The Engineering Projects

Introduction to LCD 20x4

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at the Introduction to 20x4 LCD Module. The LCD stands for liquid crystal display, which works on the light modulation features of liquid crystals. It is available in electronic visible display, video display and flat panel display. There are numerous categories and features are exist in markets of LCD and you can see it on your mobile, laptop, computer and television screen.

The invention of LCD gives new life to electronic industries and replaces lED and gas plasma techniques. It also replaces the CTR (cathode ray) tube that is used for visual display. The input power consumed by the liquid crystal display is less than the light-emitting diode and plasma display. In today's post, we will have a look at 20 x 4 LCD, its features, working, applications, and practical implementation in different electronic devices. So let's get started with the Introduction to 20x4 LCD Module.

Introduction to 20 x 4 LCD Module

• In a 20x4 LCD module, there are four rows in display and in one row twenty characters can be displayed and in one display eighty characters can be shown.
• This liquid crystal module uses HDD44780 (It is a controller used to display monochrome text displays) parallel interfacing.

• The liquid crystal display interfacing code is easily accessible. We just required eleven input and output pinouts for the interfacing of the LCD screen.
• The input supply for this module is three volts or five volts, with that module other components like PIC, Raspberry PI, Arduino.
• Thie electronic device can be used in different embedded systems, industries, medical devices, and portable devices like mobile, watches, laptops.
• Liquid crystal display works on two types of the signal first one is data and the second one is for control.
• The existence of these signals can be identified through the on and off condition of RS pinout. Data can be read by pushing the Read/write pinout.

20x4 LCD Pinout

• These are some pinouts of 20x4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	It is denoted as Vss	It is ground pinout potential at this pinout is zero.
Pin#2	It is denoted as Vdd	At this pinout, five volts are provided.
Pin#3	This pinout denoted as Vo	This pinout is used to set the contrast of the screen.
Pin#4	This pin denoted as RS	It is used to H/L register select signal.
Pin#5	It is denoted as R/W	It is used for H/L read/write signal.
Pin#6	This pinout denoted as E	It is used for H/L enable signal.
Pin#7-14	The pinouts from seven to fourteen are denoted as DB0 – DB7.	It is used for H/L data bus for 4-bit or 8-bit mode.
Pin#15	It identified as A (LED+)	It is used to set the backlight anode.
Pin#16	It is recognized as K (LED-).	It is used to set the backlight cathode.

Features of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some features of 20 x 4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.
• The most important feature of this module is that it can display 80 characters at a time.
• The cursor of this module has 5x8 (40) dots.
• This module already assembled the controller of RW1063.
• This module operates on the plus five volts input supply and can also work on the plus three volts.
• The plus 3-volt pinout can also be used for the negative supply.
• The duty cycle of this module is one by sixteen (1/16).
• The light-emitting diode of this module can get supply from the pinout one, pinout two, pinout fifteen, pinout sixteen, or pinout A and K.

Electrical Characteristics of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some pinouts of 20 x 4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.

Parameters	Symbol	Conditions
Input Voltage	It is denoted as VDD	The value of VDD is plus five volts.
Supply Current	It denoted as IDD	Its value is ten milliamperes.
LC Driving Voltage for Normal Temperature Version Module	Its symbol is VDD to V0.	Its value is 5.2 volts
LED Forward Voltage	It is denoted as VF.	Its value is 4.3V
LED Forward Current	It is denoted as IF.	Its value is 4.6V.
EL Supply Current	This pinout denoted as EL	VEL = 110 VAC, and four hundred frequency.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

• Now we discuss the maximum ratings of 20 x 4 LCD.

Parameters	Symbol	Conditions
Working temperature	It is denoted as Top	Its value is zero to a plus fifty-celsius degree.
Storage Temperature	It is denoted as Tst.	Its value is minus twenty Celsius to plus seventy Celsius.
Supply Voltage for Logic	It is denoted as Vi.	Its minimum value is Vss and the maximum value is equal to Vdd volts.
Supply Voltage for liquid crystal display	It is denoted as Vdd or Vss.	Its value is three volts to thirteen volts.

Advantages of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some advantages of this module that are described in detail.
• It is less expensive, and lightweight as compared to the cathode ray tube display.
• It uses less power according to the brightness resolution.

• It produces less amount of heat due to less use of power.
• In this module, there is no geometric distortion.
• It can be constructed in any shape and size according to user requirements.
• The LCD used in the computer monitor uses twelve volts.

Disadvantages of 20 x 4 LCD

• Despite the advantages of this module, there are some problems created by this module that are described here.
• In some older LCD modules, there are some issues due to view angle and brightness.
• It loses brightness and operates at less response time with the increment of temperature.
• With the increment of the surrounding temperature, its contrast also disturbs.

It is a detailed tutorial on the 20x4 LCD module I have mentioned everything related to this Liquid crystal display. If you have any questions about it ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to LCD 16x2

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module. LCD stands for liquid crystal display it is mostly used in different electronic projects and devices to display different values. LCD uses liquid crystals for the generation of visible images. 16 x 2 liquid crystal display is a basic LCD module used in DIY electronic projects and circuits. In this LCD module, there are two rows every row consists of sixteen numbers.

With the two rows in this module, there are sixteen columns. The VA dimensions of these modules are (66 x 16) millimeters and the thickness is 13.2 millimeters. Its operating voltage is plus five or plus three volts. In today's post, we will have a look at working, applications, circuits,  features, advantages and disadvantages. So let's get started with Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	LCD 16x2	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module

• LCD(liquid crystal display) is normally used in embedded projects due to its low cost, easy access and flexibility to get programmed.
• Almost every electronic device we daily see like in you mobile, calculator and some other devices.
• There is a type of liquid display that has sixteen column and two rows so it is known as 16 x 2 LCD modules.
• LCD also available in different arrangements like (8 x 1), (10 x 2), (16 x 1), but the 16 x 2 liquid crystal is normally used in embedded projects.
• In this liquid crystal display, there are thirty-two characters and each of them consists of 5 x 8 pixels.
• So we can say that character consists of forty pixels or dots and total pixels in this liquid crystal display can be fined as (32 x 40) or 1280 pixels.
• During its interfacing with a microcontroller, it makes sure that liquid crystal display should be directed about the locations of pixels.

Pinout of 16x2 LCD Module

• These are the main pinouts of 16 x 2 LCD that are described here with the detailed

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	Ground	This pin is used to connect the ground.
Pin#2	+5 Volt	At this pinout plus five volts are applied to on the LCD.
Pin#3	VE	This pin used to select the contract of the display.
Pin#4	Register Select	This pinout is used to MCU controller connected led to a shift from command to data mode.
Pin#5	Read and Write	It used for reading and wiring of data.
Pin#6	Enable	It linked with the MCU to toggle among zero and one.
Pin#7	Data Pin 0	The pinouts from zero to seven are data pinouts and these are linked with the MCU for transmission of data. This liquid crystal module can also operate on the four-bit mode by working on o, 1, 2, and 3 pinouts and others are free.
Pin#8	Data Pin 1
Pin#9	Data Pin 2
Pin#10	Data Pin 3
Pin#11	Data Pin 4
Pin#12	Data Pin 5
Pin#13	Data Pin 6
Pin#14	Data Pin 7
Pin#15	LED Positive	This pinout is for turn backlight of led into positive.
Pin#16	LED Negative	Backlight liquid crystal display pinout negative terminal.

Command codes for 16x2 LCD Module

• These are some commands codes for 16 x2 LCD modules.

Sr.No	Hex Code	Parameters
1	1	This command will remove data displaying on the screen of lcd.
2	2	It used to move back home.
3	4	It used to change location of a cursor to left side.
4	6	It changes the position of cursor to right side.
5	5	It used for shift display on right.
6	7	It used for Shift display one  left
7	8	It used to off the display and cursor will also off.
8	0A	It used for both display off, a cursor on.
9	0C	It used for display on, cursor also off.
10	0E	By using this command we can on display, the cursor  will be blinking
11	0F	By this command Display will be on, the cursor also blinking.
12	10	It changes the location of a cursor to left.
13	14	It set cursor location to right.
14	18	It changes the location of the complete display to the left side.
15	1C	It changes the location of the complete display to right side.
16	80	It used to move the cursor to the first line.
17	C0	It send the cursor to starting of the second line.
18	38	2 lines and 5×7 matrix.

Features of 16x2 LCD Module

• These are some features of 16x2 LCD Module that are described with the detailed.
• Its functioning voltages are from 4.7 volts to 5.3 volts.
• It uses one milliampere current for operation.
• In this liquid crystal display, we can work both alphabets and numbers.
• On this module, there are rows each has sixteen characters.
• Every character of this board has 5 x 8 or 40 pixels.
• It works on both four and eight bits mode.
• It display screen backlight is two colour green and blue.

Registers of LCD

• In this module there are 2 main types of register first one is data register and the second one is command register. The RS pinout is used for the change the register.
• If we set zero then the register is command and at one data register will work.
• Now we discuss these two registers with the detailed.

Command Register

• The main function of this register is to save instructions shown on display.
• That help to a clearing of data changes the location of the cursor and display control.

Data Register

• This register saves the date to display on the liquid crystal screen. When we send data to liquid crystal display it moves to the data register, processing of that data will initiate.
• If we set the value of register at one then the data register will start operation.

So it is the detailed article on the 16x2 LCD Module if you have any question about ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pinout, Datasheet, Features & Applications

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. Today, we will discuss HC-05 Bluetooth Module in detail. We will also study HC-05 Pinout, Datasheet, Features & Projects. HC05 is a Bluetooth module, that works on Serial Protocol ( RX/TX ) for sending and receiving data. We have also designed Bluetooth Library for Proteus, which will help you in simulating this Bluetooth Module in Proteus software.

HC05 Bluetooth Module consists of CSR Bluecore 04 outer single-chip Bluetooth system having CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology. This module also fulfils the Bluetooth V2.0+EDR technology. So let's get started with Introduction to HC-05.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	HC-05	Amazon	Buy Now

HC-05 Bluetooth Module

• HC-05 Bluetooth Module is a low-cost, easy-to-operate & small-sized module used for wireless communication in the Bluetooth spectrum.
• It supports Serial Port Protocol (SPP), which helps in sending/receiving data to/from a microcontroller (i.e. Arduino UNO).
• Its default baud rate is 9600 for data communication and 38400 for command mode communication.
• HC05 can operate in master/slave mode and thus multiple slave nodes can be controlled using a single master node (called mesh networking).
• HC-05 supports "AT commands", controlled by TX (transmission) and RX (receiver) pinouts.
• You should also have a look at Arduino Bluetooth Communication using HC05.

HC-05 Pinout

• HC-05 Pinouts are used for powering up the module and sending/receiving data via Serial Port.
• So, let's have a look at HC-05 Pinout, shown in below table:

HC-05 Pinout
Pin#	Pin Name	Working
Pin#1	Enable Pin	The purpose of this pinout is to set data value at a high and low level.
Pin#2	Vcc	At this pinout, the input supply is provided to the module. Its operating voltage is plus five volts.
Pin#3	GND	Ground (0V)
Pin#4	TX	Serial Transmitting Pin.
Pin#5	RX	Serial Receiving Pin
Pin#6	State	This Pin is connected to an LED, shows the operating state of the HC-05 Bluetooth module.

• Here's the image, where I have labelled HC-05 Pinout:

• In the above figure, I have labelled 7. LED, which tells about different states of Bluetooth module:
  • If it's blinking once in two seconds, it has received a command.
  • If it's blinking continuously, means the module is waiting for input data.
  • If it's blinking twice in one second, means it's connected properly.

HC-05 Datasheet

• You can download the HC-05 datasheet by clicking the below button:

HC-05 Features

• HC05 follows the "Bluetooth V2.0+EDR" protocol (EDR stands for Enhanced Data Rate).
• Its operating frequency is 2.4 GHz ISM Band.
• HC05 uses CSR Bluecore 04-External single-chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology.
• This module follows the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.15.1 standard protocol.
• Dimensions of HC-05 are 12.7mmx27mm.
• Its operating voltage is 5V.
• It sends and receives data by UART, which is also used for setting the baud rate.
• it has -80dBm sensitivity.
• This module also uses (FHSS), a technique by which a radio signal is sent at different frequency levels.
• This module has the ability to work as a master/slave mode.
• This module can be easily connected with a laptop or mobile phone via Bluetooth.

HC-05 Working

• HC-05 is normally used in embedded projects, where data needs to be transmitted wirelessly over a small distance.
• We can transmit data between two HC-05 modules and can also send data from HC-05 to any Bluetooth appliance i.e. mobile phone, laptop etc.
• In order to do so, first of all, we need to power up our HC-05 module, as shown in below figure:

• As we push the button connected to Key Pin, it will get LOW & HC-05 will start blinking.
• Now, if you check on your mobile phone or laptop, you will be able to find a new Bluetooth device named HC-05.
• Once you connected with this device, you will be able to send and receive data in a serial stream manner.
• This stream is then processed by a microcontroller (i.e. Arduino UNO) attached with HC-05.
• However, do not expect this module to transfer multimedia like photos or songs; you might have to look into the CSR8645 module for that.

HC-05 Arduino Interfacing

• HC-05 has 2 working modes:
  • Data Mode: HC05 sends and receives data via Bluetooth spectrum and then further processes it to Serial Pins.
  • Command Mode: HC-05 waits for AT (ATtention) commands, acts accordingly & then sends the response in return.
• This module uses SPP (Serial Port Protocol) for the transmission of data so it can be easily interfaced with any microcontroller.
•  For HC-05 Arduino Interfacing:
  • 5V to Vcc Pin.
  • 0V to GND Pin.
  • RX (receiver) pin of HC-05 with the TX (transmitter) pin of UNO.
  • TX pin of the HC-05 with the RX pin of UNO.

HC-05 Applications

Now, let's have a look at HC-05 Applications, it can be used in various ways, here I have mentioned few of them:

• HC-05 Bluetooth Module is normally used for wireless data transmission among multiple microcontrollers.
• It can also be used to communicate between electronic devices like mobile, laptop, computers for data transmission.
• It also used in different information and data logging applications.
• It's used in robotics for wireless control.
• It's used in autonomous projects for collecting data.

So, that was all about the HC05 Bluetooth Module. I have tried my best to explain everything related to this module but if you have any question, ask in the comments. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

Introduction to TIP35

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP35. It is a reliable silicon NPN transistor that is projected to use in common persistence amplification and swapping capitulations. It is existing in TO-247 that is no more used by most fabricators. It's corresponding transistor TIP36 which is PNP transistor. It is a communal transistor which is used in several industrial projects where audile magnification is required. Its structures are good-observing much the similar refusing for the exciting power acceptance that is rather lesser. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, wreckage, eminence, claims, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP35. 

Introduction to TIP35

• It is a reliable silicon NPN transistor that is projected to use in common persistence amplification and swapping capitulations. It is existing in TO-247 that is no more used by most fabricators.

• This amplifier does not privilege to be 'state of the art' and in statistic the base enterprise times back to the initial 1970s.  It is a modest amplifier to construct, usages normally accessible fragments and is constant and consistent. 
• The scheme contained is a small adjustment of an amplifier which intended numerous ages back, of which hundreds were constructed. 
• This transistor catches wide use in Power Swap structures like inverters, and output stages of audile amplifiers where they are associated in push-pull with a matching power transistor type.
• Whenever it is used in an audio amplifier arrangement, it is practical to initiative the power transistor from a pre-amplifier stage as maximum power transistors have a slight gain of current.

Pinout of TIP35

• These are the pinout of TIP35 which is well-defined underneath.

• Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	The emitter is for an outdoor motion of current.
  Pin#2	Base	The base achieves the biasing of the transistor. It impulses the state of the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	The collector is for the current inner drive. It is linked to the load.

  Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of TIP35

• These are the main features of TIP35.
  • It is offered in covering the type of TO-247.
  • This fits in NPN transistors.
  • The voltage put on at collector and emitter is 40 volts.
  • The voltage at collector and base points is 40 volts.
  • The voltage at emitter and base is five volts.
  • This transistor devours 25-ampere current at the collector.
  • The power forbearance at the collector point is 125 watts.
  • Its gain is about 15 to 75.
  • Its switching frequency is 3 Mhz.
  • Its functioning and stowage joining temperature range are -65 to +150°C.
  • This transistor is free from Lead (Pb).

Maximum Ratings of TIP35

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCEO	60V	It is the voltage crosswise collector and emitter.
VCB	60 V	It is the voltage crosswise collector and emitter.
VEB	5.0 V	It is the voltage across emitter and base.
IC	25 V	It is the current at the collector.
IB	5.0 A	It is the value of current at the base point.
PD	125 A	It is the entire Power Indulgence at T = 25 C  overhead 25 C.
TJ, Tstg	-65 to +150	Working and Storing Connection Temperature Choice
ESB	90	It is the unclamped Inductive Load.

Electrical Characteristics

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCEO	60V	These are C-E Supportive Voltage (IC = 30 mA, IB = 0)
ICEO	1mA	It is the collector and emitter Cut-off Current. (VCE = 30 V).
ICES	0.7mA	It is the collector and emitter Cut-off Current.
IEBO	1 mA	It is the emitter and base Cut off Current.
hFE	25 15	It is the DC current gain. (IC = 1.5 A, VCE = 15 V) (IC = 4 A, VCE = 4 V)
VCE	1.8 4.0	These are emitter and collector saturation voltage. (IC = 15 A, VCE = 1.5 V) (IC = 25 A, VCE = 5 V)
VBE	2V 4V	These are the Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage. (IC = 15 A, IB = 4 A) (IC = 25 A, IB = 4 A)
ft	3V	It is the current gain-bandwidth product.

Working of TIP35

• Now we read about its working with a circuit diagram.
• In this circuit, I am going to show you 500W power inverter circuitry which using TIP35.
• In this circuit diagram, there is merely one adjustable resistance which is for changing the frequency of 240 AC output current.It is finest to use a frequency meter to regulate this frequency of 50HZ to 60HZ according to your requisite.Please avoid giving power any instrument by an inverter before changing the frequency according to your instrument.  Otherwise, it will damage your device.
• For further understanding, let's see the circuit diagram.

Applications of TIP35

• These are specific applications of TIP35.
  • It is cooperative obstinacy transistor it can be used in different industrial schemes.
  •  It is used as an audio Amplifier.

So it was all about TIP35 if you have any question please ask in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to TIP127

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP127. The TIP127 is a PNP type Darlington pair transistor. It is manufactured for universal drive amplifications and less velocity swapping submissions. It is existing in TO-220 kind of cascading. Its corresponding NPN transistor is the TIP122. This is a common transistor it used in varied engineering schemes. It formed for least time taking swap proposals. In today’s post, we will have a look at its protection, wreck, difference, entitlements, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP127.

Introduction to TIP127

• The TIP127 is a PNP type Darlington pair transistor. It is manufactured for universal drive amplifications and less velocity swapping submissions.
• It works similar to standard PNP transistor, then as it consists of a Darlington pair it takes collector current of around five amperes and a gain of near 1000.

• It has ability to endure around 100 volts at its collector Emitter terminals henceforth it used to run high current consuming loads.
• It has two limits on the power management aptitude of a transistor first one is normal intersection temperature and second one failure.
• If you are noticing for a PNP transistor for your amplifier electric circuit then TIP127 could be your brilliant choice or to alteration stylish current loads larger than 2A.

Pinout of TIP127

• These are the main pinout of  TIP127.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	Current creates out by the emitter, it is characteristically linked to ground.
  Pin#2	Base	It accomplishes the biasing of the transistor and works to turn ON or OFF the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	Current movements in over collector, classically linked to load

  Let's see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of TIP127

• These are some important of TIP127. It is a PNP transistor.
  • The voltage at (C-E) terminals is a minus hundred (-100) volts.
  • The voltage it uses at (C-E) is minus (100) volts.
  • The voltage at emitter and base is minus five (-5) volts Emitter-Base Voltage:
  •  It uses current at collector is minus five (-5) amperes.
  • The power dissipation at the collector terminal is sixty-five (65) watts.
  • Its is Gain thousand (1000).
  •  Its Working and Storing Intersection Temperature Range is from minus sixty-five to plus one fifty Celsius(-65 to +150 °C).
  • It offered in TO-220 casing.

Ratings of TIP127

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCBO	-60 Volts	These are the voltage across collector and base.
VCEO	-60 Volts	These are the voltage around collector and emitter.
VEBO	-5 Volts	These are the voltage around emitter and base.
IC	-5 amper	It is the current at collector which is dc.
ICP	-8 Amper	It is the pulse of collector current.
IB	-120 milliampere	It is the current at the base.
Pc	65 Watts	It is the power dissipation at  Collector (TC=25°C).
TJ	150 C	It is the Junction Temperature.

Electrical Characteristic of TIP127

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCEO	-60 Volts	It is the Collector and Emitter Supporting Voltage
ICEO	-2 milliampere	It is the Collector Cut off Current.
VCBO	-1 milliampere	It is the value of Collector Cut off Current.
IEBO	-2 milliampere	It is the value of Emitter Cut off Current.
hFE	1000	It is the value of  Current Gain.
VCE	-2 volts	These are the Collector and Emitter Saturation Voltage.
VBE	-2.5 volts	It is the value of  Base and Emitter On Voltage
Cob	300 pF	This is the output capacitance.

 

Applications of TIP127

These are some important applications of TIP127 which are described below with detail description.

• It is used to run higher current devices such as loads which work on up to the five amperes.
• It works as the switch which consumes intermediate power during its working.
• It used in such circuits where higher amplification is required.
• It also used to in motors circuits to control their speeds.
• It also used in Inverter circuits and other rectifier circuits.

So, friends, I tried a lot to share my best knowledge about TIP127, if you have any question about it please ask in comments. I will resolve your problems in a comprehensive way. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to TIP41

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP41. It is an NPN power transistor. It exists in (TO-220) malleable suite which marks this expedient appropriate for acoustic, power rectilinear and swapping submissions. Its corresponding transistor is TIP42. It is intended by joining three (3) components of semiconductor material by doping with different materials. It's center portion is base which is tinny and the other two outer parts are prominently doped than the base. Several transistors can strengthen a trivial current which will then be leading adequate to effort attention or other greater current maneuvers. These discretion are proficient to notice a shift in voltage and work as a switch. The TIP41 is a collective transistor which is inexpensive and serene to use for several proposals. In today’s post, we will have a look at its shield, smashup, deviation, entitlements, etc. I will also share some links where I have associated it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP41. 

Introduction to TIP41

• It is an NPN power transistor. It exists in (TO-220) malleable suite which marks this expedient appropriate for acoustic, power rectilinear and swapping submissions.
• It is an intermediate power consuming transistor used in submissions where working circumstances of the lesser signal transistor may be a minute strained.

• These diplomacies proposal power assessments which are regular and are mostly cast-off in transportable power sources and amplifier circuits.
•  Cogitate by these expedients as buffers for transistors output phases in higher power acoustic intensifier schemes or as output phases in intermediate power yield acoustic amplifier circuits.
• To evade impairment, constantly usage a heat absorber if extreme power from this expedient is prerequisite as the transistor compendium has a boundary to the quantity of temperature it can dispel from the transistor connection.

Pinout of TIP41

• These are the main pinout of  TIP41.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	Current initiates by the emitter, it is characteristically linked to ground.
  Pin#2	Base	It achieves the biasing of the transistor and works to turn ON or OFF the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	Current travels in over collector, it is usually related to loading.

  Let's see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of TIP41

• These are some important features of TIP41 which are discussed here.
  • It is an NPN junction transistor.
  • The voltage at its collector and emitter terminals is a hundred volts.
  • It voltage at collector and base terminals are a hundred voltages.
  • The voltage at emitter and base terminals is five volts.
  • It uses current collector six amperes.
  • Its dissipation power is minus sixty-five watts (-65).
  • Its gain is from minus fifteen to seventy-five volts.
  • Its transition frequency is minus three megahertz.
  • It's Working and Storing Connection Temperature Range from minus sixty-five to plus one fifty (-65 to +150 °C).

Ratings of TIP41

• Now we study the different rating parameters of TIP41 which are described below.

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCBO	100 volts	These are the voltage across collector and base.
VCEO	100 volts	These are the voltage around collector and emitter.
VEBO	5 volts	These are the voltage around emitter and base.
IC	6 amperes	It is the current at collector which is dc.
ICM	10 amperes	It is the pulse of collector current.
IB	3 amperes	It is the current at the base.
Pc	65 watts	It is the power dissipation at  Collector (TC=25°C).
TJ	150 C	It is the Junction Temperature.

Electrical characteristicsTIP41

• After reading of rating parameters now we study the electrical characteristics of TIP41.

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
ICEO	0.7 mA	It is the value of the cut-off current the collector.
IEBO	1 A	It is the value of emitter cut off the current.
ICES	0.4 mA	It is the value of collector cut-off current.
VCEO	100 V	These are the collector and emitter supporting voltage.
VCE	1.5 V	These are the collector and emitter supporting voltage.
VBE	2 V	It is the value of voltage across base and emitter terminals.
hFE	75	It the value of DC current gain.

  So it was all about TIP41 if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to TIP121

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP121. The TIP121 is an NPN Darlington pair transistor. It exists in a TO-220 casing and creates for normal amplification and less moving speed switching submissions. Like other transistors, it has three pinouts emitter, base, and collector. The central part this transistor which is known as the base is thinner in size and other two emitters and collector has larger areas. Transistors are playing an important rule in our electronic circuits and industries. Every electronic device like mobile, radio, LCD, etc all these have different types of transistors. Like other transistors, TIP121 is performing an important rule in electronic industries. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, wreckage, deviation, privileges, etc. I will also share some links where I have related it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP121. 

Introduction to TIP121

• The TIP121 is an NPN Darlington pair transistor. It exists in a TO-220 casing and creates for normal amplification and less speed switching submissions.
• This transistor is the best choice for simplest switching circuitries and can be used for such load which works on intermediate power.

• It is the category of the transistor which is effortlessly accessible in marketplaces and has less price.
• It provides many application in electrical circuitries that way it is also famous in electrical industries. Due to these features it best device when selecting an arbitrary swapping expedient.
• If you have to strengthen your input signal. The intensifying aspect of TIP121 is much better than other amplifiers and its gain is nearly rectilinear. These features make this transistor best nominee for intensifying submissions.
• This transistor has the ability to control by a microcontroller pulse due to it's higher gain and speed retort. So we can use it at higher speed swapping submissions.
• This transistor has two limits on the power treatment capability of a transistor first one is it has the ability of an intermediate intersection temperature and 2^nd interruption or breakdown.

Now we discuss the pinout of TIP121.

Pinout of TIP121

• These are the main pinout of  TIP121.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	It is usually linked with the ground terminal.
  Pin#2	Base	It used to turn on or off the transistor. We can say it works like a switch.
  Pin#3	Collector	This terminal of the transistor is connected with the load.

  Let's see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of TIP121

• These are some important features of TIP121.
  • It is the Average power consumer transistor.
  • Its obtainable gain is to the fifty (50).
  • The extreme voltage it takes around its collector and emitter terminal is a hundred volts (100).
  • The extreme current can pass thrush its collector is three (3) ampere of DC.
  • The extreme voltage it takes around its base and emitter is five volts.
  • The extreme current which can pass through its base is one (1) ampere DC.
  • The extreme voltage it takes around collector and base is hundred (100) volts.
  • Its extreme working temperature is 150 centigrade.
  • It dissipates of -65 watts.

Working of TIP121

• Now we discuss the working of TIP121 with a detailed circuit diagram.
• In this circuitry, we are working on the transistor common emitter configuration.
• In given circuit diagram we are using TIP121 as a switching device.
• In this circuitry, we are working with a direct current motor as a load. To on or off we are using a controller component which is mention in this circuit.
• This control unit delivers the plus five volts pulse to the base terminal of the transistor. The mechanism which you keep in mind is that the ground of the controller circuit must be coupled with the emitter terminal of the transistor.
• The ten-ohm resistance is coupled with the base to bound the current.

• During usual situations, the transistor will remain off and there will be no base current. When control unit sends pulse at base current starts to flow in base and transistor gets on.

• After this collector current will produce and start the motor to works the motor will works until the base current will be available.

• When control unit output is diminished then base current start to decrease then transistor stop working. Then transistor stop working then automatically collector current becomes zero and motor turns off, as it was working on collector current.

• For further understanding, let's see a diagram of the circuit.

Applications of TIP121

• These are the main applications of TIP121.
  • It is used to control the speed of a direct current motor.
  • It used in different lighting circuits.
  • It used in PWM submissions.
  • It used in different relay drivers.
  • It used in different switch-mode power supplies.
  • It used in acoustic amplifiers circuits.
  • It works in different intensifier circuits.

So it was all about TIP121 if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to TIP125

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP125. It is a bipolar PNP transistor, which is created for swapping and intensification submissions. It is the corresponding of transistor TIP121. The transistor is such a constituent which shows a very significant imperative on diverse electrical and electronic constituents and circuits. There is no electronic expedient which doesn't have a transistor in its circuitry. The transistor is available in NPN and PNP configuration according to their uses. These instruments also show a significant regulation in the adaptation of current and intensification of an input signal. In today’s post, we will have a look at its protection, debris, eccentricity, privileges, etc. I will also share some links where I have related it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP125. 

Introduction to TIP125

• It is a bipolar PNP transistor, which is created for swapping and intensification submissions. It is the corresponding of transistor TIP121.
• These transistors are produced in planar expertise with base isle design and monolithic Darlington pair formation.

• This transistor can work for the load of sixty volts having a maximum current of eight amperes incessant current of five amperes.
• Which makes it appropriate for intermediates and higher power electronics circuitries such as motor control or larger power consuming power light-emitting diodes.
• It is ordinarily used for such loading devices which consume high current and for such application where higher intensification is needed.
• As it has less value of V_BE  which is five volts so it can be easily regulated by a microcontroller.
• If you are searching for such components which can effortlessly be monitored by logical instruments like microcontrollers and can be used for higher loading devices or for higher intensification then it will be the right component for you.

Pinout of TIP125

• These are the main pinout of  TIP125.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	It is typically related to the ground terminal.
  Pin#2	Base	It used to turn on or off the transistor. We can say it mechanism like a switch.
  Pin#3	Collector	This terminal of the transistor is linked with the load.

  Let's see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of TIP125

• It is an intermediate power using a Darlington pair transistor.
•  It provides a higher value of direct current gain of nearly a thousand.
• Its collector current is five amperes.
• The voltage at its collector and emitter terminal Vce sixty volts.
• The voltage at its collector and base is sixty volts.
• Its voltage at emitter and base terminals is five volts.
• Its base takes a current of 120 milliamperes.
• Its maximum loading current is eight ampers.
• It offered in To-220 casing.

Ratings of TIP125

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCEO	60 V	These are the voltage across collector and emitter.
VCBO	60 V	These are the voltage around the collector and base.
VEBO	5 V	These are the voltage around emitter and base.
IC	5 A	It is the current at collector which is dc.
IB	120 mA	It is the current at the base.
PD	65 A	It is the total power dissipated by the transistor.
Tstg	-65 C to 150 C	It is the Junction Temperature.
TJ	-65 C to 150 C	It is the Junction Temperature.

Electrical Charestrastic of TIP125

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCEO	60 V	These are the collector and emitter sustaining voltage.
ICEO	0.5 mA	It is the collector cut-off current.
ICBO	0.2 mA	It is the value of collector cut off the current.
IEBO	2 A	This is the emitter cut off the current.
hFE	1000	This is the value of gain.
VCE	2 V	These are the collector and emitter saturation voltages.
VBE	2.5 V	It is the base-emitter operating voltage.
Cbo	300 pF	It is the output capacitance.

Working of TIP125

• We have discussed earlier that TIP125 is Darlington pair transistor. Its functioning is similar to a PNP transistor.
• As this transistor has Darlington paint in it due to this it has good collector current rating near five amperes.
• The Darlington circuitry of this transistor is given in the figure. In this circuit, we can see that in this casing there are a two-transistor.
• The emitter (E) of one transistor is linked with the base terminal of 2^nd  and collector of both are linked with each other to create Darlington pair.
• This assembly enhances the gain and current rating of the transistor.

Applications of TIP125

• These are some applications of tip125.
  • It can be used for switching of higher current consuming up to the 5 ampers loading devices.
  • It works as an intermediate power-consuming switching.
  • it is used for such circuits where higher amplification is required.
  • It used to control motors speed.
  • It used for rectification process.

So it was all about TIP125 if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to 74ls04

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to 74ls04. 74LS04is a participant of 74XXYY integrated sequence. The seventy-four sequences are numerical logic incorporated circuitries. This integrated circuit consists of 6 not gates. These gats do the function of reversing of different functions. To the existence of six gates, it also is known as hex inverter. This integrated circuit is offered in numerous suites. You can select a suitable suite dependent on conditions. This module has fourteen pinouts which perform different functions. It is used in different memory units. In today’s post, we will have a look at its protection, wreck, oddness, privileges, etc. I will also share some links where I have related it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to 74ls04. 

Introduction to 74ls04

• The logic gates of this unit use silicon gate CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) expertise to achieve working speeds alike to LSTTL (Low-Power Schottky Transistor-Transistor Logic) gates, with the less power ingesting of normal CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) incorporated circuitry.

•  All components of the 74 series have the capability to run ten devices have the ability to drive 10 LSTTL (Low-Power Schottky Transistor-Transistor Logic) loading device.
•  The 74-HCT logic groups working is pin well-matched with the normal 74LS logic sequence.
• This module is used for such circuits where the inversion of different logic is desired.
• Inversion logic gats in these modules give the changed outputs if the input is one then the output will be zero.
•  This device consists of 6 not gate.
• If you need during your working  (transistor-transistor logic) TTL it will be a good option for these operations.
•  It is less costly instruments and easily extensible in marketplaces and it used in many circuits for inversion purpose.

Pinout of 74ls04

• These are the main pinouts of 74ls04 which are described below.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	1A	It is the input pinout of gate one.
  Pin#3	2A	It is the input of pinout of gate two.
  Pin#5	3A	It is the input pinout of gate three.
  Pin#9	4A	It is the input pin of gate four.
  Pin#11	5A	It is the input pinout of gate five.
  Pin#13	6A	It s the input pinout of gate six.
  Pin#7	GND	It is the ground terminal.
  Pin#14	Vcc	This pin is connected with the positive polarity of voltages.
  Pin#2	1Y	It is the output pin of gate one.
  Pin#4	2Y	It is the output pin of gate two.
  Pin#6	3Y	It is the output pinout of gate three.
  Pin#8	4Y	it is the output pin of gate four.
  Pin#10	5Y	It is the output pin of gate five.
  Pin#12	6Y	It is the output pin of gate six.

• Now we see the pinout diagram.

Features of 74ls04

• These are the main features of 74ls04.
  • This module works on the plus 4.75 volts to plus 5.25.
  • The extreme voltage values which this module can bear is plus seven volts.
  • The extreme current which every not gate circuit of this device can bear is eight milli-ampere.
  • This component is not constructed with the lead Pb.
  • Its outputs are a type of transistor-transistor logic.
  • The value of its extreme rising timing is fifteen nanoseconds.
  • The extreme value of this device falling time is fifteen nanoseconds.
  • It works amount the temperature ranges of zero Celcius to seventy Celsius.

Application of 74ls04

• These are many applications of this device. It has very importance in inversion circuits. Few of its applications are explain here discuss them.
• It is a Universal use logic instrument which used in the different logic circuit.
• It is used in different servers.
• It used in different storage module to store data.
• This module is also used in different personal computers and notebooks as a storing device.
• It also used in different digital reluctances circuits and instruments.
• This module is used in different networking systems.
• It also used in different Digital instruments and networks.

So it was all about 74ls04 I write this article in the simplest way for you. If you have any question about it as in comments. I will solve your problems. Thanks for readings take care till the next tutorial.

Introduction to Atmega32

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to Atmega32. ATmega32 is eight-bit higher enactment microcontroller, it is manufactured by an Atmel (it is a designer and builder of different semiconductors materials). It is founded on enriched RISC which stands for (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) design which consists of 131 (one thirty-one) potent commands. Mostly commands implement in one mechanism sequence. The maximum frequency at which it operates sixteen MHz. It delivers a subtle equilibrium among enactment and balance. It is the Pico Power sort of the normal ATmega328 kind which permits it to work below lesser voltage and power necessities, nearly 1.62 volts. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, wreckage, eccentricity, privileges, etc. I will also share some links where I have related it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to Atmega32. 

Introduction to Atmega32

• ATmega32 is eight-bit higher enactment microcontroller, it is manufactured by an Atmel (it is a designer and builder of different semiconductors materials).
• It is a higher enactment, less power consuming eight-bit AVR (automatic voltage regulator) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) constructed microcontroller.

• It syndicates thirty-two-kilo byte ISP (In-system Programming) flash storage which having rand and writes competences.
•  This module consists of one-kilo byte  EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), two kilobyte SRAM (static RAM), 54 inputs and 69 general persistence output lines, thirty-two universal persistence functioning registers, a JTAG (Joint Test Action Group ) interfacing for border scanning and onboard repairing or debugging.
• It also comprises of 3 malleable regulators with associate manners, interior and exterior interferes, sequential programmable USART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter), a (USI) having on state indicator, an eight-channel ten-bit analog to digital converter, programmable overseer timer with interior oscillation generator, SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) sequential slot, and 5 software choose able power convertible manners.
• It works on 1.8 to 5.5 volts.
• It is very tranquil to program AVR (automatic voltage regulator) controller. As it has very substantial program storage so it can easily work with different embedded networks.
• As this module consists of thirty-two inputs and output pinouts we can easily connect it with any other component effortlessly.
• As we discussed earlier it has observer timer to reset fault, so it can be used on different networks for fault reset without any human interference.
• As it has a lot of landscapes which cooperate with one other so we can use it in different controlling systems.
• By performing influential commands in a solitary sequence, the expedient attains quantities impending 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.

Pinout of Atmega32

• These are the main pinouts of ATmega32 which are described below.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	PB0 (XCK/T0)	it is the zero pin of port B.
  Pin#2	PB1 (T1)	it is the one no pin of port B.
  Pin#3	PB2 (INT2/AIN0)	it is the no two pin of port B.
  Pin#4	PB3 (OC0/AIN1)	it is the three no pin of port B.
  Pin#5	PB4 (SS)	It is the no four-pin of port B.
  Pin#6	PB5 (Master Out Slave In)	It is the pin no five of port B.
  Pin#7	PB6 (master in slave out)	It is the pin no six of port B.
  Pin#8	PB7 (Serial clock)	this is the pin no seven of port B.
  Pin#9	RESET	It is the reset pin.
  Pin#10	Vcc	It is the supply voltage of plus five volts.
  Pin#11	GND	It is the ground terminal.
  Pin#12	XTAL2	it is linked with the  Crystal Oscillator.
  Pin#13	XTAL1	this pin is also linked with the Crystal Oscillator.
  Pin#14	PD0 (RXD)	it is the zero pin of port D.
  Pin#15	PD1 (TXD)	It is the pin no one of Port D.
  Pin#16	PD2 (INT0)	it is the pin no two of port D.
  Pin#17	PD3 (INT1)	it is the pin no three of port D.
  Pin#18	PD4 (OC1B)	it is the pin no four of port D.
  Pin#19	PD5 (OC1A)	it is the pin no five of port D.
  Pin#20	PD6 (ICP)	it is the pin no six of port D.
  Pin#21	PD7 (OC2)	it is the pin no seven of port D.
  Pin#22	PC0 (SCL)	it is the pin no zero of port c.
  Pin#23	PC1 (SDA)	it is the pin no one of port c.
  Pin#24	PC2 (TCK)	it is the pin no two of port c.
  Pin#25	PC3 (TMS)	it is the pin no three of port c.
  Pin#26	PC4 (TDO)	it is the pin no four of port c.
  Pin#27	PC5 (TDI)	it is the pin no five of port c.
  Pin#28	PC6 (TOSC1)	it is the pin no six of port c.
  Pin#29	PC7 (TOSC2)	it is the pin no seven of port seven.
  Pin#30	AVcc	It is the Vcc for interior ADC.
  Pin#31	GND	it is the ground terminal.
  Pin#32	AREF	It is the Analog Reference Pin for ADC.
  Pin#33	PA7 (A/DC7)	it is the pin no seven for port A.
  Pin#34	PA6 (A/DC6)	It is the pin no six for port A.
  Pin#35	PA5 (A/DC5)	it is the pin no five for port A.
  Pin#36	PA4 (A/DC4)	It is the pin no four for port A.
  Pin#37	PA3 (A/DC3)	it is the pin no three for port A.
  Pin#38	PA2 (A/DC2)	it is the pin no two for port A.
  Pin#39	PA1 (A/DC1)	it is the pin no one for port A.
  Pin#40	PA0 (A/DC0)	It is the pin no zero for port A.

Features of Atmega32

• These are the main features of atmega32 which are explained below.
  • Its processor is eight bits AVR(automatic voltage regulator.
  • This module has forty different types of pinouts, which we have discussed with detailed.
  • it's working voltage is from plus four volts to plus five volts.
  • This device has thirty-two inputs and output pinouts.
  • This microcontroller has an analog to digital converter unit which ten bits resolution.
  • It consists of two counter first one is eight bits and other is sixteen bits.
  • This component has one analog comparing circuit. It does not consist of digital to the analog converter. It consists of four(4) pulse width modulator (PWM). It consists of the exterior oscillator which works on the eighth megahertz frequency. It also consists of the interior oscillator which works on eight megahertz frequency. It consists of Flash memory. Its processor speed is sixteen MIPS(Million Instructions Per Second). Its random excess memory is two-kilo bytes. It comprises of 6 power storing Ways. Its functioning temperature is -55 Celsius to 125 celsius.
  • Its working temperature is -55 Celsius to +125 Celsius.

Applications of ATmega32

There are many applications of Armega32 some are described here.

• It used in different temperature control systems.
• It used in the different analog signal calculation and management techniques.
• It used in different entrenched schemes like chocolate apparatus, peddling mechanism.
• It used for controlling the motor.
• It used for Numerical signal handling.
• It used for Marginal Interfacing scheme.

So, friends, it was all about ATmega32, if you have any question about it ask in comments I will resolve your problems and try my best to the simplest answer to your problem. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.