The Engineering Projects

Introduction to BC559

Hi Guys! Hope this finds you well. I welcome you on board. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll be explaining the Introduction to BC559. BC559 is a bipolar junction transistor used to drive loads under 100mA. It falls under the family of PNP transistors and is mainly known as a current-controlled device. Where small current at one terminal is used to drive large current change at the remaining two terminals. Read this post all the way through, as I’ll be touching pinout, working, datasheet, physical dimensions, power ratings, and applications of a BC559 transistor. Let’s get started.

Introduction to BC559

• BC559 is a PNP bipolar junction transistor mainly employed for amplification and switching applications.
• It is composed of silicon material and comes in TO-92 packaging. Based on the nature of applications and electronic projects, these transistors are also manufactured in TO-18 configuration.

• BC559 carries three terminals that are emitter, base, and collector. All these terminals are used for external connection with the circuit.

• There are three layers inside the PNP BC559 transistor where one n-doped layer stands between two p-doped layers. Here N layer represents the base terminal that is negative and the remaining two terminals are positive.
• The base terminal is still considered as the main terminal responsible for transistor action.
• Here base terminal controls the number of holes in contrast to the NPN transistor where the base is positive and controls the number of electrons.
• The emitter terminal emits the holes which are then collected by the collector terminal.

BC559 Datasheet

The datasheet gives you an overview of the main characteristics of the component. You can check the datasheet of this tiny component by clicking the link below.

BC559 Pinout

BC559 is incorporated with three terminals named:

• 1: Collector
• 2: Base
• 3: Emitter

The following figure represents BC559 pinout.

• Each terminal carries different doping concentrations and functionality as compared to the remaining two terminals. The emitter side is highly doped in contrast to the other two terminals.

BC559 Working Principle

• The working principle is simple and straight forward. When there is no current present at the base side, the transistor is turned ON and both emitter and collector are forward biased.

• And when current flows from the base terminal, the transistor is turned OFF and both emitter and collector terminals will be reverse biased.

• Though both electrons and holes contribute to conductivity, holes are major carriers in the case of this PNP transistor as opposed to NPN transistors where electrons are major carriers.
• It is important to note that NPN is preferred over PNP transistors for amplification purposes because the mobility of electrons is far better than the mobility of holes.

BC559 Power Ratings

The table given below contains the absolute maximum ratings of the BC559.

Absolute Maximum Ratings BC559
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	30	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	30	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	100	mA
5	Power Dissipation	Pd	625	mW
6	DC Current Gain	hfe	120 to 800
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-55 to 150	C

• Both collector-emitter and collector-base voltage is 30V while emitter-base voltage is 5V indicating the only 5V is required to bias the transistor and start the transistor action.
• The collector current is 100mA means it can support loads under 100mA. Total device dissipation is 625mW and storage junction temperature is -55 to 155 C.
• You need to be very careful while taking these readings into consideration. If ratings exceed the desired ratings, they can terribly affect the device.
• And make sure these ratings you don’t apply for more than the required time, else they hurt the device reliability.

Difference between PNP and NPN Transistors

• Both transistors almost operate in a similar fashion i.e. base is the main terminal responsible for transistor action in both cases and emitter contains the entire current of the transistor.
• And the emitter terminal is highly doped as compared to other terminals in both cases.

• There are, however, some exceptions. The voltage polarities and current directions are reversed in both cases. Current flows from emitter to collector in case of PNP transistors while it moves from collector to emitter in case of NPN transistor.

• The base terminal is negative in PNP transistor while it’s positive in the case of NPN transistor. It acts as a control valve.
• Recall NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors for amplification purposes because the mobility of electrons is better than the mobility of holes.
• While base terminal controls the electrons in the case of NPN transistors and it controls the holes in the case of PNP transistors.
• It is important to note that both NPN and PNP transistors are interchangeable given that if a bipolar transistor is composed of two back-to-back diodes with the base terminal being the common terminal.

 

BC559 Alternatives

Following transistors can be used as alternatives to BC559.

• BC859 (SOT-23)
• BC858 (SOT-23)
• BC859W (SOT-323)
• BC858W (SOT-323)

While you aim to incorporate these alternatives into your project, check the pinout of the alternatives as it’s likely the pinout of the BC559 might differ from the pinout of the alternatives.

• Be on the safe side and do your due diligence before starting the project.

Complementary NPN transistors of BC559 are BC546 & BC548.

BC559 Applications

BC559 is used in the following applications.

• Finds applications in current mirror circuits.
• Used in H- Bridge circuits.
• Used for constructing Astable bistable multivibrators.
• Used to drive loads under 100mA.
• Finds application in comparator and oscillator circuits.
• Employed for switching and amplification purpose.
• Incorporated for impedance buffering.

 

BC559 Physical dimensions

BC559 comes in weight approx. 0.18g. The following figure represents the BC559 physical dimensions, helping you evaluate the space given for your project. That was all about Introduction to BC559 transistor. I hope you find this article useful. If you are unsure or have any question, you can approach me in the section below, I’ll help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to pop your valuable feedback and suggestions in the comment section below, they help us produce quality content. Thank you for reading the post.

Introduction to BC560

Hello Friends! Hope this finds you well. I welcome you to another addition to the introduction series. In this post today, I’ll be discussing the Introduction to BC560.

BC560 is a general-purpose transistor mainly used to drive loads under 100mA as it carries collector current 100mA. It falls under the category of PNP transistors and is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. I suggest you read this entire post as I’ll detail everything about BC560 transistor covering pinout, working, power ratings, applications, and physical dimensions. Continue reading.

Introduction to BC560

• BC560 is a PNP transistor mainly used for switching and amplification purpose. It comes with transition frequency 150MHz and junction temperature of 150 C.
• This PNP transistor contains three pins called emitter, base, and collector. These pins are used for external connections with the electronic circuit. The small current at the base side is used to produce large current change across other terminals.
• BC560 carries three layers where one is the n-doped layer that represents the base terminal and the other two are p-doped layers that represent emitter and collector respectively. The n-doped layer stands between two p-doped layers.

• As this is a PNP transistor, here current flows from emitter to collector as opposed to NPN transistor where current flows from collector to emitter.
• Also, here in PNP transistor holes are majority carriers… even though both electrons and holes play a key role in the conductivity of PNP transistors, here holes are majority carriers in contrast to NPN transistors where electrons are majority carriers.

• In both cases, however, the base terminal is the main component responsible for the overall electron action. Which is positive in the case of NPN transistor and is negative in the case of PNP transistor.
• Moreover, all these terminals are different in terms of their functionality and doping concentrations. The emitter side is more doped as compared to the other two terminals.
• Plus, the emitter terminal contains the overall transistor current. The emitter current is a sum of both collector and base current.

BC560 Datasheet

While scanning the datasheet of the component, you can get a hold of the main characteristics of the component. If you want to download the datasheet of the BC560 transistor, click below.

BC560 Pinout

BC560 carries three main terminals known as: 1: Collector 2: Base 3: Emitter

• These terminals are used for external connection with the circuit.
• The following figure shows the pinout of the BC560 transistor.

• It is wise to pay special heed to the pinout of the transistor before employing it in your project.
• Installing the component with the wrong configuration can damage the component and thus the entire project.

BC560 Working Principle

• The working principle of this PNP transistor is almost similar to NPN. In both cases, the base terminal triggers the transistor action.
• When there is no current available at the base terminal, the transistor is turned ON and both collector and emitter terminals are forward biased.
• And when current flows from the base side, the transistor is turned OFF, indicating both emitter and collector pins are reverse biased.

• It is important to note that… even though NPN and PNP transistors are used for amplification purposes, NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors since the mobility of electrons is far better and quicker than the mobility of holes.

BC560 Power Ratings

The table below carries the absolute maximum ratings of the BC560.

Absolute Maximum Ratings BC560
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	45	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	50	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	100	mA
5	Power Dissipation	Pd	625	mW
6	Transition Frequency	ft	100	MHz
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-55 to 150	C

• The collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 45V & 50V respectively. While emitter-base voltage is 5V that means the only 5V is required to start the transistor action.
• The transition frequency is 100MHz and junction temperature is 150 C. The collector current is 100mA, projecting it can support loads under 100mA.

• These are the stress ratings which if exceed the required ratings, can hurt the device. And if you apply these ratings more than the required time they can damage the device reliability.

Difference between PNP and NPN Transistors

• Both NPN and PNP transistors operate almost in a similar fashion. The base pin is the main terminal that plays a key role in triggering the transistor action in both cases.
• The emitter side is highly doped and contains the entire current of the transistor.
• Voltage polarities and current directions create a difference between both NPN and PNP transistors.
• Current flows from collector to emitter in case of NPN transistor while it flows from emitter to collector in case of PNP transistors. The base is negative in PNP transistor while it’s positive in the case of NPN transistor.

• Recall, mobility of electrons is better than the mobility of holes, the reason NPN are preferred over PNP for amplification purposes.
• The base terminal acts as a control value in both cases where it controls the holes in PNP transistor and it controls the electrons in case of NPN transistor.

• Note that, both PNP and NPN transistors are interchangeable only if a bipolar junction transistor is made up of two back-to-back diodes with the base terminal as the common terminal.

 

BC560 Alternatives

The following are the SMD alternatives of BC560:

• BC860W (SOT-323)
• BC857W (SOT-323)
• BC857 (SOT-23)
• BC860 (SOT-23)

The complementary NPN to the BC560 transistor is BC550.

BC560 Applications

BC560 can be employed in the following applications.

• Used in current mirror circuits.
• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Employed for constructing Astable bistable multivibrators.
• Employed for impedance buffering.
• Incorporated to drive loads under 100mA.
• Finds applications in H- Bridge circuits.
• Used in comparator and oscillator circuits.

BC560 Physical dimensions

The following figure represents the physical dimensions of the transistor BC560. While getting a hold of these dimensions you can evaluate the space required for your entire electrical project. That’s all for today. I hope you’ve got a clear insight into the Introduction to BC560 transistor. If you have any question, you can pop your query in the section below, I’ll help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions in the comment section below, they help us produce quality content. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to BC517

Hi folks! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll detail the complete Introduction to BC517. BC517 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor made up of silicon material and comes in a TO-92 package. It carries collector-current 1A, projecting it can drive loads under 1A. Total power dissipation is 625mW, indicating it releases power around 625mW while working. Collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 30 and 40 respectively. The emitter-base voltage is 10V which means it requires only 10V to trigger the electron action inside the transistor. Read this post all the way through as I’ll be documenting pinout, working, power ratings, alternatives, applications, and physical dimensions of transistor BC517. Let’s get started.

Introduction to BC517

• BC517 is a bipolar junction transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family. It comes in the TO-92 package and is composed of silicon material.
• It contains three pins known as collector, base, and emitter. The small input current at the base side is used to produce large current at the remaining two terminals. This phenomenon is used for amplification purposes.
• BC517 comes with three layers where two are n-doped layers and one is a p-doped layer that stands between the two n-doped layers. The p-doped layer represents the base terminal which is positive while the other two terminals are negative.

• One important feature that makes this transistor unique is its high amplification factor. It carries the current gain or amplification factor around 30,000.
• The amplification factor is the capacity of any transistor it can amplify the input current. Simply put, the factor by which the current at the base terminal is amplified at the other two terminals.

BC517 Datasheet

• Before working with any component, it is wise to get a hold of the datasheet of that component that highlights the main characteristic of the device, helping you better understand the component.
• Click below to download the datasheet of the transistor BC517.

BC517 Pinout

The BC517 comes with three pins called: 1: Collector 2: Base 3: Emitter The following figure shows the pinout of BC517.

• These are also called transistor terminals that are mainly used for external connection with the electrical circuit. All these pins are different in terms of functionality and doping concentration.
• Both base and collector terminals are less doped compared to the emitter terminal. Plus, the emitter terminal carries the 100% transistor current. It is a sum of both base and collector current.

BC517 Pin Configuration

BC517 transistor comes in the following three main configurations: 1: Common emitter configuration 2: Common collector configuration 3: Common base configuration

• Common emitter configuration carries the suitable voltage and current ratings required for amplification purposes. The reasons this configuration is preferred for amplification over the remaining two configurations.
• The amplification factor or current gain is an important factor of the transistor that mainly projects the capacity of any transistor it can amplify the current. It is denoted by ß.
• In BC517, the amplification factor is 30,000 which is far high than other transistors in the market. It is a ratio between output energy and input energy i.e. ratio between collector current and the base current.

• The current gain is another important factor used to describe the nature of the transistor. It is denoted by a and is known as alpha. It is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. The alpha value is always less than 1, commonly stands from 0.5 to 1.

BC517 Working Principle

• The base side is the key terminal responsible for the overall transistor action. The base terminal gets biased when a voltage is applied to this terminal.
• The base terminal acts like an electron valve that controls the number of electrons passing through the base pin. The base terminal operates similarly in the PNP transistor but here it controls the number of holes passing through it.
• During the amplification process, the small current at the base side is amplified and produced across the other terminals.

• And when BC517 acts like a switch, it converts the small current available at one side of the transistor into a larger current across the other terminals of the transistor.
• As this is an NPN transistor, here the base terminal is positive with respect to the emitter side and the emitter voltage is less positive than the collector voltage.

Moreover, the collector terminal is laced with the resistor to limit the flow of current.

BC517 Power Ratings

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of transistor BC517.

Absolute Maximum Ratings BC517
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	30	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	40	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	10	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	1	A
5	Current Gain	hfe	30,000
6	Power Dissipation	Pd	625	mW
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-55 to 150	C

• Collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 30 & 40 respectively. While the emitter-base voltage is 10V i.e. it needs 10V to start the electron action in the transistor.
• The power dissipation is 625mW and junction temperature varies from -55C to 150C. The collector-current is 1A which means it can drive loads under 1A.
• Be careful while considering these ratings as ratings above these absolute maximum ratings can adversely affect the performance of the component. Also, don’t apply these ratings for more than the required time, else it might affect the device reliability.

BC517 Alternatives

The PNP complementary to BC517 is BC516.

BC517 Applications

It is used in the following applications.

• Used for amplification and switching purposes.
• Used in sensor circuits.
• Employed as an audio preamplifier and amplifier stages.
• Can drive loads under 1A.
• Used in battery chargers.
• Used in H-bridge and Astable and Bistable multivibrators.
• Used to control motor.

 

BC517 Physical dimensions

The following diagram shows the physical dimensions of transistor BC517. It will help you identify the space required for your electrical project. That’s all for today. I hope you find this article useful. If you have any queries, you can pop your question in the section below and I’ll try my best to help you the best way I can. Moreover, share your feedback and suggestions in the section below, they help us produce quality work. Thanks for reading this post.

Introduction to BC557

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well. I welcome you on board. Thank you for viewing this read. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to BC557. BC557 is a bipolar junction transistor with DC current gain 300. It falls under the category of PNP transistors where one N-doped layer stands between the two P-doped layers. The continuous collector current is 100mA means it can drive load under 100mA. BC557 comes in the TO-92 package and is mainly used for switching and amplification purpose. Before I bore you to tears, let’s dive in and read the complete introduction to BC557 covering datasheet, pinout, working principle, power ratings, physical dimensions, and applications. Continue reading.

Introduction to BC557

• BC557 is a bipolar junction transistor that falls under the family of PNP transistors.
• As this is a PNP transistor, there will be no current at the base terminal when the transistor is turned ON and in that case, both emitter and collector will be forward biased.
• And when voltage is applied at the base terminal, the transistor is turned OFF and both emitter and collector will be reverse biased.

• It carries three terminals called collector, base, and emitter that are commonly used for external connection with the electronic circuit.
• All these terminals are different in terms of their size and doping concentration. The emitter is highly doped against both collector and emitter terminals.

• BC557 contains there layers i.e. two p-doped layers and one n-doped layer. The n-doped layer lies between the two p-doped layers. Here the base terminal is negative while emitter and collector will be positive.
• The maximum collector current is 100mA indicating we cannot drive loads through the transistor that utilizes more than 100mA current.
• It is mainly used for amplification purposes. Amplification is the process by which transistor boosts the small input voltage into a large output voltage i.e. small audio signal will be amplified into a large audio signal.

BC557 Datasheet

If you want to download the BC557 datasheet, click the link given below. This will help you understand the main characteristics of the BC557 transistor.

BC557 Pinout

BC557 contains three terminals that are known as:

• 1: Collector
• 2: Base
• 3: Emitter

The following figure shows the pinout of BC557. As this is a PNP transistor, here current flows from emitter to collector and base controls the amount of current. And you may know already, in PNP transistor current flows in through the collector terminal and it drains out through emitter terminal.

BC557 Working Principle

• In PNP transistor holes are majority carriers as opposed to NPN transistors where electrons are majority carriers. Although holes are majority carriers, the base terminal still plays a key role in the overall action of the transistor.

• Now holes are emitted from the emitter instead of electrons in the NPN case, and they are collectors by collector terminal.

• BC557 is called the current controlled device where small current present at the base side is used to control the large current at the remaining terminals.
• Recall, when the transistor is turned OFF there is a current at the base side and when the transistor is turned ON there is no current present at the base terminal.

BC557 Power Ratings

The following table represents the absolute maximum ratings of BC557.

Absolute Maximum Ratings BC557
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	45	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	50	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	100	mA
5	Power Dissipation	Ptot	500	mW
6	Peak Collector Current	Icm	200	mA
7	Junction Temperature	Tstg	150	C

• The transistor’s amplification capacity is determined by the amplification factor that is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. It exhibits the actual value of the current or input audio signal that the transistor can amplify.
• Make sure, these ratings remain under control and don’t exceed the recommended values.
• If values surpass the standard values, they can affect the overall performance of the component, and thus damage the project you’re working on.
• Also, if these ratings are applied with maximum time, they can ultimately affect device reliability.

Difference between PNP and NPN Transistors

• Though both transistors are used for amplification and switching purposes, there are few exceptions.
• In PNP transistor, the current flows from the emitter side to the collector side and in case of NPN transistor current flows from collector to emitter, however, in both cases, the base is the main terminal that controls the amount of current.

• In PNP transistors, base controls the number of holes and in NPN it controls the number of electrons. As conductivity is carried out by electrons in NPN transistors, they prove handier for amplification purposes compared to PNP transistors because the mobility of electrons is far better and quicker than the movement of holes in PNP transistors.
• In PNP transistor the base side is negative compared to both emitter and collector while in case of NPN transistor base side is positive compared to remaining terminals.
• The emitter terminal is both cases is highly doped and carries the 100% current of the transistor.
• Both NPN and PNP transistors are different in terms of the applied source voltage.

In PNP transistor source voltage is applied across the emitter terminal and in case of NPN transistor it is applied at the collector side.

BC557 Alternatives

BC557 equivalent alternatives are:

• BC558
• BD140
• TIP42
• BC157
• S8550
• 2N3906
• 2SA1943
• TIP127

It’s wise to check the pinout of the alternatives before installing them into your electrical project as it’s likely the pinout of the alternatives may differ from the pinout of the BC557. Better do your due diligence beforehand.

BC557 Applications

BC557 is used in the following application:

• Used for switching and amplification purpose
• Used to drive load under 100mA
• Employed in robotics and instrumentation projects
• Used in motors for controlling current

BC557 Physical dimensions

The following figure shows the physical dimensions of BC557 to help you evaluate the desired space of your electronic project. That’s all about Introduction to BC557. I hope you like this post. If you have anything to add, you can share your insight in the section below. And if you need my technical help regarding the usage of this component in your project, I’m available to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this post.

Introduction to BC337

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to BC337. BC337 is a general-purpose transistor mainly used for lower power audio amplification and switching purposes. It belongs to the NPN transistor family and comes with a maximum gain of 630. The continuous collector current is 800mA indicating it can drive loads under 800mA. I’ll be discussing the complete introduction to BC337 in this post covering pinout, working, power ratings, alternatives, applications, and physical dimensions of BC337. Stay tuned.

Introduction to BC337

• BC337 is an NPN transistor mainly used for lower power audio amplification and switching purposes.
• It contains three terminals known as emitter, base, and collector. The small current chance at the base side is used to produce large current change at the remaining terminals. This phenomenon is used for amplification purposes.
• BC337 comes with three layers i.e. one p-doped layer and two n-doped layers. The p-doped layer is sandwiched between two n-doped layers. The base terminal is positive and the remaining two terminals are negative.

• As this is an NPN transistor the main charge carriers would be electrons. Although both electrons and holes take part in conductivity, electrons are major carries in this case as opposed to PNP transistors where holes are major carriers.
• It is important to note that NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors because the mobility of electrons is far better and quicker than the mobility of holes. In some cases, a combination of both NPN and PNP transistors is used in an electrical project.

• In this NPN transistor current flows from collector to emitter in contrast to PNP transistor where current flows from emitter to collector. In both cases, however, the base terminal is the main component responsible for the overall transistor action.
• When voltage is applied at the base terminal it gets biased and the emitter terminal starts emitting the electrons which are then controlled by the base terminals and thus collected by the collector terminal.

BC337 Datasheet

Before employing any component into your project, it’s always wise to scan the datasheet that helps you better understand the characteristics of the component. Click below to download the datasheet of BC337.

BC337 Pinout

The following figure shows the BC337 pinout diagram. BC337 comes with three terminals called: 1: Collector 2: Base 3: Emitter

• All these terminals are mainly used for external connection with the electronic circuit. All these terminals are different in terms of their functionality and doping concentration.
• The emitter terminal is highly doped as compared to the remaining two terminals. And the emitter terminal encompasses the entire current of the transistor. The emitter current is a sum of collector current and base current.

BC337 Pin Configuration

BC337 is mainly used in three configurations as follow: 1: Common emitter configuration 2: Common collector configuration 3: Common base configuration

• Common emitter configuration carries the suitable voltage and current ratings needed for amplification purposes. This configuration is used for amplification purposes.
• The amplification factor demonstrates the nature of amplification. It is a ratio between collector current and base current and is denoted by ß.

• The current gain is another important factor that is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. It is denoted by a and is known as alpha. The alpha value lies from 0.95 to 0.99 but mostly its value is taken as unity.

BC337 Working Principle

• The base terminal plays a key role in starting the overall transistor action. When the voltage is applied at the base side, it gets biased and starts the electron action in the transistor. The base side actually acts like a control value that controls the electrons emitting from the emitter terminal which are then collected by the collector side.

• The small current at the base terminal is used to control large current at the remaining two terminals. This process is used in amplification purposes.
• BC337 also acts as a switch. When it acts as a switch, it converts the small current present at the one terminal side into a much larger current across the remaining transistor terminals.
• The base pin is positive with respect to both emitter and collector terminals. While the voltage at the collector side is always positive with respect to the emitter pin.
• The resistor is employed at the collector side to control the flow of current.

 

BC337 Power Ratings

The following table represents the absolute maximum ratings of the component BC337.

Absolute Maximum Ratings BC337
No.	Rating	Symbol	Value	Unit
1	Collector-Emitter Voltage	Vce	45	V
2	Collector-Base Voltage	Vcb	50	V
3	Emitter-Base Voltage	Veb	5	V
4	Collector Current	Ic	800	mA
5	Current Gain	hfe	100 to 630
6	Transition Frequency	ft	100	MHz
7	Storage Temperature	Tstg	-55 to 150	C

• The collector-emitter voltage is 45V and the collector-base voltage is 50V. While the emitter-base voltage is 5V. The transition frequency is 100MHz.

• These are the stress ratings. Make sure these ratings don’t surpass the absolute maximum ratings, else they can damage the component and thus the entire project.
• Also, if these ratings are applied more than the required time, they can damage the device reliability.

BC337 Alternatives

The following transistors can be used as a replacement to BC337. The SMD alternatives of the BC337 are

• 2SC3912 (SOT-23)
• 2SC3914 (SOT-23)
• BCX19 (SOT-23).
• 2SC3913 (SOT-23)
• BC817 (SOT-23)
• 2SC3915 (SOT-23)

It is wise to evaluate the pinout of the alternatives used for the project because it’s likely the pinout of the BC337 may differ from the pinout of the alternatives. Do your due diligence to avoid any hassle later.

• The PNP complementary to BC337 is BC327.

BC337 Applications

The following are some applications of the transistor BC337.

• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Employed in electronic motors to control current.
• Used in the push button.
• Employed in robotics and instrumentation.
• Used in Darlington pair circuits.
• Employed in Astable and Bistable multivibrators.

 

BC337 Physical dimensions

The following figure shows the physical dimensions of the component BC337. It will help you audit the space required for the component before incorporating it into your project. This is it. I hope you’ve got a clear insight into the component BC337. If you have any question regarding BC337, you can pop your question in the comment below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to share your valuable suggestions and feedback in the section below, they assist us to create quality content. Thank you for reading this post.

Introduction to TIP3055

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP3055.  TIP3055 is a silicon epitaxial-ignoble NPN transistor, which is assembled in TO-218 malleable parcels. It is the best device for power swapping circuits, parallel and series controllers (regulators), output phases and high power amplifiers. Its corresponding PNP transistor is TIP2955. It is a universal device used in many industrial projects where audio amplification is required. Its structures are attractive much the identical excluding for the maximum power indulgence that is a slightly lesser. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, smashup, prominence, proposals, etc. I will also share some links where I have correlated it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP3055. 

Introduction to TIP3055

• TIP3055 is a silicon epitaxial-ignoble NPN transistor, which is assembled in TO-218 malleable parcels. It is the best device for power swapping circuits, parallel and series controllers (regulators), output phases and high power amplifiers.
• It is prevailing in TO-247 pouring and it frequently used varied amplifiers initiatives.
• This module uses moderate power during its working, it uses 70 voltage across emitter and collector. It consumes fifteen amperes of current at the collector.

• It is the finest option for advanced steadfastness audile amplifier output point.
• This component has termination voltage V_ceo  (I_B =0) 60 volts.
• It has a unique extensive liability and particular excellence formation.
• Its Stowage temperature is -65 to 150 C and maximum working intersection temperature is 150 C.

Pinout of TIP3055

• These are the main pinout TIP3055 which are well-defined beneath.

• Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	The emitter is for an external drive of current.
  Pin#2	Base	The base administers the biasing of the transistor. It vagaries the state of the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	The collector is for the current inside drive. It is related to the load.

  Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

Entire Maximum Ratings of TIP3055

Now we discuss the rating parameters of TIP3055.

Symbols	Value	Parameters
VCBO	100 V	The voltage across collector and emitter (IE = 0).
VCER	70 V	The voltage across emitter and collector (RBE = 100 ?).
VCEO	60 V	The voltage across emitter and collector at (IB = 0).
VEBO	7 V	The voltage across the collector and base (IC = 0).
IC	15 A	The current value at the collector.
IB	7 A	The value of current at the base terminal.
Ptot	90W	Dissipation power at Tc =25°C.
Tstg	-65 to 150 C	Storing temperature.
TJ	150 C	Maximum Working intersection temperature.

Now we discuss the electrical characteristics of TIP3055.

Electrical characteristics

These are some important electrical characteristics.

Symbols	Test Conditions	Parameters
ICEX	VCE = 100 V TC = 150 C	The value of collector cut-off current (VBE = -1.5 V).
ICEO	VCE = 30 V	The value of collector cut-off current (IB = 0).
IEBO	VEB = 7 V	The value of emitter cut-off current (IC = 0).
VCEO	IC = 200 mA	Collector-emitter supporting voltage (IB = 0).
VCER	IC = 200 mA	Collector-emitter supporting  voltage (RBE = 100 ?)
VCE	IC = 4 A IB = 400mA IC = 10 A IB = 3.3 A	Collector-emitter permeation voltage.
VBE	Ic=4A VCE = 4 V	It is the voltage across base and emitter.
hFE	IC = 4 A IC = 10 A VCE = 4 V 20 VCE = 4 V 5	It is DC current gain.

Working of TIP3055

• Now we discuss the working of TIP3055 by a circuit. The corresponding circuit components and its connection are explained below let's discuss them with the details.
• This is the circuit of amplification of power in which I used TIP3055 and TIP2955 transistors as amplifiers which provides power up to 140RMS.
• This circuit is manufactured miniature and very modest, the bulwark portion is prepared by using IC ua741 or LM741 as op-amp.
• The ultimate transistor I have stated using TIP3055 and TIP2955 transistors, or you can elevate by adding some transistors or also swap with higher output power, for example using 2SC5200 and 2SA1943.
• We can power this circuit by balanced 45V voltage, power circuit arrangement and also PCB Layout are shown in the given diagram.

Circuit Component Description

• The components which I used in this circuit is explained below with their rating values.
• R1=100K, R2=1k, R3=1K, R4=15K, R5=15K, R6=1K, R7=47R, R8=47R, R9=47R, R10=470R, R11=470R, R12=47R, R13=0, 22 - 0, 5R/5W,  R14=0, 22 - 0, 5R/5W R15=56K, C1=220N, C2=100u/25V, C3=220u/25V, C4=220u/25V, C5=33p, C6=22p, RV1=TRIMMER 500R RV2=POTENTIOMETER 50K U1=LM741 / UA741 Q1=TIP41 Q2=TIP42 Q3=TIP2955/2N2955 Q4=TIP3055/2N3055

Circuit Troubleshooting

• If this  amplifer circuit is not working properly then you should check input voltage.
• Output speaker has DC voltage whining, please regulate the trimmer RV1 till the DC Voltage comes out.

  Applications of TIP3055

• These are some important applications of TIP3055.
  • It is universal persistence transistor it can be used in different industrial projects.
  •  It is used as an Acoustic Amplifier.

So, it was all about TIP3055, If you have any question about it ask in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to HC-12

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at a detailed Introduction to HC-12. It is a wireless data transmitter and receiver module, that uses 433 megahertz frequency and can communicate to one thousand meter distance. It can communicate with more than one microcontroller. This module operates from 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts.

This Bluetooth module is installed in industries to control different processes and machines. It is also used in the circuitry of different security systems. This module uses silicons LABs Si4463 for (radio-frequency) RF data transmission. In today's post, we will look at its working, features, pinout and applications in detail. So let's get started with Introduction to HC-12.

Introduction to HC-12

•  HC-12 is an RF module, used for wireless data transmission.
• Its operating frequency range is from 433.4 to 473 megahertz, large no of channels can be tuned on this frequency range.
• The maximum sending information power of this module is one hundred megawatts or twenty-decibel milliwatts.
• The data receiving strength is -117 decibel milliwatts with a baud rate of five thousand bytes per second in the air.
• This device uses stamp hole packaging for patch soldering, having a dimension of 27.8-millimeter x 14.4-millimeter x 4 millimeters, consisting of an antenna cap that makes it easier to install in different circuitry.
• This module also consists of a printed circuit board (PCB) antenna socket and an external antenna can be connected by coaxial wire.
• This data transmission module also consists of the microcontroller, used to generate the data protocol.

HC-12 Pinout

• Now we discuss the pinouts of HC-05.

 

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Vcc	At this pin input supply is provided to this module, the range of direct current source is 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts, and the load connected with it should be two hundred milliamperes. One thing you should keep in mind that when this module sending data tries to connect 1N4007 diode in series voltage source if its value is larger than 4.5 volts for reduction of heating.
Pin#2	GND	This pinout is connected with the ground.
Pin#3	RXD	It is UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) input data and TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) pinout. The resistance of one kilo is linked in series within the module.
Pin#4	TXD	it is UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) output data and TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) pinout. With this pinout, one-kilo ohm resistance is connected in series.
Pin#5	SET	This pinout is for the setting of different parameters at active low level. One kilo ohm resistance is also connected with it in series.
Pin#6	ANT	This pinout is for 433 megahertz antenna.
Pin#7	GND	it is the ground pinout.
Pin#8	GND	This pinout is also connected with the ground.
Pin#9	NC	It is not used for any connection.
ANT1	ANT	It is IPEX20279-001E-03 antenna socket.
ANT2	ANT	433MHz spring antenna solder eyelet.

 

• The pinout from one to six consists of 2 bonding pads, with exterior half- holes bondings pads are manufactured for soldering.

• When the interior bonding pad antenna (ANT2) of pinout six is employed for linking, then the antenna connected with spring can be soldered with the hand.
• Let’s see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of HC-12

• This module can send and receive data to almost one thousand kilometers with a baud rate of five thousand bps.
• Its operating frequency range is from 433.4 to 473 megaHertz, to the hundreds of communication channels.
• Its data transmission power is almost a hundred megawatts or twenty decibels.
• It operates at 3 different modes according to the circuitry in which it is employed.
• A microcontroller is configured on this module so there is no need for a special programming device.
• It transmits a large number of bytes bits to the receiving module.
• It used a serial port for data transmission.
• Its operating voltage range is from 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts.
• It used the UART and TTL protocols for interfacing with other devices.
• It operates at minus forty degrees Celsius to plus eighty-five degrees Celsius.

Where to use HC-12

• These devices are used in pairs only and simple transmission of data is done by this device. That means its transmitter is used only for sending of data and its receiver for receiving data.
• With sending information to one thousand meter distance it is also used for short-range almost three meters of data transmission.

HC-12 Applications

• These are some important applications of HC-12 that are described here in detail.
•  Different wireless sensors consist of this module.
• For the control of robotic instruments, it is used in these modules.
• In industries, different machines are controlled from a larger distance.
•  POS (point of sale) systems also used this module.
• It is also used in the keyless automobile entry system.

That is a complete article on HC-12 I have mentioned each and everything related to HC-12 in this post if you have any questions ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.

What is Bistable Multivibrator

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Bistable Multivibrator and how it can be used in different circuits. In this type of multivibrator, the circuitry can operate in any state according to a signal provided at its input while it does not happen in a monostable multivibrator. This arrangement is also defined as a flip flop because flip flop also operates at more than one condition. It also has the ability to store a single bit of information so it is mostly used in logic circuits and in computer data storage part.

This vibrator like other vibrators is used for the production of square waves with providing some delay. These circuits are constructed with numerous kinds of semiconductor components. The most used semiconductor device circuits are operational amplifiers. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, construction, applications and different parameters related to it. So let's get started with What is Bistable Multivibrator.

What is Bistable Multivibrator

• Bistable Multivibrator has 2 operating conditions so it is called bistable, it is also known as a 2-shot multivibrator.
• Due to working at two different modes it needs 2 input signal for shifting from one operating mode to others.
• When first input signal is provided it shifts its operation to second state when second signal provided it come back to previous state.

• Its another name is flip-flop multivibrator because like flip flops its changes its operation state and regain it after some interval.
• In the given figure, its structure is shown that consists of 2 NPN transistors that is denoted as Q1 and Q2.
• At both of these transistors collector 2 loads resistors, RL1 and RL2 are attached.
• The output terminal of the first transistor is connected with the input of the second transistor through resistor R1 and output of the second transistor is provided at input of first transistor through the resistor R2.
• Both of the resistance R1 and R2 are connected with a capacitor in parallel. The purpose of these two capacitors is to enhance the switching feature of circuitry so they are also known as commutating capacitors.

Bistable Multivibrator Working

• Now we discuss the working of this vibrator, for this, we discuss the circuitry that given below figure its construction and components we already discuss so now we the working of these components.
• When input power is provided to the input terminals of first transistor-transistor starts its operation due to a difference in its feature than the other transistor.
• When it first transistor starts its operation it goes into saturation state. Due to this value of voltage decreases at the collector terminals.
• As we know the collector of Q1 is connected with the base terminal of a second transistor due to this it goes into the cutt-off region.
• Then the voltage at the collector increases to Vcc, this increment in voltage causes to further saturate the first transistor as this voltage is connected with base of Q1 through the resistance R2.

• It is the first operating condition of bistable multivibrator in which first transistor Q1 is in working state while Q2 is off.
• This first condition continuous to that point we do not provide the negative signal to first transistor Q1 and positive polarity to transistor Q2.
• Now if we provide the positive polarity signal to the second transistor Q2 by the capacitor C2 connected with it.
• This Process will change the second transistor Q2 from saturation mode to cut-off mode, and voltage will decrease at a collector of Q2.
• As the collector of transistor Q2 is attached with the base of transistor Q1 with the decrement in the voltage at the collector of causes to decrease voltage at transistor Q1 base.
• This cause to the second transistor obtain saturation state and it is the second operation mode of this module in which the first transistor is off and second is in an operating state.

Bistable Multivibrator Waveform

• The output waveform generated by the has smaller wavelength or larger according to circuit requirement in rectangle shape.
• The first end of the rectangle waveform depends on the first input signal and vary according to it and second relies on the second input signal, the resultant waveform is drawn in a given figure.
• Switching variation among these 2 modes can create bistable circuitry but in some cases it is possible.

TTL Bistable Multivibrators

• As we above constructed this circuitry by using 2 different transistors now we use integrated circuits for the production this vibrator.
• The given circuitry explains the circuitry of a bistable vibrator having two NAND gates.

• This kind of circuits arrangments is known as the Bistable Flip-Flop, in this circuitry, there is a switch that is single pole through a switch (it is such switch that takes one input and can regulate 2 different output). This switch provides logic one and zero to this circuitry.

Application of Bistable Multivibrator

• These are some applications of the bistable multivibrator.
• It used in different storage devices and for counting of binary numbers.
• For frequency division in different circuits.
• It used for the production of different clock pulses.
• It used for different relay controller.
• It used in the different circuit as a toggle switch.

That is complete post on bistable multivibrator I have mentioned each and everything related to this module in this tutorial.

What is Monostable Multivibrator

Hello fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Monostable Multivibrator. It is a simple electronic circuit, used to produce a pulse at its output also known as one shot. It generates output pulses according to corresponding circuitry requirements. Its main feature is that after the generation of the output pulse, it regains its stable state and does not produce any further output pulse till not triggers again.

This circuitry can be considered as a biased form of multivibrator (such circuitry that is used for implementation of 2-state modules like timers) that is (on) operating in the starting condition till the triggered point and then becomes unstable on its own. In today's post, we will have a look at its circuitry, construction, working and related parameters. So let's get started with What is Monostable Multivibrator.

What is Monostable Multivibrator

• Monostable Multivibrator is used for the generation of a square waveform in electronic circuitry.
  
• This wave generator belongs to a group of wave generators known as Relaxation Oscillators.
• It has a simple circuit where 2 switching circuits are designed using transistors(acting as a switch).
• The transistors are assembled in a way that the output of one transistor is the input of the second transistor.
• This circuitry also consists of a capacitor and resistor network to create feed-back tank circuitry.
• There are 2 different working conditions in any multivibrator circuit but monostable has only one 'on' state.
• This vibration generator comes back to its original condition after a set time of resistor-capacitor circuitry.

 

Construction of Monostable Multivibrator

• In its construction, 2 transistors are connected in such a configuration that both of these operate as input and output providers to each other.
• The collector (c) of the first transistor is linked with the base (b) of the second through a capacitor denoted as C1 and base terminal of first transistor that denoted as Q1 is attached with a collector of second transistor by the resistance R2 and capacitor.
• A direct current source is connected with base (b) point of first transistor by the resistance R3. The input pulse is provided to base (b) of first transistor with the capacitor denoted as C2.
• In figure resistance, (RL1) and resistance (RL2) is the load connected with these two transistors.
• When any transistor goes into stable state, then at input pulse is provided to vary its condition. With variation in condition, transistor stays in this condition for time interval set by the resistance-capacitor time constant then get the earlier condition.

Monostable Multivibrator Waveform

• This wave generator produces a waveform of rectangle shape having low and higher amplitude, the first end of this wave generates with the input trigger signal and the second end generates resistor-capacitor time constant.
• This resistance-capacitor time constant changes its value to generates large no of pulses that have a specific time interval between them by following the trigger signal provided at input. This assembly is shown in a given figure.
• The resistor-capacitor time of this vibrator can be change by changing the capacitance of capacitor or resistance value of both.
• The circuits also have the ability to do increment in the dimensions of a wave as the frequency of output wave remains similar to input signal the difference between them is the width of the waves.

TTL Monostable Multivibrators

• Above we discussed that this vibration generator can be constructed from individual elements like a transistor, but it can also be manufactured by different ICs.
• This given circuitry explains how the using only two NOR gates we can construct monostable vibrator.
• As we are familiar with the operation of NOR gate that its input is low than output will be high and if input is high then the output will be low (0).
• So at the start, the input is 0 then the output will be higher mean '1'.
• The resistance Rt linked with the input is also at a high level '1' it means that the quantity of charge at the plates of capacitor is similar.
• The voltage (V1)  is equivalent to this voltage so the output of NOR is at level 0.

• If the positive signal is provided to the input at a time (t=0) then the output of NOR gate will be '0' due to this the capacitor will get a discharge.
• Due to the discharging of the capacitor, the input of second NOR gate is '0'  that converts into high output '1'. This condition is called second condition of circuitry, in which output voltage is equivalent to (+Vcc).
• This condition continuous on second NOR gate until the capacitor does not get charged again.

Applications of Monostable Multivibrator

• These are some important applications of Monostable Multivibrator that are described here.
• Due to time delay capability, it is mostly used in different timer circuits.
• It also used in different storage circuits.
• It also used to provide input to other pluse generator circuits.
• It also has ability to reproduce damage pulses again.

Advantage of Monostable Multivibrator

• These are some benefits of this pulse generator over other pulse generation modules.
• It needs only one single pulse to start its operation there is no need of extra pulse for its operation.
• Its construction is very simple and can be constructed easily.
• Due to simple construction its price is also less.

So, this is the complete article on  Monostable Multivibrator if you have any questions about it ask in the comments. I will solve your problems. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to TIP122

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP122.  It is a Darlington braces NPN transistor. It works like an ordinary NPN transistor, but as it consists of a Darlington pair it has a decent collector current assessment of nearby 5 amperes and it's gain is around 1000. This transistor can bear 100 volts around collector and emitter terminals due to this feature it can be used for high loads. This is a common purpose transistor it used in different industrial projects. It manufactured for less time taking switching submissions. In today’s post, we will have a look at its protection, wreck, distinction, entitlements, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP122. 

Introduction to TIP122

• It is a Darlington braces NPN transistor. It works like an ordinary NPN transistor, but as it consists of a Darlington pair it has a decent collector current assessment of nearby 5 amperes and it's gain is around 1000.

• This transistor is famous for its higher gain of current which 1000 and it uses higher current at collector which is 5 amperes.
• Due to its higher gain of current and huge collector current (IC), it is used in such loads which use higher current and its uses for such submissions which required higher amplification.
• This transistor consumes less voltage only five volts across base and emitter, therefore, it can be effortlessly organized by a Logical expedient such as a microcontroller.
• Though precaution has to do to check if the logic expedient can supply up to 120 mA.
• So, if you are eyeing for a transistor which can be effortlessly organized by a Logical expedient to modification high power consuming loads or to intensify higher current then this transistor can be a perfect option for your solicitations.

  Pinout of TIP122

• These are the main pinout of TIP122:

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Emitter	Current comes out by the emitter, it is usually linked to ground.
Pin#2	Base	It governs the biasing of the transistor and works to turn ON or OFF the transistor.
Pin#3	Collector	Current movements in over collector, usually linked to load

Let's see a diagram of the TIP122 pinout:

Features of TIP122

• These are the main features of TIP122.
  • It is presented in TO-220 Compendium.
  • It is a Darlington Intermediate power consuming NPN Transistor.
  • It has Greater DC Current Gain, which value is 1000.
  • Its Nonstop Collector current (IC) is 5A.
  • Its voltage transversely collector and emitter are 100 volts.
  • The collector and base (Vce) voltage are 100 volts.
  • The quantity of (V_BE ) is 5 volts.
  • The value of the current at the base is 120 milliampere.

Working of TIP122

• • This transistor is recognized for its higher current gain which is 1000 and higher collector current 5 amperes, therefore, it is usually used to switch loads with higher current or in submissions which need higher intensification.
  •  This transistor has less base and emitter Voltage of the merely 5V henceforth can be effortlessly organized by a Logic instrument such as a microcontroller.
  • Though precaution has to be engaged to check, if the logic instruments can font up to 120mA.
  • Though TIP122 has extraordinary current at collector and current gain, it is impartially modest to switch the expedient meanwhile it has an Emitter-Base voltage (VBE) of the only 5V and Ib of merely 120mA.
  • In the lower circuit diagram, I have used the TIP122 to control a 48V motor which has an incessant current of around 3A.
  • The incessant collector current of this transistor is 5A and our load devours merely 3A which is well.
  •  The higher base current is around 120 mA, but I have used a higher worth of 100-ohm resistor to bound it to 42 mA.
  • You can also use even a 1K resistor if your collector current prerequisite is fewer.
  •  The highest current of this transistor is 8A so make certain your motor does not devour extra than that.
  •  This is disinterested a perfect circuit figure which displays the employed on this transistor it cannot be used as such.

Applications of TIP122

• These are the main applications of TIP122.
  • It is used to adjustment of high current loads such as 5 amperes.
  • It is used as an average Power switch.
  • It works where higher intensification is desirable.
  • It used for velocity controller of Motors.
  • It used in Inverter and other rectifier circuitries.

So, that was all about TIP122 if you have any question about it please ask in comments. I will reply to you as soon as possible. Thanks for reading.