The Engineering Projects

Implementation of SR Flip Flops in Proteus

Hello Learners! welcome from the team of The Engineering Projects. We hope you are having a productive day. We are working on a series of Blogs based upon the core knowledge about Digital Logic Gates and Circuits. In this tutorial, we'll know about the SR Flip Flops and after brief introduction we will simulate SR Flip Flops in Proteus. Let's have a glimpse on the topics of today:

• What are Flip Flops?
• What are the types of Flip Flop?
• How does we design the Truth Table of SR Flip Flops?
• What are further classes of SR Flip Flips?
• Implementation of SR Flip Flops in Proteus.

Flip Flops

Flip Flops are extremely important Circuits of Digital Logic Design. We Introduce the Flip Flops as:

"Flip Flops are type of sequential Logic Circuit that contain two stable states "Zero" and "One" (because of the binary system). It is often used as Storage device and each state of Flip Flop stores one bit." 

They are the building blocks of the Electronics and play an important role in the world of Logic Circuits. Being the Binary circuits, they are essential for the computation in the computer system. The Inputs of the Flip Flops are named as "S" AND "R" that stands for Set and Reset respectively. There are two Outputs of the Flip Flop called Q and Q'. As the name suggest itself, both the outputs are the Inverse of Each Other. the Flips Flop are sequential Logic Circuits that mean they use a Clock called as "CLK"  in the circuit. the Function of clock is to synchronize the circuit. The Phenomenon in which the clock signal is change its value i.e, from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0, is called the edge of the clock.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

Flip Flops are also called as Bipolar Multi-vibrator because they can store the both the Conditions of the Binary system.

When we say that Flip Flops are the Storage Devices, we mean that they does not only calculate the output from the present data, but they can also work with the data stored previously in the Flip Flops.  

Types of Flips Flops

When we talk about the types of Flip Flops, we consider mainly Four types of Flip Flops as follow:

1. SR Flip Flop
2. JK Flip Flop
3. D Flop Flops
4. K Flip Flops

These kinds are same in the composition of circuits, but the working, Construction and the results are different from each other. We'll Describe the structure of each of them along with the simulation for best concepts one after the other.

DID YOU KNOW??????????????

Flip Flops can maintain a binary state as long as there is power in the circuit, therefore can store the Data.

SR Flip Flop

The full name of SR Flip Flop is Set Reset Flip Flop. In this type of Flip Flop the Value of Output Q depends upon the Value of the "S" input. once the input of the SR Flip Flop goes high (When S and R are high) the output goes to infinity or undefined therefore this Circuit is used to  store the information.

Truth Table of SR Flip Flop

When we talk about the Truth Table of SR Latch, we find some unique behavior. The Interesting point about the SR Latch is when Set and Reset are LOW i.e, 0 then the value of the Output does not change. The circuit does not show any alternation. Moreover, when the values of inputs are HIGH, the output is undefined as discussed above. Hence the design of Truth Table of SR Flip Flop is as follow:

S	R	Q	Q’
0	0	No change	No change
0	1	0	1
1	0	1	0
1	1	Undefined	Undefined

  The SR Flip Flops are further classified into two main types:

1. Active High SR Flip Flops.
2. Active Low SR Flip Flops.

we'll learn about their details and the structure of the circuit.

Active High SR Flip Flops

The Active High SR Flip Flops are the one in which the Set input and the output terminal Q collaborate with each other. When the S is 0, the output Q is 1 and vise versa. We know that Q is always opposite to Q' hence we get the output as expected. Let's Look at the circuit of Active High SR Flip Flop and work at it in Proteus ISIS.

Active High SR Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS

• Fire Up your Proteus Software.

Material Required

1. AND Gate
2. NOR Gate
3. NAND Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED-Red
6. Clock
7. Ground Terminal
8. Connecting Wires

• Click at the "P" button and Write AND Gate, NOR Gate, Logic Toggle, LED-Red, Clock one after the other and choose them through Enter button.
• Choose AND Gate from the Pick Library section and arrange two of them at the working area.
• Get two NOR Gates and arrange them just after the AND Gates.
• Get two Logic Toggles and Arrange them just before AND Gate for input.
• Choose two LEDs and fix them just after the NOR Gates.
• Ground each LED through ground Terminal Found in the Terminal modes at the left side of screen.
• Use a Clock in between AND Gates.
• Join all the components through wires just like the image given below:

Now Pop the Play button. Alter the Values of Input and observe all the outputs at each Logic Gate. You will get following Truth Table:

S	R	1	2	Q	Q’
0	0	0	0	No change	No change
0	1	0	1	0	1
1	0	1	0	1	0
1	1	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined

DID YOU KNOW???????????

The inputs of Active Low SR Flip Flops are denoted by a a bar , a complement or a "not" word along with their name.

Active Low SR Flip Flop

The Active Low SR Flip Flops have the same output as their twin Circuit Active High SR Flip Flop. The difference is in the construction of the circuit. We use the NAND Gate in the Construction of Active Low SR Flip Flop. all other arrangements and devices are same as the previous one.

Simulation of Active Low SR Flip Flop in Proteus ISIS

• In the above Circuit of Active High SR Flip Flop, pop the left click at gate 1.
• Left click>Delete the Gate 1.
• Repeat the same step with other gates as well.
• Add the NAND gate in all the places.
• Arrange the system again as shown in the figure below:

When we Test the Active Low SR Flip Flop we get the following outputs:

S'	R'	1	2	Q	Q’
0	0	0	0	No change	No change
0	1	1	1	0	1
1	0	1	1	1	0
1	1	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined	Undefined

Hence this is another form of SR Flip Flop. Consequently, we learned about the Flip Flops, we saw what are its types , saw the subclasses of the Flip Flop and designed two types of SR Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS. Stay tuned for the other tutorial in which we'll solve the problem of undefined conditions of Flip Flops.

Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) Simulation in Proteus ISIS

Hello Learners, hope you are doing well. I am here with a new tutorial. We'll discuss about Junction Field Effect transistors. In this tutorial, we will learn the basic Introduction to JFET nad will also have a look at its practical Implementation and simulation in Proteus. Basically, Junction Field Effect is a type of transistor, similar to Bipolar Junction Transistors but they have different characteristics due to some reasons as discussed below:

Introduction to JFET

We Define the JFET as:

"Junction Field Effect transistors or simply JFET is the semiconductor ,Voltage Control, three terminal device that is present in both configurations either N channel or P channel."

JFET  are named so because the the operation of JFET relies on the Field of the input gate voltage thus they are voltage operated devices. The Input of JFET is called Gate whereas, the output is said to be Drain.

Explanation about JFET

Junction Field Effect Transistors are important Devices in the world of electronics. They look similar to the transistors but are different in their Production.

Terminals of JFET:

JFET's have two Ohmic connections at either side of the channels. These channels are called Source and Drain. the Connection of Drain and source is said to be Gate. This is the point where PN Junction is formed. Source and Drain Collectively makes resistive path through which the current Id passes due to the Voltage Vds. The channel is semiconductor due to which current is passed equally well at both sides. But, because of the resistivity of the channel, the voltage becomes less Positive when we move from Drain to Source. Subsequently, the PN junction contains the high reverse bias at Drain as compared to the Source. Thus, the a Depletion Region is formed due to biasing whose width increase with the increase in the Biasing and vise Versa.

Configuration of JFET:

We know that Transistors are made by two type of materials i.e, N type and P type. The Terminals are connected by a current path between Drain and Source. these two terminals work as Collector and Emitter, respectively. Hence we observe two Configurations of JFETs:

1. N-Type.
2. P-Type.

Within the P-Type Configuration, we observe the doping of acceptors. hence holes are abundant in this region. by the same token, N- type configuration contain the doping of the electrons hence we get the faster conduction in N-Type region. We'll use N type JFET for the experiment.

Types of JFET:

Base upon their Production, we classify the JFET in two types:

1. Standard JFET
2. Insulated Gate JFET

The 2nd type i.e, IGJFET is most Commonly called Metal Oxide Junction Field Effect Transistor or simply MOSFET.

Conduction of JFET:

JFET are unipolar Devices and their efficiency mainly depends upon the Conduction of holes and electrons in P-Channel and N-channel, respectively.

 Implementation of JFET in Proteus ISIS

The Junction field effect transistors has very specific characteristics that can easily observed on the graph at a glance. Hence, let's start the simulation for best understanding.

Material Required:

1. Junction Field Effect Transistor (2N3819)
2. DC Power Supply
3. Ground Terminal
4. Current Probe
5. DC Transfer Curve Analysis

Procedure for the characteristics of JFET:

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Pick Up the JFET from the Pick Library through the "P" button.
• Set the JFET on the working area.
• Foster the "DC" from the power Generation mood of the Proteus.
• Fix 1 DC power supply at the Gate Terminal and the other on the Drain Terminal.
• Pick the Ground terminal from "Terminal mode" and fix it with the Source.
• At this stage, the circuit should look like the picture given below:

• Place the Current probe taken from the side of the Proteus at the Drain.

One point must be clear here, the direction of the probe should be towards the drain showing that the current passes from the Current source towards the Drain terminal of JFET.

• Name the Gate source as "Vgs".
• Name the Drain power supply as "Vds".
• Mark the Current Probe as "Ids".
• Choose "Transfer" from the Graph mode at the left most bar of the Proteus.
• Click on the Working area and make a window of the "DC Transfer Curve Analysis".
• To get the output, we will drag the Id at the graph area.

• At the instance, we have to set the Graph according to our need. Truss, Double click the graph to edit the Properties.
•  Set the Values according to diagram:

Now, when we simulate the graph by left click>simulate the graph, we find a simulation log.

• Simulate the graph through the Play button.
• Maximize the screen through left click at Graph>maximize and Observe the output.

Observations of JFET Characteristics:

• Vgs applied to the Gate Controls the Current flowing between Drain and the Source.
• No current flow through the Gate hence the Source current that is flowing out of the device is equal to the Drain current moving into the device.

Mathematically,

Is=Id

• We observe the four types of regions here:

1. OHMIC Region: JFET acts like a voltage resistor when voltage VGS =0 because the depletion region at this point is very less.
2. Pinch-off region: Resistance is maximum when Vgs is sufficient to cause the JFET to act as an open Circuit. This region is also called Cut-off region.
3. Saturation Region: In this Region, the JFET becomes the Good Conductor and be controlled by Vgs. The Vds has very less effect.
4. Breakdown Region: We observed that the in this region, the Vds becomes maximum and is controlled.

Advantages of JFET:

• They are replaced by the BJT because they are similar to BJT in characteristics like efficiency , robust, instant operation but are smaller than the equivalent Bipolar Junction Transistors. Thus they are better.
• Due to the size, they have less power consumption and low power dissipation, therefore are ideal to use in ICs and the CMOS range of circuit.
• They have extremely high input Impedance tat can be more than thousands.

Consequently, We learnt about extremely important features of the Junction Field Effect Transistor, Perform the experiments for the characteristics and observed the Advantages of JFETs.

Introduction to ATmega4809

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to ATmega4809. The ATmega4809 is a type of microcontroller that belongs to the megaAVR® 0-series. It features an AVR® processor with a clock speed running at up to 20 MHz. It comes with a Flash memory size up to 48 KB, 256 bytes of EEPROM, and 6 KB of SRAM. It is available in 28-, 32-, 40-, or 48-pin packages. I suggest you buckle up as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to ATmega4809 covering datasheet, pinout, features, power ratings, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to ATmega4809

• The ATmega4809 microcontroller belongs to the megaAVR® 0-series that contains an AVR processor.
• The series carries low power features with the latest core independent peripherals.
• The ATmega4809 utilizes Microchip's latest technologies with an efficient and low-power architecture including SleepWalking, Event System, and accurate analog features.

• This device carries Single-pin Unified Program Debug Interface (UPDI) that is a bi-directional single wire interface and needs a programmer that supports UPDI.

• The clock speed is 20MHz which is required for the synchronization of all internal functions.
• The microcontroller program is stored in the flash memory which is around 48KB. While EEPROM and SRAM are 256bytes and 6KB respectively. Write/Erase endurance for flash memory is 10,000 cycles and for EEPROM is 100,000 cycles.
• SRAM memory is used to produce and manipulate variables when this runs. The EEPROM memory is a non-volatile memory that stays stored in the board even when board power is removed.
• There are 4 UART communication protocols and one SPI and one I2C communication protocol are available on the microcontroller.
• The UART is a serial communication protocol that carries two pins Rx and Tx. The Rx is a receiving pin that is used to receive the serial data while Tx is a transmission pin used to transfer serial data.
• I2C is a two-wire communication protocol that carries two pins SDL and SCL. The SDL is a serial data line that carries the data while SCL is a serial clock line that is used for the synchronization of all data transfer over an I2C bus.
• SPI stands for a serial peripheral interface that is mainly used to develop the communication between the controller and other sensors and shift registers. Two pins: MISO (Master Input Slave Output) and MOSI (Master Output Slave Input) are incorporated for SPI communication. These pins are installed to receive or send data by the controller.
• This device comes with three sleep modes: Idle, standby, and power down. The sleep mode is the mode when nothing happens. Simply put, during sleep mode device remains in rest mode. As nothing taking place during the sleep mode, at that point the device consumes the lowest power and the crystal oscillator is turned off.

• The device also offers a power-on-reset (POR) and brown-out-detection (BOD). The power-on-reset just resets the device when the signal is provided to the device.
• The brown-out-detection is a protection circuit that monitors when the supply voltage goes below down a certain level and consequently puts the device into a reset state which leads to proper startup when power is applied back again.
• The controller also contains 16-channel 10-bit ADC and an analog comparator.
• Other features include configurable custom logic, 5x16 bit timer, cyclical redundancy check, watchdog timer, and hardware multiplier.

ATmega4809 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below and download the datasheet of ATmega4809.

Available Packages

ATmega4809 comes in different pin mappings mainly dependent on the current hardware.

48 Pin Package

It is the standard pin package that comes with 9 PWM pins and a flash memory of 48KB. Know that this 48-pin package is only available on ATmega4809 and ATmega3209. This package comes with 4 UART communication protocols and one SPI protocol.

40 Pin Package

This pinout is almost identical to the 48-pin package with lesser pins and it comes with 8 PWM pins. This pinout is reserved for ATmega4809 only. Like a 48-pin package, this pinout carries 4 UART and one SPI communication protocol.

32-Pin Package

This pinout is a robust and clean design that comes with 8 PWM pins. Know that this pinout is not compatible with Arduino shields.

28-Pin Package  

This is the 28-pin package that comes with 8 PWM pins and a clock frequency of around 20MHz. Again, this pinout is also not compatible with Arduino shields. The 28-pin package comes with 3 UART and one SPI communication protocol.

Uno WiFi

The Arduino Uno WiFi Rev2 hardware incorporates this pinout. It comes with 6 PWM pins. Any code written for Arduino UNO WiFi Rev 2 is equally compatible with this pinout. It is important to note that Uno WiFi pinout is only reserved for ATmega3209/4809.

Nano Every

The Arduino Nano Every incorporates this pinout. The code written for Arduino Nano Every can run for this pinout without any modifications. You’ll get this pinout when you select ATmega4809 from the Arduino IDE software.

ATmega4809 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of ATmega4809 that comes in a 48-pin package.

ATmega4809 Features

• No. of pins = 48
• Flash memory = 48KB
• SRAM = 6KB
• EEPROM = 256 bytes
• Also includes Hardware multiplier
• Three sleep modes: Idle, Standby, Power Down

• Event System for core independent and predictable inter-peripheral signaling
• Comes with Power-On Reset (POR) and Brown-Out Detection (BOD)
• Contains Single pin programming and debugging interface (UPDI)
• Carries 16 Channel 10-bit ADC with Voltage Reference
• Features Analog Comparator (AC) and Watchdog Timer
• Configurable Custom Logic (CCL) with up to four programmable Look-up Tables (LUT)
• Contains 5x 16-bit Timer (TCA / TCB) and Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC/SCAN)
• SPI / I2C / USART
• Five selectable internal voltage references: 0.55V, 1.1V, 1.5V, 2.5V, and 4.3V

ATmega4809 Applications

• Employed in high responsive command and control applications.
• Used in embedded systems and real-time control systems.
• Used in industrial automation and home automation.

That’s all for today. I hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can ask me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep producing quality content based on your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

JFET Applications | Constant Current Source | Chopper

Hi Pupils, Welcome to another Experiment of Proteus at The Engineering Projects. Previously, we saw what are the Junction Field Effect Transistors. Today we'll learn about some of the applications of Junction Field Effect Transistors.

Just before the Experiment, it is useful to revise that: Transistors are three terminal, unipolar Devices. The terminals of Junction Field Effect Transistor are named as :

• Drain
• Source
• Gate

The Gate Terminal is common to both Source and Drain. Prior to start, let's clear some Concepts about Junction Field Effect Transistor.

Resistor

Resistor is an electrical device. we define the resistors as:

"A Resister is a two terminal Passive electrical device that shows the electrical resistance and is useful in almost every Circuit.

Resistors can be used to reduce or control the flow of current , terminate transition lines and such other functions.

Pinch off voltage

The basic Definition of Pinch off voltage is:

"The voltage applied between the Drain and the source at which the current maximum current flows through the circuit provided the Gate voltage is zero is called the Pinch off voltage."

when the value of voltages is less than the pinch off region, the voltage enters to another region called ohmic region of JFET and the transistor acts as a resistor in this region.

Controlling Voltage

The Controlling Voltage of Junction field effect transistor is defined as: "The controlling Voltage is the voltage of transistors from gate to source.  To set its value, the Voltage from gate to source is made negative and it is referred as Vgs." FET's are widely used in the worlds of electronics because of their size and the performance. We'll apply JFET's in the making of two of circuits:

1. Constant Current Source.
2. Chopper.

During the Implementation of the Circuits, we'll use N-type JFET because of the better flow of electron of this kind of JFET. In N-type JFET the majority charge carriers are electrons. I am going to explain it one after the other.

Constant Current Source

A Field Effect Transistor can be use as a constant current Source. That spell out that if JFET's are designed so, they can provide a constant current across the load resistor, no matter how much current is provided at its input. The ability is due to the near horizontal line in the drain characteristics of the JFET. Recall that resistor is a two terminal Device that reduces the current flow, divide voltage or adjust signal lines. But, carefully Controlled JFET can be used to overcome the resistance through the resistor that come in between the JFET and the Voltage source. In the circuit, when the Vgs is greater than the pinch off voltage. mathematically,

V-IR>|V|

Implementation in Proteus ISIS

To make the circuit for Constant current Source, we need the Components as:

Component Required:

1. Junction Field Effect Transistor
2. Resistor
3. Ground Terminal
4. Direct Current Power Supply
5. Connecting Wires

Procedure

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Choose the JFET and Resistor from the Pick library through the "P" button.
• Take the Ground Terminal from Terminals library from the left most tab.
• Take DC power source from the "Generator mode".
• To measure the Current we'll add a DC ammeter from the "Virtual Instrument Mode".

This is the step where the Circuit should be arranged so, to get the required output.

• Connect the Source with the Drain thorough a wire.
• Join the Ground Terminal with the wire that connects Source and Gate.
• Connect the Components on the Working area according to the diagram:

• Double Click the Battery and give it a value of 9 volts.
• Double click the voltmeter and change the display Range to milliamps.
• By the same token, Double tap the resistor and give it the value of 1k ohm.

NOTE: you can also use a variable resistor.

•  Record the values of the ammeter.
• At first observations, Change the value of resistor to 1kohm.
• Pop the play button.

The ammeter shows the value of the 0.40 miliamps.

• Take seven reading by changing the value of resistor and make a table.

  Resistance	Current
  1k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  2k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  3k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  4k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  5k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  6k ohm	0.40 *10-3
  7k ohm	0.40 *10-3

   

The same experiment can be done by varying the value of battery and recording the values.

Chopper

A Chopper is the application of Transistor that show us the output as the square wave. We define the Chopper as: "Chopper is an electronic circuit used to take the amplified Direct current by using some type of transistor or other device." One can use any kind of transistor  e.g Bipolar Junction Transistor tor make the Chopper circuit. But, Junction Field Effect Transistors are better for this purpose due to the field control of the JFETs. In Choppers, the FET act as a variable resistance.   Lets rush towards Proteus to apply the circuit.

Implementation of Choppers in Proteus ISIS

• Fire up your Proteus ISIS.

Material Required

1. Junction Field Effect Transistor
2. Resistor
3. Alternating current source
4. Ground
5. Oscilloscope

• Pick the Vsine , Resistor and JFET from the Pick library by the mean of "P" button.
• Take the Oscilloscope form "Virtual Instrument Mode" and fix it just above the Circuit.
• Connect Channel A just after the AC source and channel B with the Source.
• Put the Ground terminal below the circuit by choosing it from "Terminal".
• Change the value of resistance connected to AC as 100ohm.
• Change the value of resistance connected to Source as 200ohm.
• Give the frequency to 1000Hz and Amplitude of 12V to Vsine.
• Join the circuit according to the image given below:

Seems like our circuit is complete now.

• Press the Play button to simulate the graph.
• Set the Value of Channel A to 1V.
• Set the channel B to 20V.

The Output of the circuit is:   This Conversion is important in some Circuits. The output of the Chopper is in the form of square waves. Thus, today we learnt about the JFET along with the applications of JFET as Constant current and Chopper in detail and saw their Implementation in the Proteus.

myRIO Ultrasonic Sensor Interfacing

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I will give you a detailed discussion on myRIO Ultrasonic Sensor Interfacing. In this tutorial, you will learn about NI myRIO ultrasonic sensor interfacing. We will go into the details of the ultrasonic sensor and then will move forward towards its interfacing with myRIO. I have already shared many articles on ultrasonic sensors and will share their link in this article as well.

The ultrasonic sensor is also known as SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging). As it is clear from its name, it transmits sound waves and these waves are received back to it after getting reflected from any object. It measures the total time elapsed during the entire transmission as well as during the reception of the reflected waves. The sum of both the times is usually known as RTT (Round Trip Time). This RTT is equal to the distance between any external object and the sensor itself. Optical sensors have a transmitter for the transmission of optical waves and a receiver at the receiving end. But in comparison to an optical sensor, the SONAR sensor has a single structure for both transmission and receiving purposes.

SONAR sensor has four pins to perform different actions. It is the most common device and is specially used for obstacle avoidance purposes in robotics. It can also be used to estimate the distance of different objects. It is an inexpensive device and is easily available in the market these days. There is another sensor similar to the ultrasonic sensor available in the market named as PNG sensor. But it has three pins, that is the only difference between PNG and ultrasonic sensor. Both can be used for distance measurement and obstacle avoidance purposes. Further detail about the ultrasonic sensor and myRIO ultrasonic sensor interfacing will be provided later in this tutorial.

myRIO Ultrasonic Sensor Interfacing

An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device/sensor/module used to estimate the distance of different objects. It works on a very simple principle. It transmits ultrasonic waves and these waves get reflected from the objects in surroundings. It receives the reflected waves and measures the time elapsed during the whole process which is equal to the distance between the specific object and the SONAR sensor. It has a wide range of applications including robot sensing, liquid level control, full detection, stacking height control, people detection for counting, presence detection, vehicle detection, thread/wire break detection etc. The ultrasonic sensor is shown in the figure given below.

Note: I have shred many tutorials on ultrasonic sensor introduction, about its libraries and its interfacing with a different microcontroller. Now, I am going to share their links again, you must go through all these articles for having a better understanding of the SONAR sensor.

• Ultrasonic Sensor Library for Proteus
• Ultrasonic Sensor Simulation in Proteus
• Interfacing of Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino
• Interfacing of Multiple Ultrasonic Sensor With Arduino

Ultrasonic Sensor Pins

• It has four pins having different individual tasks to perform.
• Ultrasonic sensor pins are listed in the table shown in the figure below.

• The ultrasonic sensor along with its pin names is given in the figure shown below.

Ultrasonic Sensor Pins Description

• As we know each of them has been assigned a different task, so we should about each pin.
• Ultrasonic sensor pins description is provided in the table given in the figure shown below.s

3. Ultrasonic Sensor Dimensions

• The ultrasonic sensor is divided into different segments.
• Dimensions of each segment are shown in the figure given below.

4. Ultrasonic Sensor Working Principle

• It works on a very simple principle based on sound waves.
• It transmits sound waves in the surroundings.
• These sounds waves collide with the external objects.
• After colliding with the external objects they reflect back to ultrasonic sensor.
• It measures the total time elapsed during the transmission and receiving the reflected wave.
• The total time is known as a Round Trip Time (RTT) and is equal to the distance between the object and the sensor.
• That was the entire working principle of SONAR sensor.
• I have provided the visual description of its working principle as given in the figure shown below.

5. Ultrasonic Sensor Features

• The features of any electronic device that can make a device more popular among its competitors.
• Ultrasonic sensor features are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

6. Ultrasonic Sensor Ratings

• Ratings show the voltage, power and current requirements of any electronic device.
• Ultrasonic sensor ratings are listed in the table shown in the figure below.

7. Ultrasonic Sensor Applications

• Electronic devices such as small sensors are usually known on the basis of their applications.
• Ultrasonic sensor has a wide range of applications in real life.
• Some of them are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

8. myRIO Ultrasonic Sensor Interfacing Wiring Diagram

• I have made a completely labelled wiring diagram for myRIO ultrasonic sensor interfacing.
• A complete wiring diagram is given in the figure shown below.

 

9. LabVIEW Final Front Panel Design

• As a result I have provided a complete front panel window for myRIO ultrasonic sensor interfacing.
• The LabVIEW front panel window is given in the figure shown below.

 

• Our team has designed this LabVIEW simulation with a lot of several testing stages.
• After a lot of testing we got the accurate results, so we have imposed a very low cost on it.
• But, the imposed cost is as low, that even a student can easily buy it.

In the tutorial myRIO Ultrasonic Sensor Interfacing, I have provided an environment where you can easily visualize and learn about the basics of ultrasonic sensor and its interfacing with NI myRIO. I have also shared the links of my previously shred articles for the interfacing of SONAR sensor with other micro-controllers. I hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and will appreciate my efforts. I will also share different articles on myRIO interfacing with the other sensors as well, in my upcoming tutorials. Till my next tutorial take care and bye bye :)

Introduction to Arduino Pico

Hi Friends! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to Arduino Pico.

Arduino Pico is the world’s smallest Arduino compatible board, as said by Arduino Official Page. Because of its small size & low weight, it is normally used in autonomous projects i.e. drones, robots, quadcopters etc. where size is the real issue.

Arduino boards are introduced in modern electronics, to make projects economical and easy to design. A common man with no prior knowledge about programming can get hands-on experience with them. This smallest Pico version is readily available to turn your innovative thoughts into reality.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to Arduino Pico covering datasheet, pinout, features, pin description, programming and communication and applications.

Let’s get started.

Introduction to Arduino Pico

• Arduino Pico is a small-sized(0.6" x 0.6"), breadboard-friendly and Arduino-Compatible Microcontroller board, based on Atmega32u4 Microcontroller, contains 15 pins onboard and developed by MellBell Electronics(a Canadian company confounded by MOHAMMAD MALHAS & AHMAD NABEL).
• Leonardo compatible bootloader is pre-installed in Arduino Pico.
• The small size of 0.6” x 0.6” and 1.1g weight is what makes it special for a range of autonomous applications i.e. quadcopters, robots, automation etc.
• Arduino Pico comes with 8 digital input/output pins.
• It also contains 3 analog I/O pins used for interfacing analog sensors.
• Out of 8 digital pins, 1 Pin can also be used for generating PWM pulses and its Pin # D3.
• Arduino Pico board operates at 5V while the input voltage ranges from 7V to 12V.
• The maximum current rating of Arduino Pico is 40mA, so we can't attach a load drawing more current than that.
• The board also contains one micro USB Type-B Port, a reset button and a Reset pin.
• Arduino Pico supports two types of Communication Protocols: (We will discuss them later in detail)
  • Serial Protocol.
  • SPI Protocol.
• The flash memory is 32KB out of which 4KB is used by Bootloader. It is the memory where the sketch is stored. (The code we compile on Arduino IDE software is called a sketch)
• It comes with an SRAM memory of 2.5KB, it's even greater than that of UNO(where SRAM is 2KB).
• It has a crystal oscillator of 16MHz, so it's as fast as UNO or Nano.
• On its Kickstarter page, it's available in multiple colors(around 20 different colors).
• Mellbell also offers an aluminum version of the board that can be used in overheated environments and applications.

Arduino Pico Datasheet

Before you apply this board to your embedded project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet of the device that features the main characteristics of the board. You can download the datasheet of Arduino Pico by clicking the link below:

Arduino Pico Features

The following are the main features of the Arduino Pico board.

• Based on the ATmega32u4 microcontroller,
• Runs at a clocked frequency of 16 MHz
• 40 mA DC current per I/O pin
• 2.5KB of SRAM memory
• Bootloader: Leonardo compatible
• Reset: 1 pin
• 3 SPI pads on the back of the board
• 32 kB of internal Flash (4 kB used by the bootloader)
• 8x digital I/O pins, 1x PWM channel, and 3x analog input channels.
• The operating voltage is 5V.
• Input voltage range = 7 to 12 V.
• 6 x 0.6 inches size. Weight of 1.1 grams
• Bootloader compatible with the Arduino Leonardo

Arduino Pico Pin Description

• Hope you’ve got a sneak peek of this smallest Arduino board. In this section, we’ll detail the pin description of the pins installed on the board.

Analog Pins

• There are 3 analog pins available on the board. These pins can get any number of values in opposed to digital pins which get only two values i.e. HIGH and LOW.

PWM Pins

• This board incorporates one PWM channel which is employed to receive some of the analog output’s functions. When the PWM is activated, the board generates analog results with digital means.

Digital Pins

• Total 8 digital pins are employed on the board. These pins are introduced to be configured as inputs or outputs according to the requirement. These pins remain ON or OFF. When they are in the OFF state they are in a LOW voltage state receiving 0V and they are in HIGH voltage state they receive 5V.

Atmega32u4 Pinout

• The following figure represents the pinout diagram of Atmega32u4.

Atmega32u4 Pin Description

• In this section, we’ll detail the pin description of each pin available on Atmega32u4.

Vcc

• Digital voltage supply pin.

GND

• Ground Pin.

Port B (PB7...PB0)

• Port B is attached with pull-up resistors and is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. The pull up resistors are mainly employed to limit the current. This port is more efficient and contains better driving capabilities compared to other ports.

• When the pull up resistors are activated in this port C, it will source current with port pins extremely pulled low.

Port C (PC6, PC7)

• Port C is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port that contains pull-up resistors.

• When the pull up resistors are activated, Port C is used to source current with port pins extremely pulled low - Similar to Port B.

Port D (PD7..PD0)

• Port D is a bi-directional 8-bit I/O port with pull-up resistors. When the reset condition is activated, the Port D pins are tri-stated.

Port E (PE6, PE2)

• Only two bits PE6 and PE2 are available on the product pinout. It is an 8-bit bidirectional port that features internal pull up resistors to limit the current.

Port F (PF7..PF4, PF1,PF0)

• Port F is a bidirectional port that serves as analog inputs for the A/D converter. Two bits PF2 and PF3 are not available on the device pinout.

D+

• USB Full speed / Low Speed Positive Data Upstream Port. It is connected to the USB D+ connector pin employed with the serial resistor 22W.

D-

• USB Full speed / Low Speed Negative Data Upstream Port. It must be connected to the USB D- connector pin incorporated with serial resistor 22W.

UGND

• This is USB pads ground.

UCAP

• USB Pads Internal Regulator Output supply voltage.

UVCC

• USB Pads internal regulator Input supply voltage.

VBUS

It is USB VBUS monitor input.

XTAL1

• Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and Input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2

• Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

RESET

• A reset pin. When a low level applied to this pin for a longer period of time, it produces a reset. It is important to note that shorter pulses may not generate a reset.

AVCC

• AVCC is the supply voltage pin for all the A/D Converter channels.

AREF

• This pin is utilized as the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

Communication and Programming

• The module comes with different communication protocols including I2C, and UART.
• The UART is a serial communication protocol that carries two lines Tx and Rx where the former is a transmission line used to transfer the serial data and the latter is a receive data line used to receive the serial data.

• The I2C is a two-wire communication protocol that contains two lines named SCL and SDA. The SCL is a serial clock line that is used for the synchronization of all data transfer over the I2C bus while SDA is a serial data line mainly used to carry the data.
• Arduino IDE is the professional software developed by Arduino.cc that is used to program all types of Arduino Boards.
• Connect the board through USB to the computer and test and program the board as you like better.

Arduino Pico Applications

• Creating a wireless keyboard
• Water level meter.
• Health and security systems
• Student projects
• Embedded systems
• Industrial automation
• Automatic pill dispenser

It is important to note that all Arduino boards are microcontrollers but not all microcontrollers are Arduino boards. Due to its small size and easy to use functions, most people prefer Arduino boards over microcontrollers. Moreover, you don’t need to include extra peripherals while using these boards, as they come with built-in functions that don’t require the addition of external components. That’s all for today. I hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep sharing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Common Collector BJT Amplifier in Proteus ISIS

Hi Mentees, Welcome to a new tutorial at The Engineering Projects. Today You will unearth about Common Collector bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers. Before this, we learnt about two types of Configurations of Transistors named Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers and Common Base BJT Amplifiers.

In this tutorial We'll discuss about:

1. Introduction of Common Collector BJT Amplifier.
2. Basic Concepts for the Common Collector BJT Amplifiers.
3. Implementation of Common Collector BJT Amplifiers in Proteus ISIS.
4. Characteristics and advantages of Common Collector BJT Amplifiers.

So that, you can get the best understanding about the topic and its practical implementation.

Introduction

1st  of all, We'll have a brief definition of the Common Collector Amplifier: " A type of Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifier is called Common Collector BJT Amplifiers in which Collector is common to both Base, Base region is used for input and emitter is used to take the output of the Amplifier."  It is one of the Configuration of the Transistor and is used in many kinds of circuits due to its efficiency. Other two Configurations are;

1. Common Base BJT Amplifiers.
2. Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers.

All of them acquire their Own Construction, characteristics and advantages as we as disadvantages. Common Collectors are also called as Emitter follower Configuration as the emitter voltage follows the base voltage.

Basic Concepts:

It is Always useful to get core information about the circuit before its Implementation. Let's see what a Common Collector amplifiers is. Type of transistor: Recall that  the are two types of Transistors i.e, 1. NPN 2.PNP. the Transistor we are using NPN transistor for our Experiment because in this type, the electrons are majority carries that have more mobility than holes ( majority charge carriers in PNP transistors) therefore, we get quick and easy output due to best electron flow.   Current Gain: The current gain of this type of amplifier is also taken as the division of the Emitter current with the base current and mathematically it is stated as:

Current Gain = Emitter current/Base Current

? = I_E/I_B = ß + 1

Voltage Gain : Voltage Gain of Common Collector BJT Amplifier is considered to be the unity, i.e. 1 and is obtained by the formula given below: Voltage Gain=Vout/Vin where in Common Collector amplifier we give the input to Base and take the output from the emitter of the transistor. Emitter Current: in this Configuration the Emitter current is taken as the sum of base current and collector current. consequently, we say  Ie=Ib+Ic we can use this equation in others ways as,

Ib=Ie-Ic

Ic=Ie-Ib

we can also say that the collector current is approximately equal to Emitter current because base is very thin region and passes a minute amount of current through it.

Implementation of Common Collector BJT Amplifier in Proteus ISIS

At the instance, we will test the circuit given in the circuit diagram in Proteus. the material for the Circuit is given below. Material Required: 

1. Transistor (2N1711)
2. Capacitor
3. Resistor
4. Vsine
5. Oscilloscope
6. Ground

• Take 1st four components from the "Pick device" library presented at the left corner of the screen.
• Set them at the working area according to the circuit diagram.
• Add the ground terminal by left clicking the screen >Go to Place>Terminal>Ground and add the ground Terminal.

NOTE: You can also connect just one Ground terminal to the circuit if you connect the Circuit with a wire at the bottom. Now, the Circuit will look like this:

• Add the DC source from "Generation Mode" to just above the circuit.

Now, We need an output device to examine the output. Therefore, We'll use Oscilloscope. Choose it from "Virtual Instrument mode".

• Set the Oscilloscope just aside the circuit and Connect Channel A with input (Base) and the Channel B with the output ( Emitter).

Before Starting the simulation, I am going to change the values of the Components I used because the default values will not give us the required Output.

• we will use the 120V for the DC Power source.
• One can clearly examine that the Values of the Components are given according to the table given below:

Components	Values
Resistor R1	10ohm
Resistor R2	100ohm
Resistor R3	20ohm
Resistor R4	100kohm
VSine	Amplitude=220, Frequency=1000
Capacitor 1	50m
Capacitor 2	2m
Oscilloscope	Channel 5V, Channel B=5V, Time=0.2mS-1

 

• After setting the values  you can change the value of Oscilloscope to get the required output.

NOTE: The amplifiers are sensitive to the temperature and the type of transistor used, hence their must be the practice to get the best output.

Characteristics

• The input Resistance of Common Collector Amplifiers is high.
• The power gain of this kind of amplifiers is medium.
• It has low output resistance.
• It has non-inverting effect (opposite to other two Configuration that gives the inversion of the wave).
• It has zero voltage gain.

Advantages of Common Collector BJT Amplifiers

1. It is useful for the circuits where the high impedance is required.
2. It is mostly used as voltage buffers as the voltage gain is unity.
3. The Common Collector configuration is used in the Circuit where the engineers want the high current gain.
4. Due to its high current gain, it is applied in circuits to drive heavy loads.
5. We use it for voltage translation stage.

NOTE: Sometimes, It becomes the disadvantage of the Common Collector bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifier that they have no voltage Gain. Summary: Today, we ascertained the Basic Common Collector BJT Amplifiers, learnt some Concepts about it, saw the Implementation in Proteus ISIS, saw some characteristics and found the advantages of the Common Collector Configuration.

Common Emitter BJT Amplifier in Proteus

Hi Learners, I hope you are doing good. This lesson is about implementation of one of the types of  Amplifiers i.e, Common Emitter BJT Amplifier. But, prior to this, we'll revise some basic concepts so that it will be easy for you to understand the roots of the Experiment. We'll talk about:

1. What are Common Emitter Bi-Junction Transistors.
2. Concepts of Common Emitter Bi-Junction Transistors.
3. Implementation of Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers in Proteus ISIS.
4. Why we use Common Emitter BJT in Amplifiers.

What are Common Emitter Bi-Junction Transistors

There are three types of Configurations of a transistor named:

1. Common Emitter Configuration
2. Common Base Configuration
3. Common Collector Configuration

We chose the Common Emitter Configuration due to its suitability (You will learn the reason). We can Define Basic Common Emitter BJT Amplifier as: "A type of amplifier circuit made by a Bi-Polar junction Transistor that uses NPN BJT Transistor, inverts the voltage output wave at 180 degree and is the one from the three basic BJT amplifier Configuration." Recall that A Transistor is made by combining two diodes in required manner. Hence, It there are two types of Transistors:

1. NPN configuration.
2. PNP Configuration.

Here N is the symbol for Negative doping and P is the symbol for positive doping.

Concepts of Common Emitter Bi-Junction Transistors

At this instance We'll look at some basic concepts, on the basis of which we chose these Components along with the values of Components  of amplifier. Current gain: In BJT Amplifiers, current gain is the ratio of change in collector current to the change in the current of base.

mathematically,           Current Gain= Change in collector current/Change in Base Current

ß=?Ic/?Ib

At the same token, Voltage Gain: The Voltage Gain of an amplifier is the product two Quantities. One is the ratio of output resistance of the collector to the input resistor of the base, and the other is the current gain.

Voltage Gain=ß(Rc/Rb)

During the Practical work we take  AC output voltage from collector with respect to emitter and the Output of Amplifier is taken from Collector. On the other hand, the input is given to the base terminal. It is obvious to notice that the emitter is Common to Base and Collector. It consist of Voltage divider biasing, hence one of the basic part of circuit is consist of two resistors so that their mid-point is used for supply Base Bias voltage. One more importance point to remember is gain is different from one transistor to the other. Biasing: Biasing is a technique  to add the Battery in a circuit. It is important in Electronic devices because it establishes the correct operating point of the Transistor amplifier when it is ready to receive the signal from input and hence the plays an important role in reducing the distortion in the output. If we look at the characteristics then we come to know that Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers has high voltage gain, the current gain is medium and the circuit has a high power gain.

Implementation of Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers in Proteus ISIS

For the practical verification of the circuit It is always Advisable to Perform it at any simulation software. Hence open Your Proteus ISIS. Components Required:

1. NPN transistor (2N171) .
2. Vsine
3. Capacitor
4. Resistor
5. DC Power source
6. ground Terminal
7. Oscilloscope

Procedure:

• Choose 1st four Components from the Pick Library "P" one by one by writing their name in it.
• Collect the DC power supply from "Generator mood" present on the left most tab.
• To get the Ground terminal, left Click on the working screen and go to Place>Terminal>Ground and fix it on the screen.
• Oscilloscope is present in the "Virtual Instrument Mood" on the same tab.
• Once you have chosen all the  required Device  then set them one by one on the Working area according to the Picture given below and connect them with the help of wires.

• At the Instance we will change the values of some devices So I have made a table for this:

• Components	Values
  Resistor R1	60ohm
  Resistor R2	500ohm
  Resistor R3	1000ohm
  Resistor R4	2000ohm
  Resistor R5	100ohm
  Oscilloscope	A=20V, B=2V
  Vsine	Frequency=1000Hz, Amplitude=110V
  DC source	10V

After substituting the value we get the prepared circuit for the amplifier as: It seems that all the things are ready. Once you play the simulation then you can change its values and You will acquire the following output.

• Select the Current probe from the left most bar and connect them in the circuit one with the Base wire and the other with the collector.

One can find the current gain by simply putting the values in the formulas given in the concepts portion.

here,

Current gain=6.2*10^-12/6.1

                             =1.01*10^-9

as it is a ratio, hence has no unit.

At the same token,

Voltage gain=1.01*10^-9*(500/2000)

 =2.5*10^-10

NOTE: The Gain is vary from transistor to transistor and the temperature is also an important feature. Therefore, the gain is always unpredictable.

•  We got the required output in the Proteus ISIS as required.

let's find out why we used this for our experiment.

Why we use BJT in Amplifiers

Common Emitter BJT Amplifiers are important in the World of Electronics. One can get the idea of their influence by the following points:

1. These Amplifiers are used in low frequency voltage amplifier.
2. The are useful because of their high power gain with medium voltage and current gain hence they are cheap.
3. The output impedance is high.
4. It has inverting effect so can be used in the different appliances for different purposes.

In today's tutorial, We learnt what is Common Emitter BJT amplifiers, some basic concepts along with the simulation in the Proteus ISIS. We also saw why these Amplifiers are used in the real life. The circuit and the output may vary for other circuits but don't worry about that because it is a very sensitive circuit.

Common Base BJT Amplifier in Proteus

Hi mentees, Welcome to The Engineering Projects. If you are seeking for the Practical Implementation of Common Base bipolar Junction Transistor amplifier then you clicked at the best website because we'll cover the basic concepts and the procedure step by step. So, Lets start the learning.

What is Common Base BJT Amplifier?

The precise definition of the Common Base BJT Amplifier is: "The type of Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers in which Base is Common to both emitter and Collector and Current gain is taken from the Base is called Common Base bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers." Recall that a transistor has three regions i.e, Base, Collector and Emitter. Hence we design our Circuit in such a way that we get the output of current from the base and get the best current gain.

Basic Concepts:

Some Important Concepts should be kept in mind so that it will become easy and interesting to Design the Circuit. Current gain: " The Current gain of Common base Amplifier is equal to the ratio of Current in the Collector to the Current in the Base provided by the constant voltage of base to collector." Mathematically,

Current gain=Collector Current/Base Current

ß=Ic/Ib

Voltage Gain: "The Voltage gain of the Common Base amplifier is obtain when we divide the Voltage of Collector to the voltage of emitter." mathematically,

Voltage Gain=Voltage of Collector/Voltage of Emitter

Av=Vc/Ve

Type of Transistor: In the Common Base amplifiers, we use the NPN transistor because in this way we get the require output more easily. In NPN transistors, majority is the electrons. The mobility of electrons is better than holes (in PNP Transistors) so they are faster. Biasing: Biasing is a technique  to add the Battery in a circuit. It is important in Electronic devices because it establishes the correct operating point of the Transistor amplifier when it is ready to receive the signal from input and hence the plays an important role in reducing the distortion in the output. Common base MUST  correctly Biased so that the base-emitter junction will remain forward Bias. Now, Let's move towards the practical implementation.

 Implementing Common Base BJT Amplifier in Proteus ISIS

To Perform the experiment. we need the Proteus ISIS then follow the steps: Material Require:

1. Transistor (2N1711)
2. Capacitor
3. Alternating Current Source (Vsine)
4. Resistor
5. Oscilloscope
6. Ground.

• Open Your Proteus software in the PC.
• Seek the Pick Library "P" button and write the name of 1st four Components one by one and select them.
• Place the current components on the working area.
• Acquire the Oscilloscope from the "Virtual Instruments mode" from the left most area and fix it just above the circuit.
• You can obtain the Ground Terminal by left click on the screen>Place>Terminal>Ground or just search it in the "Terminal mode".
• Connect all the Components through wires. The circuit looks like the image given below:

• At this instance , Change the name and values of resistors one by one by double clicking them. In this way, the circuit will work Perfectly.

• I labelled all the Resistors with different names and changed the values according to the need.
• At the same token, the name of Capacitor, battery cells and their values are also changed according to the table given below:

Components	Values
Resistor R1	400ohm
Resistor R2	30ohm
Resistor R3	100ohm
Resistor R4	200ohm
BAT	50
BAT 1	200
CIN	2mF
COUT	60uF
Oscilloscope	Channel A=20V, Channel B=20V, time=0.5m-1
VSine	Amplitude 220V, Frequency=1000

• Set all the values according to table.
• Once the values are selected (except Oscilloscope) just Pop the Play button.
• You can see an Oscilloscope screen showing the waves.
• Turn of the Channel C,D to avoid distraction.
• Set the values of Oscilloscope by matching with the table.
•  You will get the output just like shown in the following image:

The Yellow wave (channel A) indicates the input wave were as the Blue Wave (Channel B) indicates the output ( Amplified) wave. Hence by If we choose the Components and there value carefully, we get the best output. Lets Calculate the Current gain then Voltage Gain. I am using the previously Described precepts to calculate the Quantities:

• Connect the DC Ammeter from the "Generation Mode" and Connect one with the Base of transistor and one with the Collector.
• When we play the Simulation then we get the following Output:

Applying the values into the formula we get,

ß        =-1.43/-0.07

 =20.4

As it's a ratio so it doesn't have any unit. Moving towards the Voltage Gain,

• Take the "DC Voltmeter" from the same Portion and connect one Voltmeter with CIN capacitor and one with the COUT Capacitor. Note than the Voltmeter is always Connected in parallel to the required Components.

At the moment, When we start the simulation, we get the following output: Applying these Values for Av,

Av=53.1/3.75

    =14.16

So that the required Quantities are obtained.

Characteristics of Common Base BJT Amplifiers:

• It has High Voltage Gain.
• The Current Gain of Common Base BJT Amplifiers is Medium.
• We get High power Gain in this type of Amplifier.
• Common Base Amplifier does not have any reversal effect between input and output waves.
• The Input and Output resistance of the Common Base Amplifier is Medium.

Advantages:

• We Get the inverted output wave that may be useful in many electronic devices.
• The Input Impedance is Low.
• It is useful due to its high power gain.
• The output Impedance is High for Common Base Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers.
• The Output Impedance is high.
• When we need  Impedance matching then CB Amplifiers are useful because we can control the input Impedance.
• It Provides the constant Current Gain therefore can be used as buffer amplifiers.

Thus Today we Learnt about the Common Base Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers, cleared Some Basic Concepts about them, Implement the Amplifiers in Proteus ISIS and read about the characteristics and advantages of the Common Base Bipolar Junction Transistors Amplifiers.

DC Motor Control using myRIO

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I would like to provide a complete discussion on DC Motor Control using myRIO. I will first provide you a bit information about DC motor then we will move forward towards DC motor control using myRIO. DC motor is an electronic instrument which is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. It plays a vital role in industrial applications. It has also great importance for the engineers to to study about its working principle. DC motor has basically two input terminals. At one terminal we have to provide voltage supply and the other terminal will be attached to the ground (0V). And if we change the polarity, the direction of the motor will also be changed correspondingly. DC generator can be easily made from the DC motor just by using it in inverse. Generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. So, both are inverse of each other. I have also posted a lot of articles on DC motor direction control as well as its speed control. I will share their links later in this tutorial too. You should go through those articles as well. They will be informative for you. DC motor has wide range of applications in real life. Its applications include robotics, home automation, automated door locking systems, home security systems, vehicles, computers, refrigerators, air conditioners and a lot more. The further detail about the DC motor and DC motor control using myRIO will be given later in this tutorial.

DC Motor Control using myRIO

DC Motor is a device frequently used to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. Electrical power supply is provided to the DC motor and it generates mechanical energy. DC motor has two input terminals for power supply. We can easily change the direction of rotation of DC motor just bu changing the polarity of the applied voltage across its terminals. It has a lot of applications including robotics, vehicles, lifters etc. DC motor energy conversion is shown in the figure given below.

Note

I have also made different simulation for DC motor speed and direction control, as given below. You must go through these articles fo the better understanding of this tutorial.s

• DC Motor Drive Circuit in Proteus
• DC Motor Direction Control with Arduino in Proteus
• DC Motor Speed Control using Arduino in Proteus
• DC Motor Direction Control using Arduino
• DC Motor Speed Control using Arduino
• DC Motor Direction Control in MATLAB
• DC Motor Speed Control in MATLAB
• DC Motor Direction Control in LabVIEW
• DC Motor Speed Control in LabVIEW

1. DC Motor Working Principle

The working principle of DC motor is pretty simple as given below.

• When a current carrying coil is placed in side the magnetic field, torque is produced as a result.
• Due to this torque, it becomes capable of rotating, usually known as the motor action.
• If we change the direction of the current in the wire, direction of rotation of DC motor will also be changes correspondingly.
• A mechanical force is produced due to the interaction of magnetic field and electric field.

2. DC Motor Direction Estimation

• The direction of DC motor can be determined by left hand rule introduced by Fleming, a famous scientist.
• If middle finger, index finger and thumb of your left hand are extended in such a way, that all of these are perpendicular to each other.
• If the middle finger is in the direction of current and index finger represents the magnetic field.
• Then thumb of your left hand will show the direction of rotation of the DC motor.
• This left hand rule is shown visually in the figure given below.

3. Source code description

• Go to the block diagram window and press Ctrl+Space bar.
• You will see a new window named as Quick Drop has been appeared on your screen.
• Type PWM in that window as shown in the figure given below.

• Pick the blue colored highlighted box and place it over block diagram window, a new window will be appeared on your screen
• The newly appeared window is shown in the figure given below.

• Just press OK, and your block diagram window will look like the figure shown below.

• Now to input terminal of duty cycle and right click on it.
• Go to Create->Control as shown in the figure below.

• After doing so your block diagram window will look like the figure shown below.

• Now right click on block diagram window.
• Go to Functions->Programming->Structures->For Loop.
• Select while loop and place it over block diagram window.

3. DC Motor Control using myRIO VI

• A complete NI LabVIEW VI for DC motor control using myRIO is shown in the figure given below.

• You can download the complete NI LabVIEW VI here by clicking on the button below.

This is all from the tutorial DC Motor Control using myRIO. I have provided a lot detail about the working of DC motor and its control through myRIO. I have also provided the complete NI LabVIEW VI for DC motor control using myRIO. I hope you enjoyed the tutorial. If you feel any problem, you can ask us in comments. We will try our level best to solve your issues. I will also share further tutorials on NI myRIO. So, till my next tutorial taker care and bye :)