin of a sensor to the SCL pin of Arduino and the SDA pin of a sensor to the SDA pin of Arduino.

• Know that the module runs at 3.3V. If you’re using an SPI interface, level shifting is required to avoid any damage, however, if you’re running the I2C interface which is a preferred interface to apply, no level shifting is required since it is an open-drain interface carrying 10K pull-up resistors, providing Vcc 3.3V.
• That’s all connected, if we load the code and power up the project we can see the reading from the sensor on the screen. For better understanding let's see a diagram of this project below.

BME280 Features

BME280 comes with the following features:

• Get this device in a metal lid LGA package with dimensions of 2.5x 2.5x 0.93 mm³
• The Interface protocols are I²C and SPI
• Supply Voltage is 1.71 to 3.6 V
• The temperature range is -40 to +85°C
• Humidity range is 0-100% real humidity
• The pressure range is 300-1100 hPa
• The humidity sensor and pressure sensor can be independently enabled/disabled
• This module is Register and performance compatible with Bosch Sensortec BMP280 digital pressure sensor
• It is RoHS compliant, halogen-free, MSL1
• It gets a more precise temperature, atmospheric pressure values, humidity, and approximate altitude data fast
• It is Grove compatible and easy to use
• It has a highly abstracted library for building projects quickly

BME280 Modes

This module comes with three modes named:

• Sleep mode
• Forced mode
• Normal mode

The sleep mode is by default selected when the sensor gets activated. In this mode, no measurements take place and the sensor stays at the lowest power consumption. Plus, all registers can be accessed and you can read the chip-ID and compensation coefficients.

In the forced mode only one measurement takes place. The sensor goes back to the default sleep mode after the measurement is performed. The data registers store the measurement results before the forced mode is selected again for the next measurement. The forced mode is a good fit for the applications that need host-based synchronization and a low sampling rate.

The normal mode consists of automated continuous cycling between the inactive standby period and the active measurement period. Know that the sleep mode current is slightly lower than the standby period current. When you enable the normal mode, the determined measurement results can be gathered from information stored in data registers.

The timing diagram of normal mode is shown below:

BME280 Specifications

In this section, we’ll cover the specifications of BME280 so you can get a hold of what this device projects in terms of electrical, pressure, temperature, and humidity specifications.

A few things to consider before you look out at those specifications:

• All values mentioned in the tables are valid with the full voltage range.
• And min/max values are provided with the temperature range with full accuracy.
• The typical state machine timings and currents values are discovered at 25 °C.
• The state machine min/max values are available with 0 to 65 °C temperature range.

BME280 Electrical Specifications

The following table shows the general electrical specifications.

Parameter	Symbol	Condition	Min	Typ	Max	Unit
Supply Voltage Internal Domains	VDD	Ripple max. 50 mVpp	1.71	1.8	3.6	V
Supply Voltage I/O Domain	VDDIO		1.2	1.8	3.6	V
Sleep Current	IDDSL			0.1	0.3	µA
Standby Current	IDDSB			0.2	0.5	µA
Current during humidity measurement	IDDH	Max value at 85 °C		340		µA
Current during pressure measurement	IDDP	Max value at - 40 °C		714		µA
Current during temperature measurement	IDDT	Max value at 85 °C		350		µA
Startup time	Tstartup	Time to first communication after both VDD > 1.58 V and VDDIO > 0.65 V			2	ms
Power supply Rejection Ratio	PSRR	Full VDD range			± 0.01 ± 5	% RH/V Pa/V
Standby time accuracy	tstandby			±5	±25	%

Humidity Parameter Specifications

The following table shows the humidity parameter specifications.

Parameter	Symbol	Condition	Min	Typ	Max	Unit
Operating Range	RH	For temperatures < 0 °C and > 60 °C	-40 0	25	85 100	°C % RH
Supply Current	IDD.H	1 Hz forced mode, humidity and temperature		1.8	2.8	µA
Absolute accuracy tolerance	AH	20...80 % RH, 25 °C, including hysteresis		± 3		% RH
Hysteresis	HH	10-90-10 %RH 25 °C		± 1		% RH
NonLinearity	NLH	10-90 % RH, 25 °C		1		% RH
Response time to Complete 63%	T63%	90-0 or 0-90 % RH, 25 °C		1		s
Resolution	RH			0.008		% RH
Noise in humidity	NH	Highest oversampling		.02		% RH
Long term stability	Hstab	10...90 % RH, 25 °C		0.5		% RH/year

Pressure Sensor Specifications

The following table shows the pressure sensor specifications.

Parameter	Symbol	Condition	Min	Typ	Max	Unit
Operating Temp. Range	TA	Operational   Full accuracy	-40 0	25	+85 +65	°C
Operating pressure range	P	Full accuracy	300		1100	hPa
Supply Current	IDDLP	1 Hz forced mode, pressure and temperature, lowest power		2.8	4.2	µA
Temperature coefficient of offset	TCOP	25... 65 °C, 900 hPa		± 1.5 ± 12.6		Pa/K cm/K
Absolute accuracy pressure	Apex   AP,full   AP	300 . . 1100 hPa -20 . . . 0 °C   300 . . 1100 hPa 0 . . . 65 °C   1100 . . 1250 hPa 25 . . . 40 °C		± 1.7   ± 1   ± 1.5		hPa hPa hPa
Relative accuracy pressure VDD = 3.3V	Arel	700 ... 900hPa 25 . . . 40 °C		± .12		hPa
Resolution of pressure output data	RP	Highest Oversampling		0.18		Pa
Noise in pressure	NP, fullBW   NP, filtered	Full bandwidth, highest oversampling Reduced bandwidth, highest oversampling		1.3 11 .2 1.7		Pa cm Pa cm
Solder drift		Minimum solder height 50µm	-0.5		+2	hPa
Long term stability	Pstab	Per year		±1		hPa
Possible sampling rate	fsample_P	Lowest Sampling	157	182		Hz

Temperature Sensor Specifications

The following table shows the temperature sensor specifications.

Parameter	Symbol	Condition	Min	Typ	Max	Unit
Operating Temp. Range	T	Operational   Full accuracy	-40 0	25	+85 +65	°C
Supply Current	IDD, T	1 Hz forced mode, Temp. measurement only		1	1100	µA
	AT,25	25 °C		± 0.5		°C
Absolute Accuracy Temperature	AT,full   Aext   Aext	0 ... 65 °C   -20 ... 0 °C   -40 ... -20 °C		± 1   ± 1.25   ± 1.5		°C
Output Resolution	RT	API output resolution		0.01		°C
RMS noise	NT	Lowest Oversampling		0.005		°C

BME280 Absolute Maximum Ratings

It is important to note that these ratings are available over complete temperature range.

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of BME280.

Parameter	Condition	Min	Max	Unit
Voltage at any supply pin	VDD and VDDIO pin	-0.3	4.25	V
Voltage at any interface pin		-0.3	VDDIO + 0.3	V
Storage Temp.	= 65% RH	-45	+85	°C
Pressure		0	20,000	hPa
ESD	HBM, at any pin   CDM   Machine Model		± 2   ± 500   ± 200	KV V V
Condensation	No power supplied	allowed	allowed

BME280 Applications

Due to its SPI and I2C compatibility, the BME280 sensor is employed in a range of applications especially weather monitoring and health monitoring. The applications it can be used for include:

• Skin detection, room change detection
• Health monitoring/well-being
• Warning regarding dehydration or heat stroke
• Measurement of lung volume and airflow
• Home automation control
• Control heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC)
• Internet of things
• GPS enhancement (e.g. time-to-first-fix improvement, dead reckoning, slope detection)
• Indoor navigation (change of floor detection, elevator detection)
• Outdoor navigation, leisure, and sports applications
• Weather forecast
• Vertical velocity indication (rise/sink speed)

That was all about the Introduction to BME280. If your mind is brimmed with questions regarding this device, you can ask me in the section below. I’d love to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your feedback and suggestions about the content we share, so we keep improving our content and deliver exact as per your needs and expectations. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to DS1307

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to DS1307. DS1307 is a real-time clock. It is a low power device and also has battery backup, which provides power when its external power supply not working or is off. It works on the I2C protocol. It is a bidirectional device and it can send and receive data on both sides. DS1307 is used in industrial projects where constant time and date of some projects or working is required. I will give you a detailed overview of this time and date indicator IC. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, working, basic circuit, protocol, etc. I will also share some links of projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino and some other Microcontrollers. Friends, if you have any questions, please ask in comments and I will try my best to solve your problems and will give you comprehensive answers. So let's get started with basic Introduction to DS1307:

Introduction to DS1307

• DS1307 is a Real-Time Control (RTC) IC. In DS1307, data is transferred in binary decimal coded, bits pattern. The data transfer rate in DS1307 is 56 bytes.
• The memory which is used in DS1307 is NV SRAM. NV SRAM is basically a non-volatile random access memory. In working, NV SRAM is quite similar to static random access memory(SRAM).

• DS1307 is an electronic device which plays an impotent role in real-time embedded systems. In embedded systems, we can get benefits of system clocks, students attendance time and date, we can also use it as an alarm for special work.
• DS1307 consists of a built-in power-sense circuit. The purpose of the built-in power-sense circuit is that if power gets cut-off, then it will automatically switch to back up power supply. In this way, our circuit remains in working condition.
• The protocol on which DS1307 works is I2C. I2C is a single line protocol in which data is transferred bit by bit along a single wire.

• Now let's have a look at DS1307 Pinout:

DS1307 Pinout

• DS1307 has a total of 8 pinouts, which are described below:
  • PIN 1,2: These pins are for standard 32.768 quartz crystals. Both pins can be used as input and output for internal oscillator. If X1 is input then X2 is used as output.
  • PIN 3: This pin is used for battery connection to DS1307.
  • PIN 4: We have to apply Ground on this pin.
  • PIN 5: This pin is labeled as SDA, which is short for Serial Data Line.
  • PIN 6: It is used for serial clock input (SCL) and data synchronized.
  • PIN 7: This pin is used for output square wave obtainer (SQW).
  • PIN 8: At this pin, we provide an external power supply (Vcc).
• Now let's have a look at the pinout picture:

Now let's have a look at I2C protocol

I2C Protocol

• I2C is a serial protocol in which data is transferred bit by bit.
• I2C combine the best feature of  SPI and UART. By using it with one microcontroller we can control many slave devices.
• In I2C data is transferred in the form of messages, then we convert messages into data form. Each message has an address frame that contains a binary address of devices which under control.
• I2C protocol is cheaper to implement then SPI protocol. SPI control one slave device while I2C control more than one device.
• For better understanding lets have a look at the I2C protocol picture. Now let's have a look at working of DS1307

Working of DS1307

• For a better understanding of the working of DS1307 let's discuss a circuit in which we use it.
• In this simple circuit, we connect its first two pins which are X1 and X2 with 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator as the source for the chip.
• The third pin is connected with a battery of 3V.
• At Vcc, we give 5v supply and it can be given by using a microcontroller. If Vcc is not provided then read and write condition are inhibited.

Let us have a look at the circuit:

• Starts and stop conditions are required when one device wants to communicate with other devices in the I2c protocol.
• For obtaining start condition we provide specific identification and address register to a device, by this, we get start condition.
• For a better understanding of stop and start condition lets have a look at clock figure.
• Let's have a look at Feature of ds1307.

Features of DS1307

• In this section, I have designed a table where I have placed all features of DS1307 along with their symbols and units.

No.	Parameter	Symbol	Value	Unit
1.	Supply Voltage	VCC	5	V
2	Logic 1 Input	VIH	2.2	V
3	Logic 0 Input	VIL	+0.8	V
4	VBAT Battery Voltage	VBAT	3.5	V
5	Input Leakage	ILI	1	uA
6	I/O Leakage	ILO	1	uA
7	Logic 0 OUTPUT	VOL	0.4	V
8	Active Supply Current (fSCL = 100kHz)	ICC	1.5	mA
9	Standby Current	ICCS	200	uA
10	VBAT Leakage Current	IBATLKG	50	nA
11	Power-Fail Voltage (VBAT = 3.0V)	VPFtd>	1.284 x VBAT	V
12	VBAT Current (OSC ON); SQW/OUT OFF	IBAT1	500	nA
13	VBAT Current (OSC ON); SQW/OUT ON (32kHz)	IBAT2	100	nA
14	VBAT Data-Retention Current (Oscillator Of)	IBATDR	100	nA
15	SCL Clock Frequency	fSCL	100	kHZ
16	Bus Free Time Between a STOP and START Condition	tBUF	4.7	us
17	Hold Time (Repeated) START Condition	tHD:STA	4	us
18	LOW Period of SCL Clock	tLOW	4.7	us
19	HIGH Period of SCL Clock	tHIGH	4	us
20	Setup Time for a Repeated START Condition	tSU:STA	4.7	us
21	Data Hold Time	tHD:DAT	0	us
22	Rise Time of Both SDA and SCL Signals	tR	1000	ns
23	Fall Time of Both SDA and SCL Signals	tF	300	ns
24	Setup Time for STOP Condition	tSU:STO	4.7	us

Now, let's discuss applications of DS1307

Applications of DS1307

• These are some applications of DS1307, Lets disuses them.
• As we know DS1307 is used to tell continues time and date showing purpose, that way it is an electronic device such as a computer, mobile, and laptops.
• By using it with Arduino we can use it in several projects related to data logging, alarm, clocks, etc.

So, that was all about this Real Time Clock DS1307. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial and it will help you with your engineering projects. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial, till then take care and have fun !!! :)

Introduction to TCS3200

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to TCS3200. TCS3200 is a color-detecting sensor, it consists of TAOS TCS3200 RGB sensor chip and four white LEDs. It is used to detect visible color in a measurable range. This sensor has an array of a photodetector diode, some diodes are equipped with different color filters i.e. red, blue or green color and some diodes do not have any filter. TCS3200 has different applications such as test strip reading, sorting by color and ambient light sensing. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, protocol, pinout, specification, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any questions about it ask in the comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to TCS3200.

Introduction to TCS3200

• TCS3200 is a color-detecting sensor, it consists of TAOS TCS3200 RGB sensor chip and four white LEDs. It is used to detect visible color in a measurable range.
• It is a programmable sensor and color light-to-frequency converter. The board of this sensor is a monolithic integrated circuit that consists of a configurable silicon photodiode and a current-to-frequency converter.
• The output of this sensor is a square wave (50% duty cycle), the frequency of output depends on the intensity of light (irradiance).

• The output frequency of this sensor can be scaled by two input control pinouts. Due to its digital input and digital output, it can easily be interfaced with other microcontrollers.
• The light-to-frequency converter of this sensor reads the 8 x 8 array of photodiodes. In this array of photodiodes, 16 photodiodes have green filters, 16 have blue filters, 16 have red filters and sixteen photodiodes have no filters.
• To minimize, the effect of non-uniformity of incident radiation all photodiodes are interdigitated. The same colored diodes are connected in parallel. We can use pin S2 and S3 to check which group of photo diodes is active.
• The dimensions of photodiodes are 110um x 110um.
• The operating temperature of this sensor is -40°C to +85°C and it is available in 8-SOIC packages.
• This sensor is mostly used in RGB-led industrial control projects and medical diagnostic types of equipment.

Now, we discuss TCS3200 pinouts with a detailed description.

TCS3200 Pinout & Description

• There are main eight pinouts of TCS3200 which are described below.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#4	GND	This pin is the power supply ground. All voltages are reference to the ground.
Pin#5	VCC	It is a supply voltage.
Pin#3	OE	Enable for FO  (Active low).
Pin#6	OUT	This pin is for output frequency (fo).
Pin#1,2	S0, S1	Using these pins we can Select lines for output frequency scaling.
Pin#7,8	S2, S3	Using these pins we can Select lines for photodiode type.

Now, we discuss the specifications of TCS3200, which are described below.

Features of TCS3200

• These are the main features of TCS3200.
  • Its operating voltage is 2.7v to 5.5v.
  • Its operating current is 2 mA at 5 V.
  • Its interface is digital TTL.
  • It can easily convert light intensity to frequency with high resolution.
  • There is no need for ADC.
  • It operating temperature is -40 C to 85 C.
  • It has a power down attribute.
  • Its dimensions are 28.4x28.4mm(1.12x1.12").
  • It is available in a 5mm x 6.2mm SOIC (D) package.
  • It is programmable.
  • It supports LED lamp light supplement control.

Working of TCS3200

• As we have already seen that TCS3200 has an 8 x 8 array of photodiodes, which are used for color sensing.
• When light falls on these photodiodes, then these light signals are converted into square waves and the frequency of these square waves is dependent on the intensity of falling light.
• After getting results from light to frequency converter, which is a square wave, we can simply fed them to any microcontroller like Arduino, PIC Microcontroller or Atmel etc and detect the color of falling light.
•  If we observe a given diagram we can easily understand how the sensor can detect various colors.
• As we earlier discussed that photodiodes of the sensor have three different filters which are red, green, and blue while one group of photodiodes have no filter.
• All sixteen photodiodes of a sensor are connected in parallel, by using two pins S2 and S3 we can select which pin we have to use for color reading.
• Let's suppose we have to detect red color, we just have to use sixteen red filter photodiodes by setting two pin S2 and S3 to low logic level according to a given table.
• TCS3200 also has two more pins used for controlling purposes, and are named as S0, and S1.
• These two switches are used for tuning the frequency of square wave. We can set the output frequency to either 2%, 20% or 100%. These are builtin frequency values.
• This function tells us that we can optimize the sensor output for various counters and microcontrollers.

Applications of TCS3200

• These are some applications of TCS3200.
  • As we know this is a color light sensor, so we use it in color detecting projects, otherwise we have to use MATLAB for color detection, which will need laptop (not a good option).
  • TCS3200 is used for object sorting based on color.test strip reading,
  • We can also sense ambient light using this sensor.
  • We can also read color codes on LED strips.

So, friends that were all about TCS3200 If you have any questions about it please ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to MSP430

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to MSP430.  MSP430 is a microcontroller portfolio that offers different varieties of sixteen-bit Microcontrollers. These microcontrollers are integrated with ultra-low power and digital and analog peripherals devices for sensing and measurement applications. MSP430 microcontrollers with non-volatile FRAM (ferroelectric random access memory) provide the lowest stand-by power (350nA with RTC), 100 µA/MHz active power and have the capability to recover system state after sudden power failures. MSP430 is used in different applications such as sensor systems which receive analog signals and convert them into digital values and after processing send these values to host systems. In today's post, we will have a look at its introduction, working, protocol, features, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any questions please ask in the comments, and I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to MSP430.

Introduction to MSP430

• MSP430 is a microcontroller portfolio that offers different varieties of sixteen-bit Microcontrollers. These microcontrollers are integrated with ultra-low power and digital and analog peripherals devices for sensing and measurement applications.
• This module consists of five low-power modes that increase battery life in portable measurement applications.

• MSP430 has a feature of 16-bit registers, sixteen-bit RISC Cpu and constant generators which provides maximum code efficiency.
• The digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) of this module converts low power modes to active mode in less than 6µs.
• The MSP430x11x series is an ultra-low power signal microcontrollers that consist of a 16-bit timer and fourteen input and output pinouts.
• MSP microcontrollers give ideas and enable designers to produce such high-performance applications, which support the industry's lowest stand-by power, analog and digital devices suitable for sensing and measurement applications, and also support 20+ wired and wireless connectivity applications.
• The main applications that it provides are sensor systems that receive analog signals and convert them into digital values, and after processing this data sends to host modules. Another area of application is RF front-end sensor.

Now, we discuss its pinouts.

Pinout of MSP430

These are the main pinouts of MSP430 which are described below.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#13	P1.0/TACLK	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin / Timer_A, clock signal TACLK input.
Pin#14	P1.1/TA0	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Capture: CCI0A input, Compare: Out0 output.
Pin#15	P1.2/TA1	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Capture: CCI1A input, Compare: Out1 output.
Pin#16	P1.3/TA2	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Capture: CCI2A input, Compare: Out2 output.
Pin#17	P1.4/SMCLK/TCK	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/SMCLK signal output/Test clock, an input terminal for device programming and test.
Pin#18	P1.5/TA0/TMS	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Compare: Out0 output/test mode select, an input terminal for device programming and test.
Pin#19	P1.6/TA1/TDI	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Compare: Out1 output/test data input terminal.
Pin#20	P1.7/TA2/TDO/TDI	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Compare: Out2 output/test data output terminal or data input during programming.
Pin#8	P2.0/ACLK	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/ACLK output.
Pin#9	P2.1/INCLK	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, a clock signal at INCLK.
Pin#10	P2.2/TA0	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Capture: CCI0B input, Compare: Out0 output.
Pin#11	P2.3/TA1	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Capture: CCI1B input, Compare: Out1 output.
Pin#12	P2.4/TA2	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Compare Out2 output.
Pin#3	P2.5/ROSC	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Input for an external resistor that defines the DCO nominal frequency.
Pin#7	RST/NMI	It is Reset or nonmaskable interrupt input.
Pin#1	TEST/VPP	It is selected test mode for JTAG pins on Port1/programming voltage input during EPROM programming.
Pin#2	VCC	It is a Supply voltage.
Pin#4	VSS	It is Ground reference.
Pin#6	XIN	It is an Input terminal of the crystal oscillator.
Pin#5	XOUT/TCLK	The output terminal of a crystal oscillator or test clock input.

Now, we discuss the features of MCP430.

Features of MSP430

• These are the main features of MCP430, Lets's discuss them with detailed.
  • It is available in a 20 pin plastic small outline widebody package.
  • Its operating voltage range is 2.5v to 5.5 v.
  • Its active mode is 330 µA at 1 MHz, 3 V.
  • Its stands by mode are 1.5 µA.
  • It's off mode (Ram Retention) is 0.1 µA.
  • This module is available in 16-bit architecture, 200ns instruction cycle time.
  • This module consists of various internal resistors, single external resistor,32 kHz crystal, high frequency, resonator and external clock source.
  • It has a 16-bit timer with a three capture/compare registers.
  • In this module, programme protection is done by a security fuse.
  • It has serial onboard programming.
  • This module has 16 kb flash, 512 B RAM, 8ch 10-bit ADC, two 16-bit timer

MSP340 Interfacing with RFID

• In the next coming lines, we will discuss MSP430 interfacing with RFID, first of all, we discuss components required for this circuit.
• Circuit Components
  •  MSP430 Launchpad.
  •  EM-18 (RFID reader module).
  •  16*2 LCD.
  •  Potentiometer.
  •   Breadboard.
  •   Jumper wires.
• In this circuit diagram, we are going to use UART hardware of MSP430, So you should put RXD and TXD jumpers on HM UART mode. After this connect the Tx of EM-18 to RXD (P1.1) of MSP430.
• In this project, we are going to use serial communication of data transfer. RFID also has another mode than serial mode but we are using RS232 communication mode. The RS232 pin of RFID the module connects with RXD pin of MSP430.
•  To connect the RFID reader with MSP430 we have to enable the serial communication in MSP430.
• We can initialize serial protocol in MSP430 by using a simple command Serial.begin(9600), where 9600 is the baud rate.
• Now in order to read the incoming Serial data, we need to use value=Serial.read().
• We can see in the given diagram that for communication by RFID use BAUD rate of 9600 bits per seconds. For MSP430 to create baud rate equal to the RFID baud rate to start communication, we use the command of "Serial.begin(9600);". 9600 is a baud rate which can change.

• After setting of baud rate, MSP430 is ready to receive data. This data can be received by command “data = Serial.read();”. By this way, serial data is taken in 'data ' named Integer.

• When we take a card near the reader, the reader reads data and forward it to MSP430, MSP430 after getting data show on LCD. So we will have an ID of a card on LCD.

Applications of MSP430

• These are some applications of MSP430.
  • It is used for Factory Control & Automation Applications
  • It is used in Building & Home Automation Applications.
  • It is used in Grid Infrastructure & Metering Applications.
  • It is used in Portable Test & Measurement Equipment.
  • It is used in Health, Medical & Fitness Applications
  • It also used in Consumer Electronics.

So, friends, that's was all about MSP430 If you have any question about it please ask I comments I will resolve your problems. Take care until next post.

Introduction to BD139

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to BD139. BD139 is a Bipolar NPN transistor, it is mounted in the SOT-32 plastic package. It is designed for audio amplifier and driver utilizing complementary circuits. BD139 has a gain value of 40 to 160, which determine the amplification capacity of a transistor. It has three main pinouts which are a collector, base and emitter. It is used to control (On/Off) bigger loads that consume less than 1.5A. BD139 is used in different industrial projects such as RF amplifier and Switching Circuits. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, Arduino interfacing, applications, Specifications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it please ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to BD139.

Introduction to BD139

• BD139 is a Bipolar NPN transistor, mounted in the SOT-32 plastic package and is designed for audio amplifier and driver utilizing complementary circuits.
• Gain Value of BD139 ranges from 40 to 160. (Gain Value of any transistor helps in determining its amplification capacity)
• The maximum value of current, which can pass through collector pin, is 1.5A, so if you are working on this transistor then make sure that your load must be less than 1.5A.

• In order to operate this transistor in forward biased state, we have to apply current at its base and this base current must be greater than 1/10th of its collector current. Moreover, make sure to apply 5V at its base-emitter pin.
• Once it's operating in forward biased state, we can draw a maximum of 1.5A current between its Collector & Emitter. If maximum current i.e. 1.5A is flowing through a transistor then we can say it's in Saturation Region.
• Normally, we can apply a maximum of 80V across Collector & Emitter.
• When we remove base current transistor becomes fully off, this situation is called the cut-off region.
• One best point about it is that it comes in a plastic package, which is that most medium power transistor available only in the metal package. This reduces its cost and since this package is not conductive it will not be affected by other circuits. Due to this feature, it is mostly used in amplifier applications.
• So if you are searching for medium power NPN transistor in a plastic package than this will be the best choice for you.
• BD139 was originally manufactured by Phillips rated at 160 MHZ for specific audio applications, with a passage of time it was cloned by other manufacturers like Samsung, ST, etc.

Now, we discuss BD139 pinout with a detailed description.

BD139 Pinout

• There are three main pinouts of BD129, which are described below with a detailed description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Emitter	An emitter is used for current Drains out, normally it is connected to ground.
Pin#2	Collector	Current flows in through collector, normally it is connected to load.
Pin#3	Base	Base controls the biasing of the transistor, it is used to turn ON or OFF the transistor.

 

• For further information let's see BD139 pinout diagram.

Now we, discuss BD139 features and specification. Detailed features of BD139 are described below.

Features of BD139

• These are the main features of BD139.
  • It is Available in To-225 package.
  • It is a plastic casing NPN transistor.
  • Its continuous collector current (IC) is 1.5A.
  • Its Collector-Emitter voltage is (VCE) is 80V.
  • Its Collector-Base voltage. 80V
  • Emitter-Base breakdown voltage (VBE) is 5V.
  • Its DC current gain (hfe) is 40 to 160
  • Emitter-Base Breakdown Voltage (VBE) is 5V
  • Its collector dissipation factor is 12.5w.
  • Its operating and storage junction temperature range is -55 to +150°C
  • It is also available in PB-Free packages.

BD129 Working as Amplifier

• Now we discuss how we can use BD139 as an amplifier in or industrial and class projects.
• In a given circuit diagram, there is a 2-watt class-AB audio power amplifier which provides low harmonic distortion and wide frequency response.
• It has the capability of driving an 8O loudspeaker with an output power of 5 watts. In this circuit supply voltage is between 12V and 18V.
• In this 470O circuit, potentiometer controls the quiescent passes through BD139 and BD140 complementary transistors.
• Changes in values of this resistor is a trade-off between low distortion and low current across the output transistors Q3 and Q4.
• As this amplifier is DC biased, emitters of BD139 and BD1340 are at about half power supply voltage to allow for a maximum output swing. In this circuit, additional R9 and R10 resistor provide temperature stabilization.

For further information let's see circuit diagram.

BD139 working as a Switch

• In given diagram circuit is designed to produce high magnetic flux. Center tapped coil is maid by 20 SWG Enameled copper wire 6 cm diameter and five turns with a center tap in middle.
• BD139 is acting a switch and oscillates high-frequency signal with the help of R1, C1, and C2 resonator.
• In this circuit, LED1 indicates the presence of bias to this circuit.

For practical understanding let's see circuit diagram.

Applications of BD139

• These are some applications of BD139.
  • It is used as RF Amplifiers.
  • It is used in switching circuits
  • It is used in amplification circuits
  • It is used in audio amplifiers
  • It is also used in Load driver circuits.

So, that was all about BD139, if you have any question about it ask in comments I will resolve your problems. Thanks for reading this tutorial. Take care until the next tutorial...

Introduction to Arduino Zero

Hello friends, I hope you are all fine will be doing something interesting in your life. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to Arduino Zero. Arduino Zero is a Microcontroller device. It is a 32-bit extension of UNO series. Its main features are Atmel Embedded Debugger (EDBG), it provides a full debug interface without additional hardware. This board provides a platform of new inventory projects in smart IoT devices, high technology automation, robotics and much more. As, Electronic devices coming in our life, they have become cheaper and performing more functions then there predecessor. The microcontroller was introduced in the industry to make our task easy in electronic devices and projects. Arduino Zero is a valuable addition in the electronics industry. It providing the improvement in Arduino role in our projects. In today's I will explain about Its pinout, projects, working, protocol, etc. So let's started with Introduction to Arduino Zero.

Introduction to Arduino Zero

• Arduino Zero is a microcontroller board, based on Atmel SAMD21G18U ARM CORTEX MO+CPU. It is simply a 32 bit extension of Arduino UNO series.
• It has 20 input-output pins (10 can be used PWM output), it also has six analog inputs, 2 UARTs, 48 MHZ clocks, 1 digital to analog converter (DAC), one SPI reader, one TWI and reset button.

• One of the most important functions of it is that (EDGB), Which provide full debugging without any external hardware. EDGB also support a virtual com port that can be used for boat loader programming.
• It allows the designer to control electronic devices in a comprehensive way. AC to DC adopter can also be used to power the board.
• Arduino Zero boards are quite similar to other boards in the Arduino family in terms of use and functionality.
• It can operate on external supply 6 to 20 volts. But if we supply below six volts it becomes unstable and if the voltage is greater then 12, the voltage regulator is overheating and may damage the board.

Now, let's discuss the pinout of Arduino Zero PINOUT:

Arduino Zero PINOUT & Description

There are main twenty pinouts of Arduino Zero, let's discuss which are most important and mostly used.

No.	Pin Name	Description
01	SCL	SCL is a clock line. It uses to synchronized data on a protocol which it uses. It works on the I2C protocol.
02	SDA	SDA is a line at which data is transferred by the serial way.
03	AREF	AREF stand for Analogue reference. It used to supply Arduino reference voltage.
04	GND	This pin is used for ground purposes.
05	TX/D1	This pin used for transmission of data.
06	RX/D0	This pin is used for receiving data
07	AD0	It used for analog to digital conversion.
08	IOREF	This pin is used for input, output voltage reference purpose. For example, an Arduino would supply 5 v to this pin, but a due would supply 3.3 v. Sending a signal to this pin does nothing.
09	3.3 V	This pin is used for 3.3 v supply to Arduino.
10	REST	This pin is used for resting of Arduino.
11	VUSB	This is a USB port.
12	VIN	At this pin, we supply input voltage to Arduino.
13	AO/DAC	This is used for analog to digital conversion of the signal.
14	GND	This is two ground in Arduino Zero, this one is second
15	PROGRAMMING PORT	This pin is used for the feeding of programming to Arduino.
16	SUPPLY CONNECTOR	This pin is used for 2.1 mm supply connector.
17	MCU	This pin is used to interface other microcontrollers with Arduino.

  [otw_is sidebar=otw-sidebar-5] Now, Let's discuss the specifications of Arduino Zero.

Features & Specifications of Arduino Zero

These are some specification of Arduino Zero:

• Arduino Zero is a SAMD 21 Cortex M0+ 32bit low power ARM microcontroller.
• Its board Power Supply (usb.in) is 5 volts.
• DC current we can apply at the 3.3v pin is 600 mA.
• DC current for the 5-volt pin is 600mA.
• Its circuit operating Voltage is 3.3V.
• Total digital input and output pins are 22.
• Its PWM Pins  are 12 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, A3 - or 18 -, A4 -or 19).
• It's flash memory is 256 KB.
• It has flash memory for boot-loader is 8 kb.
• It has SRAM of  32 KB.
• Its Clock Speed is 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz.
• Its supported battery is Li-Po single cell, 3.7 V, 700 mAh minimum.
• It's Analog Input Pins are  6, 12-bit ADC channels
• It's Analog Output Pins are 1 to 10-bit DAC.
• There is no use of EEPROM.
•  Its LED BUILTIN is at pin no 13.

For a better understanding of Arduino Zero, we discuss its use in project By an example.

Zero Drive

Lets discuss project of Arduino Zero.

• Zero Driver is basically an Arduino Zero compatible dual motor driver board for mechatronics engineering projects and different types of industrial robots.
• In robotic projects required two board, one is a microcontroller and other is a separate driver for a motor. Zero Driver combines both in one for our convenience.
• Zero drivers come with the same microcontroller as an Arduino Zero 48 MHZ ARM cortex M0+ chip, which is better than any other an entry-level Arduino Uno.
• For better understand how this work lets see a picture of zero drive.

Application of Arduino  Zero

These are some applications of Arduino Zero. We can use it as a parking Lot Counter.

• It can be used in security and Defense System.
• It is used in Digital Electronics and Robotics.
• It is used in Weighing Machines.
• It is used in Traffic Light Count Down Timer.
• we can also use it in Medical Instrument.
• It is also used in Emergency Light for Railways.
• It is also used in Home Automation.

So, friends, this was all about Arduino Zero. If you any question regards it, you ask in comment box. I will resolve your queries. Thanks for reading. Take care until next post...

Introduction to nRF52840

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to nRF52840. nRF52840 is a low-power 2.4 GHz wireless system-on-chip (SoC). It integrates a multi-protocol 2.4 GHz transceiver, an Arm Cortex-M4F CPU and flash memory. It is the best system-on-chip (SoC) for any short-range wireless personal area network or IPv6-enabled automation applications.

nRF52840 supports low energy Bluetooth, 802.15.4, ANT™ and user proprietary 2.4 GHz protocols. nRF52840 is used in different industrial projects such as industrial mesh networks, advanced personal fitness devices, and smart city infrastructure. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, specifications, applications, pinout, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any questions about it please ask in the comments, and I will resolve your queries. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to nRF52840.

Introduction to nRF52840

• nRF52840 is a  2.4 GHz wireless system on chip (SoC). It integrates a multi-protocol 2.4 GHz transceiver, an Arm Cortex-M4F CPU and flash memory.
• It is an advanced and highly flexible single-chip solution for increasing demand for ultra-low power (ULP) wireless applications.

• It is designed with features of Bluetooth 5 such as long-range, throughput and inherent industry-grade security which are essential for today's applications. nRF52840 adds best-in-class security for the Cortex TM-M Series with an on-chip ARM Crypto Cell cryptographic accelerator.
• nRF52840 follows the same software and hardware architecture which is followed by  nRF52 series (SoCs).
• Its core is an ARM Cortex M4F processor which solves quickly and more efficiently computation of complex functions for DSP, which requires floating point math.
• It has extensive memory available in both Ram and flesh, 256kB/1MB respectively. Combination of memory available and cortex M4F provides unparalleled capabilities for single-chip applications.
• The chip of nRF52840 consists of full speed (12Mbs) USB 2.0 controller and a large number of peripherals such as high-speed SPI (32 MHz) and quad SPI (32MHz) which allows direct interfacing to display and external memory sources.
• nRF52840 can operate from +5.5v to 1.7v supply voltage, which can also be provided from rechargeable batteries and USB supplies when there is no mains supply.
• nRF52840 is a Thread-certified module, which is ideal for home networking products using the thread mesh stack.
• Its radio supports 802.15.4 PHY and MAC layers making it perfect for additional stacks using 802.15.4 such as Zigbee.

Now, discuss nRF52840 pinout with a detailed description.

nRF52840 Pinout &Description

Detailed information about nRF52840 pinout is given below. Lets, discuss them.

Pin#	Type	Description
A8	P0.31	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A10	P0.29	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A12	P0.02	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A14	P1.15	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A16	P1.13	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A18	DEC2	This pin is used for 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling (Radio supply).
A22	VDD	It is used for Power supply.
A23	XC2	It is a connection for 32 MHz crystal.
B1	VDD	It is for Power supply.
B3	DCC	It is DC/DC converter output.
B5	DEC4	It is 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling.
B7	VSS	Ground.
B9	P0.30	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B11	P0.28	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B13	P0.03	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B15	P1.14	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B17	P1.12	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B19	P0.11	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B24	XC1	It is a connection for 32 MHz crystal.
C1	DEC1	It is 1.1 V regulator supply decoupling.
D2	P0.00	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
D23	DEC3	This pin is used for Power supply and decoupling.
E24	DEC6	It is 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling (Radio supply).
F2	P0.01	It isa general purpose I/O pin.
F23	VSS_PA	Ground (Radio supply).
G1	P0.26	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
H2	P0.27	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
H23	ANT	It is a Single-ended radio antenna connection.
J1	P0.04	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
J24	P0.10	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
K2	P0.05	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
L1	P0.06	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
L24	P0.09	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
M2	P0.07	General purpose I/O pin
N1	P0.08	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
N24	DEC5	It is 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling (flash supply).
P2	P1.08	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
P23	P1.07	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
R1	P1.09	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
R24	P1.06	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
T2	P0.11	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
T23	P1.05	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
U1	P0.12	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
U24	P1.04	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
V23	P1.03	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
W1	VDD	It is a Power supply pin.
W24	P1.02	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
Y2	VDDH	This pin used for High voltage power supply.

For better understanding, Let's see nRF52840 pinout diagram.

Features of nRF52840

• Features of any electronic device can help us for a better understanding of the main functions associated with it. It will guide us on how we can select a relevant component for our projects. Following are some features of nRF52840.
• nRF52840 System-on-Chip consists of
  • ARM Cortex M4F processor which used for ultra-low power operations.
  • On this module, there are ports for Bluetooth 5, Bluetooth Mesh, Thread, ANT and 2.4 GHz proprietary.
  • On this chip, there is a USB 2.0 (Full speed) controller and 1 MB FLASH and 256 kB RAM.
• On this chip for Debugging, there is an option such as MSC, CDC, and HID.
• This module has external low power 64-Mb QSPI flash memory.
• This module has a user programmable button and an RGB LED.
• It also has onboard 2.4G chip antenna.
• It also consists of U.FL connector selectable for an external antenna.
• It has a 3.3V regulator with 1A peak current output.
• This module has reversible USB 3.1 Type-C Connector.
• It is Breadboard friendly with dual 18-Pin headers.
• Its dimensions are 1.97" x 0.9" x 0.51" (50mm x 23mm x 13mm) with headers soldered in.

Now, we discuss applications of nRF52840

Applications of nRF52840

• These are some applications of nRF52840.
  • It used in Smart Home products.
  • It used in Industrial mesh networks.
  • It also used in Smart city infrastructure.
  • It used in Advanced wearables.
  • It used in Connected watches.
  • It used in Advanced personal fitness devices.
  • It used in Virtual/Augmented Reality applications.
  • It also used in Interactive entertainment devices
  • It used in Advanced remote controls and Gaming controller.

So, friends that were all about nRF52840. If you have any question about it ask in comments, I will resolve your problems. Take care.

Introduction to ACS712

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to ACS712. ACS712 is an AC or DC current sensor, which is used to measure AC or DC current. You should also have a look at Difference between AC & DC Power, that will help. The maximum value of AC and DC which can be measured is 30A, its output current signal can be read via analog I/O port of Arduino. It is also available in 5A and 20A version which provides precise and economical solutions for AC or DC current sensing in industrial and commercial systems. ACS712 consists of a precise and low offset linear Hall sensor circuit with a copper conduction path located near the surface of the die. ACS712  is used in different industrial projects and commercial electrical devices which includes motor control switched mode power supplies, load detection, and management and overcurrent fault protection. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, Arduino interfacing, applications, pinout, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any query ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to ACS712.

Introduction to ACS712

• ACS712 is a current sensor, which can detect AC or DC current easily. The maximum values of AC or DC which can be detected is 30A. Its operating voltage is 5v.
• ACS712 is available in small surface mount SOIC8 package. Its lead-frame is plated with 100% matte tin, which is compatible with standard lead-free printed circuit board assembly process.

• Its package allows easy implementation by the customer, its typical applications are motor control, load detection and overcurrent fault protection.
• It consists of a precise linear hall circuit with a copper conduction path located near the surface of the die. When applied current passes through this copper conduction path generates a magnetic field which is sensed by Hall integrated circuit (IC) and converted into a proportional voltage.
• An output of ACS712 has a positive slope (>V_{IOUT (Q)}) when increasing current passes through a primary copper conduction path (from pin 1 and 2, or pin 3 and 4), which is the path used for current sensing. The internal resistance of this conductive path is 1.2 mO. The thickness of the conductor provides survival for a device during the over-current condition.

Now, we discuss ACS712 pinout with a detailed description.

ACS712 Pinout & Description

• There is three main pinout of ACS712, which are described below with detail description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Vcc	This is an input supply pin. 5v is given on this pin.
Pin#2	Output	This is output analog voltage proportional to current.
Pin#3	Ground	This is used for ground.

• For better understanding let's see ACS712 pinout diagram.

• Now, we discuss ACS712 features.

Features of ACS712

• • These are the main features of ACS712.
    • It measures both DC and AC current.
    • Its operating voltage is 5v.
    • It is available in 5A, 20A and 30A module.
    • It provides isolation from the load.
    • It is easily integrated with MCU.
    • It provides a low noise analog signal path.
    • Its bandwidth is 50 kHz.
    • It is available in low profile SOIC8 package.
    • Its total error is 1.5% at TA = 25°C and 4% at –40°C to 85°C.
    • Its output sensitivity is 66 to 185 mV/A.
    • Its output voltage are proportional to AC or DC currents.
    • It has an extremely stable output offset voltage.
    • Its magnetic hysteresis is nearly zero.

ACS712 Arduino Interfacing

• It is very easy to interface ACS712 with a microcontroller, you should also have a look at ACS712 Arduino Interfacing for better understanding.
• In the given circuit diagram, the ACS712 module has two Phoenix terminal connectors with mounting screws as shown in the circuit diagram in green color. At these terminals, wires are connected.
• In our circuit diagram we are measuring current drawn by the motor, so the wires which are connected with motor is passed through the ACS712 module. Make sure ACS712 module is connected in series with the motor.
• On the other side of the module, we have three pins, Vcc is connected with +5V power supply and ground is connected to the ground of MCU.
• Analog voltage given by the ACS712 module can be read using an analog pin of Microcontroller.
• You can interface ACS712 with almost every microcontroller i.e. Arduino, PIC Microcontroller, 8051 etc.
• For a better understanding of this module, let's see the circuit diagram.

Applications of ACS712

• These are some applications of ACS712.
  • It is used for motor speed control.
  • It is used for load detection and management.
  • It is used as switched-mode power supplies.
  • It is used for over current fault protection.

So, that was all about ACS712, If you have any question regarding this module ask in comments, I will resolve your problems. Take care...

Introduction to DS3231

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to DS3231. DS3231 is a real-time clock (RTC) with an integrated temperature-compensated crystal oscillator. It consists of a battery that provides supply to DS3231 when the main supply is off. In this way, it continues working without any interference. It is available in industrial and commercial temperature ranges. It exists in a 16-pin, 300-mil  SO package. DS3231 is used in industrial projects and different electronic devices such as laptops, computers, and GPS for high accuracy of time. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout, applications, protocol, etc. I will also share some links to projects where I have interfaced it with some other Microcontroller. If you have any questions please ask in comments, I will try my best to resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to DS3231.

Introduction to DS3231

• DS3231 is a low-cost real-time clock (RTC), which has an integrated temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) and I2C working protocol. It also has a backup battery, which provides supply when the main supply is cut off.
• It has a crystal resonator which enhances the long-term accuracy of the device and reduces piece-part count in a manufacturing line.
• It is available in 16 pins, 300 mil SO package. This RTC module maintains seconds, minutes, hours, dates, months and yearly information. It changes to date and time at the end of the month automatically including corrections for the leap year.
• This module operates in either 24 24-hour or 12-hour format with an AM/PM indicator.
• It consists of temperature compensated voltage reference and comparator circuit, which monitors the status of Vcc to detect power failures. This circuit provides a reset output and automatically switches to a backup supply when necessary.

Now, we discuss DS3231 pinout with detailed.

DS3231 Pinout & Description

There are a main sixteen pinouts of DS3231, which are described below with detailed.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	32K	This is a 32 kHz output. This is an open drain pin requires an external pull up resistor. If it is not in use can be left open.
Pin#2	Vcc	This pin is for DC power supply. It should be decoupled with 0.1µF to 1.0µF capacitor. If not in use connected to ground.
Pin#3	INT/SQW	This is a low interrupt or square wave output pin. It requires an external pull up resistor.
Pin#4	RST	This is an active low reset. It is open drain input/output. It indicates the status of Vcc relative to the Vpf simplifications. As Vcc falls below Vpf, the RST pin is driven low.
Pin#5-12	N.C	These pins are not in use. These should be connected to ground.
Pin#13	GND	This pin is used for ground.
Pin#14	Vbat	This pin used for Backup Power Supply Input. It should be coupled with 0.1µF to 1.0µF low-leakage capacitor.
Pin#15	SDA	It is serial data input, output pin. This pin is the data input/output for the I2C serial interface.
Pin#16	SCL	It is a serial clock pin.

For better understanding, let's see the DS3231 pinout diagram.

Features of DS3231

• Features of an electronic component can help you a better understanding of major function associated with it. It will help you to make a final decision before picking a device for your relevant project. Following are some features of DS3231.
• Its accuracy from 0°C to +40°C is ±2 ppm and -40°C to +85°C is ±3.5 ppm.
• It is a low power consumption device. It has battery backup for continuous timekeeping.
• Its temperature range for commercial use is 0°C to +70°C and for industries is -40°C to +85°C.
•  This Real Time Clock Counts Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Day, Date, Month, and Year with Leap Year Compensation Valid Up to 2100.
•  It has two times of day alarms. It can operate up to 400kHz frequency.
• It has a simple serial interface which can Connect to Most Microcontrollers. Its working protocol is I2C.
• It is Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Recognized.

DS3231 Arduino Interfacing

Friends, now we discuss DS3231 Arduino interfacing with a complete description and circuit diagram. Components Required

• These are components of this circuit.
  • Arduino UNO
  • DS3231 RTC Module
  • Mini Breadboard
  • 16×2 LCD Display
  • Connecting Wires
  • 10 KO POT

Circuit Design & Description

• First of all, we discuss connections between Arduino and DS3231. As we already know interfacing between them is I2C, If you are using board other than UNO, then first you should identify the I2C pins on your Arduino Board.
• In Arduino UNO A4 and A5 are SDA and SCL pins. Connect these pins with corresponding SCL and SDA pins of DS3231 module. After this connect Vcc and ground pin of RTC Module with +5v and GND of Arduino.
• For output, I have interfaced LCD with this circuit. Connect E and RS pins of LCD to 7 and 6 of Arduino, also connect D4-D7 of LCD to 5-2 of Arduino pins.

For further information, let's see its circuit diagram.

Applications of DS3231

• These are some applications of DS3231.
  • It is used in Servers.
  • It used in Data Loggers
  • It can be used in GPS Modules.
  • It is also used in Power Meters

So, friends that were all about DS3231, if you have any question and query about it please ask in comments. I will resolve your problems. Take care.