The Engineering Projects

Introduction to nRF52840

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to nRF52840. nRF52840 is a low-power 2.4 GHz wireless system-on-chip (SoC). It integrates a multi-protocol 2.4 GHz transceiver, an Arm Cortex-M4F CPU and flash memory. It is the best system-on-chip (SoC) for any short-range wireless personal area network or IPv6-enabled automation applications.

nRF52840 supports low energy Bluetooth, 802.15.4, ANT™ and user proprietary 2.4 GHz protocols. nRF52840 is used in different industrial projects such as industrial mesh networks, advanced personal fitness devices, and smart city infrastructure. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, specifications, applications, pinout, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any questions about it please ask in the comments, and I will resolve your queries. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to nRF52840.

Introduction to nRF52840

• nRF52840 is a  2.4 GHz wireless system on chip (SoC). It integrates a multi-protocol 2.4 GHz transceiver, an Arm Cortex-M4F CPU and flash memory.
• It is an advanced and highly flexible single-chip solution for increasing demand for ultra-low power (ULP) wireless applications.

• It is designed with features of Bluetooth 5 such as long-range, throughput and inherent industry-grade security which are essential for today's applications. nRF52840 adds best-in-class security for the Cortex TM-M Series with an on-chip ARM Crypto Cell cryptographic accelerator.
• nRF52840 follows the same software and hardware architecture which is followed by  nRF52 series (SoCs).
• Its core is an ARM Cortex M4F processor which solves quickly and more efficiently computation of complex functions for DSP, which requires floating point math.
• It has extensive memory available in both Ram and flesh, 256kB/1MB respectively. Combination of memory available and cortex M4F provides unparalleled capabilities for single-chip applications.
• The chip of nRF52840 consists of full speed (12Mbs) USB 2.0 controller and a large number of peripherals such as high-speed SPI (32 MHz) and quad SPI (32MHz) which allows direct interfacing to display and external memory sources.
• nRF52840 can operate from +5.5v to 1.7v supply voltage, which can also be provided from rechargeable batteries and USB supplies when there is no mains supply.
• nRF52840 is a Thread-certified module, which is ideal for home networking products using the thread mesh stack.
• Its radio supports 802.15.4 PHY and MAC layers making it perfect for additional stacks using 802.15.4 such as Zigbee.

Now, discuss nRF52840 pinout with a detailed description.

nRF52840 Pinout &Description

Detailed information about nRF52840 pinout is given below. Lets, discuss them.

Pin#	Type	Description
A8	P0.31	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A10	P0.29	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A12	P0.02	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A14	P1.15	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A16	P1.13	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A18	DEC2	This pin is used for 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling (Radio supply).
A22	VDD	It is used for Power supply.
A23	XC2	It is a connection for 32 MHz crystal.
B1	VDD	It is for Power supply.
B3	DCC	It is DC/DC converter output.
B5	DEC4	It is 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling.
B7	VSS	Ground.
B9	P0.30	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B11	P0.28	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B13	P0.03	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B15	P1.14	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B17	P1.12	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B19	P0.11	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B24	XC1	It is a connection for 32 MHz crystal.
C1	DEC1	It is 1.1 V regulator supply decoupling.
D2	P0.00	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
D23	DEC3	This pin is used for Power supply and decoupling.
E24	DEC6	It is 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling (Radio supply).
F2	P0.01	It isa general purpose I/O pin.
F23	VSS_PA	Ground (Radio supply).
G1	P0.26	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
H2	P0.27	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
H23	ANT	It is a Single-ended radio antenna connection.
J1	P0.04	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
J24	P0.10	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
K2	P0.05	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
L1	P0.06	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
L24	P0.09	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
M2	P0.07	General purpose I/O pin
N1	P0.08	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
N24	DEC5	It is 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling (flash supply).
P2	P1.08	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
P23	P1.07	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
R1	P1.09	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
R24	P1.06	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
T2	P0.11	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
T23	P1.05	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
U1	P0.12	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
U24	P1.04	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
V23	P1.03	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
W1	VDD	It is a Power supply pin.
W24	P1.02	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
Y2	VDDH	This pin used for High voltage power supply.

For better understanding, Let's see nRF52840 pinout diagram.

Features of nRF52840

• Features of any electronic device can help us for a better understanding of the main functions associated with it. It will guide us on how we can select a relevant component for our projects. Following are some features of nRF52840.
• nRF52840 System-on-Chip consists of
  • ARM Cortex M4F processor which used for ultra-low power operations.
  • On this module, there are ports for Bluetooth 5, Bluetooth Mesh, Thread, ANT and 2.4 GHz proprietary.
  • On this chip, there is a USB 2.0 (Full speed) controller and 1 MB FLASH and 256 kB RAM.
• On this chip for Debugging, there is an option such as MSC, CDC, and HID.
• This module has external low power 64-Mb QSPI flash memory.
• This module has a user programmable button and an RGB LED.
• It also has onboard 2.4G chip antenna.
• It also consists of U.FL connector selectable for an external antenna.
• It has a 3.3V regulator with 1A peak current output.
• This module has reversible USB 3.1 Type-C Connector.
• It is Breadboard friendly with dual 18-Pin headers.
• Its dimensions are 1.97" x 0.9" x 0.51" (50mm x 23mm x 13mm) with headers soldered in.

Now, we discuss applications of nRF52840

Applications of nRF52840

• These are some applications of nRF52840.
  • It used in Smart Home products.
  • It used in Industrial mesh networks.
  • It also used in Smart city infrastructure.
  • It used in Advanced wearables.
  • It used in Connected watches.
  • It used in Advanced personal fitness devices.
  • It used in Virtual/Augmented Reality applications.
  • It also used in Interactive entertainment devices
  • It used in Advanced remote controls and Gaming controller.

So, friends that were all about nRF52840. If you have any question about it ask in comments, I will resolve your problems. Take care.

Introduction to ACS712

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to ACS712. ACS712 is an AC or DC current sensor, which is used to measure AC or DC current. You should also have a look at Difference between AC & DC Power, that will help. The maximum value of AC and DC which can be measured is 30A, its output current signal can be read via analog I/O port of Arduino. It is also available in 5A and 20A version which provides precise and economical solutions for AC or DC current sensing in industrial and commercial systems. ACS712 consists of a precise and low offset linear Hall sensor circuit with a copper conduction path located near the surface of the die. ACS712  is used in different industrial projects and commercial electrical devices which includes motor control switched mode power supplies, load detection, and management and overcurrent fault protection. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, Arduino interfacing, applications, pinout, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any query ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to ACS712.

Introduction to ACS712

• ACS712 is a current sensor, which can detect AC or DC current easily. The maximum values of AC or DC which can be detected is 30A. Its operating voltage is 5v.
• ACS712 is available in small surface mount SOIC8 package. Its lead-frame is plated with 100% matte tin, which is compatible with standard lead-free printed circuit board assembly process.

• Its package allows easy implementation by the customer, its typical applications are motor control, load detection and overcurrent fault protection.
• It consists of a precise linear hall circuit with a copper conduction path located near the surface of the die. When applied current passes through this copper conduction path generates a magnetic field which is sensed by Hall integrated circuit (IC) and converted into a proportional voltage.
• An output of ACS712 has a positive slope (>V_{IOUT (Q)}) when increasing current passes through a primary copper conduction path (from pin 1 and 2, or pin 3 and 4), which is the path used for current sensing. The internal resistance of this conductive path is 1.2 mO. The thickness of the conductor provides survival for a device during the over-current condition.

Now, we discuss ACS712 pinout with a detailed description.

ACS712 Pinout & Description

• There is three main pinout of ACS712, which are described below with detail description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Vcc	This is an input supply pin. 5v is given on this pin.
Pin#2	Output	This is output analog voltage proportional to current.
Pin#3	Ground	This is used for ground.

• For better understanding let's see ACS712 pinout diagram.

• Now, we discuss ACS712 features.

Features of ACS712

• • These are the main features of ACS712.
    • It measures both DC and AC current.
    • Its operating voltage is 5v.
    • It is available in 5A, 20A and 30A module.
    • It provides isolation from the load.
    • It is easily integrated with MCU.
    • It provides a low noise analog signal path.
    • Its bandwidth is 50 kHz.
    • It is available in low profile SOIC8 package.
    • Its total error is 1.5% at TA = 25°C and 4% at –40°C to 85°C.
    • Its output sensitivity is 66 to 185 mV/A.
    • Its output voltage are proportional to AC or DC currents.
    • It has an extremely stable output offset voltage.
    • Its magnetic hysteresis is nearly zero.

ACS712 Arduino Interfacing

• It is very easy to interface ACS712 with a microcontroller, you should also have a look at ACS712 Arduino Interfacing for better understanding.
• In the given circuit diagram, the ACS712 module has two Phoenix terminal connectors with mounting screws as shown in the circuit diagram in green color. At these terminals, wires are connected.
• In our circuit diagram we are measuring current drawn by the motor, so the wires which are connected with motor is passed through the ACS712 module. Make sure ACS712 module is connected in series with the motor.
• On the other side of the module, we have three pins, Vcc is connected with +5V power supply and ground is connected to the ground of MCU.
• Analog voltage given by the ACS712 module can be read using an analog pin of Microcontroller.
• You can interface ACS712 with almost every microcontroller i.e. Arduino, PIC Microcontroller, 8051 etc.
• For a better understanding of this module, let's see the circuit diagram.

Applications of ACS712

• These are some applications of ACS712.
  • It is used for motor speed control.
  • It is used for load detection and management.
  • It is used as switched-mode power supplies.
  • It is used for over current fault protection.

So, that was all about ACS712, If you have any question regarding this module ask in comments, I will resolve your problems. Take care...

Introduction to DS3231

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to DS3231. DS3231 is a real-time clock (RTC) with an integrated temperature-compensated crystal oscillator. It consists of a battery that provides supply to DS3231 when the main supply is off. In this way, it continues working without any interference. It is available in industrial and commercial temperature ranges. It exists in a 16-pin, 300-mil  SO package. DS3231 is used in industrial projects and different electronic devices such as laptops, computers, and GPS for high accuracy of time. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout, applications, protocol, etc. I will also share some links to projects where I have interfaced it with some other Microcontroller. If you have any questions please ask in comments, I will try my best to resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to DS3231.

Introduction to DS3231

• DS3231 is a low-cost real-time clock (RTC), which has an integrated temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) and I2C working protocol. It also has a backup battery, which provides supply when the main supply is cut off.
• It has a crystal resonator which enhances the long-term accuracy of the device and reduces piece-part count in a manufacturing line.
• It is available in 16 pins, 300 mil SO package. This RTC module maintains seconds, minutes, hours, dates, months and yearly information. It changes to date and time at the end of the month automatically including corrections for the leap year.
• This module operates in either 24 24-hour or 12-hour format with an AM/PM indicator.
• It consists of temperature compensated voltage reference and comparator circuit, which monitors the status of Vcc to detect power failures. This circuit provides a reset output and automatically switches to a backup supply when necessary.

Now, we discuss DS3231 pinout with detailed.

DS3231 Pinout & Description

There are a main sixteen pinouts of DS3231, which are described below with detailed.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	32K	This is a 32 kHz output. This is an open drain pin requires an external pull up resistor. If it is not in use can be left open.
Pin#2	Vcc	This pin is for DC power supply. It should be decoupled with 0.1µF to 1.0µF capacitor. If not in use connected to ground.
Pin#3	INT/SQW	This is a low interrupt or square wave output pin. It requires an external pull up resistor.
Pin#4	RST	This is an active low reset. It is open drain input/output. It indicates the status of Vcc relative to the Vpf simplifications. As Vcc falls below Vpf, the RST pin is driven low.
Pin#5-12	N.C	These pins are not in use. These should be connected to ground.
Pin#13	GND	This pin is used for ground.
Pin#14	Vbat	This pin used for Backup Power Supply Input. It should be coupled with 0.1µF to 1.0µF low-leakage capacitor.
Pin#15	SDA	It is serial data input, output pin. This pin is the data input/output for the I2C serial interface.
Pin#16	SCL	It is a serial clock pin.

For better understanding, let's see the DS3231 pinout diagram.

Features of DS3231

• Features of an electronic component can help you a better understanding of major function associated with it. It will help you to make a final decision before picking a device for your relevant project. Following are some features of DS3231.
• Its accuracy from 0°C to +40°C is ±2 ppm and -40°C to +85°C is ±3.5 ppm.
• It is a low power consumption device. It has battery backup for continuous timekeeping.
• Its temperature range for commercial use is 0°C to +70°C and for industries is -40°C to +85°C.
•  This Real Time Clock Counts Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Day, Date, Month, and Year with Leap Year Compensation Valid Up to 2100.
•  It has two times of day alarms. It can operate up to 400kHz frequency.
• It has a simple serial interface which can Connect to Most Microcontrollers. Its working protocol is I2C.
• It is Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Recognized.

DS3231 Arduino Interfacing

Friends, now we discuss DS3231 Arduino interfacing with a complete description and circuit diagram. Components Required

• These are components of this circuit.
  • Arduino UNO
  • DS3231 RTC Module
  • Mini Breadboard
  • 16×2 LCD Display
  • Connecting Wires
  • 10 KO POT

Circuit Design & Description

• First of all, we discuss connections between Arduino and DS3231. As we already know interfacing between them is I2C, If you are using board other than UNO, then first you should identify the I2C pins on your Arduino Board.
• In Arduino UNO A4 and A5 are SDA and SCL pins. Connect these pins with corresponding SCL and SDA pins of DS3231 module. After this connect Vcc and ground pin of RTC Module with +5v and GND of Arduino.
• For output, I have interfaced LCD with this circuit. Connect E and RS pins of LCD to 7 and 6 of Arduino, also connect D4-D7 of LCD to 5-2 of Arduino pins.

For further information, let's see its circuit diagram.

Applications of DS3231

• These are some applications of DS3231.
  • It is used in Servers.
  • It used in Data Loggers
  • It can be used in GPS Modules.
  • It is also used in Power Meters

So, friends that were all about DS3231, if you have any question and query about it please ask in comments. I will resolve your problems. Take care.

Introduction to DHT11

Hello Friends, I hope you all are fine and will be doing well in your life. In today's tutorial, I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to DHT11. It is an embedded sensor used to measure temperature & humidity in the surroundings and gives calibrated digital output. It can measure temperature in the range of 0°C to 50°C with ±2°C accuracy. Its humidity range is from 20% to 80% with ±5% accuracy. It is a small, low cost and easy-to-interface embedded sensor.

In this tutorial, I will explain its working, pinout, protocol and interfacing with other microcontrollers in detail.

• Here are a few important features of DHT11, given in the below table:

DHT11 Features & Specs
No.	Parameter	Value
1	Measures	Humidity & Temperature
2	Sensors Included	Capacitive Humidity Sensor & Thermistor
3	Humidity Range	20% to 80% with ±5% accuracy
4	Temperature Range	0°C to 50°C with ±2°C accuracy
5	Package	4 Pins in a single row
6	Operating Voltage	3.0V to 5.5V
7	Operating Current	0.3mA(measuring), 60uA(idle)
8	Resolution	1°C, 1%RH (8-Bit)
9	Response Time	6s-15s
10	Repeatability	±1°C, ±1%RH
11	Sampling Frequency	1Hz
12	Dimensions	27mm x 59mm x 13.5mm (1.05" x 2.32" x 0.53")

So, let's start with the Introduction to DHT11:

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	DHT11	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to DHT11

• DHT11 is a low-cost, small-sized & easy-to-operate embedded sensor, consisting of 4 pins, used to measure Temperature(0°C to 50°C with ±2°C accuracy ) & Relative Humidity (20% to 80% with ±5% accuracy ) and provides calibrated digital output.
• DHT11 Pinout consists of 4 Pins in total, listed below from left to right:
  1. Vcc: Need to provide +5V at this pinout.
  2. Data: It's the digital output pin, that gives either 0V or 5V.
  3. NC: Not Connected. (It's left open for future design)
  4. GND: Need to provide Ground at this pinout.

• DHT11 has a Capacitive Sensor for measuring humidity & NTC Thermistor for temperature sensing. (We will cover them in detail below)
• It comes in a single package comprising of 4 pins with 0.1" spacing between them and a special package can be provided according to user demand.
• DHT11 updates the output value once every 2 seconds.
• Small-size, low-cost, precise & calibrated output and up to 20 meters signal transmission stand it out from other sensors.
• DHT11 uses a single-wire serial interface for data processing.
• It calibrates the humidity using humidity coefficients, which are stored in the OTP program memory of the built-in controller.
• Its operating voltage is 3V to 5.5V, so it works with both 3.3V and 5V microcontroller systems.
• It has a sampling frequency of 1Hz, so it samples the data after every 1sec.
• DHT11 has a dimension of 27mm x 59mm x 13.5mm (1.05" x 2.32" x 0.53"), so it is very small and can easily be placed in autonomous embedded projects.
• It is quite accurate & precise in its readings as compared to other expensive sensors i.e. SHT10, DS18B20 etc.

We have discussed the basic features of our Moisture sensor DHT11. Now, let's have a look at DHT11 Pinout and description:

DHT11 Pinout & Description

• DHT11 Pinout consists of 4 Pins in total, which are shown in the below table:

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Vcc	Provide 3.3V to 5V at this pin.
Pin#2	Data	This pin provides a digital output.
Pin#3	N/C	Not Connected.
Pin#4	Ground	This pin is used for Ground ( Connected to 0V or GND ).

• For better understanding let's check its picture, given below:

Now, we will discuss the DHT11 working principle in detail:

DHT11 Working Principle

• Now, let's understand the working principle of the DHT11 temperature & humidity sensor.
• As we have discussed earlier, it has two sensors inside it, so let's have a look at both of them separately:

DHT11 Temperature Sensing

• For temperature sensing, it has an NTC(Negative Temperature Coefficient) temperature sensor (also called a thermistor ) mounted on the surface inside the plastic casing.
• NTC temperature sensors are variable resistive sensors and their resistance decreases with an increase in the surrounding temperature.
• Thermistors are designed with the sintering of semiconductor materials, such as ceramic or polymers and they provide a large change in resistor with a small temperature change.
• Here's the graph showing the relation between temperature and resistance for the DHT11 sensor:

Now, let's discuss the Humidity Measurement of DHT11:

DHT11 Humidity Measurement

• For Humidity Measurement, it uses a capacitive humidity sensor, which has two electrodes and a substrate material in between.
• The substrate material is used for holding the moisture on its surface.
• As moisture content changes in our environment, they get saturated on the substrate material, which in turn changes the resistance between electrodes.
• This change in electrode resistivity is then calibrated using the humidity coefficient (saved in OTP memory) and the final relative humidity value is released.
• Here's the image showing the internal structure of the DHT11 humidity sensor:

Now let's discuss the communication Protocol of the DHT11 temperature & humidity sensor:

DHT11 Communication Protocol

• DHT11 sensor uses a single-wire, two-way Serial Protocol for communicating with third-party peripherals normally microcontrollers.
• We call it single-wire because the communication is performed through a single pin.
• It's two-way because DHT11 receives commands from the microcontroller and then responds required data.
• Data sent by the DHT11 sensor is 40 bits and it sends Higher Data Bits first.
• Data contains both Integral and decimal values of temperature and relative humidity along with a checksum value.

DHT11 Data Format

• DHT11 sends the 40Bit serial data in the below format:
  1. 8-Bit Humidity(Integral)
  2. 8-Bit Humidity(Decimal)
  3. 8-Bit Temperature(Integral)
  4. 8-Bit Temperature(Decimal)
  5. 8-Bit Checksum
• If DHT11 is sending the correct data, then it must send an 8-bit Checksum data at the end.

DHT11 Communication with Microcontroller

• The circuit diagram to interface DHT11 with the microcontroller is shown in the below figure:

• A pull-up resistance of 5k ohm is recommended to place at the Data Pin of the DHT11 sensor.
• At normal conditions, the data pin of DHT11 remains at the HIGH voltage level and the sensor remains in low power consumption mode.
• To receive data from the DHT11 sensor, the microcontroller should make the Data Pin low for at least 18us, so that the sensor could sense it.
• Once the DHT11 sensor senses the low signal at the Data Pin, it changes its state from low power consumption mode to running mode and waits for the Data Pin to get HIGH.
• As the Data Pin gets HIGH again by the microcontroller, DHT11 sends out the 40-bit calibrated output value serially.
• After sending the data, DHT11 returns to low power consumption mode and waits for the next command from the microcontroller.
• The microcontroller has to wait for 20-40us to get a response from the DHT11 sensor.

Applications of DHT11

Because of its small size, low cost and ability to sense two values, DHT11 has a wide range of applications:

• DHT11 is used in Home Automation Projects to maintain constant atmospheric values by controlling the appliances(i.e. AC, Fan etc.) based on the sensor's readings.
• It is also used at weather stations for temperature & humidity sensing.
• It is also used in automatic climate control appliances.
• Environment monitoring devices also utilize this sensor.
• Garden Monitoring Systems also use DHT11 sensors.

So, that was all about the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor. I have tried to cover this sensor from all angles. Let me know about your experience with the DHT11 sensor in the comments. Take care!!!

Introduction to DHT22

Hello friends, I hope you are all fine and will be doing something interesting in your life. in today's post, I am going to discuss Introduction to DHT22. It is a temperature and humidity measure sensing device. It is easily used but it needs a specific time for an operation. Its temperature measuring range is from -40 to +125 degrees Celsius with +-0.5 accuracy. This sensor measures moisture content and temperature. This sensor is easily connected to other microcontrollers. DHT22 plays an important role in our environment in measuring temperature and moisture. It is a low cost easy-to-use small sensor. This sensor is used at different weather stations to measure temperature and ratio of moisture in the air, in this way, they tell about temperature or rain prediction. In today's post, I will talk about its working protocol, pinout, application and interfacing with other microcontrollers. I will also share some links to projects where I have interfaced with other Arduino. If you have any queries about it please ask in the comment I will resolve your queries. So let's start with Introduction to DHT22.

Introduction to DHT22

• DHT22 is a low-cost humidity and temperature measuring sensor. It consists of thermister for temperature measurement and capacitive humidity sensor humidity measurement. The feature which gives importance then another sensor is that you can get data after two seconds.
• It is very easy to use, just connect the first pin from left with supply then get data from the second pin. Its last pin used for ground.

• It has higher accuracy and precision, due to this feature it can replace expensive imported SHT10 temperature and humidity sensor.
• This sensor is used to measure environment temperature and humidity to meet the high demand.
• This sensor has reliability and good stability. It is easy to combine with a special sensor Arduino expansion board, which is easy to use for temperature and humidity perception.
• DHT22 is digital humidity sensor, designed for analog sensor interfacing.
• It consists of 4.7 K to 10 K resistor, which can be used as pull up from data pin to Vcc.
• It has four pins with 0.1" spacing.

For better understanding now discuss its pin configuration.

DHT22 PINOUT & Description

There is main four pinout of DHT22 we use three pins which are discussed below with details.

No.	Pin Type	Parameters
1.	Vcc	This is Power Pin at this pin we apply 3.5 v to 5.0 volts.
2	Data	Through this pin, we get outputs both Temperature and Humidity through serial Data.
3	Ground	Ground Pin ( Connected to 0V or GND )

Better understanding lets see its pinout picture. Now discuss its working and its principle at which it works.

Working of DHT22

• Now discuss how it works, It consists of two main parts one measure temperature and other is used for humidity measurement it also has IC to send data to Microcontroller. Discuss these component ones by one.
  •  Humidity Sensing Component
    • For humidity measurement, it uses the humidity measurement component, which has two electrodes with moisture holding substrate between them.
    • As humidity changes, the conductivity of substrate changes or resistance between electrodes changes. This changes in resistance are measured, then processed by IC which make it ready to be rad by Microcontroller.
  • Temperature Measuring Component
    • To measure temperature this sensor uses an NTC temperature sensor or Thermistor.
    • A thermistor is a variable resistor that changes its resistance with a change of temperature. These sensors are made by sintering of semiconductive materials, such as ceramic or polymers in order to large change in a resistor with small changes in temperature. As temperature changes, there is a change in the value of resistance by which we measure the temperature of our environment.

For a better understanding of its working, Lets its picture. Now, discuss the features and specifications of DHT22.

Features & Specification of DHT22

These are some features of DHT22.

• The voltage it operates is 3.5v to 5.5v.
• Its operating current is 0.3v to 5.5.
• The protocol which it uses to send data is a serial transmission of data.
• Its temperature at which it operates is -40°C to 80°C.
• Its humidity range is 0% to 100%.
• Its temperature and humidity resolution are 16-bit.
• Its Accuracy is ±0.5°C and ±1%
• Its sampling rate is 0.5 Hz once every two seconds.
• Its dimensions are 27mm x 59mm x 13.5mm (1.05" x 2.32" x 0.53").
• It has four pins with 0.1" spacing.
• Its weight is 2.4g.
• It is a low-cost sensor. Its price is just $1 to $5.
• It has long term stability of ±0.5% per year.

Now we discuss the DHT22 Serial Data Transmission protocol by which it sends data.

DHT22 Serial Protocol

• DHT22 sensor is calibrated in industries it is designed for serial output data transmission. I have to interface it with Microcontroller for its serial data transmission.
• As you can see that the data pin is connected with an input-output pin of Microcontroller and 5k pull up resistor is used. This data pin sends output values of both temperature and humidity as serial data.

For a better understanding of serial transmission, let's see its picture. Now discuss DHT22 Arduino interfacing.

DHT22 Arduino Interfacing

• In given circuit diagram I have interfaced Arduino with DHT22. By providing source code to Arduino we can use it according to desire requirement and also can use it for temperature and humidity measuring purpose.

Application of DHT22

These are some application of DHT22.

• It is used for temperature and humidity measurement.
• It is used as a weather station to measure temperature and humidity in the air.
•  It is an automatic climate control sensor.
• It is also used as an environmental monitoring device.

So, friends, this was all about DHT22, if you have any query regarding it please ask in a comment. I will resolve your queries. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.....

HC-06 Bluetooth Module Pinout, Datasheet, Features & Applications

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to HC-06. HC-06 is a class 2 slave Bluetooth module designed for serial communication. Once it is paired to a master Bluetooth device such as PC, smartphones, and tablet, its operations become easier to the user. It sends and receives data in a bidirectional manner. HC-06 is used in different devices which works on Bluetooth for sending and receiving data. In today's post, we will have look at its pinout, working, circuit diagram, protocol, etc. I will also share some links of projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino and some other microcontroller. Friends if you have any questions please ask in comments I will try my best to solve your problems and I will give you a comprehensive answer. So let's start with basic Introduction to HC-06: 

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	HC-06	Amazon	Buy Now

HC-06 Bluetooth Module

• HC-06 is a Bluetooth module which is designed to work on serial communication. When we paired it with Bluetooth working devices such as smarts phones and tablet, its use becomes easier for device users.
• Its working depends on the wireless system, for sending and receiving data, it uses transceiver module RS 232 TTL. We do not use any cable for sending and receiving data for this module.

• The main feature of this Bluetooth module is that it can easily achieve serial wireless data transmission protocol.
• The frequency band at which it operates is 2.4 GHz ISM frequency.
• HC-06 adopts famous 2.0+EDR Bluetooth standard. The benefit of this standard is that data can be sent in less time interval. It can send data in 0.5 seconds of an interval. By this feature, the workload on Bluetooth chip can be reduced and a large amount of data can be sent in small time.

Lets discuss some parameters and pin configuration.

PIN Name	PIN No	Description	Pad type	Note
GND	13 21 22	Ground pot.	Vss
1V8	14	Integrated 1.8 V (+) supply with On-chip linear regulator output within 1.7-1.9 V.	Vdd
AIO0.	9	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
AIO1	10	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO0	23	Programmable input/output line, control output for LNA (if fitted)	Bi-Directional RX EN
PIO1	24	Programmable input/output line, control output for PA(if fitted)	Bi-Directional TX EN
PIO2	25	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO3	26	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO4	27	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO5	28	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO6	29	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional	CLK_REQ
PIO7	30	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional	CLK_OUT
PIO8	31	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO9	32	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO10	33	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
PIO11	34	Programmable input/output line.	Bi-Directional
RESETB	11		CMOS Input with weak intemal pull-down
UART_RTS	4	UART request to send, active low.	CMOS output, tri-stable with weak internal pull-up
UART_CTS	3	UART clear to send, active low.	CMOS input with weak internal pull-down
UART_RX	2	UART Data input.	CMOS input with weak internal pull-down
UART_TX	1	UART Data output.	CMOS output, Tri-stable with weak internal pull-up
SPI_MOSI	17	Serial peripheral interface data input.	CMOS input with weak internal pull-down
SPI_CSB	16	Chip select for the serial peripheral interface, active low	CMOS input with weak internal
Vcc	12		3.3V

  Lets discuss pinout of HC-06.

HC-06 PINOUT

• There is four main pinout of HC-06, now we discuss each one by one and their function.
  • Vcc: This pin is used for input supply. At this pin, we provide an input voltage to HC-06.
  • GND: This pin use for ground.
  • TXD: By this pin, data is transmitted by the serial interface.
  • RXD: The purpose of this pin is to receive data by a serial interface.
• For better understanding lets have a look at the pinout diagram of HC-06.

Let's discuss some features of HC-06.

Features of HC-06

• These are some features of HC-06.
  • Bluetooth protocol which we connect with it is Bluetooth 2.0+ EDR.  2.0+ EDR is a standard Bluetooth protocol which is used.
  • It is at the Bluetooth class 2 power level.
  • USB protocol used for it is USB v 1.1/2.0.
  • The frequency on which it operates is a 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band.
  • The modulation mode which is used in this module is Gauss frequency Shift Keying.
  • Its transmitting power is = 4 dBm.
  • Its sensitivity rate is =-84 dBm at 0.1% Bit Error Rate.
  • The speed at which it transmits data is 2.1 Mbps (Max)/160 kbps (Asynchronous) and 1 Mbps/1 Mbps (Synchronous).
  • The Safety feature which it provides is authentication and encryption.
  • Its supported configuration is based on Bluetooth serial port (major and minor).
  • Its supply voltage is 3.3 V DC  and operating current is 50 mA.
  • Its operating temperature is 20 to 55?.
  • The weight of this module is 4g.
  • The dimensions of this module are 36.5*16 mm.
  • Its Default baud rate is 9600.
  • This module can also be used in SMD.
  • This module is made through ROHS process.
  • Board of this module PIN is half hole size.
  • It based upon CSR BC 04 Bluetooth technology.
  • It has a high-performance wireless transceiver system.
  • It is a Low-Cost module.
  • It has the external 8 Mbit flash.
  • It has a built-in 2.4 GHz antenna, the user does not need a test antenna.

Now, let's discuss the HC-06 Application:

Application of HC-06

These are some applications of HC-06

• HC-06 is a Bluetooth module, it is used in different electronic devices such as a mobile, laptop, personal computer, etc.
• It can also use in different industrial projects for sending and receiving data, Let's see pictures of HC-06 use in projects.

I hope you enjoyed today's tutorial on the HC-06 module.  If you need any help about this module, please ask in comments. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial. Till then take care.....

Introduction to NRF24L01

Hello Friends, I hope you all are fine and having fun in your lives. In today's post, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to NRF24L01. NRF24L01 is basically a wireless transceiver, which is used to send and receive data by using radio waves. It is a single chip transceiver module. It uses SPI protocol for transmitting data. Its data transmission speed is up to 2Mbps. NRF24L01 is normally used in industrial devices and projects for data transmission. It is mostly used in computer, toys, remote control, games, and other electronic devices. In today's tutorial, I will discuss its working, protocol, pinout, and features. I will also share some links of its interfacing with Arduino and some other microcontrollers. if you have any questions regarding it, please ask in comment box & I will resolve your queries.  So let's start with Introduction to NRF24L01:

Introduction to NRF24L01

• NRF24L01 is a wireless transceiver module (works on SPI Protocol), which is used for sending and receiving data at an operating radio frequency of 2.4 to 2.5 GHz ISM band.
• This transceiver module consists of a frequency generator, shock burst mode controller, power amplifier, crystal oscillator modulator, and demodulator.
• When transmitting power is zero dBm it uses only 11.3 mA of current, while during receiving mode, it uses 13.5 mA of current.

• This module is designed for long distance and fast transmission of data.
• It is designed to work through an SPI protocol.
• Air data transmission rate of NRF24L01 is around 2 Mbps.
• Its high air data rate combined with power saving mode makes it very favorable for ultra-low power applications.
• Its internal voltage regulator controls a high power supply rejection ratio and power supply range.
• This module has a compact size, and can easily be used in confined spaces.
• This module is designed to operate at 3.3 volts.
• This module has an address range of 125 and it can communicate with six other modules. By using this feature, we can use it in mesh networks and other networking applications.

For better understanding, let's discuss NRF24L01 pinout and description:

NRF24L01 PINOUT & Description

• There is main eight pinouts of NRF24L01 but it also has some additional pins.
• Let's discuss all of its pinout with detail:

No.	Pin Name	Description
1	CE	This pin is chip enable, it used to activate RX or TX mode.
2	CSN	This pin is used for SPI protocol interfacing
3	SCK	This pin is used for serial clock provider.
4	MOSI	This is used to get data from a master microcontroller device and to send data to a slave device.
5	MISO	This pin is used to get data from a slave device and to send data to master device.
6	IRQ	This pin is used for interrupt data.
7	Vdd	At this pin, we apply 3.3V DC supply.
8	Vss	This pin is for ground.
9	XC2	This pin is used for analogue out put crystal providing pin.
10	XC1	This pin is used for analogue input crystal pin.
11	VDD_PA	This is pin is used to a power amplifier.
12	ANT1	This pin is used for antenna interfacing.
13	ANT2	This pin is also used for antenna interfacing.
14	Vss	This are two ground in NRF24L01, this is the second one.
15	IREF	This pin is used for reference current .
16	DVDD	This pin is used for Positive Digital Supply output for de coupling purposes.
17	GROUND	This is used for ground.

• Now let's discuss its transmission protocol which is SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface):

NRF24L01 SPI Interfacing

• NRF24L01 uses SPI protocol for transmission. SPI is an abbreviation of Serial Peripheral Interface.
• Let's have a look at How to interface NRF24L01 with any Microcontroller using SPI Pins.
• In the below figure, I have connected SPI pins (MISO, MOSI, SCK) with SPI pins of microcontroller, while the signal pins (CE , SCN) has connected with the GPIO pins of Microcontroller.
• Now Lets discuss the specifications and features of NRF24L01.

Features of NRF24L01

These are some features of NRF24L01.

• It is a single chip GFSK transceiver.
• It has complete OSI hardware layer.
• It has on air data rate of 1 to 2 Mbps.
• Its operation is 124 RF channel.
• It is fully compatible with nRF24XX.
• It has a 20 pin package (QFN 20 4x4 mm).
• It uses low cost +/- 60 ppm crystal.
• It uses low cost chip inductors and two layer PCB.
• Its power supply range is 1.9 to 3.6 V.
• Its nominal current is 50 mA. Its operating current is 250 mA.
• It uses SPI protocol for communication.
• Its baud rate is 250 kbps to 2 Mbps.
• Its channel range is 125.
• Its Maximum Pipeline or node is six.
• It is a low cost wireless solution.
• Its antenna can send and receive data up to 250 kb and it can cover a distance of 100 meters.
• Its sensitivity is 85 dBm at 1 Mbps.
• The communication mode it uses is Enhanced Shock Burst TM or Shock Burst TM.
• The mode of wiring it follows is Power Down Mode or Standby Mode.
• Its operating temperature is -40°C to 85°C and storage is 40°C to 125°C.
• It has a PA gain of 20 dB and LNA gain of 10 dB.
• Its Emission Mode operating current is 115 mA and receive mode operating current is 45 mA.
• This module can be easily programmed and can connect with a microcontroller.
• Its maximum output power is +20 DBm.
• Its compact size is 18 mm * 30 mm.

Applications of NRF24L01

These are some applications of NRF24L01:

•  It is used in wireless control applications.
•  It is used in mesh networks.
•  It is also used in RF Remote Controllers.

So friends this was all about NRF24L01, If you have any question regard it lease ask in comments i will tell you in every thing in detail. Take care....

Introduction to MPU6050

Hello friends, I hope you are all fine and will be doing something special in your life. In today's post, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to MPU6050. MPU6050 is a sensor for motion processing devices. It is the world's first six-dimension motion tracking device. It was designed for low-cost and high-performance smartphones, tablets and wearable sensors. It is capable of processing nine-axis algorithms, it captures motion in X, Y and Z axis at the same time. MPU6050 is used in different industrial projects and electronic devices to control and detect the 3-D motion of different objects. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout, protocol, it's interfacing with Arduino, features, applications, etc. I will also share some links of projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino and some other microcontrollers. Friends if you have any questions about it, please ask in the comment box I will resolve your queries in the simplest way possible. So let's start with a basic Introduction to MPU6050.

Introduction to MPU6050

• MPU6050 is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS), it consists of a three-axis accelerometer and a three-axis gyroscope. It helps us to measure velocity, orientation, acceleration, displacement and other motion-like features.
• MPU6050 consists of  Digital Motion Processor (DMP), which has the property to solve complex calculations.

• MPU6050 consists of a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter hardware. Due to this feature, it captures three-dimensional motion at the same time.
• This module has some famous features which are easily accessible, due to its easy availability it can be used with a famous microcontroller like Arduino. Friend if you are looking for a sensor to control the motion of your Drone, self-balancing robot, RC Cars and something like that, then MPU6050 will be a good choice for you.
• This module uses the I2C module for interfacing with Arduino.
• MPU6050 is less expensive, Its main feature is that it can easily combine with an accelerometer and gyro.

Now, Lets discus PINOUT of MPU6050.

MPU6050 PINOUT & Description

There is a main eight PINOUT of MPU6050, which are described here:

MPU6050 Pinout
Pin#	Pin Name	Description
01	Vcc	This pin used for Supply Voltage. Its input voltage is +3 to +5V.
02	GND	This pin use for ground
03	SCL	This pin is used for clock pulse for I2C compunction
04	SDA	This pin is used for transferring of data through I2C communication.
05	Auxiliary Serial Data (XDA)	It can be used for other interfaced other I2C module with MPU6050.
06	Auxiliary Serial Clock (XCL)	It can also be used for other interfaced other I2C module with MPU6050.
07	AD0	If more than one MPU6050 is used a single MCU, then this pin can be used to vary the address.
08	interrupt (int)	This pin is used to indicate that data is available for MCU to read.

 

• For better understanding lets see PINOUT diagram:

Now, let's discuss the features of MPU6050.

Features of MPU6050

These are some features of MPU6050.

• MPU6050 is the world's first integrated six motion tracking device
• The communication protocol at which it operates is I2C.
• It is built in 16 BIT ADC, which provide high accuracy.
• Its operating voltage is 3 to 5 volts.
• It consists of a digital motion processor, which provide high computational power.
• It is inbuilt in the temperate sensor.
• It can be used to interfaces with IIC devices like magnetometer.
• The pitch of its pins is 0.1 inch.
• Its Acceleration Range is  +/-2g, +/-4g, +/-8g, +/-16g.
•  Its Dimensions (excluding pins) are, 21.2mm (0.84") length x 16.4mm (0.65") width x 3.3mm (0.13") height.
•  Its weight is 2.1g.
• It has the smallest and thinnest QFN package for portable devices, 4x4x0.9 mm.
• Its operating current is 3.9 mA when its six motion sensing axes and DMP are in motion.
• It also has gyroscope feature like its  Gyroscope operating current is 3.6 mA.
• Its gyroscopic stand by current is 5µA. It also has low improved frequency noise performance.
• It works at Gyroscope range, ± 250 500 1000 2000 °/ s.

Now let's discuss the I2C protocol on which it operates.

I2C Protocol

As we earlier discus that MPU6050 works on I2C protocol, now discuss this protocol.

• MPU6050 was first introduced by the Philips semiconductors in 1982. For sending and receiving data between two or more devices we need a path which called BUS. I2C is a bidirectional two-wire bus which use to send data between integrated circuits.
• I2C consist of three data transfer speed which is, standard, fast-mode, and high-speed mode. I2C sports 7 bit and 10-bit address devices.
• I2C is the best choice where simplicity and low manufacturing cost are more important than speed.
• For a better understanding of how I2C protocol works, let's see is a picture.

MPU6050 Arduino Interfacing

Now let's have a look at MPU6050 Arduino interfacing.

• In the given diagram we have shown its interfacing with Arduino, the value which we can by using this module are given below The following data values can be obtained using this example.
  • Quaternion Components (w, x, y, z), Euler angles, Yaw, Pitch, Real world Acceleration, Roll, World frame acceleration and Teapot invent sense Values.
  Let's see the circuit. 

Applications of MPU6050

•  It is used for IMU measurement.
• It can be used in Drones / Quadcopters as direction controller.
•  It used in Self-balancing robots.
• It can use as Robotic arm controls.
• It can be used in Humanoid robots
•  It used in Tilt sensor.
•  It can be used orientation or Rotation Detector.
• It can be in Handset and portable gaming
•  It used inMotion-based game controllers
•  It used in 3D remote controls for Internet-connected DTVs and set-top boxes, 3D mice

Friend, that was about MPU6050, If you something else kindly asks in a comment box. I will further guide you in the next tutorial. Till then take care.....

Introduction to MFRC522

Hello friends, I hope you are all fine and doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at a detailed Introduction to MFRC522. MFRC522 is an RFID Embedded module used to read and write RFID cards and operates at 13.56MHz contactless communication. It is a less costly, low-voltage, and small-sized non-contact card chip. It is the best choice for intelligent instruments and portable handheld devices. It communicates with microcontrollers over SPI Protocol.

MFRC522 is used in different engineering projects, mostly for security purposes in offices, banks, plazas, etc. You must have seen in English Movies that a person just shows his ID card to the machine and its whole profile data pops up on the computer and if he is authorized then the front door automatically opens up. Those cards are normally RFID cards.

In today's post, we will discuss its pinout, protocol, working, circuit diagram etc. in detail. I will also share links to projects where I have interfaced MFRC522 with Arduino and other microcontrollers. If you have any questions about this device, please ask in the comments, I will try my best to solve your problems. So let's start with a basic Introduction to MFRC522:

Introduction to MFRC522

Let's start with a detailed introduction of MFRC522:

• MFRC522 module is a less costly, lower voltage, and small-sized noncontact card chip,  it is the best choice for security instrument and portable devices.
• This sensor-based on advanced modulation and demodulation concept, this concepts uses in all types of contactless communication methods.
• MFRC522 also supports crypt-01 encryption algorithm to verify Mifare products.

• It supports Mifare series of high-speed non-contact communication, by using this series we can send and receive data up to 424 kbit/s.
• A transmitter of MFRC522 is able to drive reader and writer antenna, which designed to communicate with IEC 14443 A/MIFARE cards. It works with this card without any special circuit.
• MFRC522 supports MF1xxS20 and MF1xxS70  products.
• There are two versions of MFRC522:
  • MFRC52201HN1
  • MFRC52202HN1
• The second version of MFRC522 is fully compatible with version one. It has some better features and improvements which are:
  •  This version has An additional timer pre-scaler.
  • It has more stability in rough conditions.

Now, let's discuss the PINOUT of MFRC522:

MFRC522 PINOUT & Description

There are main 8 pins of MRFC522 which are:

• PIN 01: SDA,  this pin use for SPI protocol.
• PIN 02: SCK,  this pin used for providing a clock.
• PIN 03: MOSI,  this pin is used for master device to get out data and for the slave device to get in data.
• PIN 04: MISO, this pin is used for the slave device to get out data and for a master device to get in data.
• PIN 05: IRQ,  this pin is for interrupt purpose.
• PIN 06: GND,  this pin is used for ground.
• PIN 07: RST,  this pin is used for reset-purpose.
• PIN 08: Vcc,  at this supply voltages are applied.

For better understanding let see a picture of PINOUT. Now, let's discuss some features of MFRC522:

Features of MFRC522

• These are some features of MFRC522.
  • Its operating current and voltage are 13 to 26 mA/DC 3.3V.
  • Its Idle operating current voltage is 10-13 mA/ DC 3.3V.
  • Its sleep current is <80 uA.
  • Its Peak current value is <30 mA.
  • Its Operating frequency is 13.56 MHz.
  • Its dimension is 40 mm×60 mm.
  • Its Ambient operating temperature is - 20 to 80 degrees centigrade.
  • Its Ambient storage temperature is - 40 to 85 degrees centigrade.
  • Its Ambient relative humidity 5% is 95%.
  • It has FIFO buffer handles 64 byte sending and receiving data.
  • It Supports MFIN/MFOUT.

Let's discuss the SPI Protocol on which it works.

SPI Protocol

• Serial peripheral interface (SPI) is supported to enable high-speed communication to the host. This interface can handle data speeds up to 10 Mbit/s.
• Communicating with a host, the MFRC522 acts as a slave, receiving data from the external host for register settings, sending and receiving data relevant for RF interface communication.
• An interface with SPI enables high-speed serial communication between the microcontroller and an MFRC522.
• MFRC522 acts as a slave during SPI communication. SPI clock signal SCK must be generated by the master. Data communication from the master to the slave device uses the MOSI line.
• MISO line is used to send data from the MFRC522 to the master.
• Data on both MOSI and MISO lines are sent with the MSB first.

For better understanding lets have a look at its circuit diagram.   Let disuses some applications of MRFC522.

Applications of MFRC522

• These are some applications of MFRC522.
  • MFRC522 is a highly integrated reader/writer IC for contactless communication.
  • It can be used for security purposes in office, banks, and some buildings.
  • It can be interfaced with Arduino for some industrial projects.

This was all about MFRC522. I hope you will get a lot of knowledge from this post. If you have any questions about MFRC522, please ask in comments. I will resolve your query. Thanks for reading. Take care!!!

Introduction to LM35

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to LM35. LM35  is a type of commonly used temperature sensor, that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output compared to the temperature in (°C). In can measure temperature in a better way than a thermistor. LM35 is used in industries and commercial buildings where high accuracy of temperature measuring is needed. I will give you a detailed overview of this temperature sensor in today’s post where we will have a look its pinout, working, protocol, etc. I will also share some links of projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino or other microcontrollers. If you have any questions please ask in the comments, I will resolve your queries and will guide you in a comprehensive way. So, let’s get started with the basic Introduction to LM35:

Introduction to LM35

• LM35 is a commonly used temperature sensor, It shows values in the form of output voltages instead of degrees Celsius.
• LM35 shows higher voltage values than thermocouples and may not need the output voltage to be amplified.

• The output voltage of LM35 is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01 V/°C.
• One most important characteristics is that it draws just 60 microamps from its supply and acquires a low self-heating capacity.
• LM35 temperature sensor available in many different packages like T0-46 metal transistor-like package, TO-92 plastic transistor-like package, 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package.

Let's have a look at LM35 PINOUT configuration:

LM35 Pinout

• LM35 has three pinouts which are:
  • PIN 1: Vcc, it used as input at this pin we apply +5 V input voltage.
  • PIN 2: At this pin, we get output voltage.
  • PIN 3: This pin is used for ground.
• Here's the table for LM35 Pinout for better understanding:

 

No.	Parameter	Pin Type
1.	Vcc	Power Pin ( Connected to +5V )
2	Vout	Output Pin (It should be connected with an analog pin of Microcontroller)
3	Ground	Ground Pin ( Connected to 0V or GND )

For better understanding lets, have a look at LM35 Pinout figure. Let's have a look at working of LM35  Working.

Working of LM35

• LM35 is used to measure precise centigrade temperature. The output of this sensor changes describes the linearity. The output voltages of this sensor are linearly comparative to the Celsius temperature.
• The output voltage range of this sensor is from -55° to +150°C. It also has low self-heating power.
• Its operating voltages is 4 to 30 volts.
• In the most circuit, this sensor is used with an operational amplifier. An amplifier is a device which amplifies applied a voltage at a certain level.
• Operational Amplifier has three terminal, first two are inverting and noninverting inputs third one is used for output.
• By using LM35 with operational amplifier we can get amplification of output voltages of LM35.
• For better understanding lets have a look at circuit diagram.

LM35 Features

• Its maximum and minimum input voltages are 35 V and -2 V respectively. It typically operates at 5 V.
• It can measure temperature from -55°C to 150°C.
• Its Output voltage is directly proportional (Linear) to temperature (i.e.) there will be a rise of 10mV (0.01V) for every 1°C rise in temperature.
• Its Drain current is less than 60 uA.
• Its low-cost temperature sensor.
• It is small and hence suitable for remote applications.
•  It is available in TO-92, TO-220, TO-CAN and SO IC package.
• It is low self-heating, 0.08 C in still air n Non-linearity only ±1/4C typical.

Parameters of LM35

Let's discuss some working parameters of LM35

No.	Parameter	Conditions	Value	Unit
1.	Accuracy LM35, LM 35C	T A=+25°C	±0.4	°C
2	Accuracy, LM35D	T A=+25°C	±0.6	°C
3	Non linearity	T MIN=TA=T MAX	±0.3	°C
4	Sensor Gain	T MIN=TA=T MAX	+10.0	mV/°C
5	Load Regulation	T A=+25°C	±0.4	mV/mA
6	Line Regulation	T A=+25°C	±0.01	mV/V
7	Quiescent Current	V S=+5V, +25°C	56	µA
8	Change of Quiescent Current	4V=VS=30V	0.2	µA
9	Temperature Coefficient of Quiescent Current	-	+0.39	µA/°C
10	Long Term Stability T J=T MAX, for 1000 hours	±0.08	±0.08	°C

 

LM35 Interfaced with Aurdino

Now, let's discuss LM35 interfacing with Arduino and design a simple project:

• The project which we are gonna discuss is Temperature Monitoring on Virtual Terminal of Arduino.
• Temperature Sensor we are gonna use is LM35.
• In this circuit, Aurdino is the main component because it controls all functions.
• In this circuit LM35 senses the temperature and converts into an electoral (analog) signal, then this signal applied to Microelectronic Unit through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
• The analog signal is converted into digital format by the ADC.
• The value of temperature sensed by the sensor will be displayed on Serial Terminal or virtual Terminal if you are working on Proteus.
• You can download this complete Proteus simulation from Interfacing of LM35 with Arduino in Proteus.
• I have also shared Interfacing of LM35 with PIC Microcontroller, so if you are working on PIC Microcontroller then you should read that out.
• For better understanding lets see the circuit diagram of this project:

Now, let's discuss the advantage and application of this project. Let's have a look at applications of LM35:

Applications of LM35

These are some applications of LM35, let discuss them.

• It's used for measuring the temperature of a particular environment.
• It provides thermal shutdown for a circuit or component used in a specific project.
• It can be used for battery temperature measurement. It provides battery protection from overheating.
• It can be used in HVAC applications as a temperature measurement device.

I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial on this simple temperature sensor LM35. Let me know if you need any help with its projects. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial. Till then take care, have fun !!! :)