The Engineering Projects

Introduction to RN4020

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to RN4020. RN4020 is a completely licensed Bluetooth category 4.1 low energy consuming unit. This module is surfaced with the Bluetooth which is organized by Unpretentious ASCII instructions by UART interfacing. It also comprises all Bluetooth SIG sketches and (MLDP) Microchip low Energy data for customized data. The scripted features can be secondhand to allow unconnected process without any Microcontroller or mainframe computer. It can be controlled from a distant position by other modules with the protected assembly and it can be reorganized by means of UART interfacing or by air. In today’s post, we will have a look at its casing, pins, structure, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. You can also get further information about it in comments, I will guide you further about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to RN4020.

Introduction to RN4020

• RN4020 is a completely licensed Bluetooth category 4.1 low energy consuming unit. This module is surfaced with the Bluetooth which is organized by Unpretentious ASCII instructions by UART interfacing.

• This unit incorporates RF, a base-band regulator, and an API (application program interface) processor, which makes it a low energy user Bluetooth module.
• It has an inherent high-performance PCB antenna which is modified for elongated assortment, normally over 100 meters distance.
• Its compressed dimensions allow the comfort of incorporation in size- controlled applications. It is used in any less expensive microcontroller for intellectual Bluetooth low energy consuming applications.
• For unpretentious sensor use, its interior scripting abilities allow straightforward functions to be applied without the need for exterior host Microcontrollers or software development tools.
• It provisions 13 communal sketches and 18 communal amenities, which are implemented by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). For all sustained contours and facilities, RN4020 could be organized to act as waitperson and customer roles at the equivalent period.
• Besides, RN4020 provisions Microchip sequestered contour Microchip Low Power Data Profile (MLDP) that put on Serial Port Profile (SPP), which is well-defined in Bluetooth Definitive and allows data tributary between two expedients.

Pinout of RN4020

• These are the main pinout of RN4020 which are described below.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	GND	It is ground pinout.
  Pin#2	AIO2	It is analog programmable bi directional input output pinout.
  Pin#3	AIO1	It is analog programmable bi directional input output pinout.
  Pin#4	AIO0	It is analog programmable bi directional input output pinout.
  Pin#5	UART TX	It is a UART Transmitter (TX) pinout.
  Pin#6	UART RX	It is a UART Receiver (RX) pin.
  Pin#7	WAKE_SW	It is bottomless Snooze Awaken when it becomes active it rouse module from Unfathomable Snooze.
  Pin#8	CMD/MLDP	It works in command and MLDP mode, in command mode, UART data send to the command translator. During the MLDP method, UART data is sent to MLDP Bluetooth UART LED contacts.
  Pin#9	GND	It is a ground pin.
  Pin#10	CONNECTION LED PIO[1] SCK PWM1	It is an evasion condition output. When it is in the energetic condition it shows that the device is linked with the distant expedient. When it is not energetic it displays there is no association with another expedient.
  Pin#11	MLDP_EV PIO[2] CS PWM2	It is for MLDP data indication. If it is in the high state which means that data has acknowledged, in a low state, there is no data.
  Pin#12	WS PIO[3] MOSI PWM3	It is output for movement indication. If it in energetic state component is working properly if not the device is not working.
  Pin#13	PIO[4] MISO	It is MISO for Diagnostics and Workshop Regulation if a pin 17 avowed.
  Pin#14	CTS PIO[5]	It is earmarked for CTS if hardware movement controller is permitted on the UART.
  Pin#15	WAKE_HW	It is hardware wakeup from the latent condition. Set the Pin (15) high state to module eliminates from the inactive condition.
  Pin#16	GND	It is a ground pin.
  Pin#17	SPI/PIO	SPI/PIO for pinouts 10-13, active.
  Pin#18	RTS PIO[6]	It Earmarked for RTS if hardware movement controller on UART is empowered. If the data communication to RN4020 requisite is stopped, declare RTS to high. RTS pin functions self-sufficiently from the CTS (pin 14).
  Pin#19	PWM4 PIO[7]	It is a standby PIO.
  Pin#20	RSVD	It is DMOS comprehensive Bridge 2 Yield A pin
  Pin#21	SDA	It is SDA Statistics contour of the I2C interfacing. The RN4020 constantly performances as the I2C Dominant.
  Pin#22	SCL	It is I2C Clock.
  Pin#23	VDD	It is a power supply.
  Pin#24	GND	It is ground pinout.

Features of RN4020

• These are some features of RN4020.
  • It is entirely specialized Bluetooth form 4.1 component.
  • It is on-panel Bluetooth Squat Energy 4.1 heap.
  • On this module, ASCII expertise interfaced API over UART.
  • This module has DFU above UART or Above the air.
  • For sequential transmission of data, it has MLDP.
  • This module sends and receive data to distant areas and can control them.
  • It hs 64 KB interior flash memory.
  • The dimensions of this module are 11.5 x 19.5 x 2.5 mm.
  • This module has SMT wads for tranquil and unswerving PCB escalating.
  • It is naturally sociable, RoHS amenable.
  • It is certified by FCC, IC, CE, QDID.

RN4020 Power Modes

• The RN4020 can function in a diversity of power conditions, dependent upon the solicitation required.

• These are the main four power modes of RN4020.

Idle:  This situation passes in on power-up when WAKE_SW in one state and signifies the condition where Command style is energetic.

Active RF:

This power state comes in upon any compulsory RF action (TX/RX) through publicity, detection, coupling, assembly, etc.

Deep Sleep:

This is the less-power modes reinforced by the RN4020. The main topographies of this state-run is that publicizing packages are still airing. To place the RN4020 in Deep Sleep method after Idle state you should follow some rules.

• Put the WAKW-HW pin in low condition.
• Wrench the WAKE-SW pin in zero condition.

Dormant:

It is the last power mode which reinforced by the RN4020. To place the RN4020 in this mode you should follow some rules.

• WAKE-HW pin should be in a low state.
• After this put o command.
• Then instantaneously wrench the WAKE_SW pin to low state.

Applications of RN4020

• These are some applications of RN4020.
  • It is used in medical equipment such as Glucose measurement meter, heart pulse measurement.
  • It used to check aptness of different sports such as cycling computing.
  • It used to tag and stalking of assets.
  • It used for Immediacy publicity.
  • It used to control distant devices.
  • It is used for entrenched Expedient governor.
  • It is used for AV comforts and game supervisors.
  • It used in handheld Smart devices and Equipment
  • It used in home automation.

So, friends, it was all about RN4020, if you have any query about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to MPR121

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to MPR121. MPR121 is a touch sensor controller, its working is like the capacitor's working principle. This module has twelve electrodes points, it communicates via I2C protocol. When any objects come closer to an electrode point, we can observe the presence of an object by variation in capacitance of an electrode. It's working voltage should be between 2.5 to 3.6 VDC. MPR121 is used in different industrial projects and electronic devices such as mobile phone and remote control systems. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout, protocol, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it please ask it in comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to MRP121.

Introduction to MPR121

• MPR121 is a touch sensor controller, its working is like the capacitor's working principle. This module has twelve electrodes points, it communicates via I2C protocol.
• This module has the capability to drive LEDs and GPIO on 4 to 11 electrodes pins,  this feature provides freedom to set-up different projects.

• This sensor consumes very low current, it draws only around 29uA current after 16 milliseconds.
• Instead of traditional buttons, this board has four holes which used as an input system.
• The level changer of 3.3v to 5v is surfaced on this chip which provides the facility of 3.3v and 5v I2C interfacing with other microcontrollers.
• On the back side of this module, there are four jumpers which are closed to each other by default.
• The jumper of address pin connects the Add pin to a ground of chip, which indicates that default I2C address of this chip is 0x5A.
• If you want to change the address of the MPR121 chip, first of all, you should open the jumper. Jumpers are also connected with SCL, SDA and interrupt pin.
• The VERG pinout of this module is connected with a ground by a 0.1uF capacitor, which indicates that you can not operate the MPR12 at low supply voltage mode (1.71-2.75VDC) until you modify the board.
•  The dimensions of this module are 3cm x 2cm.

Now, we discuss the pinouts of MPR121.

MPR121 Pinout & Description

There are main twenty pinouts of MPR121 which are described below.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	IRQ	It is Open Collector Interrupt Output Pin, active low.
Pin#2	SCL	It is I2C Clock pinout.
Pin#3	SDA	It is I2C Data pin.
Pin#4	ADDR	It is I2C Address Select Input Pin. Connect the ADDR pin to the VSS, VDD, SDA or SCL line, the resulting I2C addresses are 0x5A, 0x5B, 0x5C and 0x5D respectively.
Pin#5	VREG	It is Internal Regulator Node. Connect a 0.1 µF bypass cap to VSS.
Pin#6	VSS	Ground.
Pin#7	REXT	It is an External Resistor. Connect a 75 kO 1% resistor to VSS to set internal reference current.
Pin#8	ELE0	It is Electrode 0 pinout.
Pin#9	ELE1	It is Electrode 1 pinout
Pin#10	ELE2	It is Electrode 2 pinout.
Pin#11	ELE3	It is Electrode 3 pinout.
Pin#12	ELE4	It is Electrode 4 pinout.
Pin#13	ELE5	It is Electrode 5 pinout.
Pin#14	ELE6	It is Electrode 6 pinout.
Pin#15	ELE7	It is Electrode 7 pinout.
Pin#16	ELE8	It is Electrode 8 pinout.
Pin#17	ELE9	It is Electrode 9 pinout.
Pin#18	ELE10	It is Electrode 10 pinout.
Pin#19	ELE11	It is Electrode 11 pinout.
Pin#20	Vdd	Connect a 0.1 µF bypass cap to VSS.

For further understanding let's see the pinout diagram.

Features of MPR121

• These are some features of MPR121 which are described below.
• Its operating voltage is 1.71V to 3.6V
• Its operating current is 29uA at 16ms sampling interval.
• Its scan stop mode current is 3uA.
• There are twelve electrodes sensing inputs on this module in which 8 are multifunctional for LED driving and GPIO.
• For electrode inputs, it has integrated auto calibration.
• It can configure charge current and charge time for each electrode.
• It's every electrode has separate touch and release trip thresholds, which provides hysteresis and release trip thresholds for each electrode.
• It has an I2C interface, which has IRQ interrupt output to informs electrodes for condition changes.
• The dimensions of 3 mm x 3 mm x 0.65 mm 20  with the lead QFN package.
• It's operating temperature is range is -40°C to +85° C.

  MPR121 Capacitance Measurement & Touching Sensing

• The capacitance measurement part of MPR121 is consists of a sensing electrode pad which is connected with the sensing inputs of MPR121. MPR121 used the I2C bus and interrupt output for communication with the processor of a host device.
•  There are 13 sensing channels, in which 12 channels have physical inputs electrodes and one multiplexer, and the 13th channel is used for proximity detection.
• From a given diagram, we can see that multiplexer is fixed at the front end, due to this all thirteen channel can be measured in sequence within time. After capacitance measurement, this sensor gets filtered noise by which we can observe touch or release button status.
• Except for the measurement of touch sensing, MPR121 is also used in industries for capacitive measurement applications.
• You can send up to ten-bit data ( which indicates a high level of the noise elimination) for capacitance measurement outputs like measurement of water level, displacement measurement, and change of medium content measurement.
• The measurement of capacitance on each channel is the capacitance to the ground which is the sum of background parasitic capacitance to ground (Cb) and a finger touched induced capacitance (Cx).
• The ground is in common ground when the module is not in an active state when the device is connected with batteries this ground is referred to MPR121 ground.
• MPR121 used DC current for measurement of capacitance. For measurement of capacitance every channel first charged and then discharged to ground, this process you can see in a given diagram.
• We can read values of all channels one by one when one channel is charged or discharged, other channels are connected to ground.
• A quantity of charge can be varied by changing the value of current and charge. After charging of electrode, the value of peak voltage can be measured by 10-bit ADC.  These output voltages are inversely proportional to the value of capacitance on all the channels.

?? =??/??

Applications MPR121

• These are some applications of MPR121.
  • It is used in PC Peripherals.
  • It is used in MP3 Players.
  • It is used in Remote Controls.
  • It used in Mobile Phones.
  • It is used for Lighting Controls.

So friends that were all about MPR121, if you have any questions about please ask in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to A4988

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to A4988. The A4988 is a micro-striding driver for governing the stepper motors, it is incorporated with the interpreter (translator) for the tranquil process. By this controller stepper motor can control by 2 pinouts, one pin is to regulate the direction of motor revolutions and other is for steps regulation of motor. It works on 3 to 5.5V and it consumes per phase two amperes current in presence of the proper cooling environment. It consists of an immovable off-time current controller which has the capacity to works in sluggish or assorted falling-off styles. In today's post, we will have a look at its cascading, pinout, sorts, uses, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. You can also ask about it in comments, I will direct you additional about it. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to A4988.

Introduction to A4988

• The A4988 is a micro-striding driver for governing the stepper motors, it is incorporated with the interpreter for the tranquil process.
• This motor driver offers five, unlike step tenacities which are, 1. Complete Step 2. Half (1/2) Step 3. A quarter (1/4) Step 4. Eight (8th) Step and 5. 16-Step. It also has a potentiometer which regulates the output current, over temperature updraft stoppage and crossover current safety.

• The interpreter of this driver is fundamental to the stress-free employment of the A4988. Only entering one pulse on the stride input drives the motor one micro-step.
• There is no need for phase classification tables, higher frequency outlines, or multifaceted borders to plug-in.
• The interfacing of this module is suitable for such applications where a composite microprocessor is inaccessible or is overloaded.
• During the stepping process, the cutting governer in this module robotically chooses the current falling-off way, sluggish or diversified.
• In diversified decay style, the expedient is set firstly to a fast deterioration for a magnitude of the steady off-time, then to a slow deterioration for the remains of the off-time.
• In this module, interior synchronous modify integrated circuit is connected to mend power indulgence during the PWM process.
• This special integrated circuit consists of thermal cessation with hysteresis, under voltage lockout (UVLO), and crossover-current fortification
• It is available in superficial mounted QFN cascading (ET), with the dimensions of 5mm x 5mm, having a cascading height of .90mm and an uncovered wad for boosted thermal indulgence.

Pinout of A4988

• These are the main pinout A4988 which are described below.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#4	CP1	It is a charge drive capacitor point.
Pin#5	CP2	It is a charge drive capacitor point.
Pin#6	VCP	It is a reservoir capacitor point.
Pin#8	VREG	It is controller decoupling point.
Pin#9	MS1	It is a Logic input pinout.
Pin#10	MS2	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#11	MS3	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#12	RESET	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#13	ROSC	It is timing setting pin
Pin#14	SLEEP	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#15	VDD	It is the Logic source.
Pin#16	STEP	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#17	REF	It is Gm reference voltage input pinout.
Pin#3,18	GND	It is ground pinout.
Pin#19	DIR	It is a reasoning input pin
Pin#21	OUT1B	DMOS Complete Bridge 1 Output B pin.
Pin#22	VBB1	It is a supply voltage for load.
Pin#23	SENSE1	It is sagacity resistor terminal for Bridge.
Pin#24	OUT1A	DMOS Complete Bridge 1 Output A pin.
Pin#26	OUT2A	DMOS complete Bridge 2 Output A pin.
Pin#7,20,25	NC	It is open pinout.
Pin#1	OUT2B	It is DMOS Complete Bridge 2 Output B
Pin#27	SENSE2	Sagacity resistor terminal for Bridge 2.
Pin#28	VBB2	It is a supply voltage for load.Pin#2ENABLEIt is Logic input pinout.
-	PAD	It is unshielded wad for improved thermal indulgence.

Let's see a pinout diagram.

Features of A4988

• These are some features of A4988. Let's discuss them.
  • It has a squat RDS (ON)  every output pinout.
  • It has Instinctive current falling-off type assortment.
  • It has Varied and Sluggish current falling-off modes.
  • It provides coetaneous rectification for low-slung power indulgence.
  • This module has an interior UVLO.
  • It provides crossover current fortification.
  • It is well accorded with the 3.3 and 5 v logic source.
  • It has thermal cessation circuit.
  • It also provides fortification from short to ground.

Difference between A4988 and DRV8825

• Now we discuss differences between A4988 and DRv8825.
  • The DRV8825 proposals to 1/32 striding, while A4988 only steps to 1/16.
  • Both have potentiometer at the dissimilar place.
  • There is no coherence between a reference voltage and current limiter.
  • DRV8825 needs the smallest step pulse period of 1.9us, while A4988 needs 1us.
  • DRV8825 used for high current consuming motors, while A4988 is used for low current consuming motors.
  • In the case of A4988, we need special colling to draw high current but in the case of DRV8825, there is no need for any special colling.

Applications of A4988

• These are some applications of A4988.
  • As we discussed it is used to control the speed and rotation of stepper motor.
  • It is used in robotics to control their motion.
  • It is used in different toys.

So, friends, it was all about A4988, if you want to know something more about it please ask in comment. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction of MLX90614

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to MLX90614. MLX90614 is a temperature measurement device works on infrared radiations. It is the best choice for such applications where we can not easily reach to measure temperature because it provides non-contact measurement of temperature. It has Infra Red radiation receptive thermopile and ASSP (Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing) on same TO-39 cascading. This temperature measuring device is surfaced with the digital Pulse width Modulation and System Managing Bus. It is used in different industries to measure and control the temperature of moving components of machines and it also used to remove the fog on the window of vehicles. In today's post, we will have a look at its structure, pinout, features, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. You can also ask about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to MLX90614.

Introduction to MLX90614

• MLX90614 is a temperature measurement device works on infrared radiations. It is the best option for such applications where we can not easily reach to measure temperature because it provides non-contact measurement of temperature.

• It has an amplifier of squat noise, Analog to Digital (ADC) converter of 17- bits and potent DSP component, all these components provides the elevated exactness and high decree of this thermometer.
• During its fabrication, it is mounted with the 10 bit Pulse width modulation (PWM) which constantly sends out the calculated temperature in the assortment of -20 to 120 °C  by providing yield resolution of 0.14 °C.
• It consists of two boards (chips) one is infrared radiation detector and other is ASSP which is a signal conditioner, it is for the processing of infrared sensor output. It is available in TO-39 enclosing.
• The pinout of Pulse width Modulation can also be used as a thermal type of relay, which provides us less expensive completion in temperature observant applications such as boiling and freezing.
• This device has two input supply choices one is 5V and other is the 3V battery. We can supply 5 volts by exterior supply.

MLX90614 Pinout & Description

• These are the main pinout of MLX90614.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	VSS	It is a ground pin.
Pin#2	SCL	It is Serial Clock input for a protocol of two wire. At this pin, there is a Zener diode of 5.7V to connect it with other Bipolar transistors.
Pin#3	PWM / SDA	It is digital input and output pin, the measured value of temperature can get by this pinout.
Pin#4	VDD	It is an external power supply.

For further information, let's see the pinout diagram.

Features of MLX90614

• These are some features of MLX90614.
  • It is accessible in lesser size and less costly.
  • It can be effortlessly incorporated.
  • It is obtainable in large no of temperature range such as -40 to 125 °C is used for temperature instruments and -70 to 380 °C for measurement of the different object's temperature.
  • It delivers high exactness on different temperature choices such as 0 to 50 °C.
  • It has a resolution value of 0.02°C.
  • It works on 3v and 5V temperature range.
  • It exists in single and twice over varieties.
  • For the evaluation of temperature on consistent basis System Management Bus control Pulse Width Modulation.
  • It can transform for such devices which works on 8 to 16V temperature.
  • This module also has a mode for energy saving.
  • It is offered in different suites according to the working atmosphere and applications.
  • It can easily adaptable from one state to another.

Working of MLX90614

• Now we discuss its internal working operation with detailed.
• It has a state machine in it's cascading which examine and govern the measured value of temperature after this procedure sends these values to output pin through pulse width modulation.
• ASSP of this sensor adds in with the two infrared sensors. The yield of this sensor can intensify with the chopper amplifier. This output signal then strained by FIR and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters to reduce the noise of the signal.
• The IIR filter value is the anticipated output we can get it from exterior RAM.
• On this unit there are three different cells one is for a temperature sensor and other for two infrared sensors.
• For better understanding, it's working let's see its circuit diagram.

Applications of MLX90614

• These are some applications of MLX90614.
  • It is used to measure the temperature of such equipment’s where a man cannot reach.
  • It is used for mobile air conditioners governor systems.
  • It is used in different buildings and industries to measure temperature.
  • It is used automobiles to confiscate the fog of windbreak.
  • It controls the temperature of no static part of machinery in industries.
  • It controls the temperature of photocopy machines and printers.
  • It also exists in home appliances to measure and control their temperature.
  • It used in medical tools.
  • It also measures body temperature.

So, friends, it was all about  MLX90614, if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to 74HC14

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to 74HC14. 74HC14 is a member of 74XXXX integrated circuit series, it consists of logic gates. This module is also called HEX Inverting Schmitt Trigger. It is available in six independent Schmitt trigger input inverters with standard push-pull outputs. The boolean function performed by this logic gates is Y=A. It is a 14 pin module which is available in various packages. The 74HC14 works on the voltage range of 2.0V to 6.0V. This is a higher speed CMOS Schmitt Inverter mounted with a silicon gate C2MOS technology. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, construction, specifications, applications, working, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So let's get started with Introduction to 74HC14.

Introduction to 74HC14

• 74HC14 is a member of 74XXXX integrated circuit series, it consists of logic gates. This module is also called HEX inverting Schmitt trigger.
• It is a high-speed CMOS Schmitt Inverter which consists of C2MOS technology. It provided high-speed operation like LSTTL, by using low power.

• Its pin configurations are the same as the 74HC04D, but the inputs have 25% Vcc hysteresis.
• Due to its Schmitt trigger function, it is used as a line receiver which will receive slow input signals.
• Its all inputs are equipped with protection circuits for static discharge or fleeting voltage.

Now, we discuss its pinout with a detailed description.

74HC14 Pinout & Description

• These are the main pinout of 74HC14, which are described below. For further information, let's discuss them one by one.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	1A	It is an input of gate 1.
Pin#3	2A	It is an input of gate 2.
Pin#5	3A	It is an input of gate 3.
Pin#9	4A	It is an input of gate 4.
Pin#11	5A	-It is an input of gate 5.
Pin#13	6A	It is an input of gate 6.
Pin#7	GND	It is connected to ground.
Pin#14	Vcc	It is connected to a positive voltage to provide power to all six gates.
Pin#2	1Y	It is an output of gate 1
Pin#4	2Y	It is an output of gate 2
Pin#6	3Y	It is an output of gate 3
Pin#8	4Y	It is an output of gate 4
Pin#10	5Y	It is an output of gate 5
Pin#12	6Y	It is an output of gate 6

For better understanding lets see pinout diagram. Now, we have a look at the specifications of 74HC14.

Features of 74HC14

• These are the main features of 74HC14, which are described below.
  • Its operating voltage is -0.5V to +7.0V.
  • The maximum current allowed to daw through each gate is 25mA.
  • Maximum total current can pass through Vcc or GND pins are 50mA.
  • This device is lead-free.
  • This module has a TTL type outputs.
  • It has noise immunity.
  • It maximum ESD is 2kv.
  • Its typical rise time is 85-625ns (depending on supply voltage)
  • Its typically fall time is 85-625ns (depending on supply voltage).
  • It's working temperature is  -55°C  to 125 °C.
  • It's working voltage range is 2.0 to 6.0 V.
  • Its output drive capability is 10 LSTTL Loads.
  • It has the ability to directly interface to CMOS, NMOS, and TTL.
  • This module is compatible with the JEDEC standard No.7A requirements.
  • Its chips consist of 60 FETs or equivalent gates.

Now we discuss its works, with a detailed description.

Working of 74HC14

• As mentioned earlier, there are 6 Schmitt Trigger Gates (inverted) in 74HC14, and we can used each of these gates separately.
• The internal circuit of 74HC14 is shown in the given diagram.
• For our knowledge how single gate works let's take one gate and connect it with power supply and analog signal at the input.
• We can see in the given diagram,  the sinusoidal signal is given at the input and we receiving  (Vout) as an output. The input, output graph is shown in the above diagram.
• The working principle of Schmitt trigger is very simple, the inverting Schmitt trigger's output is low only when input voltage values cross the threshold voltage (+Vt).
• We can see in the given diagram that the value of input voltage (Vin) is below the threshold voltage (Vt+), an output voltage is high. The value of the input voltage closer the value of the threshold voltage, the value of the output voltage shows low-value state.
• The value of output voltage remains low until the input voltage value is low to the threshold voltage. After this cycle continues.
• We can observe form diagram that the sinusoidal signal is our input and square wave is output. We can use every gate to get the output according to our requirements.

Switching Time of 74HC14

• Now, discuss switching time of 74HC14, in which we see how much time it take for switching.
• Every gate in 74HC14 takes some time to show output according to applied input. This delay of time is called switching time. For better understanding lets see switching diagram of 74HC14.
• There are two types of delays which occurs during switching. Which are Rise time (t_PHL) and Fall time (t_PLH).
• In a given diagram we can see that VoH becomes low when input reaches a threshold voltage and VoH becomes higher when the input voltage lower than the threshold voltage.
• We can observe from a graph that there is a delay between input as it is going high and Voh going low. This time delay is called Rise time (t_PHL ). The value of rising time (t_PHL ) is 95ns.
• We can also see from a picture that there is a time delay between logic input as it is going low and VoH is going high at the output. This time delay is called Fall time (t_PLH ).
• All these delays occur at higher frequencies, if frequencies are below given frequencies, then there will be some major errors.

 

Applications of 74HC14

• These are some applications of 74HC14.
  • It is the general purpose logic.
  • It is used in PCs and notebooks.
  • It is used in TV, DVD, Set Top Box.
  • It is used for Networking.
  • It is also used in Digital systems.

So, friends that were all about 74HC14, if you have any question about it please ask in comments I will resolve your queries. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial...

Introduction to BME280

Hello friends! Hope you’re well. In today’s tutorial, we’ll cover a detailed Introduction to BME280. BME280 is a digital environmental pressure, humidity, and temperature sensor mainly designed for mobile applications. This module comes with extremely compact metal-lid LGA packages. It has low power consumption (consumes only 5µA during idle and less than 1mA during measurements) and small dimensions that make it a perfect fit for battery-driven devices such as GPS, mobiles, and smartwatches. The BME280 working protocols are I2C and SPI which consist of separate pinouts. The module contains a built-in LM6260 regulator, allowing you to effortlessly use it with a 3.3V or 5V logic microcontroller or Raspberry Pi.

BME280 is used in a range of industrial projects and electronic devices and provides high performance in all applications where pressure and humidity measurement is required. From gaming controls to weather monitoring to altitude measurement, this module serves the purpose of all with high precision and accuracy. The device comes with many filtering and sampling options that can be customized to make it compatible with the scores of applications.

In today’s post, we will have a look at its pinout, features, specifications, modes, applications, etc. I will also share the information where I have interfaced with other microcontroller.

Let’s get started with an introduction to Introduction to BME280.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	BME280	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to BME280

• BME280 is a digital device designed to sense pressure, humidity, and temperature. This module consists of extremely concise metal casing.
• This device is used to measure humidity, temperature, and pressure with high accuracy and high linearity in an 8-pin metal-lid 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.93 mm³ LGA package.
• BM230 is developed for low current consumption (3.6 µA), high EMC robustness and long-term stability.
• This device can perfectly work with Bosch Sensortec BMP280 digital pressure sensor.
• As it provides high performance in humidity and pressure measurement, it is used in advanced and emerging applications such as home automation, indoor navigation, health care, GPS, and a low TCO.
• The BME280 humidity sensing part provides a fast response time for context-awareness applications and high accuracy over a wide temperature range. This device can measure humidity with the range of 0 to 100% maintaining an accuracy of ±3%. Know that the maximum measurable humidity of the module reduces at high or low temperatures.
• Its pressure sensing part is an absolute barometric pressure sensor having high accuracy, resolution, and drastically lower noise than the Bosch Sensortec BMP280. Know that the pressure and altitude are related to each other, the reason this device is also used as an altimeter with ±1 meter accuracy. Plus, it can measure pressure ranging from 300 to 1100 hPa maintaining an accuracy of ±1.0 hPa. To maintain 100% accuracy, a temperature range from 0 to 65°C is required.

• Its temperature sensing part has been optimized for the lowest noise and high resolution.
• This sensor is available in both I2C and SPI interfaces and it can be supplied with 1.71 to 3.6 V for sensor supply Vdd and 1.2 to 3.6 V for the interface supply Vddio.
• Whenever the sensor is disabled, current consumption drops to 0.1µA.
• It supports a full suite of operating modes that optimize the device for power consumption, filter performance, and resolution.

BME280 Pinout

BME280 environmental sensor comes with 10 pins but more often only 6 pins are employed at a single time. The pin description of each pin is described below.

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of this module.

BME280 Datasheet

If you want to incorporate this module into your relevant project, make sure you thoroughly look at the datasheet of BME280. The characteristics of the device are listed in this datasheet. Click the link below to check the datasheet of BME280.

 

BME280 Arduino Interfacing

In this section, we’ll explain An Arduino Weather Station project with the BME280 sensor.

The components used in this setting include:

• • • An Arduino Mega
    • A BME280 sensor
    • An LCD shield for Arduino
    • A power bank
    • Wires

Here, we are using Arduino Mega but Arduino UNO can also be used.

• First, we connect LCD to Arduino. After this, we connect the Vin pin of a sensor with the Arduino 5v output pin. Next, we connect the GND pin of a sensor to the SCL pin of Arduino and the SDA pin of a sensor to the SDA pin of Arduino.

• Know that the module runs at 3.3V. If you’re using an SPI interface, level shifting is required to avoid any damage, however, if you’re running the I2C interface which is a preferred interface to apply, no level shifting is required since it is an open-drain interface carrying 10K pull-up resistors, providing Vcc 3.3V.
• That’s all connected, if we load the code and power up the project we can see the reading from the sensor on the screen. For better understanding let's see a diagram of this project below.

BME280 Features

BME280 comes with the following features:

• Get this device in a metal lid LGA package with dimensions of 2.5x 2.5x 0.93 mm³
• The Interface protocols are I²C and SPI
• Supply Voltage is 1.71 to 3.6 V
• The temperature range is -40 to +85°C
• Humidity range is 0-100% real humidity
• The pressure range is 300-1100 hPa
• The humidity sensor and pressure sensor can be independently enabled/disabled
• This module is Register and performance compatible with Bosch Sensortec BMP280 digital pressure sensor
• It is RoHS compliant, halogen-free, MSL1
• It gets a more precise temperature, atmospheric pressure values, humidity, and approximate altitude data fast
• It is Grove compatible and easy to use
• It has a highly abstracted library for building projects quickly

BME280 Modes

This module comes with three modes named:

• Sleep mode
• Forced mode
• Normal mode

The sleep mode is by default selected when the sensor gets activated. In this mode, no measurements take place and the sensor stays at the lowest power consumption. Plus, all registers can be accessed and you can read the chip-ID and compensation coefficients.

In the forced mode only one measurement takes place. The sensor goes back to the default sleep mode after the measurement is performed. The data registers store the measurement results before the forced mode is selected again for the next measurement. The forced mode is a good fit for the applications that need host-based synchronization and a low sampling rate.

The normal mode consists of automated continuous cycling between the inactive standby period and the active measurement period. Know that the sleep mode current is slightly lower than the standby period current. When you enable the normal mode, the determined measurement results can be gathered from information stored in data registers.

The timing diagram of normal mode is shown below:

BME280 Specifications

In this section, we’ll cover the specifications of BME280 so you can get a hold of what this device projects in terms of electrical, pressure, temperature, and humidity specifications.

A few things to consider before you look out at those specifications:

• All values mentioned in the tables are valid with the full voltage range.
• And min/max values are provided with the temperature range with full accuracy.
• The typical state machine timings and currents values are discovered at 25 °C.
• The state machine min/max values are available with 0 to 65 °C temperature range.

BME280 Electrical Specifications

The following table shows the general electrical specifications.

Parameter	Symbol	Condition	Min	Typ	Max	Unit
Supply Voltage Internal Domains	VDD	Ripple max. 50 mVpp	1.71	1.8	3.6	V
Supply Voltage I/O Domain	VDDIO		1.2	1.8	3.6	V
Sleep Current	IDDSL			0.1	0.3	µA
Standby Current	IDDSB			0.2	0.5	µA
Current during humidity measurement	IDDH	Max value at 85 °C		340		µA
Current during pressure measurement	IDDP	Max value at - 40 °C		714		µA
Current during temperature measurement	IDDT	Max value at 85 °C		350		µA
Startup time	Tstartup	Time to first communication after both VDD > 1.58 V and VDDIO > 0.65 V			2	ms
Power supply Rejection Ratio	PSRR	Full VDD range			± 0.01 ± 5	% RH/V Pa/V
Standby time accuracy	tstandby			±5	±25	%

Humidity Parameter Specifications

The following table shows the humidity parameter specifications.

Parameter	Symbol	Condition	Min	Typ	Max	Unit
Operating Range	RH	For temperatures < 0 °C and > 60 °C	-40 0	25	85 100	°C % RH
Supply Current	IDD.H	1 Hz forced mode, humidity and temperature		1.8	2.8	µA
Absolute accuracy tolerance	AH	20...80 % RH, 25 °C, including hysteresis		± 3		% RH
Hysteresis	HH	10-90-10 %RH 25 °C		± 1		% RH
NonLinearity	NLH	10-90 % RH, 25 °C		1		% RH
Response time to Complete 63%	T63%	90-0 or 0-90 % RH, 25 °C		1		s
Resolution	RH			0.008		% RH
Noise in humidity	NH	Highest oversampling		.02		% RH
Long term stability	Hstab	10...90 % RH, 25 °C		0.5		% RH/year

Pressure Sensor Specifications

The following table shows the pressure sensor specifications.

Parameter	Symbol	Condition	Min	Typ	Max	Unit
Operating Temp. Range	TA	Operational   Full accuracy	-40 0	25	+85 +65	°C
Operating pressure range	P	Full accuracy	300		1100	hPa
Supply Current	IDDLP	1 Hz forced mode, pressure and temperature, lowest power		2.8	4.2	µA
Temperature coefficient of offset	TCOP	25... 65 °C, 900 hPa		± 1.5 ± 12.6		Pa/K cm/K
Absolute accuracy pressure	Apex   AP,full   AP	300 . . 1100 hPa -20 . . . 0 °C   300 . . 1100 hPa 0 . . . 65 °C   1100 . . 1250 hPa 25 . . . 40 °C		± 1.7   ± 1   ± 1.5		hPa hPa hPa
Relative accuracy pressure VDD = 3.3V	Arel	700 ... 900hPa 25 . . . 40 °C		± .12		hPa
Resolution of pressure output data	RP	Highest Oversampling		0.18		Pa
Noise in pressure	NP, fullBW   NP, filtered	Full bandwidth, highest oversampling Reduced bandwidth, highest oversampling		1.3 11 .2 1.7		Pa cm Pa cm
Solder drift		Minimum solder height 50µm	-0.5		+2	hPa
Long term stability	Pstab	Per year		±1		hPa
Possible sampling rate	fsample_P	Lowest Sampling	157	182		Hz

Temperature Sensor Specifications

The following table shows the temperature sensor specifications.

Parameter	Symbol	Condition	Min	Typ	Max	Unit
Operating Temp. Range	T	Operational   Full accuracy	-40 0	25	+85 +65	°C
Supply Current	IDD, T	1 Hz forced mode, Temp. measurement only		1	1100	µA
	AT,25	25 °C		± 0.5		°C
Absolute Accuracy Temperature	AT,full   Aext   Aext	0 ... 65 °C   -20 ... 0 °C   -40 ... -20 °C		± 1   ± 1.25   ± 1.5		°C
Output Resolution	RT	API output resolution		0.01		°C
RMS noise	NT	Lowest Oversampling		0.005		°C

BME280 Absolute Maximum Ratings

It is important to note that these ratings are available over complete temperature range.

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of BME280.

Parameter	Condition	Min	Max	Unit
Voltage at any supply pin	VDD and VDDIO pin	-0.3	4.25	V
Voltage at any interface pin		-0.3	VDDIO + 0.3	V
Storage Temp.	= 65% RH	-45	+85	°C
Pressure		0	20,000	hPa
ESD	HBM, at any pin   CDM   Machine Model		± 2   ± 500   ± 200	KV V V
Condensation	No power supplied	allowed	allowed

BME280 Applications

Due to its SPI and I2C compatibility, the BME280 sensor is employed in a range of applications especially weather monitoring and health monitoring. The applications it can be used for include:

• Skin detection, room change detection
• Health monitoring/well-being
• Warning regarding dehydration or heat stroke
• Measurement of lung volume and airflow
• Home automation control
• Control heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC)
• Internet of things
• GPS enhancement (e.g. time-to-first-fix improvement, dead reckoning, slope detection)
• Indoor navigation (change of floor detection, elevator detection)
• Outdoor navigation, leisure, and sports applications
• Weather forecast
• Vertical velocity indication (rise/sink speed)

That was all about the Introduction to BME280. If your mind is brimmed with questions regarding this device, you can ask me in the section below. I’d love to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your feedback and suggestions about the content we share, so we keep improving our content and deliver exact as per your needs and expectations. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to DS1307

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to DS1307. DS1307 is a real-time clock. It is a low power device and also has battery backup, which provides power when its external power supply not working or is off. It works on the I2C protocol. It is a bidirectional device and it can send and receive data on both sides. DS1307 is used in industrial projects where constant time and date of some projects or working is required. I will give you a detailed overview of this time and date indicator IC. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, working, basic circuit, protocol, etc. I will also share some links of projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino and some other Microcontrollers. Friends, if you have any questions, please ask in comments and I will try my best to solve your problems and will give you comprehensive answers. So let's get started with basic Introduction to DS1307:

Introduction to DS1307

• DS1307 is a Real-Time Control (RTC) IC. In DS1307, data is transferred in binary decimal coded, bits pattern. The data transfer rate in DS1307 is 56 bytes.
• The memory which is used in DS1307 is NV SRAM. NV SRAM is basically a non-volatile random access memory. In working, NV SRAM is quite similar to static random access memory(SRAM).

• DS1307 is an electronic device which plays an impotent role in real-time embedded systems. In embedded systems, we can get benefits of system clocks, students attendance time and date, we can also use it as an alarm for special work.
• DS1307 consists of a built-in power-sense circuit. The purpose of the built-in power-sense circuit is that if power gets cut-off, then it will automatically switch to back up power supply. In this way, our circuit remains in working condition.
• The protocol on which DS1307 works is I2C. I2C is a single line protocol in which data is transferred bit by bit along a single wire.

• Now let's have a look at DS1307 Pinout:

DS1307 Pinout

• DS1307 has a total of 8 pinouts, which are described below:
  • PIN 1,2: These pins are for standard 32.768 quartz crystals. Both pins can be used as input and output for internal oscillator. If X1 is input then X2 is used as output.
  • PIN 3: This pin is used for battery connection to DS1307.
  • PIN 4: We have to apply Ground on this pin.
  • PIN 5: This pin is labeled as SDA, which is short for Serial Data Line.
  • PIN 6: It is used for serial clock input (SCL) and data synchronized.
  • PIN 7: This pin is used for output square wave obtainer (SQW).
  • PIN 8: At this pin, we provide an external power supply (Vcc).
• Now let's have a look at the pinout picture:

Now let's have a look at I2C protocol

I2C Protocol

• I2C is a serial protocol in which data is transferred bit by bit.
• I2C combine the best feature of  SPI and UART. By using it with one microcontroller we can control many slave devices.
• In I2C data is transferred in the form of messages, then we convert messages into data form. Each message has an address frame that contains a binary address of devices which under control.
• I2C protocol is cheaper to implement then SPI protocol. SPI control one slave device while I2C control more than one device.
• For better understanding lets have a look at the I2C protocol picture. Now let's have a look at working of DS1307

Working of DS1307

• For a better understanding of the working of DS1307 let's discuss a circuit in which we use it.
• In this simple circuit, we connect its first two pins which are X1 and X2 with 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator as the source for the chip.
• The third pin is connected with a battery of 3V.
• At Vcc, we give 5v supply and it can be given by using a microcontroller. If Vcc is not provided then read and write condition are inhibited.

Let us have a look at the circuit:

• Starts and stop conditions are required when one device wants to communicate with other devices in the I2c protocol.
• For obtaining start condition we provide specific identification and address register to a device, by this, we get start condition.
• For a better understanding of stop and start condition lets have a look at clock figure.
• Let's have a look at Feature of ds1307.

Features of DS1307

• In this section, I have designed a table where I have placed all features of DS1307 along with their symbols and units.

No.	Parameter	Symbol	Value	Unit
1.	Supply Voltage	VCC	5	V
2	Logic 1 Input	VIH	2.2	V
3	Logic 0 Input	VIL	+0.8	V
4	VBAT Battery Voltage	VBAT	3.5	V
5	Input Leakage	ILI	1	uA
6	I/O Leakage	ILO	1	uA
7	Logic 0 OUTPUT	VOL	0.4	V
8	Active Supply Current (fSCL = 100kHz)	ICC	1.5	mA
9	Standby Current	ICCS	200	uA
10	VBAT Leakage Current	IBATLKG	50	nA
11	Power-Fail Voltage (VBAT = 3.0V)	VPFtd>	1.284 x VBAT	V
12	VBAT Current (OSC ON); SQW/OUT OFF	IBAT1	500	nA
13	VBAT Current (OSC ON); SQW/OUT ON (32kHz)	IBAT2	100	nA
14	VBAT Data-Retention Current (Oscillator Of)	IBATDR	100	nA
15	SCL Clock Frequency	fSCL	100	kHZ
16	Bus Free Time Between a STOP and START Condition	tBUF	4.7	us
17	Hold Time (Repeated) START Condition	tHD:STA	4	us
18	LOW Period of SCL Clock	tLOW	4.7	us
19	HIGH Period of SCL Clock	tHIGH	4	us
20	Setup Time for a Repeated START Condition	tSU:STA	4.7	us
21	Data Hold Time	tHD:DAT	0	us
22	Rise Time of Both SDA and SCL Signals	tR	1000	ns
23	Fall Time of Both SDA and SCL Signals	tF	300	ns
24	Setup Time for STOP Condition	tSU:STO	4.7	us

Now, let's discuss applications of DS1307

Applications of DS1307

• These are some applications of DS1307, Lets disuses them.
• As we know DS1307 is used to tell continues time and date showing purpose, that way it is an electronic device such as a computer, mobile, and laptops.
• By using it with Arduino we can use it in several projects related to data logging, alarm, clocks, etc.

So, that was all about this Real Time Clock DS1307. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial and it will help you with your engineering projects. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial, till then take care and have fun !!! :)

Introduction to TCS3200

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to TCS3200. TCS3200 is a color-detecting sensor, it consists of TAOS TCS3200 RGB sensor chip and four white LEDs. It is used to detect visible color in a measurable range. This sensor has an array of a photodetector diode, some diodes are equipped with different color filters i.e. red, blue or green color and some diodes do not have any filter. TCS3200 has different applications such as test strip reading, sorting by color and ambient light sensing. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, protocol, pinout, specification, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any questions about it ask in the comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to TCS3200.

Introduction to TCS3200

• TCS3200 is a color-detecting sensor, it consists of TAOS TCS3200 RGB sensor chip and four white LEDs. It is used to detect visible color in a measurable range.
• It is a programmable sensor and color light-to-frequency converter. The board of this sensor is a monolithic integrated circuit that consists of a configurable silicon photodiode and a current-to-frequency converter.
• The output of this sensor is a square wave (50% duty cycle), the frequency of output depends on the intensity of light (irradiance).

• The output frequency of this sensor can be scaled by two input control pinouts. Due to its digital input and digital output, it can easily be interfaced with other microcontrollers.
• The light-to-frequency converter of this sensor reads the 8 x 8 array of photodiodes. In this array of photodiodes, 16 photodiodes have green filters, 16 have blue filters, 16 have red filters and sixteen photodiodes have no filters.
• To minimize, the effect of non-uniformity of incident radiation all photodiodes are interdigitated. The same colored diodes are connected in parallel. We can use pin S2 and S3 to check which group of photo diodes is active.
• The dimensions of photodiodes are 110um x 110um.
• The operating temperature of this sensor is -40°C to +85°C and it is available in 8-SOIC packages.
• This sensor is mostly used in RGB-led industrial control projects and medical diagnostic types of equipment.

Now, we discuss TCS3200 pinouts with a detailed description.

TCS3200 Pinout & Description

• There are main eight pinouts of TCS3200 which are described below.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#4	GND	This pin is the power supply ground. All voltages are reference to the ground.
Pin#5	VCC	It is a supply voltage.
Pin#3	OE	Enable for FO  (Active low).
Pin#6	OUT	This pin is for output frequency (fo).
Pin#1,2	S0, S1	Using these pins we can Select lines for output frequency scaling.
Pin#7,8	S2, S3	Using these pins we can Select lines for photodiode type.

Now, we discuss the specifications of TCS3200, which are described below.

Features of TCS3200

• These are the main features of TCS3200.
  • Its operating voltage is 2.7v to 5.5v.
  • Its operating current is 2 mA at 5 V.
  • Its interface is digital TTL.
  • It can easily convert light intensity to frequency with high resolution.
  • There is no need for ADC.
  • It operating temperature is -40 C to 85 C.
  • It has a power down attribute.
  • Its dimensions are 28.4x28.4mm(1.12x1.12").
  • It is available in a 5mm x 6.2mm SOIC (D) package.
  • It is programmable.
  • It supports LED lamp light supplement control.

Working of TCS3200

• As we have already seen that TCS3200 has an 8 x 8 array of photodiodes, which are used for color sensing.
• When light falls on these photodiodes, then these light signals are converted into square waves and the frequency of these square waves is dependent on the intensity of falling light.
• After getting results from light to frequency converter, which is a square wave, we can simply fed them to any microcontroller like Arduino, PIC Microcontroller or Atmel etc and detect the color of falling light.
•  If we observe a given diagram we can easily understand how the sensor can detect various colors.
• As we earlier discussed that photodiodes of the sensor have three different filters which are red, green, and blue while one group of photodiodes have no filter.
• All sixteen photodiodes of a sensor are connected in parallel, by using two pins S2 and S3 we can select which pin we have to use for color reading.
• Let's suppose we have to detect red color, we just have to use sixteen red filter photodiodes by setting two pin S2 and S3 to low logic level according to a given table.
• TCS3200 also has two more pins used for controlling purposes, and are named as S0, and S1.
• These two switches are used for tuning the frequency of square wave. We can set the output frequency to either 2%, 20% or 100%. These are builtin frequency values.
• This function tells us that we can optimize the sensor output for various counters and microcontrollers.

Applications of TCS3200

• These are some applications of TCS3200.
  • As we know this is a color light sensor, so we use it in color detecting projects, otherwise we have to use MATLAB for color detection, which will need laptop (not a good option).
  • TCS3200 is used for object sorting based on color.test strip reading,
  • We can also sense ambient light using this sensor.
  • We can also read color codes on LED strips.

So, friends that were all about TCS3200 If you have any questions about it please ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to MSP430

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to MSP430.  MSP430 is a microcontroller portfolio that offers different varieties of sixteen-bit Microcontrollers. These microcontrollers are integrated with ultra-low power and digital and analog peripherals devices for sensing and measurement applications. MSP430 microcontrollers with non-volatile FRAM (ferroelectric random access memory) provide the lowest stand-by power (350nA with RTC), 100 µA/MHz active power and have the capability to recover system state after sudden power failures. MSP430 is used in different applications such as sensor systems which receive analog signals and convert them into digital values and after processing send these values to host systems. In today's post, we will have a look at its introduction, working, protocol, features, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any questions please ask in the comments, and I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to MSP430.

Introduction to MSP430

• MSP430 is a microcontroller portfolio that offers different varieties of sixteen-bit Microcontrollers. These microcontrollers are integrated with ultra-low power and digital and analog peripherals devices for sensing and measurement applications.
• This module consists of five low-power modes that increase battery life in portable measurement applications.

• MSP430 has a feature of 16-bit registers, sixteen-bit RISC Cpu and constant generators which provides maximum code efficiency.
• The digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) of this module converts low power modes to active mode in less than 6µs.
• The MSP430x11x series is an ultra-low power signal microcontrollers that consist of a 16-bit timer and fourteen input and output pinouts.
• MSP microcontrollers give ideas and enable designers to produce such high-performance applications, which support the industry's lowest stand-by power, analog and digital devices suitable for sensing and measurement applications, and also support 20+ wired and wireless connectivity applications.
• The main applications that it provides are sensor systems that receive analog signals and convert them into digital values, and after processing this data sends to host modules. Another area of application is RF front-end sensor.

Now, we discuss its pinouts.

Pinout of MSP430

These are the main pinouts of MSP430 which are described below.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#13	P1.0/TACLK	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin / Timer_A, clock signal TACLK input.
Pin#14	P1.1/TA0	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Capture: CCI0A input, Compare: Out0 output.
Pin#15	P1.2/TA1	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Capture: CCI1A input, Compare: Out1 output.
Pin#16	P1.3/TA2	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Capture: CCI2A input, Compare: Out2 output.
Pin#17	P1.4/SMCLK/TCK	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/SMCLK signal output/Test clock, an input terminal for device programming and test.
Pin#18	P1.5/TA0/TMS	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Compare: Out0 output/test mode select, an input terminal for device programming and test.
Pin#19	P1.6/TA1/TDI	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Compare: Out1 output/test data input terminal.
Pin#20	P1.7/TA2/TDO/TDI	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Compare: Out2 output/test data output terminal or data input during programming.
Pin#8	P2.0/ACLK	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/ACLK output.
Pin#9	P2.1/INCLK	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, a clock signal at INCLK.
Pin#10	P2.2/TA0	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Capture: CCI0B input, Compare: Out0 output.
Pin#11	P2.3/TA1	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Capture: CCI1B input, Compare: Out1 output.
Pin#12	P2.4/TA2	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Timer_A, Compare Out2 output.
Pin#3	P2.5/ROSC	It is general-purpose digital I/O pin/Input for an external resistor that defines the DCO nominal frequency.
Pin#7	RST/NMI	It is Reset or nonmaskable interrupt input.
Pin#1	TEST/VPP	It is selected test mode for JTAG pins on Port1/programming voltage input during EPROM programming.
Pin#2	VCC	It is a Supply voltage.
Pin#4	VSS	It is Ground reference.
Pin#6	XIN	It is an Input terminal of the crystal oscillator.
Pin#5	XOUT/TCLK	The output terminal of a crystal oscillator or test clock input.

Now, we discuss the features of MCP430.

Features of MSP430

• These are the main features of MCP430, Lets's discuss them with detailed.
  • It is available in a 20 pin plastic small outline widebody package.
  • Its operating voltage range is 2.5v to 5.5 v.
  • Its active mode is 330 µA at 1 MHz, 3 V.
  • Its stands by mode are 1.5 µA.
  • It's off mode (Ram Retention) is 0.1 µA.
  • This module is available in 16-bit architecture, 200ns instruction cycle time.
  • This module consists of various internal resistors, single external resistor,32 kHz crystal, high frequency, resonator and external clock source.
  • It has a 16-bit timer with a three capture/compare registers.
  • In this module, programme protection is done by a security fuse.
  • It has serial onboard programming.
  • This module has 16 kb flash, 512 B RAM, 8ch 10-bit ADC, two 16-bit timer

MSP340 Interfacing with RFID

• In the next coming lines, we will discuss MSP430 interfacing with RFID, first of all, we discuss components required for this circuit.
• Circuit Components
  •  MSP430 Launchpad.
  •  EM-18 (RFID reader module).
  •  16*2 LCD.
  •  Potentiometer.
  •   Breadboard.
  •   Jumper wires.
• In this circuit diagram, we are going to use UART hardware of MSP430, So you should put RXD and TXD jumpers on HM UART mode. After this connect the Tx of EM-18 to RXD (P1.1) of MSP430.
• In this project, we are going to use serial communication of data transfer. RFID also has another mode than serial mode but we are using RS232 communication mode. The RS232 pin of RFID the module connects with RXD pin of MSP430.
•  To connect the RFID reader with MSP430 we have to enable the serial communication in MSP430.
• We can initialize serial protocol in MSP430 by using a simple command Serial.begin(9600), where 9600 is the baud rate.
• Now in order to read the incoming Serial data, we need to use value=Serial.read().
• We can see in the given diagram that for communication by RFID use BAUD rate of 9600 bits per seconds. For MSP430 to create baud rate equal to the RFID baud rate to start communication, we use the command of "Serial.begin(9600);". 9600 is a baud rate which can change.

• After setting of baud rate, MSP430 is ready to receive data. This data can be received by command “data = Serial.read();”. By this way, serial data is taken in 'data ' named Integer.

• When we take a card near the reader, the reader reads data and forward it to MSP430, MSP430 after getting data show on LCD. So we will have an ID of a card on LCD.

Applications of MSP430

• These are some applications of MSP430.
  • It is used for Factory Control & Automation Applications
  • It is used in Building & Home Automation Applications.
  • It is used in Grid Infrastructure & Metering Applications.
  • It is used in Portable Test & Measurement Equipment.
  • It is used in Health, Medical & Fitness Applications
  • It also used in Consumer Electronics.

So, friends, that's was all about MSP430 If you have any question about it please ask I comments I will resolve your problems. Take care until next post.

Introduction to BD139

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to BD139. BD139 is a Bipolar NPN transistor, it is mounted in the SOT-32 plastic package. It is designed for audio amplifier and driver utilizing complementary circuits. BD139 has a gain value of 40 to 160, which determine the amplification capacity of a transistor. It has three main pinouts which are a collector, base and emitter. It is used to control (On/Off) bigger loads that consume less than 1.5A. BD139 is used in different industrial projects such as RF amplifier and Switching Circuits. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, Arduino interfacing, applications, Specifications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it please ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to BD139.

Introduction to BD139

• BD139 is a Bipolar NPN transistor, mounted in the SOT-32 plastic package and is designed for audio amplifier and driver utilizing complementary circuits.
• Gain Value of BD139 ranges from 40 to 160. (Gain Value of any transistor helps in determining its amplification capacity)
• The maximum value of current, which can pass through collector pin, is 1.5A, so if you are working on this transistor then make sure that your load must be less than 1.5A.

• In order to operate this transistor in forward biased state, we have to apply current at its base and this base current must be greater than 1/10th of its collector current. Moreover, make sure to apply 5V at its base-emitter pin.
• Once it's operating in forward biased state, we can draw a maximum of 1.5A current between its Collector & Emitter. If maximum current i.e. 1.5A is flowing through a transistor then we can say it's in Saturation Region.
• Normally, we can apply a maximum of 80V across Collector & Emitter.
• When we remove base current transistor becomes fully off, this situation is called the cut-off region.
• One best point about it is that it comes in a plastic package, which is that most medium power transistor available only in the metal package. This reduces its cost and since this package is not conductive it will not be affected by other circuits. Due to this feature, it is mostly used in amplifier applications.
• So if you are searching for medium power NPN transistor in a plastic package than this will be the best choice for you.
• BD139 was originally manufactured by Phillips rated at 160 MHZ for specific audio applications, with a passage of time it was cloned by other manufacturers like Samsung, ST, etc.

Now, we discuss BD139 pinout with a detailed description.

BD139 Pinout

• There are three main pinouts of BD129, which are described below with a detailed description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Emitter	An emitter is used for current Drains out, normally it is connected to ground.
Pin#2	Collector	Current flows in through collector, normally it is connected to load.
Pin#3	Base	Base controls the biasing of the transistor, it is used to turn ON or OFF the transistor.

 

• For further information let's see BD139 pinout diagram.

Now we, discuss BD139 features and specification. Detailed features of BD139 are described below.

Features of BD139

• These are the main features of BD139.
  • It is Available in To-225 package.
  • It is a plastic casing NPN transistor.
  • Its continuous collector current (IC) is 1.5A.
  • Its Collector-Emitter voltage is (VCE) is 80V.
  • Its Collector-Base voltage. 80V
  • Emitter-Base breakdown voltage (VBE) is 5V.
  • Its DC current gain (hfe) is 40 to 160
  • Emitter-Base Breakdown Voltage (VBE) is 5V
  • Its collector dissipation factor is 12.5w.
  • Its operating and storage junction temperature range is -55 to +150°C
  • It is also available in PB-Free packages.

BD129 Working as Amplifier

• Now we discuss how we can use BD139 as an amplifier in or industrial and class projects.
• In a given circuit diagram, there is a 2-watt class-AB audio power amplifier which provides low harmonic distortion and wide frequency response.
• It has the capability of driving an 8O loudspeaker with an output power of 5 watts. In this circuit supply voltage is between 12V and 18V.
• In this 470O circuit, potentiometer controls the quiescent passes through BD139 and BD140 complementary transistors.
• Changes in values of this resistor is a trade-off between low distortion and low current across the output transistors Q3 and Q4.
• As this amplifier is DC biased, emitters of BD139 and BD1340 are at about half power supply voltage to allow for a maximum output swing. In this circuit, additional R9 and R10 resistor provide temperature stabilization.

For further information let's see circuit diagram.

BD139 working as a Switch

• In given diagram circuit is designed to produce high magnetic flux. Center tapped coil is maid by 20 SWG Enameled copper wire 6 cm diameter and five turns with a center tap in middle.
• BD139 is acting a switch and oscillates high-frequency signal with the help of R1, C1, and C2 resonator.
• In this circuit, LED1 indicates the presence of bias to this circuit.

For practical understanding let's see circuit diagram.

Applications of BD139

• These are some applications of BD139.
  • It is used as RF Amplifiers.
  • It is used in switching circuits
  • It is used in amplification circuits
  • It is used in audio amplifiers
  • It is also used in Load driver circuits.

So, that was all about BD139, if you have any question about it ask in comments I will resolve your problems. Thanks for reading this tutorial. Take care until the next tutorial...