The Engineering Projects

BSS123 N-Channel MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to BSS123.

The BSS123 is an N-Channel Logic Level Enhancement Mode Field Effect Transistor that comes in surface mount package SOT-23. It is a rugged and reliable device that comes with a drain-source voltage of around 100V while the gate-source voltage is -+20V. It is mainly used in low voltage and low current applications like servo motor control and switching and amplification applications.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to BSS123 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to BSS123

• The BSS123 is an N-Channel Logic Level Enhancement Mode Field Effect Transistor that comes in surface mount package SOT-23.
• This field-effect transistor is widely used in amplification and switching applications in a range of electronic devices.
• This is a three-terminal device with terminals named: gate, source, and drain. Sometimes, the body part is also considered as terminal, making it a four-terminal device.

• The drain current of this component is 170mA and it comes with a low threshold voltage of 1.7V.
• Know that the gate terminal is electrically insulated since it carries no current and is commonly called as Insulated Gate FET (IG-FET).

• There are two types of MOSFET i.e. N-channel MOSFET and P-channel MOSFET. This BSS123 chip falls under the category of N-channel MOSFET where electrons are the major charge carriers. In P-channel MOSFETs, holes are the major carrier.
• The movement of electrons is better than the movement of holes, so N-channel MOSFETs are better than P-channel MOSFETs and possess less resistance. The reason… with high loads the N-channel MOSFETs remain cool while P-channel MOSFET goes hot in the presence of high loads.
• The charge carriers (electrons in this case of N-channel MOSFET) enter the channel through the source terminal and leave the channel through the drain terminal.
• The gate terminal stands between the source and drain terminal and the voltage on the gate terminal controls the width of the channel.
• This N-channel MOSFET is commonly termed a transistor and is used in both digital and analog circuits.
• The operating temperature and storage junction temperature range of this device is -55C to 150C.
• The low on-state resistance makes this device the best pick for switching applications.
• The one drawback of this MOSFET is its low drain current. It offers a peak current of up to 1A at the maximum threshold voltage and a continuous current of 170mA.
• If you apply ratings more than the required absolute maximum ratings, it will damage the device.

BSS123 Datasheet

While working with this component in your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of BSS123.

BSS123 Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of BSS123. This MOSFET carries three terminals gate, source, and drain.

Pin Description of BSS123
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Electrons enter the channel through Source	Source (S)
2	Controls the biasing of the MOSFET	Gate (G)
3	Electrons leave the channel through Drain	Drain (D)

BSS123 Features

The following are the main features of BSS123.

• The resistance between drain and source terminal RDS (on-state resistance) is 6? at gate-source voltage VGS of 10V and it’s 10? at VGS of 4.5V.
• High-density cell design leads to extremely low on-state resistance RDS (ON).
• Drain Source Voltage (VDS) is 100V
• This chip is rugged and reliable.
• Comes in a compact industry-standard SOT-23 surface-mount package.

• The gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) is 1.7V typically
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) is 170mA
• Turn ON and Turn off delay time is 1.7ns and 17ns respectively

BSS123 Applications

This MOSFET device is used in the following applications.

• Used in automotive electronics.
• Incorporated in low voltage low current applications.
• Used in servo motor control.
• Employed as switching devices in electronic control units.
• Used as power converters in modern electric vehicles.

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

74LS74 Dual D Flip-Flop Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll describe the Introduction to 74LS74. 74LS74A flip-flop IC carries the Schottky TTL circuitry to generate high-speed D-type flip-flops. Every flip-flop in this chip comes with individual inputs, and also complementary Q and Q`(bar) outputs. Flip-Flops are normally considered as the basic building blocks of modern digital electronics. These flip-flops are used to store the binary data where stored data can be varied by applying the different inputs. I suggest you buckle up as in this post I’ll walk you through the complete introduction to 74LS74 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to 74LS74

• 74LS74A flip-flop IC carries the Schottky TTL circuitry to generate high-speed D-type flip-flops. Every flip-flop in this chip comes with individual inputs, and also complementary Q and Q`(bar) outputs.

• A flip-flop is a circuit that comes with two stable states and is mainly employed to store binary data.
• These flip-flops are widely used in communication systems and computers.

• The working of 74LS74 is simple and straight forward. In order to activate the chip, power the GND and Vcc pin of the chip. In this dual D flip-flop, each flip-flop works independently.
• To achieve the output at pins 5 and 6, you’ll need to use 1^st flip-flip by connecting the input signals 2 and 3. The clock source is produced using MCU or 555 timers and is provided to pin 3. When you keep pin 3 HIGH, it will reset the flip-flop and clear the data.

74LS74 Flip-Flop Table

You can get a hold of the working of this chip by observing the table below where X represents ‘don’t care’

74LS74 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the component. You can download the datasheet of 74LS74 by clicking the link below.

74LS74 Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of 74LS74. The following table shows the pin description of each pin incorporated on the chip.

Pin Description of 74LS74
Pin No. & Name	Description	Symbol
5,9 Output	Output Pin of the Flip Flop	1Q / 2Q
6,8 Complementary Output	The inverted output pin of Flip Flop	1Q’(bar) / 2Q’(bar)
3,11 Clock Input Pin	These pins should be provided with a clock pulse for the flip flop	1CLK / 2CLK
1,13 Clear data	Resets the flip flop by clearing its memory	1CLR (bar) / 2CLR (bar)
2,12 Data input pin	Input pin of the Flip Flop	1D /2D
4,10 PRE Input	Another Input pin for Flip Flop. Also referred to as a set pin	1PRE (bar) / 2PRE (bar)
7 Ground	Connected to the ground	Vss
14 Supply Voltage	Power Supply	Vdd/Vcc

74LS74 Features

The following are the main features of 74LS74.

• Low-Level Input Voltage maximum = 0.8V
• Operating Voltage range = 2V to 15V
• Operating Temperature range = 0 to 70°C
• Dual D Flip Flop Package IC

• High-Level Output Current = 8mA
• High-Level Input Voltage minimum = 2 V
• Propagation Delay = 40nS
• Available packages = 14-pin SO-14, SOT42

74LS74 Equivalents

The equivalents to 74LS74 are:

• HEF40312B
• 74LVC2G80

74LS74 Applications

• Buffer Circuits
• Latching devices
• Used as Shift Registers
• Sampling Circuits
• Memory/Control Registers

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

CD4035 Shift Register Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hello Everyone! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to CD4035.

The CD4035 is a shift register that is mainly used in counters, control circuits, and registers. It contains clocked signal serial chip that is a four-stage register. Synchronous Parallel inputs are provided to each stage and serial inputs are offered to the first stage via JK logic.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete introduction to CD4035 covering datasheet, pinout, features, alternatives, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to CD4035

• The CD4035 is a shift register that is a 16-pin device and is mainly used in control circuits, counters, and registers.
•  It is a four-stage register that comes with synchronous parallel inputs provided to each stage and is available in 16-pin PDIP, GDIP, and PDSO packages.

• The CD4035 chip contains two 4-bit Parallel-In & Parallel-Out Shift Registers which project that it is used to receive (input) data parallel and can control 4 output pins in parallel.
• Simply put, it extracts data from four parallel inputs, and as a result, shifts them and then offers that data on four parallel outputs.
• It carries the clock input edge that is used for data shifting where data is shifted on every positive clock edge.

• This four-stage register stage comes with D Flip Flops in each stage that are connected with each other.
• This chip seems to be the right fit for the applications where microcontrollers don’t have enough GPIO pins to handle the number of outputs.
• Since this chip can operate as the data bit for LCD, CD4035 can be employed for interfacing LCD screens
• The frequency of this chip is 12MHz at Vdd = 10V and the propagation delay time is 500ns.
• While the operating voltage range is 3V to 18V and the operating temperature range is -55C to 125C.

CD4035 Datasheet

Before you integrate this component into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that details the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below and download the datasheet of CD4035.

CD4035 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of CD4035. The following table shows the pin number, name, and description of each pin incorporated on the chip.

Pin Description of CD4035
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
2	True/Complement Control pin which displays the complement of the data on the output when this pin is LOW	T/C (True/Complement)
3,4	Serial Inputs	J, ~k
5	This pin is used to reset the output values to 0.	R (Reset)
6	Clock input puls	C (Clock)
7	Parallel or serial control	P/S (Parallel/Serial Control)
8	Ground Pin	Vss
9,10,11,12	Parallel data inputs	Inputs PI-1 to PI-4
1,13,14,15	Outputs	Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3
16	Positive supply terminal	Vdd

CD4035 Features

The following are the main features of a CD4035 shift register.

• Operating Voltage range = 3V to 18V
• Operating Temperature Range = - 55 C to + 125 C
• Chip is a Dual 4-bit,  Parallel In – Parallel out Shift register
• Propagation Delay Time = 500 ns

• Frequency = 12 MHz (Typ.) at VDD = 10 V
• Available packages = 16-pin PDIP, GDIP, PDSO

CD4035 Alternatives

The following are the alternatives of CD4035.

• 4014
• 74LS379
• 74LS323
• 74LS166
• 74HC595
• 74LS164
• 74LS299

Before working with the alternatives, double-check the pinout of the alternatives, as the pinout of equivalents might differ from the pinout of CD4035.

CD4035 Applications

The following are the main applications of this four-stage shift register.

• Shift-left — shift right registers
• Counters, Registers
• Sequence generation
• Code conversion
• Serial-to-parallel/parallel-to-serial conversions
• Arithmetic-unit registers
• Control circuits

That was all about the Introduction to CD4035. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your feedback around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

TDA7294 Power Amplifier Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to TDA7294. TDA7294 is a monolithic class AB power-based audio amplifier that comes with a DMOS output stage. It is primarily used for the amplification of audio signals in Hi-Fi field applications containing self-powered loudspeakers. The fault protection circuitry used in this device protects against short circuits. I suggest you read this post all the way through, as I’ll detail the complete introduction to TDA7294 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to TDA7294

• TDA7294 is a monolithic class AB power-based audio amplifier that comes with a DMOS output stage.
• This device comes with a wide voltage supply range and can drive loads of 4V to 8V.

• This chip comes in multi-watt 15V and 15H packages and offers protection against thermal shutdown.
• It is widely used in the amplification of audio signals in Hi-Fi field applications.
• The high-power loudspeakers incorporate this chip for producing the perfect bass sound.
• You can attach this device with a heat sink and it is capable of generating an output power of around 100 watts.

• Producing audio signals with high efficiency and high power is the main goal of this amplifier.
• This chip comes with standby and mute functions with the main aim of removing the noises generated as a result of switching.

TDA7294 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your project, it’s wise to have a look at the datasheet of the component that details the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of TDA7294.

TDA7294 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of TDA7294.

TDA7294 Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief idea about this device. In this section, we’ll cover the pin description of each pin incorporated on the chip.

Pin - 01: Stand-by-GND

This is an output pin that is attached to the ground.

Pin - 02, 03: Inverting input, Non-inverting input

These are the audio amplifier input pins.

Pin - 04: SVR

SVR stands for supply voltage rejection pin that is mainly used to remove the noise from the output signal.

Pin - 05, 11, 12: NC

These are non-connected pins.

Pin - 06: Bootstrap

The bootstrap pin is mainly employed to boost the output swing with a capacitor attached to this pin.

Pin - 07, 08: -, +

We will attach these pins to the positive and negative leads of the voltage supply.

Pin - 09: Stand by

This pin is used to run output in a low current mode.

Pin - 10: Mute

It is mainly employed to disable the output signal.

Pin - 13: 15: -, + Power supply

These pins represent the power supply terminals.

Pin - 14: Out

This is an output pin that offers an amplified audio signal.

TDA7294 Features

The following are the main features of TDA7294.

• Contains high operating voltage range of +40V to -40V
• Low distortion and low noise.
• Comes with a DMOS output stage.

• The threshold voltage for Standby OFF is 3.5V and standby ON is 1.5V.
• High power output around 100W.
• Maximum peak output current = 10A.
• Features built-in protection circuitry against thermal shutdown and short circuit.
• Additional functions include mute and stand-by.
• Open-loop gain = 80dB.

TDA7294 Equivalents

The following are the equivalents to the TDA7294.

• TDA2030
• LM386
• LM3886
• LM4871
• TDA2040
• TDA7293
• TDA7295

While working with these equivalents, double-check the pinout of these alternatives, as the pinout of these alternatives might differ from the pinout of TDA7294.

TDA7294 Applications

TDA7294 is employed in the following applications:

• Radio & TV
• Self-powered loudspeakers
• Bridge circuits
• Subwoofers and home stereo systems

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Introduction to TDA7294. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

TDA2030 Audio Amplifier, Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Folks! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to TDA2030. This device incorporates a TDA2030 audio amplifier chip that produces 18 W output power with low harmonic distortion.

I suggest you read this post till the end as I’ll walk you through the complete Introduction to TDA2030 covering pinout, datasheet, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to TDA2030

• TDA2030 is a monolithic integrated circuit that comes in a Pentawatt package, mainly used as a low-frequency class AB amplifier.
• The audio amplifier is a basic circuitry used to amplify the audio signal obtained through a device like a microphone.

• Audio amplifiers are widely used in scores of applications including Hi-fi devices, Radio wave transmitters, talking toys, Home audio systems, Robots, and as an acoustic weapon for military operation purposes.
• The main purpose of an amplifier is to convert an electrical signal into an acoustic signal. Any circuit containing an audio signal contains an audio amplifier at the output and the input.
• The TDA 2030 can generate 14W output power (d = 0.5%) at 14V/4O at ± 14V or 28V, producing output power 8W on an 8O and 12W on a 4O load.
• This module comes with a wide supply voltage range of up to 36V.
• It operates on the single or split power supply and protection circuitry against short circuits and offers thermal shutdown.

• The short circuit protection settings automatically limit the dissipated power, keeping the output transistor operating point within a secure operating range.
• The TDA2030 offers high output current and carries very low crossover and harmonic distortion.
• It also features onboard terminal blocks for speakers and an onboard power indicator which indicates the operation of this device when power is provided to this module.
• This device offers storage and junction temperature ranges of -40 to 150 C.
• The differential input voltage is +-15V and the output peak current is 3.5A and power dissipation is 20W.

TDA2030 Datasheet

Before you apply this device to your project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet of the component that highlights the main characteristics of the component. Click the link below and download the datasheet of TDA2030.

TDA2030 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of TDA2030.

TDA2030 Features

An audio amplifier is generally developed in such a way that it takes input as the low strength audio signal and as a result, produces the output signal comprising high strength value. The following are the main features of TDA2030.

• Contains On-board power indicator
• 18 W mono amplifier circuit design
• Short-circuit protection to ground
• Operating Voltage Range = 6 V to 12 V
• Single or split power supply

• Main pins are routed to a standard pin header
• On-board TDA2030A audio amplifier chip
• Comes with On-board 10K potentiometer for volume adjustment
• Features On-board terminal blocks for speaker
• Module Size = 32 x 24 mm
• Wide-range supply voltage, up to 36 V
• Thermal shutdown

TDA2030 Applications

The following are the main applications of TDA2030.

• Used in Hi-fi devices
• Radio wave transmitter contains an audio amplifier
• Employed in Talking toys
• Used in home audio systems and robots
• An acoustic weapon for military operations

That was all about the Introduction to TDA2030. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

Introduction to Arduino MKR GSM 1400

Hello Guys! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to Arduino MKR GSM 1400. The Arduino MKR GSM 1400 is a microcontroller board that is based on the SAMD21 microcontroller. This device connects with a cellular network for developing communication. This GSM board is a one-stop solution for developing your sensor network or you can use it as a device sending a text message about the occurring of certain events remotely. A module from u-blox, the SARA-U201 (which is a power chipset that activates using multiple cellular range bands) is responsible for GSM / 3G connectivity inside the device. I recommend you read this post till the end as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to Arduino MKR GSM 1400 covering pinout, pin description, features, programming, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to Arduino MKR GSM 1400

• The Arduino MKR GSM 1400 is a microcontroller board that is based on the SAMD21 Cortex®-M0+ 32bit low power ARM microcontroller.
• This device is mainly introduced for laying out the communication with cellular networks.

• Connecting Arduino with the GSM network is as easy as the program used for LED blinking. With this device, you can send or receive calls or messages and approach the different types of servers for exchanging data.
• The module comes with 8 digital I/O pins while the number of analog pins are 7 and the pins used as PWM pins are 13.

• The board supports UART serial communication protocol. Other communication protocols include SPI and I2C communication protocol.
• The USB port is incorporated in the device which is used for sending the number of instructions from the computer using Arduino IDE software.
• The internal flash memory is 256KB and the SRAM is 32KB. There is no EEPROM present inside the device. The Arduino program (sketch) is stored in the flash memory while SRAM is responsible for producing and manipulating variables when it runs.
• The clock frequency is 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz… which is responsible for the synchronization of all internal functions.

Arduino MKR GSM 1400 Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of Arduino MKR GSM 1400.

Arduino MKR GSM 1400 Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief overview of this GSM device. In this section, we’ll detail the pin description of each pin available on the device. Let’s get started.

Analog Pins

There are 7 analog pins available on the board. These pins can receive any number of value in opposed to digital pins that receive only two values HIGH and LOW.

Digital Pins

There are 8 digital pins incorporated on the board which you can use as an input or output based on the requirement. These pins get two values HIGH or LOW. When the pins receive 5V they are in a HIGH state and when these pins receive 0V, they are in a LOW state.

PWM Pins

There are 13 PWM pins on the board. These pins produce analog results through digital means.

SPI Pins

The board supports SPI (serial peripheral interface) communication protocol that ensures the communication between controllers and other peripheral devices like shift registers or sensors. It contains two pins… MISO (master input slave output) and MOSI (master output slave input) are used for SPI communication.

UART

The board comes with a UART communication protocol that guarantees serial communication and comes with two pins Rx and Tx. The Rx is a receiving pin that receives the serial data and Tx is the transmission pin that is used to transmit the serial data.

Arduino MKR GSM 1400 Features

The following are the main features of Arduino MKR GSM 1400.

• Microcontroller = SAMD21
• Secure Element = ATECC508
• Radio module = u-blox SARA-U201
• Supported Battery = Li-Po Single Cell, 3.7V, 2500mAh Minimum
• Digital I/O Pins = 8
• Analog Pins = 7
• PWM Pins = 13
• Flash Memory = 256KB
• SRAM = 32KB
• EEPROM = no
• Circuit Operating Voltage = 3.3V
• Power Supply (USB/VIN) = 5V
• External Interrupts = 10
• DC Current per I/O Pin = 7 mA
• SPI = 1

• UART = 1
• I2C = 1
• SIM Card = MicroSIM (not included with the board)
• Working region = Global
• Carrier frequency = GSM 850 MHz, E-GSM 1900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz, PCS 1900 MHz
• Clock Speed = 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz
• Full-Speed USB Device and embedded Host = 1
• LED_BUILTIN = 6
• Size = 25x67mm
• Weight = 32gr.

Programming

• This GSM board is programmed by Arduino IDE software which is specifically introduced by Arduino.cc to program the Arduino boards.
• The software comes with an LED blinking program which you can use to test the board if it’s operating properly.
• Connect your board with the computer using a USB cable and start playing with it. You can send the number of instructions to the board from the computer using Arduino IDE software.
• The board comes with a built-in Bootloader that is used to burn the program inside the microcontroller board. You don’t require an external burner to burn the program in the controller.

Arduino MKR GSM 1400 Applications

This device is mainly used in GSM cellular projects. The following are the main applications of Arduino MKR GSM 1400.

• Used in tracking projects
• Used in home automation
• Employed in GSM home alarm
• Employed in fire forest monitoring and detection
• Used to send messages to control LED color
• Used in 2-factor authentication for ATM project

That’s was all about the Introduction to Arduino MKR GSM 1400. If you’ve any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Master Slave JK Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS

Hey pals! I wish you are doing great. Welcome to a new lesson about the Digital Logic Circuits in The Engineering Projects. In the past tutorials, we Designed the Basic JK Flip Flop. Today, we'll talk about the following Points:

1. What are JK Flip Flops?
2. What are the Master Slave Flip Flops?
3. How does the Circuit of Master Slave Flip Flop looks?
4. How types of JK Flip Flop different from each other?
5. How does the simulation of Master JK Flip Flip take place in Proteus ISIS?

Moreover, we'll also learn some key concepts in DID YOU KNOW portions. Yet Let's recall some points about the topic.  Flip Flops are the building block of a huge number of electronic systems and devices. A Flip Flop is a Digital circuit that can take the bits as input, work with the bits, Store the bits and can output the bits. it has four basic types and at the moment we are discussing the JK Flip Flops.

DID YOU KNOW????????????

The basic JK Flip Flops face a condition where when both the Inputs are HIGH and the Clock remains HIGH for a long time, then the output of JK Flip Flop becomes uncertain and this situation is called Race around Condition in JK Flip Flops..

JK Flip Flops

As discussed in the Previous tutorial , we define the JK Flip Flops as:

"The JK Flip Flops are the Modification of Set-Reset Flip Flops that contain two outputs and are able to work with the Invalid Condition of Flip Flops."

There are mainly two types of JK Flip Flops:

1. Basic JK Flip Flops
2. Master Slave JK Flip Flops.

The main focus of this tutorial is Master JK Flip Flops so lets find what are they.

Master Slave JK Flip Flops

The Master Slave JK Flip Flops are considered better than Basic JK Flop and we define them as:

"Master Slave JK Flip Flop is two input two output sequential Logic Circuits that are the Combination of two Basic JK Flip Flops and  work well even in Race around Condition of JK Flip Flops."

In Master Slave JK Flip Flops there are two JK Flip Flops that are connected in series. The 1st JK Flip flop is called the "Master" circuit and the other is called the "Slave" circuit. The output of the Master Circuit is connected with the inputs of Slave circuits. At the same token, the output from the Slave Circuit are then fed into the input terminals of Master Circuit. The circuit also contain an Invertor that is Connected with the clock and slave circuit in such a way that the Slave circuit always contain the inverting clock signal as the master circuit. Hence when Master circuit get the clock HIGH, then the slave circuit get the LOW and vise Versa.

Difference of Basic JK Flip Flop and Master Slave JK Flip Flop

Both of the circuits belongs to the same family but they are different in many ways:

1. Basic JK Flip Flop contain only one circuit but Master Slave JK Flip Flop contains two.
2. The Basic JK Flip Flop have the Race around condition but Master Slave does not.
3. Basic JK Flip Flop is less complex than Master Slave JK Flip Flop.
4. Basic JK Flip Flop is less used than Master Slave JK Flip Flop.
5. Basic JK Flip Flop does not require any NOT Gate but Master JK Flip Flop use it.

Circuit of Master Slave JK Flip Flop

If we talk about the Circuit of the JK Flip Flop then it is always convenient to use the IC presented in Proteus ISIS. We'll show you the Circuit of Master Slave through ISIS but for the best concept and the working of the Circuit, we'll demonstrate the Logic Gate Circuit of Master Slave JK Flip Flop during the Simulation. Let's have a look at the circuit of Master Slave JK Flip Flop with IC:

DID YOU KNOW???????????

When the condition of Master Slave Flip Flop is J=1 and K=1 then the values at Q  and Q' remains change according to the flow of clock.

Working Mechanism of JK Flip Flops

It is important to understand how Master Slave Flip Flop works. When the clock Pulse is set to be high, the circuit of Slave is isolated. The Slave circuit remains isolated until the Clock is high. At this position, the J and K have an effect at the output of the whole circuit. When we set the J as LOW and S as HIGH. The output of Switch 4 (Look at the picture below) will goes to the 2nd Input of switch 6. In this Condition, the Slave circuit copies the Master circuit. Similarly, when you change the values of J and K then you will Get different outputs according to the condition of clock.

Simulation od Master Slave JK Flip Flop in Proteus ISIS

Fire up your Proteus Software.

Material Required

1. Three input NAND Gate
2. Two input NAND Gate
3. Logic Toggle
4. LED-RED
5. Ground Terminal
6. Connecting Wires

• Click the 'P" button and write NAND Gates, Logic Toggle, LED in the pop up window one after the other.
• Arrange 2 three input NAND Gates at the Working area vertically.
• Get 6 two input NAND Gate just according to the image given below:

• Set three Logic Toggles vertically, at the start of Three input NAND Gates.
• For the output device, use the Led and set them just after the last two NAND gates.
• Go to Ground Terminal from the side of Proteus screen and choose Ground Terminal.
• Set the Ground terminal just after the LEDs.
• Place the NOT Gate just below the Three inputs NAND Gates.
• Connect the whole system through wires as reported by the following picture:

NOTE: You can also use the CLOCK instead of the Logic toggles in the experiment but this was not suitable for the demonstration purpose for me.

• Change the values of the toggle J,K and CLK one after the other to check the outputs.

This is the required circuit. Truss today we saw what are the Flip Flops, what are the JK Flip Flops. We saw the types of JK Flip Flops and leaned how can we perform the Practical simulation of Master Slave JK Flip Flops.

JK Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus

Hello Learner! I hope you are doing great. Welcome to another tutorial at The Engineering Projects. This blog is the part of series we have stated about the Digital Logic Circuits. Previous to this, we learned Implementation of SK Flip Flops in Proteus. at the present day, we'll seek the knowledge about the following points:

1. What are Flip Flops?
2. What are JK Flip Flops?
3. How can we record the Truth Table of JK Flip Flops?
4. What is the Procedure to Construct the circuit of JK Flip Flop through Logic Gates and IC circuit?

Moreover, we'll also have some useful bits of Information in Did you know Sections. Let' see the explanation of the concepts given above.

Flip Flops

The Flip Flops are the building blocks of many of  the Electronic Circuits. We define the Flip Flops as:

"The Flip Flops are the type of sequential Logic Circuits that are mainly made through the Logic Circuits and have the ability to receive, store, and show the output in the form of binary bits i.e, 1 and 0."

There are mainly four types of Flip Flops:

1. SR Flip Flops
2. JK Flip Flops
3. D Flip Flops
4. T Flip Flops

The main focus of this blog is JK Flip Flop so we'll discuss them in detail.

JK Flip Flops

JK flip Flops are the sequential Circuits and are the very much similar to SR Flip Flops. We introduce the JK Flip Flips as:

"The JK Flip Flops are the Universal Flip Flops containing two inputs, two outputs and a Clock in the Circuit. They have e the ability to avoid the invalid or Illegal condition of the Flip Flops."

The name of the inputs are said to be J and K respectively. Unlike SR Flip Flops ( where S stands for Set and R stands for Reset) the inputs of JK Flip Flops are titled autonomously. Somehow, related to the inventor of the JK Flip Flop "Jack Kilby".

DID YO KNOW???????????

JK Flip Flops are useful in many ways as: They have Low power dissipation. They are much Faster than their sibling Flip Flops.

]The output of the JK Flip Flops are named as Q and Q'. As the name implies , both the Outputs are opposite to each other. When Q is HIGH , the Q' is Low and same is the case with the opposite condition. The Truth Table Of JK Flip Flop is given next:

CLOCK	J	K	Q	Q’
High	0	0	Unchanged	Unchanged
Low			Unchanged	Unchanged
High	0	1	0	1
Low			0	1
High	1	0	1	0
Low			1	0
Low	1	1	1	0
High			0	1

There are two types of JK Flip Flop named as:

1. Basic JK Flip Flop.
2. Master-Slave JK Flip Flop.

Yet in this lesson, we'll make a clear idea about the Basic JK Flip Flop only. For best concepts, we'll not just observe the Circuit diagram of JK Flip Flop but we'll Construct a Circuit using different tools and Components in Proteus ISIS. We'll learn about the Formation of JK Flip Flop in two ways:

1. JK Flip Flop through Logic Gates.
2. JK Flip Flops through IC.

Rush toward your Proteus Software and learn how can you make this in just simple steps.

DID YOU KNOW????????????

The JK Flip Flops are the better version of SR Flip Flops and are better than those just using a NOR Gate.

JK Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus

• Start your Proteus Software.
• Get the following material from the Pick Library through "P" button..

Material Required

1. 3 input NAND Gate.
2. 2input NAND Gate.
3. Logic Toggle.
4. LED-RED.
5. Ground Terminal.
6. Connecting Wires.

• Get the first three elements from the Pick Library one by one.
• Select two 3 input NAND Gates and arrange them vertically at the working area one after the other.
• Repeat the same step for Two input NAND Gates just after the two gates set before.

• Get two Logic Toggles and arrange them just before the Gate 1 and 2.
• Take two LEDs and place them just after switch 3 and 4.
• Get a Clock and set it in between two logic Toggles.
• JK Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus is shown in image given below:

• Pop the Play button to start simulation.
• Change the values of the inputs and observe the output at each gate. You will get the following table:

CLOCK	J	K	1	2	Q	Q’
High	0	0	Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged
Low			Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged
High	0	1	1	1	0	1
Low			1	1	0	1
High	1	0	1	1	1	0
Low			1	1	1	0
Low	1	1	1	1	1	0
High			1	1	0	1

Hence this is the required output.

JK Flip Flop IC (Integrated Circuit)

Due to the usability of JK Flip Flop, Proteus ISIS has added many JK Flip Flop IC. In this way, we do not need to design all the circuit. Instead we can simple using JK Flip Flop IC.Let's see how it will work:

Material Required

1. JK Flip Flop ( IC)
2. Logic Toggle
3. LED-red
4. Ground Terminal

• Place the JK Flip Flop IC at the working area.
• Connect Logic Toggles and clock at the respective ports.
• Add the Led at Q and Q' ports.
• Ground the LED's through Ground Terminals.

• Change the values of the Logic Toggles again and again and check that does you get the required output or not.

Easily available JK Flip Flop IC

Proteus also contain many other ICs of JK Flip Flop. Some of them are as follows:

1. 74LS107 that contain a Dual JK Flip Flop with CLEAR.
2. 4027B is an IC that is Dual JK Flip Flop.
3. 74LS73 contains Dual JK Flip Flop with CLEAR.
4. 74LS76 has Dual Flip Flop with PRESENT and CLEAR.

Truss, Today we recalled that what are the Flip Flops, what are its types, learned a great information about JK Flip Flops and designed its circuit in Proteus ISIS in two ways. Hopefully, you got the required pieces of particulars. in the next Lesson, we'll talk about the Master slave JK Flip Flops.

Introduction to Arduino UNO REV3

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post, I’ll detail the Introduction to Arduino UNO REV3. Arduino Uno REV 3 is an Arduino board based on the microcontroller ATmega328P. It carries 14 digital I/O pins out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs. Moreover, 6 analog input pins are available on the board and the clock frequency is 16MHz. Arduino UNO is one of the most used boards from the Arduino family. The robust and clean design helps you shape your ideas into reality. Know that Arduino UNO REV3 is an advanced version of Arduino UNO. The new version includes four solder pads JP2 attached with the pins PB4 to PB7 of the USB ATmega. Uno stands for one in Italian and this name was picked for the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) and Uno board both are considered as the reference versions of Arduino, which evolved with time with new features. The UNO board is the first USB board from the Arduino family. Arduino is an open-source platform which means you can get a hold of Arduino boards and software and edit and modify them as per your requirements. Arduino IDE software is free to use for anyone, moreover, as you join this platform you can get help from the Arduino community. I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to Arduino UNO REV3 covering pinout, features, pin description, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to Arduino UNO REV3

• Arduino Uno REV 3 is an Arduino board based on the microcontroller ATmega328P.
• It comes with 14 digital I/O pins out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs.
• There are 6 analog input pins and the board’s clock frequency is 16MHz which is used for the synchronization of internal functions.
• Moreover, this board includes a power jack, USB connection, ICSP header, and reset button.

• In fact, it contains almost everything required to support the built-in controller. Simply plug this device with the computer using a USB cable or power it up with an AC-to-DC adopter or battery and start playing with it.
• The operating voltage is 5V while the input voltage ranges from 6 to 20 and the recommended input voltage ranges from 7 to 12V.

• Only 5 V is required to power up the board, which we can obtain using the USB port or external adopter, however, it can support an external power source up to 12 V which can be regulated and limit to 5 V or 3.3 V depending on the requirement of the project.
• Internal pull-up resistors are installed in the board that keeps the current under a certain limit. Know that too much increase in the current can make these resistors useless and can ultimately damage the entire project.
• The flash memory is 32KB while the EEPROM and SRAM are 1KB and 2KB respectively. The flash memory is the location where the Arduino program (sketch) is stored.
• While the SRAM is the memory used to produce and manipulates variables when it runs. The EEPROM is a non-volatile memory that keeps the code stored even when board power is removed.
• A reset pin is included in the board that resets the whole board when it is pressed and takes the running program to the initial stage. This pin comes in handy when the board hangs up in the middle of the running program, pressing this pin will clear everything up in the program and again runs the program from the beginning.
• This board carries a built-in regulation feature that keeps the voltage under control when the board is attached to the external device.

Arduino UNO REV3 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of Arduino UNO REV3.

Arduino UNO REV3 Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief look into the Arduino UNO REV3. In this section, we’ll cover the pin description of each pin incorporated on the board.

Digital Pins

There are 14 digital pins incorporated on the board. You can use these pins as an input or output based on your requirement. These pins receive two values HIGH or LOW. When these pins receive 5V they are in the HIGH state and when they receive 0V they remain in a LOW state.

Analog Pins

There are 6 analog pins available on the board. These pins can receive any value compared to digital pins that only receive two values i.e HIGH or LOW

PWM Pins

Out of 14 digital I/O pins incorporated on the board, 6 are used as PWM pins. These pins generate an analog signal with digital means when these pins are activated.

SPI Pins

The board comes with an SPI communication protocol that is mainly used to maintain communication between the microcontroller and other peripheral devices like shift resistors and sensors. Two pins: MOSI (Master Output Slave Input) and MISO (Master Input Slave Output) are used for SPI communication between devices. These pins are employed to send or receive data by the controller.

I2C Pins

This is a two-wire communication protocol that comes with two pins called SDL and SCL. The SDL pin is a serial data pin that carries the data while SCL is a serial clock pin that is used for the synchronization of all data transfer over the I2C bus.

UART Pins

This board also supports UART serial communication protocol. It contains two pins Tx and Rx. The Tx is a transmission pin used to transmit the serial data while Rx is a receiving pin that is used to receive the serial data.

LED

There are four LEDs on the board. One is a built-in LED connected to pin 13 other is a power LED. And two are Rx and Tx LEDs which operate when serial data is transferred or received to the board.

Vin, 5V, GND, RESET

Vin……. It is the input voltage supplied to the Arduino Board. It is different from than 5 V we get through a USB port. Moreover, if a voltage is supplied through the power jack, it can be accessed through this pin. 5V……… This board contains voltage regulation ability. This board is activated using three ways i.e. USB, Vin pin of the board, or DC power jack. USB supports voltage around 5V while Vin and Power Jack support a voltage ranges between 7V to 20V. Know that, if a voltage is supplied through 5V or 3.3V pins, they will bypass the voltage regulation which ultimately damages the board if the voltage exceeds the certain limit. GND….. This is a ground pin. More than one ground pins are available on the board which can be used as per requirement. Reset… This pin resets the program running on the board. Instead of a physical reset on the board, IDE can reset the board through programming.

Arduino UNO REV3 Features

Microcontroller = ATmega328P Operating Voltage = 5V Digital I/O Pins = 14 PWM Digital I/O Pins = 6 Analog Input Pins = 6 Input Voltage (limit) = 6-20V Input Voltage (recommended) = 7-12V Flash memory = 32KB SRAM = 2KB EEPROM = 1KB Oscillator = 16MHz Size = 53x68mm Weight = 25g

Programming

• This board carries all specifications needed to run the controller. You can directly connect this board with the computer using a USB cable and send a lot of instructions to the board using Arduino IDE software. The programming language C or C++ is used to program the controller.
• It is important to note that Arduino comes with a Bootloader that is mainly used to burn the Arduino program which means you don’t require an external burner to burn the program inside the controller.
• The Arduino. IDE software is compatible with many operating systems including Windows, MAC or Linux Systems, however, Windows is preferred to run this software.

Difference between Arduino UNO and Arduino UNO REV3

• The Arduino Uno incorporates the ATMEGA8U2 USB microcontroller on board. While R3 board comes with an upgraded version of the USB controller ATMEGA16U2 on board.

• The Arduino Uno features an LED and resistor connected in series on pin 13. The R3 board buffers this LED/resistor using a unity gain operational amplifier. This is the separate op-amp that was not used in Arduino Uno.

• The Arduino UNO R3 board includes a diode across the USB ATmega reset pin pull-up resistor.
• The R3 board includes four solder pads (JP2) connecting to pins PB4 to PB7 of the USB ATMEGA. These solder pads are not present in Arduino Uno.

Arduino Uno REV 3 Applications

Arduino Uno is used in a wide range of applications. Following are some main applications of the board.

• Security and Defense System
• Embedded System
• Industrial Automation
• Digital Electronics and Robotics
• Weighing Machines
• Parking Lot Counter
• Traffic Light Count Down Timer
• Home Automation
• Emergency Light for Railways
• Medical Instrument

Don’t confuse the microcontroller with the Arduino board. Every Arduino board is a microcontroller but not every microcontroller is an Arduino board. Both devices are used for different purposes, however, the Arduino board is easy to learn that even a person with no technical skills can get hands-on experience with this device. That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share, so we keep producing quality content as per your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Implementation of SR Flip Flops in Proteus

Hello Learners! welcome from the team of The Engineering Projects. We hope you are having a productive day. We are working on a series of Blogs based upon the core knowledge about Digital Logic Gates and Circuits. In this tutorial, we'll know about the SR Flip Flops and after brief introduction we will simulate SR Flip Flops in Proteus. Let's have a glimpse on the topics of today:

• What are Flip Flops?
• What are the types of Flip Flop?
• How does we design the Truth Table of SR Flip Flops?
• What are further classes of SR Flip Flips?
• Implementation of SR Flip Flops in Proteus.

Flip Flops

Flip Flops are extremely important Circuits of Digital Logic Design. We Introduce the Flip Flops as:

"Flip Flops are type of sequential Logic Circuit that contain two stable states "Zero" and "One" (because of the binary system). It is often used as Storage device and each state of Flip Flop stores one bit." 

They are the building blocks of the Electronics and play an important role in the world of Logic Circuits. Being the Binary circuits, they are essential for the computation in the computer system. The Inputs of the Flip Flops are named as "S" AND "R" that stands for Set and Reset respectively. There are two Outputs of the Flip Flop called Q and Q'. As the name suggest itself, both the outputs are the Inverse of Each Other. the Flips Flop are sequential Logic Circuits that mean they use a Clock called as "CLK"  in the circuit. the Function of clock is to synchronize the circuit. The Phenomenon in which the clock signal is change its value i.e, from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0, is called the edge of the clock.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

Flip Flops are also called as Bipolar Multi-vibrator because they can store the both the Conditions of the Binary system.

When we say that Flip Flops are the Storage Devices, we mean that they does not only calculate the output from the present data, but they can also work with the data stored previously in the Flip Flops.  

Types of Flips Flops

When we talk about the types of Flip Flops, we consider mainly Four types of Flip Flops as follow:

1. SR Flip Flop
2. JK Flip Flop
3. D Flop Flops
4. K Flip Flops

These kinds are same in the composition of circuits, but the working, Construction and the results are different from each other. We'll Describe the structure of each of them along with the simulation for best concepts one after the other.

DID YOU KNOW??????????????

Flip Flops can maintain a binary state as long as there is power in the circuit, therefore can store the Data.

SR Flip Flop

The full name of SR Flip Flop is Set Reset Flip Flop. In this type of Flip Flop the Value of Output Q depends upon the Value of the "S" input. once the input of the SR Flip Flop goes high (When S and R are high) the output goes to infinity or undefined therefore this Circuit is used to  store the information.

Truth Table of SR Flip Flop

When we talk about the Truth Table of SR Latch, we find some unique behavior. The Interesting point about the SR Latch is when Set and Reset are LOW i.e, 0 then the value of the Output does not change. The circuit does not show any alternation. Moreover, when the values of inputs are HIGH, the output is undefined as discussed above. Hence the design of Truth Table of SR Flip Flop is as follow:

S	R	Q	Q’
0	0	No change	No change
0	1	0	1
1	0	1	0
1	1	Undefined	Undefined

  The SR Flip Flops are further classified into two main types:

1. Active High SR Flip Flops.
2. Active Low SR Flip Flops.

we'll learn about their details and the structure of the circuit.

Active High SR Flip Flops

The Active High SR Flip Flops are the one in which the Set input and the output terminal Q collaborate with each other. When the S is 0, the output Q is 1 and vise versa. We know that Q is always opposite to Q' hence we get the output as expected. Let's Look at the circuit of Active High SR Flip Flop and work at it in Proteus ISIS.

Active High SR Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS

• Fire Up your Proteus Software.

Material Required

1. AND Gate
2. NOR Gate
3. NAND Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED-Red
6. Clock
7. Ground Terminal
8. Connecting Wires

• Click at the "P" button and Write AND Gate, NOR Gate, Logic Toggle, LED-Red, Clock one after the other and choose them through Enter button.
• Choose AND Gate from the Pick Library section and arrange two of them at the working area.
• Get two NOR Gates and arrange them just after the AND Gates.
• Get two Logic Toggles and Arrange them just before AND Gate for input.
• Choose two LEDs and fix them just after the NOR Gates.
• Ground each LED through ground Terminal Found in the Terminal modes at the left side of screen.
• Use a Clock in between AND Gates.
• Join all the components through wires just like the image given below:

Now Pop the Play button. Alter the Values of Input and observe all the outputs at each Logic Gate. You will get following Truth Table:

S	R	1	2	Q	Q’
0	0	0	0	No change	No change
0	1	0	1	0	1
1	0	1	0	1	0
1	1	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined

DID YOU KNOW???????????

The inputs of Active Low SR Flip Flops are denoted by a a bar , a complement or a "not" word along with their name.

Active Low SR Flip Flop

The Active Low SR Flip Flops have the same output as their twin Circuit Active High SR Flip Flop. The difference is in the construction of the circuit. We use the NAND Gate in the Construction of Active Low SR Flip Flop. all other arrangements and devices are same as the previous one.

Simulation of Active Low SR Flip Flop in Proteus ISIS

• In the above Circuit of Active High SR Flip Flop, pop the left click at gate 1.
• Left click>Delete the Gate 1.
• Repeat the same step with other gates as well.
• Add the NAND gate in all the places.
• Arrange the system again as shown in the figure below:

When we Test the Active Low SR Flip Flop we get the following outputs:

S'	R'	1	2	Q	Q’
0	0	0	0	No change	No change
0	1	1	1	0	1
1	0	1	1	1	0
1	1	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined

Hence this is another form of SR Flip Flop. Consequently, we learned about the Flip Flops, we saw what are its types , saw the subclasses of the Flip Flop and designed two types of SR Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS. Stay tuned for the other tutorial in which we'll solve the problem of undefined conditions of Flip Flops.