USART is the acronym for Universal Synchronous-Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter, and is the advancement of the old UART that was unable to handle synchronous communications; in computers, it deals with the management of communication via the RS-232 interface.
Generally, in the communication between devices, there is a transmitter and receiver that can exchange data bidirectionally, thus it happens for example in the communication between the microcontroller and third-party peripherals.
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In serial communications, the transmitting device sends information (bitstream) through a single channel one bit at a time. Serial communications are distinguished from parallel communications where the bitstream is sent over several dedicated lines altogether. Over the years, serial communication has become the most used as it is more robust and economical. On the other hand, serial communication requires, compared to the parallel case, a more complex management and control architecture, think for example how a trivial loss of a bit during a communication could irreparably corrupt the content of the final message. To this end, various communication protocols have been introduced over the years in order to improve speed, reliability and synchronization. In detail, three different communication modes can be found: synchronous, asynchronous, and isochronous.
/* Private variables ---------------------------*/ TIM_HandleTypeDef htim2; UART_HandleTypeDef huart2;
/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/ void SystemClock_Config(void); static void MX_GPIO_Init(void); static void MX_TIM2_Init(void); static void MX_USART2_UART_Init(void);
We know that you already have a great understanding of the C# programming language. But, we want to begin the article with a brief introduction to the C# so that you have no confusion regarding anything.
C# is an exceptional, object-intended programming language that allows programmers to create a wide range of secured and reliable programs that run on the.NET platform. Programmers may develop Windows consumer applications, different programming elements, XML online assistance, and data technologies. It assists pointers, harmful software, and interoperability function for storage management. Also, C# language facilitates the client in performing all tasks comparable to that of a C++ program.
Some of the many features of the C# programming language are listed below:
The most awaited section of the article is here: OOP in C# programming language. What Is OOP, and what is its importance? All the answers to your queries are here. So, please start taking notes!
OOP means Object-Oriented Programming. Object-oriented programming is basically a coding structure in which systems are arranged around components rather than action and reasoning. It is a creative approach that employs a unique collection of computer languages like C#. Mastering OOP principles can assist you in deciding how to develop a program and which programming language to utilize. Every component within OOP is organized as self-contained Objects. The term Object shall be described in the upcoming sections.
The concept of OOP has high importance in computer science. It has exceptional features that have been benefitting us for several years. Please note down every point discussed in this section. Let us have a look at the features of OOP:
The above features are just an overview of what OOP programming languages like C# can offer the programmers. More details are on the way in this article. So, get ready precious readers!
Objects are the fundamental components of a C# OOP system. A collection of datasets and procedures is referred to as an Object. The files and the strategies are named members of an OOP object. Objects are created within an OOP framework. Methods allow these items to interact with one another. Every object has the ability to accept and transmit messages, as well as execute data.
While a class is a group of values and actions, it is a template that specifies the dataset and functionality of a form. Unless a class in OOP does not define a constant, you must build an example of the category that explains the operations that may be executed on it. In simple words, Objects are examples of an OOP class. The strategies and factors that comprise a category are referred to as members of that class.
We may describe a C# class utilizing the class magic word and the class content surrounded by a set of curly brackets, as seen below:
The main building components of the OOP C# class are depicted in the image below:
The main section of the entire article is here: OOP Concepts In the C# Programming Language. Mastering the OOP Concepts is not a child’s play if you are a beginner. That is why you must pay extra attention to this section. If you do so, we promise that you will not face any difficulty. Let us begin:
There are four main OOP concepts in the C# programming language:
The details of each concept are:
Encapsulation is a principle within object-oriented C# coding that enables developers to enclose data and script excerpts. You may isolate the representatives of a particular class from some other category by utilizing encapsulation software. It is the equivalent of packing a rational object within a bundle. Only pertinent information is accessible and viewable from the outside, just to particular people.
Access Specifiers are used to enforce encapsulation. In the C# programming language, the Access Specifier is utilized to specify the category member's transparency and ease of access. The access Specifiers within the C# programming are as follows.
The accessibility and its properties are determined by these specifiers. It enables you to keep the data accessible in one section of the script while hiding it from the other parts. Private and Public are the two most prevalent types.
Polymorphism comes from the Greek word, which implies various forms. Morph denotes different forms, and Poly indicates numerous. It enables many implementations of the identical class to exist within C#. Polymorphism is classified into two categories:
Let us discuss each in detail:
Static polymorphism is another name for compile-time polymorphism. Compile-time polymorphism can be implemented in a number of methods, one of which is procedure overloading. It is named after the fact that the procedure calling choice is made during the compilation process.
It is accomplished by using a similar method title but giving different variables. In method stacking, the software first verifies the argument used and then selects which way to execute depending on the collection of parameters. An example code is as follows:
An applicable example of Compile-type Polymorphism is also mentioned below so that you can have a better understanding.
The second category of Polymorphism is Run Time Polymorphism. If both the procedure title as well as the procedure declaration contain similar title and inputs, it is known as dynamic polymorphism or Runtime polymorphism. This type of polymorphism is exemplified through procedure overriding. It enables the developer to design an abstract type with the only limited implementation of the standard. An example code to explain Runtime polymorphism is as follows:
We would receive the following result if we execute the above software:
The OOP approach in the C# includes Inheritance as the main component. We establish parental relationship categories within inheritance. The kid category can acquire all the strategies, items, and attributes of the parent category. A kid category may also include its own design and operations. The parent category is also called a foundation class. The example is:
In the above script, we feature a class called Program that has only one operation. Then we have an additional category Execute, which is derived from Software. Rather than establishing an object example for the Program, we have produced one for the category Execute. As a result, the outcome will be:
Many inheritances are not supported in the C# programming inheritance. Therefore, one category cannot gain from multiple categories. But, one category may descend from another category.
Last but not least is Abstraction. Abstraction enables the coder to show the public only the information that is required whilst disguising the rest. The Abstract category and method in the C# language are used to accomplish abstraction. The Abstract prefix may be used to define a category as an abstract data type. In the C#, the Abstract category is typically the hierarchy's root class. They are distinguished from the remaining classes by the fact that they may not be created. Inheritance is required for a C# abstract data type.
An example of Abstraction is:
We understand that all the above concepts might be a little challenging for you in the beginning. But, we will make you an expert, and all of this will be a piece of cake for you.
The most common question asked the C# novice beginners is that why is OOP required in the C#? The answer to this is quite simple but, we want you to have crystal clear concepts regarding OOP. That is why we added this small section.
The idea of OOPs is required if you wish to symbolize real-world items inside coding languages like C#. It helps to manage a company by accomplishing Reusability, Expandability, Elegance, and Supportability. OOPs establish basic ideas, and by applying them, we may create real-world items in a computer language that are reusable, extensible, simple, and maintainable. Objects include both live and non-living objects. So, utilizing the OOP principle, real-world things like people, animals, bicycles, computers, etc may be created in object-oriented coding languages. It is also the main reason why developers prefer C# instead of other languages.
Now, you might have this question in your mind as well. So, we have the answer right here. Real-world items are required in a program because they are a major component of our company. We should construct business-associated real-world items in the initiative because we are creating programs (technology) for managing the organization.
To organize the Bank Company, for instance, you will need to generate real-world items like a client, a director, a receptionist, an administration officer, a brand manager, a laptop, a copier, and furniture. In addition to the Bank property, you should also build all of the banking items because it is impossible to operate a Banking company without the items. The above items are referred to as commercial objects in scientific terms.
In this article, we discussed the most crucial topic in the C# programming: OOP concepts in the C#. From the definition and features to the four fundamental OOP concepts, we discussed each detail thoroughly. We know that the concepts might be complicated for you in the beginning. But, you will be an expert in no time. With passion, hard work, and sheer determination, you can achieve everything in this world. If you feel that the concepts are still unclear, you can always read the article again. It is available for all our precious readers on our website 24/7. Best of luck!
C# is a Microsoft-developed, overall object-intended coding language that has been certified by the ECMA and the Global Standards Organization. C# is developed for the Standard Language Environment. It includes executable software and an execution context that enables the operation of greater-level languages on many computer systems.
C# is a frequently utilized commercial language for the following causes:
These are the reasons why the C# programming language is used worldwide.
Although C# is an object-intended coding language, the features closely resemble classic high-level dialects like C++ and C. It shares a lot in common with the Java language and has a lot of powerful coding capabilities that make the C# appealing to a lot of developers all over the world. The list below consists of some of the features of C#:
In simple terms, it has made our lives a lot easier in every respect, thanks to Microsoft and the inventor Anders Hejlsberg for this long-term discovery.
The most awaited section of the article is here: Data Structures in C#. Please read thoroughly if possible, note everything down to have a better understanding of the topic. Let us begin:
The data structure is indeed the core of any coding language. All advanced data structures were manually programmed within the C programming era like the stack, linked lists, queues, etc. Developing code necessitated not just a thorough understanding of the data structures, but additionally, a significant amount of time spent implementing and evaluating them. Now, with advanced coding languages, these are all usable in a few minutes.
So, Data Structure is basically a method to save and organize data within the system so it could be utilized quickly and productively. It is primarily about ways to develop, evaluate, and apply "optimal" algorithms. As a result, the data structure is among the most primitive and core idea within computer science for solving computer issues. It is crucial in the creation of programming logic.
A structure declaration begins with the prefix Struct and features the structure title. The structure's content is then surrounded by curly brackets. It can comprise a variety of data elements of various types. The following is the format for a structure description:
In simple terms, the method to execute a data structure is to create its ADTs initially, then proceed with the operation of the data items. We may state that we must first create a scientific and conceptual model before implementing it over data items. We know you might be thinking that it is quite complicated. But, it would be a piece of cake if you try it once. We will take a closer look at it in our upcoming sections.
We discussed the term ADT in the above section. ADT is a new term for you. So, you might think what is ADT? Abstract Data Types (ADT) is the data and actions that make up the data format. The best thing about ADT is that we do not provide any execution of data types or methods. ADT, we might conclude, offers Data Abstraction. It is more concerned with "what a database format does" rather than "how well a data structure is doing it."
Finally, there is another concept related to the data structure, and it is the execution. It refers to a practical version of a collection in which components can be stored, retrieved, and modified. It is just a term that you should know about C# programming.
Now, it is time for you to know about the types of Data Structure in the C# programming language. Make sure to take notes of all the points mentioned in this section. There are mainly two types of Data Structure:
Let us discuss each type in detail. So, start taking notes!
The primitive data structure can be effectively handled by machine instructions. It is why the platform and processor have established it. Primitive data structures come in many types, as depicted in the diagram above. Some of these are:
A few of the most common primitive data types and their value ranges are:
The code script for the declaration of primitive type variables is:
Now, let us move to the second type of data structure in C#.
The second type is the Non-primitive data structure. The non-primitive data format cannot be effectively managed by machine operations. The Primitive data structure type is the foundation for the Non-primitive one. Non-primitive data structures come in two forms:
Now, we will discuss both of these in detail:
The first type is the linear data structure. Linear data structures are the structures where data components are saved and arranged in a linear way, with each data unit linked to the next as a path. For instance, linked list, array, stack, and queue. We will discuss these examples in detail below.
Non-linear data structures are the opposite of the linear data structure. The structures where the data components are not arranged in a continuous pattern are called non-linear data structures. A data item may be linked to any particular data item. Examples are graphs and trees.
When we study the C# programming language, we must study each term and its types in detail. These may seem a bit complicated to you at the moment. Once you start operating in the C# programming, you will say it is not rocket science at all. So, below are some of the subtypes of non-primitive data structures:
A Stack is basically a data architecture that uses the LIFO (last in, first out) technique. The components that were submitted lastly would become the main ones to appear in the display. There are two actions on the stack which are:
The Push strategy utilizes a component and places it within currentIndex and collection. It tracks the component's current address. When currentIndex approaches the span of the collection, the capacity of the collection is grown by one. It can be seen in the script below:
The pop technique eliminates the component that was placed initially. Whereas, the currentIndex and the pointer are changed to the preceding component. Also, the set is made smaller. The script is as follows:
The queue is generally a data model executed within the .NET Platform in two forms. The FIFO (first-in, first-out) concept governs queue systems, with the first item input and output.
The code script utilizes the simplest queue System. Collections class is as follows:
The next subtype is the Linked List. The Linked List is a data model that is represented as a generalized dataset in System.Collections.Generic within the.NET Platform. These architectures work on the concept that every component in the collection has a connection to the subsequent node, with the exception of the end. It is because the end has no connection to the subsequent node.
Hashtable is another data structure used in the C# that is represented in two different forms within the.NET Platform:
It is advisable that you utilize Dictionary rather than Hashtable because the operating premise of both is to create a hash that is inserted within a collection utilizing polynomials. The difficulty of exploring inside a Hashtable or Dictionary is duration O(1).
Some of the applications of Hashtable are:
The above subtypes might look complicated and confusing. But, they are among the easiest things in C# programming.
We want our readers to be the best programmers out there that is why we added this brief section of Data Structure Operations in the C# programming language. Many data structure actions are utilized to handle the data within a data model. These are listed below:
These were some of the operations of Data Structures in the C# programming language. We hope that you have noted these down. Now, you are ready to operate your C# programs without any errors.
In this article, we have discussed Data Structures, their types, and subtypes in the C# programming language. We have also added some operations of Data structures so that you do not have any confusion regarding the terms and types of Data Structures within the C# programming.
We understand that all of this might be tough for you in the beginning, and you can also face some problems. But, you can always visit our website and read all the articles regarding the C# programming language. We promise to help you in every way, and in no time, your name will be on the list of the best C# programmers in the world. Best of Luck!
Happy C# Programming!
C# (short for "C Sharp") is a type-secure, object-intended coding language. C# allows programmers to create a wide range of safe and robust .NET programs. It is a programming language related to the C series of programming dialects and is closely associated with Java, C++, JavaScript, and C developers. It is a component-intended coding language and language structures that closely enable these notions, making C# programming a simple language for developing and deploying programs. C# has evolved to accommodate new loads and program design methods.
The C# programming language may be utilized to create a wide range of programs and applications like smartphone apps, Microsoft Store, and Business applications in addition to Desktop and Online programs. It can also help you create reports, tasks, and extensions from the SQL Administration system. Some applications that the C# can develop are listed below:
The above are a few examples of the C# programming language applications. It has benefitted us a lot. In fact, the program where I am typing right now (Microsoft Word) is an excellent application of C# programming.
The most awaited section of the article is here: Loops and Arrays. You might be thinking about these terms and their importance in the C# programming language. In simple words, it is crucial to understand and know about loops and arrays because they are a key to the C# programming language. Some programmers who learn to program online do not have a great understanding of these terms. As a result, they make errors and mistakes in their codes. But, we want you to know everything about C# programming so that you can work efficiently. Please start taking notes now!
You might find yourself in a situation where you have to run a section of code multiple times. Generally, the lines in a program are performed in order: the initial code statement runs first, then the next, etc. Different command structures are available in coding languages, allowing for more sophisticated execution routes. So, loops are one of those command structures.
Loops are utilized to repeat the execution of one or even more expressions until a requirement is met. There are various loops in the C# programming language that is:
Let us discuss the loop types in detail:
The For Loop processes one or many statements numerous times as far as the looping requirement is fulfilled. The content of the For loop is processed if the iteration state is true. Or else, the command flow switches to the subsequent sentence following the For loop.
Below is a chart that illustrates the execution of the For loop:
The setup is finished first, as shown in the above figure. If some loop values are present, it defines and configures them. After that, the situation is analyzed. The loop core runs if this value is true. However, if it is untrue, execution moves to the subsequent statement following the For loop content. Following the operation of the looping body, the loop values are modified. The state is then double-checked, and the process proceeds.
The syntax of the For Loop is next:
The outcome of the above code is:
The next type is the While Loop. Loops run single or multiple statements indefinitely as far as the sequencing condition is satisfied. The content of the For loop runs if the iteration value is satisfied. If not, then the command transfers to the subsequent statement. An illustration that proves the stream within the while loop is:
From the above illustration, the criterion is verified initially. The loop content is performed if the applied condition is correct. Control moves to the succeeding declaration if somehow the condition applied is untrue. The most important feature of the while loop is that it would never execute its operation if the stated condition is not true in the first round of evaluation. Just like the For Loop, the command jumps over the iteration and moves to the new sentence.
Below is the format code of the While Loop:
The following is a script that explains the While Loop:
The following is the result:
So, While Loop is of great importance in the C# programming language.
The next type that we are discussing is the Do-while Loop. Like other loop types in the C# programming, the Do-while Loop runs more than one statement numerous times if the looping requirement is met. It is identical to the preceding While loop, except that the While loop's evaluation state is always at the beginning of the cycle but, the Do-while loop's evaluation state is always at the conclusion. So it runs once invariably. The below chart explains the Do-while Loop execution.
As seen in the picture above, the initial timed loop element executes immediately. It is because the trial requirement is at the end. The situation is examined. If accurate, the loop content runs once more, and if not, then action flows onto the subsequent statement. The following is the code for the Do-while Loop:
The outcome is:
The next one on our list is the Nested Loop. It is different as compared to the others. Nested loops are the loops that are stacked inside each other. While loops, Do-while loops, and For loops may all be used to form Nested loops. The following is the format for Nested loops:
The result of the above-mentioned script is:
Last but not least is the Foreach Loop. This type is completely different from the ones discussed above. The Foreach loop runs a single or multiple statements for every component in an example of the class Systems.Collection.IEnumerable or Systems.Collection.Generic.IEnumerable<T> interconnection. The following is a script that displays the Foreach Loop:
The result of the above software code is:
We understand that the Loop types are a bit confusing for novice programmers but, you will find these a piece of cake once you become a professional. You must note all the points we discussed above to avoid any errors.
Now that you know everything about the loops in C#, it is time to move to the next section: Arrays in the C# Programming Language. So, grab your paper and pen to note every detail!
An array is a method of saving data that you may access as far as you remember its location within the arrays. These are zero-indexed. It implies that if you want to return to the placement of a number saved, you begin at zero and work your way till the end. There are many arrays in the C# programming language.
Some of them are listed below:
Let us discuss these as follows:
The first type of array on our list is the One Dimensional or 1-D Arrays. They are composed of a unified row with several pieces as desired. The code below can be used to define these arrays:
Let us explain the terms:
The following is the script for initializing the array:
The same is the case with the above script.
Assigning numbers in an array can be done in a variety of ways. The following are a few of them:
Now that you know the terms used in the array codes, let us have a look at the program defining 1-D arrays below:
The outcome is:
The next one is the Two-dimensional arrays. 2-D arrays comprise columns as well as rows. Every component is named as arr[i,j], in which j is the sequel of column and I is of row indexes. Arr is the title of the 2-D array.
This syntax is used to define 2-D arrays:
The terms are defined below:
Let us have a look at the code script that explains the 2-D arrays in the C#:
The result of the software is mentioned below:
Param arrays are utilized when the quantity of parameters is not specified in a code. As a result, the client can provide as many parameters as they like. The following is a script that shows Param arrays:
The following is the conclusion:
Now that you know about the types of arrays used in the C# programming language, it is time to dig more. Get Ready!
Arrays may be transferred as constants to operations. Consider the following:
The array (arr) is given to the operator func() in the above case. The following is a script that shows how to send arrays to operations:
The result is as follows:
You have learned how to send arrays to programs in the previous section. So, we have added a section of a few examples of array operational processes:
The input code script is:
The output is:
The Intersect() function in C# can be used to intermingle two arrays. The input code is as follows:
The result is:
The third example is the hybrid arrays. In the C# programming, hybrid arrays are a perfect fusion of multiple dimensions and irregular arrays. These are presently deprecated, as the .NET 4.0 upgrade eliminated them. The following is a script that displays mixed arrays:
The result is as follows:
We understand that you might be a little scared when you first look at the codes. But, everything becomes a piece of cake once you take control of it. We also added some examples of array functions. You can get a better understanding of arrays usage in the C# programming.
Loops and Arrays work together. The reason is that the Loops are required to represent or save the data within a particular array. You might construct a term for every value you wish to save, or you might create your script more effectively by using a single variable to hold multiple values. It is why we discussed loops and arrays together in a single article so you know the relation between them.
In this article, we have explained Loops and Arrays used in the C# programming language. We discussed the types as well as some examples of them. Most programmers do not bother to look into these two in detail. But, we want our readers to be the best developers out there.
We believe that you have no confusion regarding the topic, and now you can start programming in the C# productively. Just keep the points in your mind, and we are sure you will do great. Best of Luck!
COOL, a brilliant abbreviation that represented "C-like Object Oriented Programming Language," has been the initial name of C#. However, Microsoft was unwilling to retain the amusing nickname due to trademark protection issues. And thus, it was given the name C# (C Sharp). Moreover, few people know that the C# programming language was initially created to compete with Java. It is indeed correct to conclude that the objective has been accomplished, based on the rapid surge in viewership and positive feedback from both novice and experienced programmers.
The simple reason why programmers prefer the C# programming language is that it contains many exceptional features and advantages. Some of these are listed below:
Thus, there are many reasons why programmers prefer the C# programming language and not others.
When you are ready to run your C# environment, it is crucial to have a deep understanding of the terms: Datatypes, Variables, and Operators. Most novice beginners fail to understand these terms and as a result, they make human errors while running the C# program. But, we want you to have the best understanding of everything, and that is why this article is here. Let us now study these terms in detail below:
A data type is basically a data collection system that contains a particular kind or set of numbers. It determines the kind of data which can be stored within a variable, like integers, floating points, and symbols. These play an important role in C# programming. In the C# programming language, data types are classified into three types which are:
Let us discuss all the types one by one in detail. So, start taking notes!
The first one is the Value Data Type. It is dependent on integers and floating digits and is generated from the category order.
A data value could be allotted effectively to the Value Data. Both marked and unmarked characters are allowed in Value Type. Moreover, some value data forms are char, int, and float, and char. They also include integer values, floating figures, and alphanumeric characters individually. The software generates space to save the numeric type values whenever you specify an int kind.
The following is a C# script that displays several value data kinds:
The following is the outcome of the abovementioned program:
The next is the Pointer Data Type. The Pointer Data in the C# programming language saves the domain name of the other dataset. They are utilized in a hazardous context, which means that using these pointers inside the software demands the usage of an illegal operator. The C# language pointers offer similar features as the C++ or C ones. This cursor data type has the following format:
type* identifier;The following is a code that illustrates pointers:
The result of this code is as follows:
Two symbols are of great importance in the pointer data type. These are:
An * (Asterisk mark) may be used to define a pointer within the C# programming language. For instance:
Last but not least is the Reference Data Type. The Reference data types do not involve the data contained within a variable. However, they link to them (memory address). If two referral variables hold a similar memory address, changing the quantity of one variable would affect the state of the associated reference parameter. A few examples include Object, string, and other constructed-in reference classes. Moreover, the standard data types are typically customer-defined such as Interfaces, Class, and others.
KindsIn C#, various reference data kinds are:
Each kind within C#, either directly or implicitly, inherits from the object category type. Boxing and Unboxing terms are used to interpret the contents of various data kinds as things. Whenever a value category is transformed to an entity type, it is boxed. But, when an entity form is transformed to a value category, it is unboxed.
The following is software that illustrates boxing or unboxing:
In C# language, the word string is a bundle of zeros or more unscripted symbols. It, is also generated from the entity type.
The following is a script that illustrates strings:
The last kind is the Array Type. Arrays are assemblages of datasets of a similar type. They are saved as a series of memory places. The starting item is found at the lowest location whereas, the final one is found at the top location.
The following is a script that displays arrays:
Here, we have covered the entire detail of Data Types in C#. We hope that you have noted everything down!
This section includes the details of C# Variables, and Do not worry. It is not going to be tough for you!
Variables are the labels given to the memory locations that software modify to produce different outcomes. In simple words, they are standard data storing sites. You may insert data within them and recollect the values as a component of a C# code. Types are used to govern how data within a variable can be interpreted. The C# programming is a Statically Typed programming language. As a result, all actions upon variables are conducted with the Type of variable in mind. There are standards that govern what functions are acceptable to ensure the security of the data contents you place inside a variable. Various sorts of variables exist, including integrals, Boolean, floating points, and others.
Now, let us define and initialize Variables in terms of Syntax one by one.
The below syntax may be used to specify a variable:
DataType VariableList ;In the above syntax, any acceptable C# data format like int, double, bool, float, and others may be used as “DataType”. Whereas, “VariableList” can have one or several variable identities differentiated by commas.
Variables may be configured utilizing the task controller with the local variable initials to its left side while the value is added to its opposite side. It is demonstrated as follows:
VariableName = Value;In this case, the variable's title is "VariableName", and the variable's "value" is the number that has been given to it.
Initializing variables can also be executed at the same time as declaring them. The following is the code for that:
DataType VariableName = Value;Any acceptable C# data structure like bool, double, int, and so on can be used as “DataType” above. While the variable's title is "VariableName” and the variable’s "value" is the number that has been allocated to it. The variable will have different variable names and terms depending on your need.
The following is a C# script that shows variable declaration and configuration:
The result of this script is:
Most programmers do not understand the standards for naming the variables. But, we want our readers to be the best programmers out there. So, we added this little section that would explain a few rules for the naming of Variables. These are listed below:
The following is a sample of acceptable and incorrect variable names:
And now, we assume that you have a great understanding of the C# variables and data types. So, let us move on to the next section: Operators.
Operators are utilized to execute arithmetic or logical operations in software. In the C# programming language, there are a variety of constructed-in operators. Below are a few of them: Arithmetic operators, logical operators, relational operators, bitwise operators, and so on are all examples of operators.
Let us have a look at these examples in detail:
Adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, and other arithmetic processes are performed using arithmetic operators. The following are all of the arithmetic operators used in the C#:
You must remember these arithmetic operators. If one fails to recognize the description of operators, he will make mistakes in the code.
Relational Operators is another example of the operators used in the C#. Relational Operators are applied for differentiation. It includes determining whether a variable is more or less as compared to some other variable. Let us have a look at the table below:
The script that explains the relational operators is next:
And the outcome of the above code is:
The relational operators are the most important of all the operators as they code for comparison.
Last but not least, the logical operators are the third type. These are generally utilized to carry out specified logical functions in the C# language. Logical OR, Logical NOT, as well as logical AND are three main logical operators. The following features the three logical operators:
These operators are used in .NET as follows:
We added the scripts to help you have a better understanding of everything. Let us have a look at the coding used in .NET:
Now, you have learned three new terms in the C# programming language. All these steps are taking you closer to your dreams of programming.
In this article, we have provided you with a detailed summary of three terms used in the C#: Data Types, Variables, and Operators. We understand that all of the terms seem challenging in the beginning. Once you start executing your C# programs, these would be a child’s play for you. Moreover, we would suggest you read this article again. It would help you clear out any confusions that you might have right now. Please keep all the rules and terms in your mind to avoid any errors. We wish you the best of luck with your first C# program execution.
HAPPY C# PROGRAMMING!
Are you searching for the best Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) to run the C# programs? If so, then you are on the right page. Undoubtedly, C# is among the most extensively utilized coding languages for developing Windows apps, smartphone applications, and videogames. And when we talk about the C# programming language, it is evident that IDEs will be discussed. In simple words, IDEs are as important when running C# programs as the jam is to bread. But, which IDEs would be the best to run C# programs? This article contains all the information about the best IDEs you need to run C# programs. So, keep reading till the end!
An Integrated Development Environment, more commonly known as IDE, is a software program for developing projects. It incorporates standard developer resources into a uniform graphical user functionality (GUI). It allows developers to combine the various parts of creating a computer code into one. IDEs boost programmer performance by integrating standard software development tasks like modifying source code, creating exe files, and debugging all in a unified application.
Before the advent of IDEs, developers used to write their scripts in textual editors. It entailed creating and storing a program in a word processor, then executing the compiler, noticing any errors, and returning to the word processor to modify their script. It wasn't till 1983 when Borland Limited released a Pascal programmer under the name Turbo Pascal. It became the original Pascal programmer with an incorporated editor and processor.
Although Turbo Pascal popularized the concept of an interconnected development platform, many consider Visual Basic, originally debuted in 1991, to represent the first genuine IDE. Visual Basic, the initial BASIC coding language, was a widely used coding language within the 1980s. With the emergence of Visual Basic, coding was viewed in pictorial terms, resulting in significant productivity gains.
An IDE usually comprises of three main components discussed below:
Few IDEs like Eclipse include the required processor, interpreter, or even both. Whereas others notably, Lazarus does not have both. So, there are different kinds of IDEs which we shall discuss later in this article.
Now, you must be thinking that there must be other ways to run the C# program, but why do programmers prefer IDEs? The simple answer to your question is: IDEs save a lot of time, which is an advantage in today's hectic world where everyone wishes to save time.
Other than this, there are other features in IDEs which are listed below:
You see there are a lot of features of IDEs, and that is why developers use them. You are also going to be on the list of these programmers soon!
Some individuals get confused in IDE-supportive and non-supportive programming languages. So, we added this little section for you so that you do not face any confusion when running your C# program.
IDEs are targeted to a particular coding language or a group of languages, resulting in a tool collection matched to the language's needs. So, Integrated Development Environments support many programming languages. For instance, Xcode supports Objective-C, Cocoa, Swift programming languages, and Cocoa Touching APIs.
On the other hand, multi-language IDEs including Eclipse (Python, C, PHP, C++, Java, etc.), Komodo (PHP, Perl, JavaScript, Python), and NetBeans (C++, Java, Python, JavaScript, PHP, and much more) are also present. Plugins are an excellent way for programmers to gain compatibility for different languages.
The most awaited section of the entire article is here. It contains a list of the best IDEs that you should learn to run your C# programs and develop applications. So, start noting down every detail.
The first IDE on our list is Microsoft’s Visual Studio Code, and that too for various reasons. Visual Studio Code is a free and open-source script editing tool. This exceptional script editor provides great support for C#, JavaScript, and Typescript. It includes adaptive completions dependent on variable kinds, crucial categories, and functional descriptions. It also offers automatic completion with IntelliSense functionality. Moreover, it has perfect compatibility for C# diagnostics and may be used with the C# plugins for advanced editing.
Visual Studio is recommended for both expert and novice developers. It is the finest development software available on any system including, C# and. NET. Some of the exceptional features of VS Code are:
So, Visual Studio is undoubtedly the best choice on our list.
The second IDE on our list is the Scriptcs. CS-Script is an excellent open-source coding environment that allows you to write programs in the C#. It is also compatible with ECMA. These programs can use Mono APIs and the .NET Platform. It is considered the second-best Integrated Development Environment used to run the C# program after Visual Studio. However, if you simply want to write C# programs and do not want to deal with compilation, you should choose a minimal code editor like Scriptcs rather than VS Code.
Thus, Scriptcs is an ideal alternative to VS Code.
The next IDE on our list is the Eclipse aCute. Eclipse aCute is a language-dependent plugin that offers C# and.NET Standard programming resources. It enables the transfer of tools towards various language characteristics. Eclipse aCute is among the top C# IDEs that have useful functions for programmers who want to create their custom script editor.
Let us have a look at its features:
SlickEdit is the unique IDE on our list. It is a cross-platform, multiple language script editor that works across nine environments and supports around 60 languages. It integrates version management and enables you to synchronize. This C# IDE includes advanced editing capabilities as well as better performance.
Just like other IDEs, SlickEdit contains features that help programmers to run their C# programs. A few of the features are:
Thus, SlickEdit is another ideal IDE to run your C# program.
Last but not least integrated development environment on our list is the Rider. The Rider is another excellent C# IDE platform that integrates seamlessly with two of the best software: ReSharper and IntelliJ. It is compatible with both the .NET Foundation and .NET Standard.
Some of the notable features of Rider IDE are:
So, Rider may be the last on our list of the best IDEs but, its features prove that it is an excellent IDE which you can use.
Now that you know about the best IDEs to run your C# programs, it is essential to know about the disadvantages of using Integrated Development Environments. These are less as compared to the advantages. But, we want you to know every detail regarding IDEs. Please take notes. Some of these are:
So, above are some of the disadvantages that beginners like you might face. Just be careful while coding and do not completely rely on the IDEs.
In this article, we have discussed all the details of the Integrated Development Environment. Moreover, we provided a list of the best Integrated Development Environments to run C# programs, so readers have no confusion regarding anything.
Out of all the five options discussed, Microsoft’s Visual Studio is undoubtedly the best, and we would recommend you use it. We hope you have no questions regarding anything, and we wish you all the best for your first C# program.
Happy Coding!
So, keep reading to find out everything about how to set up a C# environment.
C#, also known as C sharp, is an all-purpose, contemporary, object-intended coding language. Microsoft created the #C programming language as part of the .Net project. It is certified by the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) as well as the ISO. The updated iteration of the C# programming language is version number 7.2, and it is one of the main languages for Standard Language Framework. C# is identical to Java language and is simple for individuals familiar with Java, C++, or C.
As great as it sounds, the advantages of the C# programming language are exceptional. A few of them are listed below:
So, learning C# programming language offers you long-term benefits with amazing little learning time.
Everything in this entire world is made up of some fundamental components. Without those components, that particular thing would not work. The C# Environment works the same way. But, what elements are involved in the setup of the C# Environment? Let us have a detailed look at the components in this section. Before we begin, here is a reminder for you: Start Taking Notes!
The.NET System is a production, integration, and execution platform for online services and projects. Installation of the .NET Framework element is required to launch C# apps or other projects. The .NET also promotes many coding languages such as Visual C++, JavaScript, Visual Basic, and F#. Yet C# is among the most widely used programming languages within the.NET Platform. It features two fundamental elements:
Apart from these two, the .NET Framework also has other elements listed below:
Visual Studio is a Microsoft Integrated Development Environment (IDE) platform for designing projects in many coding languages like Visual Basic, C#, and others. For business purposes, it is necessary to purchase a Microsoft permit to download and operate Visual Studio. However, Microsoft offers a complimentary VB Community Edition for educational use. It is indeed an inclusive topic, and so we will discuss it in the next section.
We agree that the terms above may seem scary. But, we promise that once you grasp the concept of the entire environment set up of C# programming language, these terms will be child’s play for you.
Visual Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). You may write managed or indigenous script with the assistance of this IDE. It takes advantage of different software programming frameworks from Microsoft, such as Windows Store, Windows API, Microsoft Silverlight, etc. The best thing about it is that it is not a dialect-specific IDE, and both Windows and Mac offer it.
Visual Studio 97, with edition number 5.0, became the first iteration of VS launched in 1997. The newest release of VS is version number 15.0, which is also known as Visual Studio 2017. March 7, 2017, was its launching date. In the most recent release of Visual Studio, the .Net Platform variants facilitated range from 3.5 to 4.7.
Microsoft has released three different editions of Visual Studio. This section contains the information of these three editions so, please read carefully. These are:
The Community Edition, released in 2014, is a free-of-charge version. The remaining three editions charge. This release has features that are identical to the Professional one. Any independent programmer can create cost-free or premium applications such as internet games, web services, and many others.
The Professional Edition is the business version of Visual Studio. It arrived in VS 2010 as well as is available in newer versions. It features tools like System Navigator and connectivity with SQL, as well as encourages XSLT programming. Its primary goal is to empower members with versatility, efficiency, cooperation, and perks such as Pluralsight, Azure, Microsoft software, and other Microsoft services.
This version is offered for a free test period, after which the customer must make payments to keep using it.
The third and the last Enterprise Edition is an all-in-one, end-to-end tool for organizations of any complexity with high-quality and scale requirements. The prime advantage is that this edition is exceptionally expandable and produces high-quality programming.
This version comes with a 90-day complimentary trial, after which the customer must spend money to resume accessing it.
Now, you would be questioning: Why am I studying Visual Studio in-depth even though I can set up my C# environment using different tools? Well, Visual Studio has exceptional features which are hard to find in other tool platforms. Let us have a look at some of the features Visual Studio offers:
The exceptional Visual Studio comes with several visual developers to help with app designing. These tools are listed below:
So you see, there are various features of the Visual Studio, and that is why you should use it while setting up your C# environment.
The most awaited section of the entire article is here: Steps for C# Environment Setup. Now that you have a great understanding of all the terms and tools, this section will be easier for you. Let us begin:
The first step is to install the Visual Studio Community Edition. Here is how you can install it:
The second step is to start operating in the visual studio. For this, you have to open the installed Visual Studio from your laptop. And let us get started with Programming:
And Kudos! You are done setting up the C# environment. Wasn’t that easy? Now, you are ready to setup your C# environment. But before that, you should read the next and last section carefully.
We want you to work productively and error-free so that, you do not have to face any problem while setting up the C# environment. This is why we have added this small section of common mistakes to let you know everything.
These are listed below:
Value classes in C# cannot be empty. These should have a term, and even unreferenced elements should have a result. It is referred to as the type's standard setting. When verifying if a parameter is unreferenced, it generates the following, typically surprising result:
In the above illustration, the standard state for the Point equals (0,0) and not empty, because it is a numeric kind. In C# programming, failing to identify it is a fairly straightforward (and widespread) blunder.
Although database searching is a common application for LINQ expressions, they may be applied to any enumerable set. For instance, rather than creating a C# List for all accounts in a collection:
You can just type:
It is a quite common mistake and we do not want our readers to go through that. Also, you must takes notes to remember all these points.
This point must be noted down! Because the CLR system includes a garbage collection tool, you do not have to manually clear any space allocated to any item. The erase operation in C++ and the free () tool in C do not even exist. But, this doesn't imply that once you've used something, you could just ignore it. Many different kinds of entities encapsulate different kind of system component like a disc file, database interconnection, and others. Ignoring these elements can rapidly exhaust the overall quantity of system services, resulting in poor efficiency and, eventually, program failures.
Other mistakes can be:In this article, we have provided details regarding setting up your C# environment along with discussing some common mistakes made by developers while this process. We hope that you will avoid those mistakes and will work productively. We wish best of luck to all our readers. Happy Programming!
We will use for our examples STM32CubeIDE released by ST and completely free. STM32CubeIDE is a development tool and supports multi operative system (SO), which is part of the STM32Cube software ecosystem. STM32CubeIDE allows using a single platform to configure peripherals, to generate/compile/debug the code for STM32 microcontrollers and microprocessors. The framework used is Eclipse®/CDT, as tool-chain for the development is used GCC toolchain and GDB for the debugging.
To start the project, you must first select the MCU and then initialize and configure the peripherals the user wants to use. At this point, the initialization code is generated. At any time, the user can go back and change initializations and configurations, without affecting the user code. We will dive into these steps with a simple example in the next paragraph.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | STM32 Nucleo | Amazon | Buy Now | |
We must connect in series to LED a resistor. What resistance value must be considered to limit the current to 20 mA (see the formula below)?
R > 5 - 1.7/0.02 , where R > 165 ?
A good value of R is 220 ?.
Now we must be able to turn off the led, to do it we need a switch to connect and disconnect the power supply as shown below.
In this case when the switch is closed the Led is ON, when the switch is open the Led is OFF. This can be easily done with a Nucleo board by configuring a GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pin.
The steps required to configure a core board are explained below. Obviously, this is a very simple practical example, but peripherals, communication protocols and anything else can be configured in a similar way.
As already said, we will use for our examples a NUCLEO-L053R8 board. For our examples, so also a Windows PC is required. The ST-Link USB connector is used both for serial data communications, and firmware downloading and debugging on the MCU. A Type-A to mini-B USB cable must be connected between the board and the computer. The USART2 peripheral uses PA2 and PA3 pins, which are wired to the ST-Link connector. In addition, USART2 is selected to communicate with the PC via the ST-Link Virtual COM Port. A tool that emulates the serial communication terminal is necessary to view received messages and send them. You can download many open-source tools as Tera Term. In this way, you can display on PC the messages received from the board over the virtual communication Port and the other way around.
In this paragraph, we will initialize the peripherals using STM32CubeMX. The STM32CubeMX tool to create the necessary config. files to enable drivers of peripheral used (for more detail read “UM1718 - User manual STM32CubeMX for STM32 configuration and initialization C code generation.”).
The user code must be inserted between the "USER CODE BEGIN" and "USER CODE END" so that if you go to regenerate the initializations that part of the code is not deleted or overwritten. As shown in the code below, the simplest way is to use the function:
Note This function is declared as __weak to be overwritten in case of other implementations in a user file.
- Delay: specifies the delay time length, in milliseconds.
So, in our case GPIOx is GPIOA and the GPIO_PIN is GPIO_PIN_9 (see below).
int main(void) { /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */ /* USER CODE END 1 */ /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/ /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */ HAL_Init(); /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */ /* USER CODE END Init */ /* Configure the system clock */ SystemClock_Config(); /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */ /* USER CODE END SysInit */ /* Initialize all configured peripherals */ MX_GPIO_Init(); MX_TIM2_Init(); /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */ /* USER CODE END 2 */ /* Infinite loop */ /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */ while (1) { HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_9); HAL_Delay(1000); /* USER CODE END WHILE */ /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */ } /* USER CODE END 3 */ }
Now we are ready to compile and run the project:
Another simple way is to use the function
Note This function uses GPIOx_BSRR register to allow atomic read/modify accesses. In this way, there is no risk of an IRQ occurring between the read and the modified access.
Note that GPIOE is not available on all devices.
This parameter can be one of GPIO_PIN_x where x can be (0..15).
All port bits are not necessarily available on all GPIOs.
This parameter can be one of the GPIO_PinState enum values:
So, in our case GPIOx is GPIOA and the GPIO_PIN is GPIO_PIN_9 and the pin state changes between 0 (LOW or CLEAR) and 1 (HIGH or SET).
In this case, the code is the following:
while (1) { HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_9,0); HAL_Delay(1000); HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_9,1); /* USER CODE END WHILE */ /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */ } /* USER CODE END 3 */ }
There are many other ways to blink an Led such as PWM, Interrupts etc. and will discuss it in the upcoming lectures. Thanks for reading.
To become familiar with the world of microcontrollers it is necessary to have a development board (also known as a kit), which generally allows you to start working on it easily. Fortunately, the ST provides a wide portfolio of development boards. In this guide, we will describe and use the Nucleo board.
The Nucleo has been introduced a few years ago and its line is divided into three main groups:
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | STM32 Nucleo | Amazon | Buy Now | |
The number of pins available, so the package, gives the name to the board: Nucleo-32 uses an LQFP-32 package; Nucleo-64 and LQFP-64; Nucleo-144 an LQFP-144. The Nucleo-64 was the first line introduced and counts 16 different boards.
The Nucleo boards have interesting advantages compared to the Discovery. First, is the cheaper cost, you can buy it for around 15-25 dollars. Now in 2021 due to the lack of processed semiconductors, it is very difficult to find them on the normal distribution channels and costs are rising. A return to normal is expected from 2023. Furthermore, Nucleo boards are designed to be pin-to-pin compatible with each other. It is a very important advantage, in fact, if I start to develop my firmware on generic Nucleo later then I can adapt my code to another one.
In the next paragraphs, we will see the main structure of STM32-64
The Nucleo-64 is composed of two parts:
The part with the mini-USB connector is an ST-LINK 2.1 integrated debugger. It needs to upload the firmware on the target MCU and run the debugging. Furthermore, the ST-LINK interface provides a Virtual COM Port (VCP), which can be used to exchange data and messages with the host PC. The ST-LINK interface can be used as a stand-alone ST-LINK programmer, in fac,t can be easily cuttable to reduce board size.
To program the STM32 on board, simply plug in the two jumpers on CN4, as shown in the figure below in pink, but do not use the CN11 connector as that may disturb communication with the STM32 microcontroller of the Nucleo.
However, the ST-LINK provides an optional SWD interface which can be used to program another board without detaching the ST-LINK interface from the Nucleo by removing the two jumpers labeled ST-LINK (CN4).
The rest of the board, MCU part, contains the target MCU (the microcontroller we will use to develop our applications), a RESET button, a user-programmable push button (switch), and an LED. It is possible to mount an external high-speed crystal (HSE) through X3 pads (see figure below). Generally, the Nucleo boards, especially the most recent ones, provide a low-speed crystal (LSE).
The STM32 Nucleo-64 board has 8 connectors:
The CN7 and CN10 ST morpho connectors are male pin headers (2x19, 2.54mm male pin headers) accessible on both sides of the STM32 Nucleo-64 board (see the figure below). All signals and power pins can be probed by an oscilloscope, logical analyzer, or voltmeter through the ST morpho connectors. They are two. They are called Morpho connectors and are a convenient way to access most of the MCU pins.
The first step in developing an application on the STM32 platform is to fully set up the tool-chain. A tool-chain is a set of programs, compilers, and tools that allows us:
To carry out these activities we basically need:
There are several complete tool-chain for the STM32 Cortex-M family, both free and commercial. The most used tools are: IAR for Cortex-M, ARM Keil, and AC6 SW4STM32.
They can integrate everything necessary for the development of applications on STM32 to simplify and accelerate their development. The first two are commercial solutions and therefore have a price to the public that may be too high for those approaching the first time.
So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture and have understood this Nucleo Development Board. In the next lecture, we will design our first project in STM32CubeIDE. Thanks for reading.The term, "STM32" refers to a family of 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits based on the ARM® Cortex®M processor. The architecture of these CPUs (Central Processing Unit) is ARM (Advanced Risk Machine) which is a particular family of Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC). RISC architecture differs from Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) for its simplicity that allows you to create processors capable of executing instruction sets with shorter times. Why use STM32? The advantages are many, and now we will list a part of them:
In the next paragraph, it will be illustrated how the STM32 is divided to easily identify the one used for your purposes.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | STM32 Nucleo | Amazon | Buy Now | |
The STM32 Mainstream has been designed to offer solutions for a wide range of applications where costs, time to market, reliability, and availability are fundamental requirements. They are widely used in real-time control signal processing applications.
There are 5 series in this group:
The STM32 Ultra-Low-Power has been designed to meet the need to develop devices with low energy consumption (such as portable and wearable devices) but maintaining a good compromise with performance. There are 6 series in this group:
The STM32 High-Performance has been designed for data processing and data transfer. It also has a high level of memory integration. There are 5 series in this group:
With STM32 Wireless ST adds in the portfolio a platform for wireless connectivity to the portfolio. It has a broad spectrum of frequencies and is used in various industrial and consumer applications.
It has features compatible with multiple protocols which allows it to communicate with different devices in real-time. Now, only two series belong to this group:
So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture. In the next lecture, I am going to focus on the Nucleo Development board, as we are going to use that in our upcoming tutorials. Thanks for reading. Take care !!! :)
