Welcome to the next tutorial of our Raspberry Pi programming tutorial. The previous tutorial showed us how to Interface weight sensor HX711 with pi 4. We learned that a weight sensor HX711 and load cell could be easily interfaced with a Raspberry Pi 4 with careful attention to wiring and software configuration. However, now we're one step ahead of that by using the Internet as the wireless medium to transmit the message from a Web browser to an LCD screen attached to a Raspberry Pi. This project will be added to our collection of Internet of Things (IoT) projects because messages can be sent from any Internet-connected device, such as a computer, smartphone, or tablet.
A bulletin board serves as a vital means of communicating and collecting information. Notice boards are common at many public and private establishments, including schools, universities, train and bus stations, retail centers, and workplaces. You can use a notice board to get the public's attention, promote an upcoming event, announce a change in schedule, etc. A dedicated staff member is needed to pin up the notices. It will take time and effort to fix the problem. Paper is the primary medium of communication in traditional analog notice boards. There is a limitless amount of data available to use. As a result, a lot of paper is consumed to show off those seemingly endless numbers.
We set up a local web server for this demonstration for the Web Controlled Notice Board, but this could be an Internet-accessible server. Messages are shown on a 16x2 LCD connected to a Raspberry Pi, and the Pi uses Flask to read them in from the network. In addition, raspberry will update its LCD screen with any wireless data it receives from a browser. In this piece, I'd like to talk about these topics.
Raspberry Pi 4
Wi-Fi USB adapter
16x2 LCD
Bread Board
Power cable for Raspberry Pi
Connecting wires
10K Pot
Raspberry Pi is the central component in this project and is utilized to manage all associated tasks. Such as operating an LCD screen, getting server-sent "Notice messages," etc.
Here we will learn how to use Flask to set up a web server that will allow you to send a "Notice Message" from your browser to a Raspberry Pi. In Python, the Flask serves as a miniature framework. Designed with the hobbyist in mind, this Unicode-based tool includes a development server, a debugger, support for integrated unit testing, secure cookie support, and an intuitive interface.
We have built a simple web page with a message box and a submit button so that users can type in their "Notice Message" and send it to the server. HTML was used extensively in the creation of this web app. The source code for this page is provided below and is written straightforwardly.
A user can create an HTML file by pasting the code above into a text editor (like notepad) and saving the file as HTML. It is recommended that the HTML file for this Web-based message board be placed in the same folder as the Python code file. Now you can execute the Python code on your Raspberry Pi, navigate to the IP address of your Pi:8080 URL in your web browser (for example, http://192.168.1.14:8080), type in your message, and hit the submit button; your message will immediately appear on the LCD screen attached to the Pi.
The webpage is coded in HTML and features a textbox, submit button, and heading (h1 tag) labeled "Web Control Notice Board." When we hit the submit button, the form's "change" action will be carried out via the post method in the code. However, the "Notice Message" label on the slider blocks its use.
We may add a line after that to display the text that we've transmitted to the RPi over the server.
The text box is checked to see if it contains any data, and if it does, the content is printed on the webpage itself so the user can view the provided message. In this context, "value" refers to the text or notification message we enter in the text box or slider.
To assemble this wireless bulletin board, you need to use a few connectors on a breadboard to link an LCD to a Raspberry Pi board. The PCB count for user connections can be zero. Pins 18 (GND), 23 (RS/RW), and 18 (EN) are hardwired to the LCD. The Raspberry Pi's GPIOs (24, 16, 20, 21) are linked to the LCD's data ports (D4, D5, D6, D7). The LCD backlight may be adjusted with a 10K pot.
Remember that earlier versions of the Raspberry Pi do not include Wi-Fi as standard; therefore, you must connect a USB Wi-Fi adapter to your device if you do not have a Raspberry Pi 3.
A web framework, Flask. That's right; Flask gives you everything you need to make a web app: tools, libraries, and technologies. A web application might be as small as a few pages on the Internet or as large as a commercial website or web-based calendar tool.
The micro-framework includes the category "flask." Micro-frameworks, in contrast to their larger counterparts, typically have, if any, reliance on third-party libraries. Like with anything, there are benefits and drawbacks to this. Cons include that you may have to do more work on your own or raise the number of dependencies by adding plugins, despite the framework's lightweight, low number of dependencies, and low risk of security vulnerabilities.
Do you have experience creating websites? Have you ever found that you needed to write the same thing several times to maintain the website's consistent style? Have you ever attempted to modify the look of a site like that? Changing a website's face with a few pages will take time, but it is manageable. But, this can be a daunting effort if you have several pages (like the list of products you sell).
You may establish a standard page layout with templates and specify which content will be modified. Your website's header may then be defined once and applied uniformly across all pages, with only a single maintenance point required in the event of a change. Using a template engine, you may cut down on development and upkeep times for your app.
With this new knowledge, Flask is a micro-framework developed with WSGI and the Jinja 2 templates engine.
Setup and operation are simple.
Independence in constructing the web application's architecture.
Because it lacks "flask rules" like other frameworks like Django, Flask places a more significant burden on the developers to properly structure their code. This framework will serve as the basis for the growing complexity of the web app.
The programming language of choice for this project in Python. Users must set up Raspberry Pi before writing any code. If you haven't already, look at our introductory Raspberry Pi guide and the one on installing and setting up Raspbian Jessie on the Pi.
The user must run the following instructions to install the flask support package on the Raspberry Pi before programming it:
pip install Flask
It is necessary to change the Internet protocol address in the Program to the Internet address of your RPi before running the Program. By entering the ifconfig command, you may see your RPi board's IP address:
Ifconfig
To carry out all of the tasks, the programming for this project is crucial. We begin by including the Flask libraries, initializing variables, and defining LCD pins.
from flask import Flask
from flask import render_template, request
import RPi.GPIO as gpio
import os, time
app = Flask(__name__)
RS =18
EN =23
D4 =24
D5 =16
D6 =20
D7 =21
Call the def lcd init() function to configure an LCD in four-bit mode. Next, to send a command or data to an LCD, call the def lcdcmd(ch) or the lcddata(ch) functions. Finally, to send a data string to an LCD, call the def lcdstring(Str) function. The provided code allows you to test each of these procedures.
The code snippet below is used to communicate between a web browser and Raspberry Pi through Flask.
@app.route("/")
def index():
return render_template('web.html')
@app.route("/change", methods=['POST'])
def change():
if request.method == 'POST':
# Getting the value from the webpage
data1 = request.form['lcd']
lcdcmd(0x01)
lcdprint(data1)
return render_template('web.html', value=data1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.debug = True
app.run('192.168.1.14', port=8080,debug=True)
This is how we can create an Internet of Things–based, Web–controlled wireless notice board using a Raspberry Pi LCD and a web browser. Below is a video demonstration and the complete Python code for your perusal.
There are numerous benefits to using the Internet for message delivery. The benefits are multiple: a faster data transfer rate, higher quality messages, less time spent waiting, etc. Using user names and passwords provides a more robust level of security. Here, a raspberry pi can serve as a minicomputer's brain. This means we can now send high-quality picture files such as Jpg, jpeg, png, and pdf documents in addition to standard text communications.
The delete option contributes to the new system's ease of use. This makes it possible to undelete any transmission at any moment. This method is the initial step in realizing the dream of a paperless society. Communities that use less paper have a more negligible impact on the environment. Adding visuals to screens is now possible thanks to the benefits of Raspberry Pi. Including visuals increases readability and interest.
All different kinds of bulletin boards have the same overarching purpose: to disseminate information to as many people as possible. This device can reach more people than traditional bulletin boards made of wood. Data downloaded from the cloud can be kept in the Raspberry pi's onboard memory. The system's stability will be ensured in this manner. The data is safe against loss even if the power goes out. These benefits allow the suggested method to be expanded to global, real-time information broadcasting.
from flask import Flask
from flask import render_template, request
import RPi.GPIO as gpio
import os, time
app = Flask(__name__)
RS =18
EN =23
D4 =24
D5 =16
D6 =20
D7 =21
HIGH=1
LOW=0
OUTPUT=1
INPUT=0
gpio.setwarnings(False)
gpio.setmode(gpio.BCM)
gpio.setup(RS, gpio.OUT)
gpio.setup(EN, gpio.OUT)
gpio.setup(D4, gpio.OUT)
gpio.setup(D5, gpio.OUT)
gpio.setup(D6, gpio.OUT)
gpio.setup(D7, gpio.OUT)
def begin():
lcdcmd(0x33)
lcdcmd(0x32)
lcdcmd(0x06)
lcdcmd(0x0C)
lcdcmd(0x28)
lcdcmd(0x01)
time.sleep(0.0005)
def lcdcmd(ch):
gpio.output(RS, 0)
gpio.output(D4, 0)
gpio.output(D5, 0)
gpio.output(D6, 0)
gpio.output(D7, 0)
if ch&0x10==0x10:
gpio.output(D4, 1)
if ch&0x20==0x20:
gpio.output(D5, 1)
if ch&0x40==0x40:
gpio.output(D6, 1)
if ch&0x80==0x80:
gpio.output(D7, 1)
gpio.output(EN, 1)
time.sleep(0.0005)
gpio.output(EN, 0)
# Low bits
gpio.output(D4, 0)
gpio.output(D5, 0)
gpio.output(D6, 0)
gpio.output(D7, 0)
if ch&0x01==0x01:
gpio.output(D4, 1)
if ch&0x02==0x02:
gpio.output(D5, 1)
if ch&0x04==0x04:
gpio.output(D6, 1)
if ch&0x08==0x08:
gpio.output(D7, 1)
gpio.output(EN, 1)
time.sleep(0.0005)
gpio.output(EN, 0)
def lcdwrite(ch):
gpio.output(RS, 1)
gpio.output(D4, 0)
gpio.output(D5, 0)
gpio.output(D6, 0)
gpio.output(D7, 0)
if ch&0x10==0x10:
gpio.output(D4, 1)
if ch&0x20==0x20:
gpio.output(D5, 1)
if ch&0x40==0x40:
gpio.output(D6, 1)
if ch&0x80==0x80:
gpio.output(D7, 1)
gpio.output(EN, 1)
time.sleep(0.0005)
gpio.output(EN, 0)
# Low bits
gpio.output(D4, 0)
gpio.output(D5, 0)
gpio.output(D6, 0)
gpio.output(D7, 0)
if ch&0x01==0x01:
gpio.output(D4, 1)
if ch&0x02==0x02:
gpio.output(D5, 1)
if ch&0x04==0x04:
gpio.output(D6, 1)
if ch&0x08==0x08:
gpio.output(D7, 1)
gpio.output(EN, 1)
time.sleep(0.0005)
gpio.output(EN, 0)
def lcdprint(Str):
l=0;
l=len(Str)
for i in range(l):
lcdwrite(ord(Str[i]))
begin()
lcdprint("Circuit Digest")
lcdcmd(0xc0)
lcdprint("Welcomes You")
time.sleep(5)
@app.route("/")
def index():
return render_template('web.html')
@app.route("/change", methods=['POST'])
def change():
if request.method == 'POST':
# Getting the value from the webpage
data1 = request.form['lcd']
lcdcmd(0x01)
lcdprint(data1)
return render_template('web.html', value=data1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.debug = True
app.run('192.168.1.14', port=8080,debug=True)
We accomplished our goal of constructing a minimal IoT-based bulletin board. The world is becoming increasingly digital; thus, new methods must be applied to adjust the currently used system. Wireless technology allows for quick data transfer even across great distances. It reduces setup time, cable costs, and overall system footprint. Information transmission is global in scope. There is a password- and username-based authentication mechanism available for further fortifications. Before, a Wi-Fi-enabled bulletin board served this purpose. While coverage was restricted in the former, in the latter, we make use of the Internet as a means of communication. Hence, the scope of coverage is smooth. A chip or an SD card can be used to store multimedia information. The speed and quality of receiving and viewing text and multimedia data are maximized.
Hi friends, I hope you are all well. In this article, we can discuss the scalar or dot products of the vectors. In previous articles, we have discussed vectors and their addition in the rectangular or cartesian coordinate system in depth. Now we can talk about the scalar product of two vectors, also known as the dot product. Scalar or dot products can play an essential role in solving the operation of vector algebra and also they have various applications in numerous fields like computer sciences, mathematics, engineering, and physics.
By doing the scalar or dot products, two vectors are combined when we can do their product, then they produce the scalar quantity which has both magnitude and direction by a single operation in a very efficient way. Simply the scalar and the dot product are algebraic operations that can be especially used in physics and mathematics. scalar quantity can only provide the magnitude but when we can do the product of two vectors, the result of this product is scalar quantity which provides and describes both magnitude and direction. The angle between the two vectors can also be found through the scalar or dot product. The dot product term can be derived from the word dot operator and it can be used for the product of two vectors but it can also known as a scalar product because it can always give the result as a scalar quantity so that is why it can also be known as scalar product rather than the vector product.
Now we can start our detailed discussion but the dot or the scalar product, their definition, algebraic operations, characteristics, applications, and examples. At the end of this discussion, the reader easily understands vectors, how we can make the scalar product, and their application in numerous fields of science, especially in physics or mathematics.
Dot/Scalar products can be defined geometrically or algebraically. But in the modern form, the scalar and the dot product can be defined and rely on the Euclidean space which has the cartesian or rectangular coordinate system. The basic and simple definition of the scalar and the dot product are given there:
“The product of two vectors is a scalar quantity so that's why the product is termed scalar product”.
The mathematic expression which can express the dot or scalar product is given there:
A B = AB cosθ
Where,
A is the magnitude of the vector A.
B is the magnitude of the vector B.
And,
The cosθ is the angle between the two vectors A and the vector B.
The dot product or the scalar product produces a single scalar quantity which can be produced through their mathematical operation. The product of the two vectors based on orthonormal base or in n-dimensional space, their mathematical expression or definition are given there:
A B = A1b1 + A2B2+ ……… + AnBn
There;
A = A1 , A2, ........ , An
B = B1, B2 , ......... , Bn
A B can also be mathematically written as;
A B = i=1naibi
there n represented the dimension of the vector in the Euclidian space or the summation is represented through.
For example, the dot or scalar product of the vector A = ( 5, 4, 4) or vector B = (2, 1, 6) in the three dimensions is calculated as:
A B = A1b1 + A2B2+ ……… + AnBn
By putting the values we can get,
A B = ( 5 2) + ( 4 1) + ( 4 6)
A B = 10 + 4 + 24
A B = 38
moreover, the vectors ( 6, 3, -2 ) themselves can do dot or scalar products which can be written as:
( 6, 3, -2) ( 6, 3, -2) = (6 6) + (3 3) + (-2 -2)
= 36 + 9 + 4
= 49
Another example for the dot or scalar product of the vector A= ( 4,6) and the vector B= ( 2, 8) in the two dimensions can be expressed or calculated as:
( 4, 6) ( 2,8 ) = ( 4 2) + ( 6 8)
= 8 + 48
= 56
The product of the two vectors can also be written in the form of a matrix. The formula that can be used for the matrix product of two vectors can be written as
A B = At. B
There,
At = transpose of the vector A
For instance,
4 3 2 4 9 4 then this matrix has vectors column 1 1 = 1
And the column in this vector is 3 3 = 6
In this way, we can write the vectors in the matrix row or column form and the result is a single entity.
In geometry, Euclidean vectors can describe both magnitude and direction through the scalar product or from the dot product. The length of the vector represents the magnitude and the direction of these vectors can be represented through the arrow points that are present on the vectors. The scalar and the dot product in geometry can be written as;
A B = A B cosθ
There,
A represented the magnitude of the vector A.
B represented the magnitude of the vector B.
And,
θ represented the angle between the magnitude of the vector A and the vector B.
If the vector A and the vector B are orthogonal then the angle between them θ = 90° or also equal to the π2 it can be written as:
A B = cosπ2
hence,
The cosπ2 is equal to 0. It can be written as:
A B = 0
If the vector A and the vector B are codirectional then the angle between their magnitude is equal to 0. Then,
A B = cos 0
hence,
cos0 = 1 and written as:
A B = A B
If the vector A does scalar or the dot product itself then it can be written as:
A A = A2
That can also written as:
A = A . A
This formula can be used to determine the length of the Euclidean vector.
The simple physical meaning of the scalar or dot product is that the product of the dot or scalar product is equal to the magnitude of the one vector and the other is equal to the component of the second vector which is placed in the direction of the first vector.
Mathematically it can be expressed as:
A B = A ( projection of the vector B on the A).
A B = B (the component of vector B magnitude along with the vector A )
Then it can also be written as:
A B = A ( B cosθ )
Then for the vector B we can write as:
B . A = B ( projection of the vector A on the vector B)
B . A = B ( the component of vector A magnitude along with the vector B).
Then it can also be written as:
B . A = B ( A cosθ)
The other physical meaning or the projection of vectors with their first property can discussed in detail. the projection of vector A in the direction of the vector B can also be written as:
Ab = A cosθ
The θ is the angle between the two vectors A and the vector B.
This product can also be written according to the definition of geometrical dot product then it can be written as:
Ab = A B
There,
B = BB
so, geometrically we can write the projection of A on the vector B as:
A B = Ab B
For the vector B, it can be written as:
A B = BaA
The dot product can also prove the distributive law, the distributive law is written as:
A ( B + C) = A B + A C
This law can be satisfied by the dot product because the scaling of any variable is homogenous. For example, if we can take the scalar B then it can be written as:
( BB) A = B ( B A)
Also written as,
( BB) A = B ( B A )
The dot product of the B B is always positive it never be negative but it may also equal to zero.
Determine the standard basic vectors E1, E2, E3, ……., En. So we can also write this as:
A = A1, A2, A3, ...... , An also equal to iAiEi
B = B1, B2, B3, ...... , Bn also equal to iBiEi
This formula Ei can represent the unit length of the vectors. Also represented that the length of the unit is at the right angle.
The normal unit length of the vector is equal to 1 and written as:
Ei Ei = 1
But when the length of unit vectors is at the right angle then it can be written as:
Ei Ej = 0
there, i ≠ j.
Basically, we can write the all formulas as:
Ei Ej = δij
there, Ei or the Ej represented the orthogonal vectors unit length and the δij represented the Korenckar delta.
According to the geometrical definition of the dot or scalar product, we can write the given expression for any different type of vector A and the vector Ei. the mathematical expression is written as:
A Ei = A Ei cosθi
or,
Ai = A cosθi
Now apply the distributive law on the given formula which is according to the geometrical scalar product or the dot product. The distributive version of this formula is given there:
A B = A i BiEi
It can also equal to,
= i Bi( A Ei)
= i Bi Ai
= i AiBi
Now it interchangeability of all definitions can be proved. It can be shown that all definitions of formulas are equal to each other.
In the dot product or the scalar product the geometrical interpretations are essential because they can relate the magnitude of the vectors through the dot product and the dot product can also give the angle between the vectors which are cosine. The main geometrical interruptions are given there:
Projection
Orthonogolity
Parallel vectors
Anti-parallel vectors
Their details are given there:
By the dot or the scalar products, we can measure the direction and the projection of the vector how much the vector lies on the other vector in the projected direction. For instance, A B through we can measure the projection of vector A on the vector B in a very efficient way.
When the two vectors are perpendicular to each other, then their dot or the cross product is zero because the angle θ is equal to 90 degrees and the cos90 degree is equal to zero. So if the dot or cross product of the vector quantity is zero then it means that the vectors are orthogonal.
In the dot or the cross product, if the vectors are parallel then the angle θ is equal to 0 degrees then the cos θ = 1, which means that the dot or cross product reached their maximum positive or negative magnitude.
In the dot or the cross product, if the vectors are anti-parallel then the angle θ is equal to 180 degrees then the cos θ = 1, which means that the dot or cross product reached their maximum positive or negative magnitude.
The main properties and the characteristics of the scalar and the dot product which can help to understand the dot or scalar product are given there. By understanding pr follow the given properties we can easily use this dot product in different fields of science and physics. The characteristics in detail are given there:
Distributive property
Parallel vectors
Anti parallel vectors
Self scalar products
Scalar multiplications
Commutative property
Perpendicular vectors
Magnitude
Product rule
Orthogonal
Scalar product in the term of rectangular component.
Zero vector
The distributive property of the dot or the scalar product can be strewed upon the vector addition. The basic and general expression for the distributive property for the dot or cross product is given there:
A ( B + C ) = A B + A C
The scalar or dot product of the two vectors is equal to their positive magnitude when the vectors which are used in the dot or scalar product are parallel to each other and their angle θ is equal to 0 degrees, it can be written as:
θ = 0°
The mathematical expression for parallel; vector can be written as:
A B = AB cos 0°
and, cos 0° equal to 1 and written as:
A B = AB (1)
A B = Ab
hence, it can be shown in the above equation that the product of two vectors is equal to their magnitudes. It can also be the positive maximum value of the scalar or the dot product.
The scalar or dot product of the two vectors is equal to their negative magnitude when the vectors which are used in the dot or scalar product are anti-parallel to each other and their angle θ is equal to 180 degrees, it can be written as:
θ = 180°
The mathematical expression for an anti-parallel vector can be written as:
A B = AB cos 180°
and, cos 0° equal to 1 and written as:
A B = AB (-1)
A B = -Ab
hence, it can be shown in the above equation that the product of two vectors is equal to their magnitudes. It can also be the negative maximum value of the scalar or the dot product.
The dot product or the scalar product can directly affect the scaling of the vector. Through this property of the dot or cross product, we can observe this effect efficiently. The equation that can be used for the scalar multiplication property is given there:
(c1 A ) ( c2 B ) = c1c2 ( A B)
There c represented the scalar quantity.
When the vector can do their self-product then the result is always equal to the square of their magnitudes.
The basic and the general equation is written below:
A B = AA cos 0°
A B = AA (1)
A B = A2
It can be shown in the given equation that the self-product was always equal to the square of their magnitudes.
Self product of unit vectors:
The self-product of the unit vectors is always equal to the 1. Their clarification through mathematical expression is given there:
i i = (1) (1) cos 0°
i i = (1) (1) (1)
i i = 1
So,
j j = 1
k k = 1
Hence,
i i = j j = k k
The scalar or the dot product of two vectors A and B are always commutative. Their mathematical justification is given there:
A B = AB cos θ …….. (i) equation
there, A represented the vector
B also represented the other vector
And θ represented the angle between the vectors A and B.
then,
B A = BA cos θ ………. (ii) equation
Then, by comparing the equation i and the equation ii,
A B = B A
Hence proved that the dot or scalar product is always commutative.
In the product of two vectors if one vector A = 0 then the other vector B = 4 but their product is always equal to zero. Their mathematical expression is written there as:
= A B
= (0) (4)
Then,
A B = 0
If the two vector scalar or dot products are equal to zero then it can't be orthogonal but if the two vectors are non-zero variables it can be orthogonal.
In the scalar or the dot product, the values are different or variable and their deviation can be represented through the sign which is known as the prime ′. Their mathematical expressions are given there:
( A B) ′ = A′ B + A B′
Determine the two vectors, the vector A and the B in the Euclidean space in the three-dimensional cartesian coordinate system. Their derivation is given there:
Let,
A = Axi + Ayj + Azk
B = Bxi + Byj + Bzk
then, we can perform their product with their unit vectors and it can be written as:
A B = (Axi + Ayj + Azk) (Bxi +B yj + Bzk)
After this, we can multiply the all components with each other and it can be written as:
A B = AxBx ( i i ) + AxBy ( i j) + AxBz ( i k) + AyBx ( ji )
AyBy ( j j ) + AyBz ( jk ) + AzBx ( ki) + Az By ( k j) + Az Bz( k k)
Now, by putting the values of the unit vectors then we get,
A B = AxBx (1 ) + AxBy ( 0 ) + AxBz ( 0 ) + AyBx (0 )
AyBy (1 ) + AyBz ( 0 ) + AzBx ( 0 ) + Az By (0) + Az Bz(1)
Then,
A B = AxBx + AyBy + Az Bz ……… (i) equation
We know that ;
A B = AB cos θ ………… (ii) equation
Then put equation (ii) in equation (i) and we get,
AB cos θ = AxBx + AyBy + Az Bz
Or it can also be written as;
cos θ = AxBx + AyBy + Az BzAB
Or,
θ = cos-1AxBx + AyBy + Az BzAB
This formula or the equation can be used to find the angle θ between the vector A and the vector B.
Scalar or dot products can play a very essential and fundamental role in different fields of modern science or physics, computer graphics, engineering, or data analysis. The details of these applications are given below:
Data analysis or machine learning
Mathematics
Physics
Engineering
Computer graphics
Dot or scalar products can be used in data analysis or machine learning in a very efficient way their applications in this field mostly occur in the given fields area which are;
Natural languaging processing
Principal component analysis
Neural networks
Their description is given below:
The differences and the similarities that may be present in the natural languaging processor ( NLP) can be detected through the scalar and the dot product because the words can be represented in the form of vectors in NLP. and it can also help to do many numerous tasks like the machine translation, data analysis and the document clustering in a very efficient way.
Principal component analysis which can also be denoted as PCA, to determine and find the principal components that are present in the data can be detected by using the dot or cross-product method. Because it can simplify the most complex data or analyze them in a very efficient way. So that's why cross or dot products can be widely used in this field.
For the sum of the neurons, we can use the dot or the scalar product. Because of all the neurons, the input vector calculation can always be done through the dot or the cross product, and by the activation the output can be produced.
In mathematics, the dot and cross product can be used commonly because geometry and the algebraic operation can be solved easily or efficiently through the dot and the cross product. The main fields of math in which the dot and cross product can be used are given there:
Cosine similarity
Orthogonality
Projection
Vector spaces
In physics to simplify the complex quantities and products dots or scalar products can be used. The main application fields are given there:
Molecular dynamics
Work done
Electromagnetic theory
In engineering, algebraic operations can be simplified efficiently through the dot or scalar product. But the main areas of this field where mainly dot and scalar products can be used are given there:
Robotics
Signal processing
Structural processing
Like other fields of science, the dot and the scalar product can also be used in computer graphics because through using the dot or scalar product we can efficiently understand or solve the complex codes of words that can be represented in the form of vectors.
Vector projection
Lighting calculations
Shading models
Work done:
Work is the scalar quantity but it can be a product of two vector quantities through the dot or scalar product. The product of force and displacement produced the scalar product work. Which can be written as:
W = F A
There,
F represented the force.
A represented the displacement.
Calculation:
Consider the force F is ( 4, 5) and the displacement of the object is ( 2, 8 )
Then their product can be written as:
W = F A
By putting the values we can get,
W = ( 4 5) ( 2 8)
W = (20) (16)
W = 36 J
The work that can be done by the body is equal to the 36 J.
Magnetic flux:
The magnetic flux is the product of the two vectors which are magnetic field strength and the vector area which can be expressed as:
Øb = B A
Power :
Power( scalar product ) is the product of two scalar quantity which are force and velocity which are expressed as:
P = F v
Electric flux:
Flux is the scalar quantity and it is the product of the two vector quantities which are electric intensity or the vector area. it can be written as:
Øe = E A