The Engineering Projects

Introduction to TIP32

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP32. The TIP32 is a silicon Epitaxial base PNP transistor it exists in a TO-220 malleable casing. It is proposed for use in less power consuming rectilinear and swapping submissions. Its quality is that it exists in three different collector and emitter ratings. Its corresponding NPN transistor is TIP31. This is a communal transistor it used in diverse engineering projects. It created for minimum time consuming swapping submissions. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, smashup, dissimilarity, claims, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP32. 

Introduction to TIP32

• The TIP32 is a silicon Epitaxial base PNP transistor it exists in a TO-220 malleable casing.
•  As it has a higher collector current of around 2A it can be used for Power swapping or larger signal intensification.

• The transistor is mostly recognized for its higher intensification capability subsequently 2A is not much of a greater capability.
• So, if you are observing for a PNP transistor for your amplifier circuitry then TIP32 can be your excellent option or to change sophisticated current loads greater than 2A.
• There are two limits on the power supervision capability of a transistor first one is normal intersection temperature and second is failure safe functioning area curvatures specify IC-VCE restrictions of the transistor which should be experiential for the dependable process such as the transistor need not be exposed to larger indulgence than the arcs designate.

  Pinout of TIP32

• These are the main pinout of  TIP32.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	Current originates out by the emitter, it is typically connected to ground.
  Pin#2	Base	It manages the biasing of the transistor and workings to turn ON or OFF the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	Current actions in over collector, typically related to load

  Let's see a diagram of the pinout.

Ratings of TIP32

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCBO	-40V	These are the voltage across collector and base.
VCEO	-40V	These are the voltage around collector and emitter.
VEBO	-5 V	These are the voltage around emitter and base.
IC	-3A	It is the current at collector which is dc.
ICP	-5A	It is the pulse of collector current.
IB	-3A	It is the current at the base.
Pc	40W	It is the power dissipation at  Collector (TC=25°C).
TJ	150 C	It is the Junction Temperature.

 

Features of TIP32

• These are some important features of TIP32 which are described below.
  • This is an Intermediate power consuming PNP  power Transistor.
  • Its direct current gain is about 10 to 50.
  • The Incessant current at collector terminal (I_c) is three amperes. Collector current (IC) is 3A.
  • The voltage at collector and emitter terminals is 100 volts.
  • The quantity of collector and base (V_CB) voltage is a hundred volts.
  • The voltage across emitter and base terminals is five volts.
  • This transistor exists in To-220 Packaging.

Working of TIP32

• Though TIP has higher collector current and gain, it is properly modest to switch the expedient meanwhile it has an emitter and base voltage of the only 5V and the base current of merely 120mA.
• Then as we are working with higher current, there will be decent warmth indulgence for swapping submissions and henceforth a heat absorber is suggested.
• Also, the Transistor can be run openly from (pulse width modulator) PWM signal meanwhile the emitter and base are less, though the PWM must basis sufficient current for the whole capacity of the Transistor.
• The current over the base pinout has to be inadequate, you can also use even a one kilo-ohm resistor if your collector current prerequisite is less.

Applications of TIP32

• It is used in such switching circuits which consume higher current around 2 amperes.
• It can be used in intermediate power using switching circuits and high signal intensification.
• It can also be used to vary the speeds of different motors.
• It used in half bridge circuits.
• It used for rectification and inversion of current.

So it was all about TIP32 if you have any question about it ask in comments. I will give some solution to your questions. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to TIP31

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP31. The TIP31 is a typical NPN transistor which is frequently cast-off for intermediate power submissions. This  (BJT) is a three (3) points expedient which works for intensification or swapping submissions. It is designed by linking three units of semiconductors with alternatively dissimilar doping. The central unit which is (base) is thin and the other two external areas (emitter and collector) are greatly doped. Some transistors can intensify a minor current which will then be dominant sufficient to work a spotlight or other higher current expedients. These diplomacies are also capable to notice an alteration in voltage and perform as a switch. The TIP31 is a communal transistor which is cheap and tranquil to use for numerous submissions. In today’s post, we will have a look at its protection, wreck, divergence, entitlements, etc. I will also share some links where I have associated it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP31. 

Introduction to TIP31

• The TIP31 is a typical NPN transistor which is frequently cast-off for intermediate power submissions.
• It contains three (3) contrarily doped semiconductor parts, the collector area, the base section, and the emitter.

•  These three parts are p-type, n category, and p category, correspondingly. Every of these part is linked to a point and suitably categorized.
• During a Connection of transistor components, it desires to do it sensibly since an improper linking can the origin of an instant and enduring harm to the transistor.
• There are four (4) conditions of processes for this sort of transistor forward-energetic, reverse- energetic, cut-off, and saturated region.
• Every assists a firm purpose and do a job which can be very valuable in numerous diverse circumstances.
• This can as well be used for intensification of the auditory signals.
• It is very adaptable and can be applied effortlessly into our different projects.

TIP31 Pinout

• These are the main pinouts of TIP31.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Emitter	Current initiates out by the emitter, it is usually connected to ground.
Pin#2	Base	It accomplishes the biasing of the transistor and mechanisms to turn ON or OFF the transistor.
Pin#3	Collector	Current travels in over collector, normally it is connected to load.

Let's see a diagram of the TIP31 Pinout.

Features of TIP31

• These are the main features of TIP31.
  • This definite transistor can be used in numerous circumstances and typically acts in an alike method even if this portion is acquired from a dissimilar builder.
  •  The permeation(saturation) voltage for the collector and emitter terminal is 1.2 volts whereas the base and emitter permeation(saturation)  voltage are 1.8 volts.
  • It does not necessitate a large power to start this transistor then the rate is also not small wherever an untrue initiation would happen.
  • The gain of this transistor can vary from twenty (20) to twenty-five (25), which can be enormously valuable particularly when intensifying auditory signals.
  • Its Maximum Working Connection Temperature is 150 centigrade.
  • Its changeover (transition) frequency three (3) MegaHz.

Applications of TIP31

• These are some important applications of TIP31.
• • The submissions of this bipolar junction transistor originate two elementary thoughts.
  •  It used to produce a switching circuitry or an amplifier circuitry.
  •  Theist circuit in given diagram demonstrations the appropriate fitting of this expedient to work as a switching device which will on a LED.
  • In given circuit when the (S1) switch is on, current initiates the movement towards the base of the transistor triggering it to start.
  • The connection V_CE currently is capable to permit current movement which triggered the (Light Emitting Diode) LED.
  • In the given diagram, the 2^nd circuit displays how two transistors can be shaped to procedure a pretty powerful amplifier circuitry.
  • When the exposed (open) circuitry at the switch (S1) is substituted with a short circuit, current initiates to movement to the Ist transistor.
  •  This sources intensification in the current and also on the 2^nd transistor. It happens since the emitter of the ist transistor is unswervingly linked with the base of the 2^nd.
  •  The 2^nd transistor will now dowse and source the LED to trigger. The resultant yield of the 2^nd emitter has been intensified two times.

So it was all about TIP31 if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to C2383

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to C2383. C2383 is a silicon Epitaxial NPN Transistor, it is manufactured for color television to control the sound submissions. It is an expedient which operate on the high voltage the value of VCEO is 160 volts. It is corresponding to A1013 transistor in design. It is assembled in TO-92 MOD type of casing and has the dimension of 210±20um 240um×240um. It manufactured by the famous electronic company of Toshiba. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, smashup, prominence, proposals, etc. I will also share some links where I have correlated it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to C2383.

Introduction to C2383

• C2383 is a silicon Epitaxial NPN Transistor, it is manufactured for color television to control the sound submissions. It is an expedient which operate on the high voltage the value of VCEO is 160 volts.

• It has enormous incessant collector current competence.
• It is suggested for upright rebound output and sound output submissions for line-operated televisions.
• It has collector current value one ampere and collector dissipation factor is 0.9 watt.
• The C2383 transistor has a current gain anyplace among 60 and 320.

Now we discuss the pinout of C2383.

Pinout of C2383

• These are the main pinout C2383 which are well-defined beneath.

• Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	The emitter is for an outward enterprise of current.
  Pin#2	Base	The base manages the biasing of the transistor. It whims the state of the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	The collector is for the current inward enterprise. It is connected to the load.

  Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of C2383

• These are the main features of C2383.
  • Its power Intemperance (dissipation) is 0.9Watts.
  • It current at collector is one ampere.
  • Its working temperature and storing intersection temperature assortment is -55O C to +150O.
  • It is the lead-free module.
  • It is a high voltage consuming module VCEO is 160V.
  • It is the best option for perpendicular ricochet output and acoustic output requests for line-operated TVs.
  • Its transition frequency is 100 MHz.

Now we discuss the rating parameters of C2383.

Maximum Rating of C2383

Symbols	Value	Parameters
VCBO	160 V	The voltage across the collector and base.
VCEO	160 V	The voltage across emitter and collector.
VEBO	6 V	The voltage across emitter and base at.
IC	1 C	It is the current which consume at the collector.
IB	0.5 A	The current value at the base.
Pc	900 mW	It is power dissipate at the collector.
TJ	150C	It is the junction temperature.
Tstg	-55 to 150 C	It is storing temperature range.

Now we discuss the electrical characteristics of C2383.

Electrical Characteristics of C2383

These are some important electrical characteristics.

Symbols	Test Conditions	Parameters
ICBO	VCB=150V, IE=0	The value of collector cut-off current.
IEBO	VEB=5V, IC=0	The value of emitter cut-off current.
BVCBO	IC=0.1mA	It is the Collector-Base failure Voltage
BVCEO	IC=10mA	It is the Collector-emitter failure voltage.
BVEBO	IE=0.1mA	It is the base-emitter failure voltage.
hFE	VCE=5V, IC=200mA	It is the direct current gain.
VCE(sat)	IC=500mA, IB=50mA	It is the collector saturation voltage.

Now we discuss working of C2383.

Working of C2383

• As we discussed earlier it is used in different television screens and LCDs so now we study how it works in motorized projector ceiling screen.
• Motorized electric projector screens are mainly great traditions to make a home theater arrangement on an economical.
• These motorized projection screens are inordinate for households, industries, as well as scholastic atmospheres with silent motors and huge watching zones they are perfect to couple with video projectors.
• The remote-controlled Home Gear 120 inches motorized projector screen is one of our preferred choices it measures 120" obliquely, has a 16:9 characteristic ratio, weighs 28.6 lbs and its lusterless screen substantial is effortlessly splashed with soap and water.
• The screen is comprised of 3 layers a white PVC higher layer, a terylene fabric central layer, and a black PVC back which are proposed to recover the fertility and clearness of picture excellence.

Applications of C2383

• These are some important applications of C2383.
  • It is used in color televisions to control sound submissions.
  • It is used in different screens to controls the motions of projectors.

So it was all about C2383 if you have any question about it ask in comments. I will guide you comprehensively. Take till the next tutorial.

Introduction to A1015

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to A1015. A1015 is a part of transmissive light sensing sequence which has a high competence GaAs Infrared light discharging diode which actions as the light stemming component, extremely sensitive phototransistor is used as the light sensing element. These two apparatuses are established so as in the opposite of each other, any materials fleeting among them are effortlessly sensed. The A1015 is made in casing of TO-92. By seeing at its smooth side we can comprehend the three terminals impending out, these three terminals from left to right are emitter, collector and base. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, wreckage, consequence, submissions, etc. I will also share some links where I have associated it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to A1015. 

Introduction to A1015

• A1015 is a part of transmissive light sensing sequence which has a high competence GaAs Infrared light discharging diode which actions as the light stemming component, extremely sensitive phototransistor is used as the light sensing element.
• It is commonly used PNP transistor for the intensification and switching submissions.

• It is a less signal user transistor it is used to amplify low signals it can also use as a switching device.
• Distinctive hFE standards for this small signal transistors series from 10 to 500, having extreme Ic evaluations from around 80 to 600mA.
• Its extreme working frequencies assortment is from 1 to 300 MHz.
• It is mainly used when intensifying small signals, such as an insufficient volt and only when using milli-amperes of current.
• For such apparatuses which devour a large quantity of current it is used for them instead of it, we use power transistors.

Pinout of A1015

• These are the main pinout of A1015.

• Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	The emitter is for the external association of current.
  Pin#2	Base	The base administers the biasing of the transistor. It vagaries the state of the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	The collector is for the current inward drive. It is related to the load.

  Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of A1015

• These are some features of A1015.
  • It is a transistor like PNP.
  • It dispels the power of 0.4 watts.
  • The supreme voltage at which it functions is 50 volts and current at its collector is 150mA.
  • Its noise value is low approximately its value is 1dB.
  • It is assembled in a readymade plastic coating.
  • Its direct current gain value is 400.
  • The power it consumes at the collector is 400 milliwatt.
  • The value of itemization voltage at (C-E) and (C-B) is 50 volts DC.
  • The value of permeation Voltage at BE is 1.45 volts of DC.
  • Its matching transistor is 2SC1815
  • Its Operational Temperature and Stowage Temperature is -55? to +150?.

Working of A1015

• Now we discuss working of A1015 by a circuit diagram which is described below.
  • The circuit which is we are using in this tutorial is a LED flasher which has A1015, capacitor which mention in the given diagram as C1 and resistor R1 both of these are working as a frequency generator for Q1 transistor this transistor works as a switch for Q2 transistor.
  • As C1 and R2 work as a switch for Q1, it will works till the voltage discharge upsurges crosswise of C1. As a consequence, Q2 flinches working, and a current drifts through LED and it goes ON.
  • Although C1 settled over R1 to a period of time when C1 emancipation out there would be no compression to bias the base point of the Q1.
  • Henceforth, the Q1 stop operation which also halts Q2 to operate. Consequently, LED turn OFF and C1 will switch again and this rotation lasts. And, the spiraling ON and OFF of LED appears as a flasher.

For a better understanding of this circuit, let's see the circuit diagram:. Now we discuss where we can use this transistor.

Applications of A1015

• These are some applications of A1015.
  • It works as a switch in different projects.
  • It uses in driver phase amplifier accomplishment.
  • It used as an audio frequency amplifier.
  • It can also use a Darlington pair.
  • It used in the creation of led flasher.

So it was all about A1015 if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to PN2222

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to PN2222. The PN2222 is a conjoint NPN bipolar junction transistor which is used for common persistence less power intensifying or swapping circuits applications. It is intended for low to intermediate current, squat power, intermediate voltage and can activate at a temperately higher speed. It was initially prepared in the TO-18 metallic cascading. It is reflected as a very communal transistor and used as a replacement of NPN transistors. It is normally used as a lesser signal transistor and it vestiges a small common persistence transistor of permanent reputation. In today’s post, we will have a look at its cover, specks, association, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to PN2222. 

Introduction to PN2222

• The PN2222 is a conjoint NPN bipolar junction transistor which is used for common persistence less power intensifying or swapping circuits applications.
• The PN2222 was a fragment of an intimate of expedients designated by Motorola at a 1962 IRE treaty. Meanwhile, then it has been prepared by many semiconductor corporations, such as Texas Instruments.

• PN2222 is an NPN transistor the pinout of emitter and collector will be uncluttered when we attach base pin with the ground and these pins will be fastened when a signal is delivered on base.
• It's gain value is 110 to 800, this value governs the intensification capability of the transistor.
• The maximum quantity of current that can drift by the Collector pin is 800mA, hereafter we cannot attach loads which devour more than 800mA by this transistor.
• For biasing of transistor we must apply current to base pin. This (Ib) current must be limited to 5mA.

• When this transistor is completely biased then it can permit a maximum of 800mA to movement crosswise the collector and emitter.

• This phase is named Saturation Region and the characteristic voltage permissible crossways the Collector-Emitter (V­_CE) or Base-Emitter (V_BE) can be 200 and 900 mV correspondingly.

• When the base current is detached the transistor converts entirely off, this phase is named as the Cut-off Region and the Base-Emitter voltage might be about 660mV.

Pinout of PN2222

• • These are the main pinout of PN2222.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Emitter	Emitter is for current drainage out.
Pin#2	Base	The base controls the biasing of the transistor.
Pin#3	Collector	The emitter is for the current inward movement.

Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of PN2222

• These are the main specifications of PN2222.
  • It is bi-polar higher current user NPN transistor.
  • It DC gain is (h_FE ) is 100.
  • Its incessant Collector current (I_C) is 800mA.
  • Its (V_BE) Emitter-base voltage is six volts.
  • Its voltage between collector and emitter is thirty volts.
  • Extreme base current Ib is 5mA.
  • It's accessible in To-92 Compendium.
  • Its collector intemperance factor is 0.625 W.
  • Its changeover frequency is 300 MHz.
  • It has a functioning and storing connection temperature range -55 to +150 °C.

Working of PN2222

• Now we discuss the working of PN2222.
• In the next few lines, we will discuss where it can be used after this we discuss it's working.
  • It is like the generally used NPN transistor BC547. Nevertheless, there are two significant topographies which differentiate both of them.
  • It can permit collector current up to 800mA and as well has power intemperance of 652mW due to this it is used for larger loads then BC547.
  • So if you are considering for an NPN transistor which can switch loads of large current user then PN2222 will be the right option for your industrial developments.
• Now, we discuss its working.
  • Like other transistors, it can be used as an amplifier and switch. Voltage crossways of base and emitter are six volts so we have to apply these voltage crossways base and emitter to persuade a base current of the transistor.
  • This will change it to forward biasing and consequently completions the linking amid collector and emitter.
  • One important thing in this circuit is the base resistor which is a current preventive resistor. This resistor in the circuit is for limit the coming current which can damage the transistor. Its value can be found by the given equation.
  • R_B = V_BE / I_B
  • To mark things modest I have exposed a basic circuit of the transistor as a switch. In a real circuit, alterations must be vital. In this circuit, I supplied five volts to base and 1K resistor to limit the current.
  • Notice that in this circuit motor consumes around 500mA by the 12V supply source, meanwhile PN2222 rating of collector up to 800mA, which shows it's importance that if we have BC547 in the circuit it would be damaged.

Applications of PN2222

• These are some applications of PN2222.
  • It is used where higher current consumer loads in the circuit. It also used in numerous swapping submissions.
  • It used to control the speed of different types of motors.
  • It used in inversion and rectification circuits.
  • It also used in Darlington pairs.

So it was about PN2222 if you have any query ask in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to S8550

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to S8550. S8550 is a PNP transistor henceforth during reverse biasing both the collector and emitter will be open and during forward biasing these will be closed. The value of gain is 300 this value governs the magnification ability of the transistor. Its gain is very high therefore it is used for magnification solicitations. When it is completely biased it can permit a maximum 700mA current to drift crosswise the collector and emitter. This phase is named as Saturation Region and the distinctive voltage permitted across the (V­CE) or  (VCB) can be 20V and 30V correspondingly. In today’s post, we will have a look at its protection, fragments, connotation, submissions, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to S8550. 

Introduction to S8550

• S8550 is a PNP transistor henceforth during reverse biasing both the collector and emitter will be open and during forward biasing these will be closed.
• It is produced in a flexible TO-92 casing. When we observe the smooth side with the leads piercing descending, the three leads emergent from left to right are named as Emitter, Base and Collector.

• It is PNP generally used a transistor, it is a dependable less costly transistor having a good practical feature.
• It is premeditated for the acoustic intensification and other common desires in electronic circuitry It is also used in salable employments.
• It is the greatest selection for diverse electronic circuits as it has dissipation factor 1 Watt so it is respectable for strengthening of the acoustic signal to about 1 Watt.
• The maximum current which can collector cab bear is 700mA due to this is used for large no of switching solicitation in electronically circuits.
• Gain value for this transistor is 300, which make it superior to other transistors.

Pinout of S8550

• These are some important pinout of S8550.

• Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	Emitter is for current drainage out.
  Pin#2	Base	The base controls the biasing of the transistor. it is used to on and off of the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	The collector is for the current inward movement. It is connected with the load.

  Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

  • Features of S8550

• These are the main features of S8550.
• It exists in TO-92 cascading.
• It is a push-pull arrangement class B intensifier.
• It is a PNP transistor.
• The extreme assessment of the collector’s current is -0.7A or -700mA.
• It has extreme emitter to collector voltage (V_CE) -20V.
• Its emitter to base voltage is (VBE) -5V.
• The value of Vcb voltage is -40V.
• Power Dissipation aspect of its collector is one watt.
• The value of the gain of current is (h_FE) 40 To 400.
• It's extreme storing and the working temperature is -65 to +150 C.

Working of S8550

• Now we discuss its working.
• As stated in the above heading the S8550 transistor is usually used in push-pull arrangement with Class B amplifier. So let’s discuss how it works.
• A push-pull amplifier, usually recognized as Class B amplifier, it is a category of the multistage amplifier which is used for acoustic intensification of megaphones.
• It is very easy to build and needs two indistinguishable flattering transistors.
• By admiring it means that we require an NPN transistor and its corresponding PNP transistor. Alike now the NPN transistor is S8050 and its corresponding PNP transistor is S8550.
• A circuit diagram of the Class B amplifier with the S8550 is given a blow.

Applications of S8550

• It is used in Acoustic Intensification Circuitries.
• It is a class B amplifier.
• It is a push-pull transistor.
• It is used in such circuits where high is need.
• It is used in fewer signal submissions.
• It consumes load current under -700mA.
• It is used in different circuits as a switch.
• It amplifies low gain signals to high gain.

So, it was all about S8550 if you have a question about it ask in comments.  I will guide you comprehensively Take care until the next tutorial. Thanks for reading.  

Introduction to 2sa1943

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to 2sa1943. The 2sa1943 is a high power consuming PNP transistor, firstly it was created by a famous company Toshiba. As it has a high gain of current and consumes higher current at collector it is mostly used for such audio circuits which consume higher power or in AF amplifiers. Nonetheless, currently the Transistor is outright from Toshiba and it has been swapped with TTA1943. We can also found old 2sa1943 in marketplaces because still it is replicated by other assemblers in China. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, wreckages, implication, proposals, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to 2sa1943.

Introduction to 2sa1943

• The 2sa1943 is a high power consuming PNP transistor, firstly it was created by a famous company Toshiba.
• This transistor is suitable for acoustic power since it has the competence of a huge current of collector I_{c =} 15A and transition frequency up to 30MHZ.

• Corresponding transistors can also be used at Darlington Pair arrangement for amplifier submissions which has a maximum power of 150 watts. Distinctive capacitance at the collector point of 360 pF for the 2SA1943.
• The voltage difference between the collector terminal and base or emitter can be 230 V. The voltage among base and emitter is 5V.
• The 2sa1943 transistor made by Toshiba has to a cascade of 2-21F1A, having dimensions of 20.5 x 26 x 2.8 mm, the weight of 9.75g and distance between pinout is 5.45mm.
• However, now the Transistor is consummate from Toshiba and it has been exchanged with TTA1943.

Pinout of 2sa1943

• These are some important pinout of 2sa1943.

• Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	The emitter is used for current moving out.
  Pin#2	Base	The base governs the biasing of the transistor. It on and off of the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	The collector is for the current inner drive. It is linked with the load.

  Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of 2sa1943

• These are the main features of 2sa1943.
  • It is a PNP transistor.
  • The value of the current gain is (hFE) 55 to 160.
  • Its incessant Collector terminal current (IC) is 15A
  • It is accessible in suites of TO-264.
  • Its V_CE is 230V.
  • The value of V_CB is 230 V.
  • The voltage of V_EB is five volts.
  • Power hedonism at the collector is 150 watts.
  • It has a substitution frequency of 30 MHZ.
  • It's operational and storing intersection temperature is -55 to +150 °C
  • The amount of the current gain is (hFE) 55 to 160.

Working of 2sa1943

• Now we discuss how we can use this transistor in different projects.
• The 2SA1943 is mostly used in amplifier enterprises. Maximum amplifiers work as a push-pull circuit alike that of Class B amplifiers, which needs an NPN transistor and PNP transistor.
• As we have already discussed that  2sa1943 is a PNP transistor it also has its corresponding 2SE5200 that is an NPN transistor. These transistors are frequently used together to enterprise high power Amplifiers.
• This transistor during working use high switching frequency and consumes high current at collector due to this there is a need for heat absorber to avoid it from overheating.
• Heat absorber which we use is acting as the collector pin so it must be inaccessible from other components of the circuit.

• These transistors are normally used to physique Stereophonic arrangements that are evaluated for 200W or above, they can react to frequency from 5Hz to 100 kHz and has a sensitivity of 0.75Vrms.

• They have less signal to noise ratio (SNR) and also has less harmonic alteration which makes it the best option for acoustic submissions.

Applications of 2sa1943

• These are some applications of 2sa1943.
  • It is used in different Auditory frequency intensifiers.
  • It is used in AF and RF circuitries.
  •  It is used in such devices which has less veer degree.
  • It is the best choice for pull-push arrangement circuits.
  • It is used in such switching where high current is required.
  • It can also be used as intermediate Power switches.

So it was all about 2sa1943 if you have any question about it ask in comments. I will guide you comprehensively. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to MCP23008

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to MCP23008. MCP23008 provides an 8-bit parallel input/output expansion for I2C bus and SPI applications. It has 8-bit configuration registers for input, output and polarity changing. The master device can enable input and output pins of MCP23008 by writing the Input/output configuration bits. A polarity of the input port register can be inverted with the polarity of the inversion register and all registers can be read by the system master. MCP23008 is used in different industrial and class projects where I2C and SPI interfacing is required simultaneously. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, features, specifications, applications, working, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced with other microcontrollers. If you have any question please ask in comments I will try my best to resolve your problems. So let's get started with Introduction to MCP23008.

Introduction to MCP23008

• MCP23008 provides an 8-bit parallel input/output expansion for I2C bus and SPI applications. This microcontroller has 8-bit configuration registers for input, output and polarity changing.

• In this microcontroller, four pins are configured for inputs and four for outputs. These pins are designed in such a way when the input level is changed, the associated output pin is driven to the same level. This phenomenon is happened by the MCU reading the inputs pins and writing the appropriate value to the output pins.
• This module is available in small space saving 20-lead SSOP packages. Adding small 6-lead PIC10F202 in a SOT-23 package makes it available for small overall PCB areas.
• Either it can connect with a power supply of 5V using the Vdd and GND test pins, or can connect with a 9V power supply or power adapter into the plug.
• Now, discuss its pinouts, with detailed parameters.

MCP23008 Pinout & Description

There is the main 18 pinout of MCP23008, which are described below with a detailed description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	SCL/SCK	It is a Serial clock input.
Pin#2	SDA/SI	It is a Serial data I/O (MCP23008)/Serial data input (MCP23S08) pin.
Pin#3	A2/SO	It is a hardware address input (MCP23008)/Serial data output (MCP23S08). It (A2) must be biased externally.
Pin#4	A1	It is a Hardware address input. It Must be biased externally.
Pin#5	A0	It is a Hardware address input. It Must be biased externally.
Pin#6	RESET	This is an external reset input.
Pin#7	NC/CS	No connect (MCP23008)/External chip select input (MCP23S08).
Pin#8	INT	It is an Interrupt output. It Can be configured for active-high, active-low or open-drain.
Pin#9	VSS	It is used for Ground.
Pin#10	GP0	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#11	GP1	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#12	GP2	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#13	GP3	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#14	GP4	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#15	GP5	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#16	GP6	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#17	GP7	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#18	VDD	Power pin.
Pin#19	N/C	N/C

• For further information, let's see a pinout diagram.
• Now, we discuss the features of MCP23008.

Features of MCP23008 Features

• These are the main features of MCP23008.
  • This module consists of Two 8-bit GPIO expanders.
  • It is available in both I2C and SPI interfacing.
  • This board has four switches and four LEDs to demonstrate the input/output functionality.
  • It has headers for the serial interface and GPIO port to allow evaluation in a user-defined application.
  • It has polarity inversion register to configure the input port data.
  • It also has an external reset input.
  • Its operating voltage is 1.8 to 5.5V at -40 Celsius to +85 Celsius.

MCP23008 Arduino Interfacing

• The project which we are going to discuss will tell us how we can interface an MCP23008 I/O port expander to an Arduino microcontroller.

• First, we discuss the component of projects.

• Component of Project
  • These are the main components of the project.
  • MCP23008 I/O Port Expander.
  • A few 220O resistors.
  • A few LEDs.
  • Arduino microcontroller.
• Let's now we explain our projects with detail.
• In this circuit with each input and output pin, we connect a 220O resistor and an LED.

• For input supply, we have connected +5V to Vdd and Vss to GND.

• Now, connect pin no 1 of the MCP23008, which is SCL to analog pin no 5 of Arduino. This provides clock synchrony between Arduino and the I/O port expander chip.

• After this, we have connected pin no 2 of MCP23008, which is SDA to analog pin no 4 of Arduino. This connection allows data transfer between the Arduino and the I/O port expander chip.

• In this project there is no use of interrupts pin, so leave INT pin unconnected.

• We are not using the RESET pin, we connect it to +5V. If you want to use it, you just connect it with digital pin no the Arduino. If you want to reset all outputs than you draw this pin low in cade.

• After that, we will connect address pin A0, A1, and A2, to ground. It makes the address of these 3 pins 000.

• For better understanding Lets see the picture.

  Applications of MCP23008

  • As, we know this microcontroller works on both I2C and SPI protocol, due to this feature it is used in some projects and devices which use both protocols.

So, friends, that was all about MCP23008, if you have any question about it please ask in comments, I will solve your problems. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to MAX30100

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to MAX30100. MAX30100 is a heart pulse rate monitor sensor. This sensor consists of two Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), (one emits infrared light and the other emits red light) modifiable optics, low noise signal processor that detects heart pulse rate signal. Its operating voltage is from 1.8v to 3.3v.

The MAX30100 is used in different industrial and medical equipment such as fitness measurement devices, medical devices, and different wearable instruments. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout, protocol, features, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any questions about it please ask in the comments, and I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to MAX30100.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	MAX30100	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to MAX30100

• MAX30100 is a heart pulse rate monitor sensor. This sensor consists of two Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), (one emits infrared light and the other emits red light) modifiable optics, low noise signal processor that detects heart pulse rate signal.
• This module can be configured by software registers, and its output data is stored in sixteen FIFOs on this module.
• This sensor communicates with the other microcontroller by the I2C interface. The pulse measurement system in this module has Ambient light cancellation, 16-bit ADC, and a time filter.
• It has an I2C digital interface to communicate with a host microcontroller. MAX30100 has ambient light cancellation, 16-bit ADC and a time filter.
• This module uses low power which makes it useable for battery-operated systems. It operates on the voltage range of 1.8 to 3.3V.
• As earlier we discussed that it has two Light Emitting Diodes, one emits red light with a wavelength of (650nm) and the other emits infrared with a wavelength of (950nm).
• As this device is used for measurement of heart pulse rate and oxygen concentration in blood, for these measurements wear this sensor on your finger or earlobe it can also put any part of the body which is not thick.
• When you wear it on your finger for measurement both infrared and red light pass through the tissues of a finger, absorption these lights can be measured by a photodiode.
•  Depending on the quantity of oxygen which you have in your blood the ratio of absorbed red light and infrared light will be different.
• By this ratio, we can easily calculate the oxygen level in your blood hemoglobin.

• Now we discuss the Pinout of MAX30100.

MAX30100 Pinout

• These are the main pinouts of MAX30100.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1, 7, 8, 14	N.C	These pinouts are not used for any purpose. All these are open pinouts.
Pin#2	SCL	This pin is used for I2C clock for input.
Pin#3	SDA	This is I2C bidirectional data sending pinout.
Pin#4	PGND	This is pin is used for power ground of drivers of light emitting diodes.
Pin#5	IR_DRV	This pin is used for cathode of infrared led to connect with the LED drivers point. You can
Pin#6	R_DRV	This pin is for the cathode of red LE to connect with its driver point. This can also be suspended in a circuit.
Pin#9	R_LED+	This pin is for red led to connect with the supply voltage. By this pin, it is connected with the infrared led.
Pin#10	IR_LED+	This pin helps to connect the anode of infrared led to the input voltage. It is connected with the red led by internally.
Pin#11	Vdd	This is input supply pinout for this module, you can connect this with the ground for better performance.
Pin#12	GND	It is an analog Ground pin.
Pin#13	INT	It is Active-Low break off pinout.

For better understanding lets see the pinout diagram.

Features of MAX30100

• These are some features of MAX30100.
  •  This sensor is available in the simplest circuitry for heartbeat measurements.
  • This module consists of two led infrared and red, a photodiode for light sensing, and, has an analog front end.
  • The dimensions of this module are 5.6mm x 2.8mm x 1.2mm with the fourteen pinouts which are available in optically improved closed packages.
  • It provides low power battery solutions for handheld electronic devices. We can program It in an easy way and suitable for low power components.
  • Its high signal to noise ratio (SNR) gives high motion production flexibility.
  • This sensor provides the confined light annulment, higher rate capacity, and fast-moving output data.

    MAX30100 Arduino Interfacing

• Now we discuss its Arduino interfacing by giving an example of a project, which described below. Let's discuss this project with detail.

Project Component

• These are components which we will use for this project.
  • Arduino Nano.
  • Small Breadboard.
  • Wires.
  • The Bluetooth Module HC-06.
  • Sensor MAX30100.
  • Light Emitting Diode (LED).
  • Two resistors of 4.7k Ohm.
• First of all, we connect all these components with each other for working of MAX30100, given diagram shows us a better understanding of connections this circuit.
• First connect all pinouts of MAX30100 with the wires, connect female part of a jumper with sensor and left male part open for Arduino interfacing. For the wiring connection, you can see a given picture.
• After connecting MAX30100 with wires and jumpers we will also connect HC-06 with wires. Let's discuss this process.
• All data received by this Bluetooth device we send to Arduino by serial communication.
• This Bluetooth mode is like the Bluetooth which sends data to ten meters range. The HC-06 works like a slave device, which means it allows other devices to connect to make the connection with it.
• This Bluetooth module has four pinouts which are supply pin (Vcc), ground (GND),  receiver (RX) and transmitter (TX).
• After all these connections we will set all these components on a breadboard and connect them with each other.
• Let's discuss these connections step by step with detail.
• First step:  Connect the Arduino with the breadboard.
• Second step: After interfacing of Arduino on a breadboard, connect the Bluetooth device with Arduino in a given sequence of wires.
  •  TX1 pin of Arduino connects with the Bluetooth pin RX.
  •  Connect RX0 pinout of Arduino with the TX pin of the Bluetooth module.
  • Connect the ground of HC-o6 with the ground Arduino.
  • Connect Vcc pin of Bluetooth with the Arduino 5V pinout.
• Third step: This step we connect MAX30100 with Arduino. Connection discusses incoming lines.
  • Connect Vin pinout of MAX30100 sensor with the Arduino pinout of five volts. (As we did in with the Bluetooth).
  • Connect A5 pinout of Arduino with the SDA pin of the MAX30100.
  • A2 pinout of Arduino connects with the INT pin of MAX30100.
  • Ground pinout of MAX30100 connects with the ground pin of Arduino.
  • After this assemble one resistor in the breadboard and connect one end of the resistor with  5V pinout and another point of the resistor with A5 pinout.
  •  Take another resistor and connect it with the 5v pin and A5 pinout.
• Fourth step: Afterall this interfacing we will connect an led to show reading s of the sensor.
  • First, connect the small point of light emitting diode with the ground pin and connect the other part of the light emitting diode with the D2 pinout.

Applications of MAX30100

• These are some applications of MAX30100.
  • It is used in handheld devices.
  • It is used in devices related to fitness measurement.
  • It use as main componnet in medical measurment devices.

So, that was all about MAX30100, if you want to know something more about it as in comments I will explain to you more about it. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to ESP-01

I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to ESP-01. ESP-01 is an inexpensive, small-sized WiFi module, which consists of TCP/IP stack along with a built-in microcontroller. So, we can directly program this small chip and can bring WiFi capability in our Embedded projects. When first time this ship came into the market in August 2014, it got a lot of attention by users. The main reason for it to seek attention is that this module allows the microcontroller to connect with a WiFi available (and programmed to connect) and it follows Hayes Style Commands and develops a TCP/IP network. ESP-01 chip integrates an antenna, RF balun, power amplifier, filters, and power arrangement module. ESP-01 is used in industry and many projects as a WiFi module. In today's post, we will have a look at its circuit diagram, working, pinout, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it please ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to ESP-01.

Introduction to ESP-01

• ESP-01 is a WiFi module which allows Microcontroller easily access to WiFi network. It is one of the primarily incorporated WiFi chip in the industry, it assimilates the antenna switches, Radiofrequency balun, power amplifier, low noise receiver amplifier, and power executive elements.

Download ESP01 Datasheet

• This module requires minimum internal circuitry, its entire solution, including the front end module is designed to occupy minimum PCB area.
•  ESP-01 module is termed as a system on chip (SOC) because it acts as a standalone Microcontroller itself, so we don't need to interface it with any other microcontroller (i.e. Arduino, Atmel, PIC Microcontroller, etc.) in order to use its I/O Pins.
• ESP-01 also integrates an advanced version of Tensilica's L-106 diamond series 32 SRAM with the WiFi functionalities. It also integrated with specific devices through its GPIOs and code for such applications are provided in SDK.

Now, Let's discuss ESP-01 pinout with a detailed description.

ESP-01 Pinout & Description

• The pinout of ESP-01 is described below with a detailed description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	VCC	This pin is used for input power supply 3.0 to 3.6V.
Pin#2	GND	This pin is used for Ground.
Pin#3	RESET	This pin is used for the external reset signal (Low voltage level: Active).
Pin#4	ADC(TOUT)	This pin is analog to digital converter.
Pin#5	CH_PD	It is Chip Enable. High: On, the chip works properly; Low: Off, small current.
Pin#6	GPIO0(FLASH)	It is a general purpose I/O, If low while reset/power on takes chip into serial programming mode.
Pin#7	GPIO1(TX)	It is a general purpose I/O and Serial TXd.
Pin#8	GPIO3(RX)	It is a general purpose I/O and Serial RXd.
Pin#9	GPIO4	It is a general purpose I/O.

Let's see the pinout diagram. Now, we discuss the features of ESP-01.

Features of ESP-01

• These are the main features of ESP-01. Which are described below.
  • It is a low power 32-bit microcontroller unit.
  • It uses TCP/IP protocol for transmission.
  • ESP-01 consists of integrated switch, balun, power amplifier, LNA and matching network.
  • It works on 802.11 b/g/n WiFi with a frequency of 2.4 GHz and WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) or WPA2.
  • It also consists of 10 bit ADC 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR remort control, PWM and GPIO.
  • Its deep sleep power is less than 10uA and Power down leakage current is less than 5uA.
  • Its wake up and transmit packets is less than 2ms.
  • Its stand by power consumption is < 1.0mW (DTIM3).
  • Its output power is +20 dBmin 802.11b mode.
  • Its operating temperature range is -40C to 125C.
  • This module is FCC, TELEC, CE, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified.

Now, we discuss Its Arduino interfacing.

ESP-01 Arduino Interfacing

The project of Arduino with ESP-01 which we are going to explain in the next few lines will explain how we can read time, date, temperature and humidity from the internet using an API with ESP-01. Then send these values to an Arduino and show these values on the LCD screen.

•  Components of Project
  • Arduino Board i.e. Arduino UNO.
  • ESP-01 Module.
  • 16×2 or 20x4 simple LCD.
• Explanation of This Project
  • In this project, we are using Arduino IDE in order to upload code in ESP-01 and will write code by using the APIs and will send an HTTP request to the server and will read a JSON file.
  • It's a big JSON file and we just need small info from it, so we are gonna read the whole file and will only get our desired values from this JSON file.
  • After getting these values, we are simply printing it on Arduino Serial Monitor.
  • Than these serial lines will be connected with Arduino so that Arduino can read the information received from ESP-01.

  • After this process information processed and show on LCD. We can get our desired output on the LCD screen.

• For further information, let's see a circuit diagram.

Memory of ESP-01

• There are two types of memories which is integrated into the ESP -01 modules. First is internal SRAM and ROM, second is  External SPI flash. Let's discuss them with detail.
• Internal SRAM and ROM
  • ESP-01 is integrated with memory controller including SRAM and ROM. A microcontroller can access to memory unit by iBus, dBus, and AHB interfaces.
• External SPI Flash
  • ESP-01 module can be integrated with a one MB external SPI flash to store programme. If larger sized storage is required SPI flash with a larger size will be preferred. 16 MB memory capacity can be supported by this external flash.

Applications of ESP-01

• ESP-01 is wifi module which can be used in different industrial and commercial projects for sending and receiving data.

So, that was about  ESp-01, if you have any question please ask in comments. I will resolve your problems. Thanks for reading. Take care...