The Engineering Projects

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

Update: Here's the latest version of this library: Arduino Mini Library for Proteus(V3.0).

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Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Today, I am going to share a new version of Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0. This library is a successor of Arduino Mini Library for Proteus and the new Arduino Mini model is compact, small-sized, efficient, and more powerful.

In the previous post, I shared the Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0, where we have simulated UNO in Proteus. In this tutorial, we will simulate Arduino Mini in Proteus. First, we will download this library and then will use it in our Proteus software to simulate Arduino Mini. Before we read further, let’s have a look at what is Arduino Mini.

What is Arduino Mini?

• Arduino Mini board is a small-sized, robust, application-type & powerful microcontroller board, based on an Atmega328 microcontroller.
• A total of 14 digital I/O pins are incorporated on the board, including 6 PWM pins.
• Moreover, there are 8 analog pins also available on the board.
• This board is quite small compared to Arduino Uno. It is 1/6^th of the size of the Uno board.

This was the little intro to Arduino Mini. Now let's start with its Proteus simulation:

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

• First of all, download the Arduino Mini library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the below button:

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

• You will get the downloaded file in zip format.
• Extract this zip file and open the folder named "Proteus Library Files", inside this folder you will find:
  • ArduinoMini2TEP.dll
  • ArduinoMini2TEP.idx

Now copy these files and place them in the Library folder of your Proteus software.

• After adding the library files, open your Proteus software or restart it (if it's already open).

Note:

• If you are facing problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.
• If you haven’t bought your Arduino Mini yet, then you can buy it from this reliable source:

• Now look for the Arduino Mini V2.0 by clicking the “Pick from Libraries” button, as shown in the below figure:

• Select Arduino Mini V2.0 from the list and click OK.

• Place Arduino Mini board in Proteus workspace and it will appear as shown in the below figure:

• You’ve successfully placed the Arduino Mini V2.0 board in the proteus workspace.
• Now, we need to upload the hex file in order to simulate our board.
• To upload the hex file, double click the Arduino Mini board.
• As you double click, it will return the following image.

• In this panel, you can see the different properties of the Mini board.
• We have to click the property named “Program File” to upload the hex file of your Arduino code.
• Click to read how to get a hex file from Arduino software.
• Upload the hex file of your code and click Ok.

• The clock frequency of the Arduino board is 16MHz by default.

Now let's design a simulation using this Arduino Mini board so that you get a clear insight on how to use it in proteus.

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

• The following figure shows the comparison between version 1 Arduino Mini Board (V1) and version 2 Arduino Mini Board (V2).

• You can see in the above figure, V2 Arduino Mini board is more compact and small-sized as compared to the V1 Arduino Mini board.

Arduino Mini LCD Interfacing

• The Arduino Code and its simulation file have been included in the zip file that you downloaded at the start.
• You can use that simulation but the better way is to design your own simulation that will help you learn better along the process.
• Next, the Arduino Mini Board is interfaced with a 20x4 LCD.
• Design the circuit given below and interface LCD with the Arduino Mini board:

• Data pins of LCD are connected with 8,9,10 & 11 pins of Arduino Mini, while Pin 12 & 13 of Arduino board are connected to Enable & Reset of LCD.
• To upload the code, compile the Arduino code available in the zip format and get the Hex file.
• The Arduino Mini properties panel is used to upload the hex file as we practiced in the previous section.
• You have successfully interfaced LCD with the Arduino Mini board, now press the RUN button to get the result given in the below figure:

Summary

• First, you need to download the Arduino Mini Library Files.
• Next, copy these files from the “Proteus Library Files”(Folder) to the Library folder of Proteus software.
• Now, look for the Arduino Mini in Proteus software.
• Place that Arduino Mini board in the proteus workspace.
• Next, double-click the board that will return the properties panel and upload the HEX File.
• Design your circuit & run the simulation.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’m willing to assist you in the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions about the content we share. They help us create quality content customized to your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

What is Science? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

Hello Friends! I hope you all are doing well. Today, I will share with you a very comprehensive tutorial about What is Science? Here, we will discuss science branches, importance of science in our life, popular science books, famous scientists and great inventions in the field of science. Science is derived from a Latin word’ Scientia’ means knowledge. When we are saying the word Science, refers to the study of every simple or complex phenomena occurring around us. For example, from the food we enjoy, to the cloth we wear, everything is science.     Now let's get to know what is Science?

What is Science?

Science is the most important platform of knowledge and understanding the world. It has improved the quality of almost every field of life. Science follows the following step to understand natural phenomena. Let's figure out these steps.

• Observation
• Identification
• Hypothesis
• Experimental investigation
• Theory

Before moving forward, we should know the proper & precise definition of science.

Science Definition

• The observational & experimental study about the behavior and structure of natural and physical world around us.
• Science is also the understand of a specific are of study by following particular methodology.
• In simple words, science is the observational study of nature around us and natural things.

Main branches of Science

The scientist divided science into 3 major fields. Each branch covers different areas of study. You must go though these branches briefly for your better understanding.

1.Natural science

The field of science, focus on the study don natural processes of the universe. This branch is further divided into life science and physical science.

2. Formal science

The area of study about formal systems. The further branches of this field are logic and math.

3. Social sciences

The branch of science deals with human behavior in the society. As I have told you, science is very broad field. It has hundreds of branches. Let's have a look to some other popular branches of science & their definitions:

No.	Branch of Science	Description
1	Acanthochronology	The study about cactus with time in ordered sequence.
2	Acarology	The branch of science, study the mites.
3	Accountancy	It is the analysing and ,measurement study of financial & economical information
3	Aceology	The study of remedies, development of therapies.
4	Acology	The study of medicine
5	Adenology	The branch of science, studies about glands.
6	Agroecology	The ecological study applied on the production of agricultural products.
7	Agrogeology	Branch of science, focus on agro-minerals.
8	Agrology	The study about the fertility of agriculture soil.
9	Algology	The study about algae.
10	Anatomy	The study about human body structure.
11	Astrodynamics	The study on the rockets and craft’s motion in space.
12	Bacteriology	This branch of science deals with the study about bacteria & diseases caused by them.
13	Bromatology	The study about food.
14	Barology	This is the gravitational force study.
15	Biology	The study of life processes.
16	Calorifics	The branch of science, studies heat.
17	Climatology	The study about climate conditions.
18	Cynology	The study on dogs.
19	Egyptology	The study on Egypt (ancient).
20	cytology	The study of cells.

I have enlist name of few branches of sciences, getting popular among students.

List of other popular Science branches
Andragogy	Aromachology
Andrology	Astacology
Anemology	Astheniology
Angiology	Astrobotany
Anthropobiology	Astrobiology
Anthropology	Astrogeology
Anthrozoology	Astronomy
Apiology	Astrophysics
Aquatic ecology	Astroseismology
Arachnology	Atmology
Archaeology	Audiology
Archelogy	Autecology
Archology	Autology
Areology	Auxology
Bathymetry	Cambistry
Batology	Campanology
Bibliology	Carcinology
Bibliotics	Cardiology
Bioecology	Caricology
Biochemistry	Cambistry
Bionomics	Cometology
Biophysics	Computer science
Biopsychology	Conchology
Biotribology	Connectomics

How is Science Important in daily life?

Today, we can’t ignore the importance of science in our everyday life tasks. Let’s have a quick look around you. The fan, giving you comfort in summer, is science. When you wake up in the morning, and use brush and toothpaste both are given by science. The kitchen equipment’s i.e. oven & microwave are all about the science. All entertainment tools you are using such as mobile, TV and laptop all are the magic of science. Moreover, it is the science that discovers the treatment of many diseases. You know, in the past, due to lack of advancement in the field of science, there was no cure for many diseases. But now the laser technology has been developed because of science. In short, science has raised the technology in medical field to a great level. Not only this, science also totally changed the agriculture field as well i.e. increase the productivity of crops by using new machinery and technologies. Further, In transportation, all the vehicles around you are inventions of science. Today, you are communicating to you dear ones by just one click on your phone, is due to science. Simply, science has become our lives so much easier than before. Even now we can’t live without it.

Top most concerned research topic of Science

There are topics in science world, always remains on top of the list for research purpose. Such as, some diseases are still a mystery for the scientist. For understanding any field, you must know, what is going in that particular area of study. This will not only enhance your interest but also motivate you to study those mystery topics. Here, I am going to enlist them.

• Genomic and molecular evolution.
• Relation of metabolism system and exercise.
• Comparative Genomics.
• Symbiosis in parasites.
• CRISPR.
• Climate changes.
• Genetic Engineering.
• Neurobiological reasons of sleep.
• Behavior of economics.
• Invention of modern technology.
• Development of scientific tools.
• The evolution of Infectious diseases.

Top Influential scientist in the world

There are so many people who spend their lives to serve humanity by contributing in the field of science. Let’s read some of the popular scientists & their discoveries.

Top Scientist in the World
No.	Scientist Name	Discoveries
1	Andre-Marie Ampere	He discovered the electrical current carrying wires. He also invented electromagnetic theory.
2	Anaximander	He revealed the most ancient scientific theory about our planet that it is free in the space. The planet does not need anything for support.
3	Mary Anning	He was the first scientist who found the complete plesiosaur specimen. He also assumed the dinosaur diets.
4	Archimedes	He was the founder of mechenics &hydrostatics. He also calculates the value of pi. Moreover, he gives new geometry tools, and many other machinery designed.
5	Aristarchus	He completely changed the idea about earth that it moves around sun in circular orbit.
6	Alexander Graham Bell	He was the greatest scientist who invented telephone, metal detector as well as photo phone. He discovered the first device that carries human voice in form of light.
7	Daniel Bernoulli	He gives very popular Bernoulli’s law which describes the lifting of airplane wings.Further he gives theories about effect of temp on gas particles speed.
8	Elizabeth Blackwell	She was the first qualified physician women of America, as founder of first medical school there.
9	Niels Bohr	He founded the quantum theory; electron can orbit in only specific orbits around atom. He was the founder of quantum mechanics.
10	Robert Boyle	He was the first who properly defined molecule, element and compound. He also invented the Boyle’s law also called first gas law.
11	Tycho Brahe	He had given the way for planetary laws of Kepler and Newton’s law of gravity.
12	Brahmagupta	He defined and invented mathematical properties of Zero. He also gives the formulas for quadratic equation solution.
13	Robert Bunsen	He discovered two elements caesium & rubidium. Also found the arsenic poisoning , zinc-carbon battery. He also invented flash photography, and revealed the designing of geysers.

Other popular scientist are:

List of other popular scientist
Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Galen
Rachel Carson	Galileo Galilei
George Washington Carver	Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
James Chadwick	Carl Friedrich Gauss
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	Sophie Germain
Erwin Chargaff	Willard Gibbs
Nicolaus Copernicus	Jane Goodall
Jacques Cousteau	William Harvey
Marie Curie	Caroline Herschel
John Dalton	Heinrich Hertz
Charles Darwin	David Hilbert
Democritus	Hipparchus
René Descartes	Alain Aspect
Frank Drake	Martin Karplus
Albert Einstein	David Baltimore
Eratosthenes	Donald Knuth
Euclid	Allen Bard
Leonhard Euler	Robert Marks II
Michael Faraday	Timothy Berners- Lee
Pierre de Fermat	Craig Mello
Fibonacci	John Tyler Bonner
Ronald Fisher	Robert Hooke
Alexander Fleming	Grace Hopper
Benjamin Franklin	Jack Horner
Rosalind Franklin	Hippocrates

Popular books of science

Reading a good book can bring a lot of change in your life. So, check out some popular science books to better understand science. I am going to discuss my most favorite science books briefly here.

1. Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism

You must have knowledge about our metabolism system. Here, in this book, author provides valuable suggestion how to increase metabolism by exercise. According to author, we burn about 3000 cal every day, no matter what our activities are. Isn’t this interesting? Read this book for complete guidance.

2. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

This is a wonderful book deeply provides understanding to human functions and their interaction with organism and environment.

3. The Drunken Botanist

Let’s talk about another amazing book. This book provides knowledge about the formation of variety of alcohols from plants. The author explains about the production of rice as well as other trivia bits.

4. Wonderful Life

This book is actually about the beautiful nature and describes the journey of Burgess to provide reader valuable lesion about the oldest fossil fuels in the world.

The list of other worth reading science books:

I want to suggest more books of science below for your benefits.

• Women in Science: 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World:
• So, You Want to Be a Coder?: The Ultimate Guide to a Career in Programming, Video Game Creation, Robotics, and More!:
• Black Inventors for Children: Famous African American Inventors Who Changed History Forever!:
• Math Doesn't Suck: How to Survive Middle School Math Without Losing Your Mind or Breaking a Nail:
• Bathtub Science:
• The Berenstain Bears' Big Book of Science and Nature:
• Queen Bees and Wannabes, 3rd Edition: Helping Your Daughter Survive Cliques, Gossip, Boys, and the New Realities of Girl World
• Brain on Fire: My Month of Madness
• The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat: And Other Clinical Tales
• The Art of Choosing
• Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind
• The Mismeasure of Man
• The Portable Jung
• The Freud Reader
• The Invisible Gorilla
• The Upside of Irrationality
• Man's Search for Meaning
• High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society
• Magic Trees of the Mind: How to Nurture Your Child's Intelligence, Creativity, and Healthy Emotions from Birth Through Adolescence
• Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing
• Neurotribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity
• White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America

I hope this article will help you to better understand science & its branches. For more detail, please read the refer Science books above.

What is Biology? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

Hello Friends! I hope you all are doing well. Today, I am going to give you a very fundamental and detailed tutorial on What is Biology? Further, we will also discuss the biology branches, importance of biology in our life, popular Biology books, famous Biologists and great inventions in the field of biology. The word 'Biology' actually refers to the complete study of life (Including all living organism i.e. humans, animals, plants and microorganisms). For the convenience to study about every field of life, scientist have divided science into 4 major branches.

1. 1. Physical Sciences.

1. Biological Sciences(Biology).
2. Earth Sciences.
3. Space Sciences.

Now let's first have a look at what is biology?

What is Biology?

Biology is derived from Greek words, bio means life and logos means study. It concentrates on all the aspects of living things such as ecology, occurrence, reproduction, nutrition, organization, economic importance etc. Let's come towards the proper definition of biology:

Biology Definition

• Biology (the branch of science), mainly focused on the complex life processes of living organism ( including chemical processes, physical characteristics, evolution and molecular interaction).
• Biology covers all forms of living organisms and is further divided into multiple fields i.e. Zoology deals with the study of animals while Bootany deals with plants.
• Biology also studies the behavior, structure and physiology of a specific organism or a class of organisms.

Now you must want to know, why biology is important in our life? Right? So let me tell you importance of biology first. Then, I will discuss branches of biology.

Why is Biology Important in Everyday Life?

There was a time, when we have no cure for even small diseases i.e. fever, pneumonia etc. but today surgeons are performing surgeries using laser technologies. A century ago, there wasn't any concept of organs transplant in Biological field and today biologists have developed surgeries to transplant almost every human organ and are trying to transplant brain. If you ask me, brain transplant is going to happen soon. Biology has increased productivity in the field of agriculture by producing advanced seeds and fertilizers. Biologists have also exrtacted different chemicals from plants which are helpful in curing different diseases. Nutritional biology is all about the nutrients required by our body for healthy life.

Interdisciplinary branches of biology

Let me tell you here, Biology is the most complex branch of science. It is not that simple. Biology is linked with other science disciplines, and further divided into many branches. Well! To deeply understand biology, we will also learn about these branches later. Here, let’s find out the relation of biology with other main science branches. Let’s start to discuss these interlinked branches one by one.

1. Biophysics

This branch of sciences, deals with the study of laws and principles of physics, applicable to the biological processes. For your understanding, I will give you an example. Animal limbs working on the physics principle of lever.

2. Biochemistry

This branch focuses on the different chemical and compounds of chemistry & their impact on human life. For example, photosynthesis process.

3. Biomathematics

This discipline of sciences, deals with the study of all biological process by using math techniques and calculations. The example is the human & animal population data calculation.

4. Biogeography

This branch categories and distribute the different living organism species in the world. Example is the specie Acacia found in the region of desert.

5. Bio-economics

The study of living organisms with respect to the economical point is called bio-economic branch. Such as the profit & cost of wheat yield.

Main branches of biology

Biology is very broad branch of science, and divided into many sub-disciplines.

1. Botany

This discipline is deal with the study of plants. Theophrastus is the one of the famous scientists in this field.

2. Zoology

This field is concerned with the detailed study of animals. And Aristotle is famous for his contribution and known as father of this field.

3. Microbiology

Microbiology is the study of micro-organism. Leeuwenhoek is considered as the father of microbiology.

Some other popular branches of biology are:

No.	Branches	Description
1	Taxonomy	This is the field of biology, mainly working on the identification and categorization of the living species.
2	Histology	Histology is the field of study, focuses on internal structure, working & behavior of tissues using light microscope.
3	Anatomy	The study about the external body parts.
4	Morphology	This biology branch carrying the study on internal body parts of different living species.
5	Cytology	It is the discipline, fundamentally studying about the functions and structure of cells.
6	Cell Biology	The field of biology, deals with the genetics information transferred from parents to next generation though cells.
7	Molecular Biology	The study of different activities of protoplasm, including their functions, structures and many other properties.
8	Physiology	This branch of biology provides information about the function and process of different body parts.
9	Embryology	It is the study of embryonic development process including every stage, size of embryos etc.
10	Ecology	This biology discipline, studies on the relation of living organism with their living environment.
11	Genetics	This branch studies how the inheritance transferred from generation to generation.
12	Evolution	The study of life & its existence.
13	Palaeontology	This branch of biology, study about naturally found fossil fuels and develops techniques to identify these resources underneath.
14	Exobiology	It is the branch of biology, studying the practical experimental study on life in space.
15	Virology	This branch is all about the study of viruses.

Other fields of Biology are:

• Acarology: It is the branch of biology, & study of mites and ticks.
• Actinobiology: Studies the effect of radiations on the living organism.
• Cardiology: The complex study on the heart system.
• Araneology: The study on spiders.
• Agroforestry: Studies the properties & form of land used to cultivate the crops and trees.
• Batrachology: This branch studies the structure and life study of the frog.
• Apiculture: It is the study on beekeeping.
• Aschelitinthology: The branch of biology, studies roundworms.
• Bacteriology: This is the detailed study on the bacteria.
• Agronomy: Research on Plants & crops.
• Biochemistry: The branch of science, reveals the link between chemical reaction on the life process.
• Biometrics: Use of statistical analytical study on biological systems.
• Arthrology: This is the branch of biology, studying the structures and functioning of joints parts.
• Anthology: The area of study on flowers & its parts.
• Biotechnology: This branch (biology) is all about the study of making drugs and medicines from useful organism for human health care.
• Angiology: This biology field, focuses on blood regulatory systems.
• Carcinology: The field of study about sea creature i.e. crabs.
• Agrostology: The research on the grass is called Agrostology.
• Aerobiology: This deep study about the flying organism.
• Dermatology: Dermatologists' basically deals with skin problems.

Important topics in biology

The research on biology growing everyday in many subjects. So, I am goin to tell you the main topics of research in biology.

• Photosynthesis (Food making process by plants in presence of sunlight).
• Carbon cycle (Study of how carbon is exchanged between atmosphere and living organism).
• Study of human heart (Functions, diseases, structure & abilities).
• Nitrogen cycle (Incorporation of nitrogen in the atmosphere).
• Human digestive system (Host and glands involved in human digestive system & their functions and roles).
• Flora & Fauna (Flora means study of plants and Fauna refers to all animals’ life).
• Human brain (Functions, structure and working).
• Blood veins and arteries (Study of how veins carry oxygen and blood).
• Transpiration (How water pumping during photosynthesis).
• Soil profile (Study of soil productivity and fertilization condition).
• Difference between Mitosis& Meiosis.
• Study of sensory organs.
• Gymnosperms (Study of plants, producing seeds).
• Fertilizers (Study and developments of fertilizers to enhance productivity of the soil).
• Ecology (Development of friendly environment between organism and surrounding).
• Evolution (How life starts and what changes occurring).
• Animal cells.
• Bio-molecules (Study of proteins, lipids & carbohydrates).

Popular Biologists

There are many biologists, contributed in this field. Let's discuss some popular biologists and their contributions.

Famous Biologists of all Time
No.	Biologists	Contributions
1	Aristotle	He was the Greek philosopher, and discovered many important biological theories. His greatest contribution is the classification of living organisms. He was the first scientist, proposed the relation of species and organize them accordingly.
2	Galen	He was the great Greek physicians; suggest the new ideas about medical research. He opens new ways in field of medicine. He works for many branches of biology, anatomy, physiology, neurology and pathology. The remarkable discoveries are identification the relation & differences between the artery and vein.
3	Oswald Avery	He revealed about how the heredity instructions passes form DNA to next generation.
4	James Black	He proposed the ideas of making drugs using beta blockers for the stomach ulcers and heart diseases.
5	Elizabeth Blackwell	She is the first qualified women physicians of America. She was the founder of first medical school in America.
6	Linda Buck	He discovered the five senses and their working. He also revealed that humans have 350 odour cells receptors that send the signals to human brain.
8	Rachel Carson	Author of the great book “Silent Spring” that describes the effect of chemical on the environment. He revealed the chemicals that must be banned for the sake of environment.
9	George Washington Carver	He worked on improving the agronomy by improving the nitrogen nutrient in the crop fertilization.
10	Erwin Chargaff	He gives Chargaff’s principles and discovered the DNA structure.

List of other biologists who contributed in this field are listed below:

Richard J. Ablin	Warder Clyde Allee
Erik Aquarius	Joel Asaph Allen
Arthur Adams	George James Allman
Michel Adanson	June Dalziel Almeida
Monique Adolphe	Tikvah Alper
Edgar Douglas Adrian	Prospero Alpini
Adam Afzelius	Sidney Altman
Carl Adolph Agardh	Bruce Ames
Jacob Georg Agardh	José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta
Louis Agassiz	Jakob Johan Adolf Appellöf
Alexander Agassiz	Agnes Robertson Arber
Nikolaus Ager	Aristotle
William Aiton	Emily Arnesen
Bruce Alberts	Ruth Arnon
Nora Lilian Alcock	Peter Artedi
Boyd Alexander	Gilbert Ashwell
Richard D. Alexander	Ana Aslan
Alfred William Alcock	David Attenborough
Salim Ali	Jean Baptiste Audebert
Frédéric-Louis Allamand	Jean Victoire Audouin
Churchill Babington	Karl Ernst von Baer
John Bachman	Liberty Hyde Bailey
Curt Backeberg	Donna Baird
Scott Baker	John Hutton Balfour

Best Biology books of all Time

There are a huge collection of useful books of biology available online. Let me tell you about my favorite biology books. I must say that every young biologist must read these books. Because a genius said that reading books is like you are borrowing his/her brain for some time.

1. The Double Helix by James Watson

Watson was the greatest scientist, and in this book he described about DNA discovery. What is more beneficial to get information about DNA from the person who discovered it? He described this research circumstances, gives the young biologist a great lesson.

 2. Time, Love, Memory by Jonathan Weiner

I read this book during my first year of master. This book helped me a lot to solve practical problem in the lab in the field of genetics. Young biologists are getting are doing working on genes. I strongly recommend this book for those students. The genetic discoveries are growing very fats, that it becomes very difficult for the newcomers to understand all the basics concepts. Are you facing this problem? No worries. You can take help from this book as much as you want.

3. Virolution by Frank Ryan

This is actually a very interesting and informative book about evolution. The author revealed some discussed with the example of fish. Fish died because of the virus diseases in his own DNA. The virus activated when fish reach at productive age. Other worth reading biology books are:

• "Biology" written by Neil A. Campbell.
• "Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcer" written by Robert M. Sapolsky.
• "Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers" written by Mary Roach.
• "The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution".
• "Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History" written by S. Jay Gould.
• "The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher" written by L.Thomas.
• "The Origin of Species".
• "Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom" written by S. B. Carroll.
• "The Blind Watcmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design".
• "The Selfish Gene".
• "Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic" by David Quammen.
• "Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness" written by P. Godfrey-Smith.
• "Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex" written by Mary Roac.
• "The Gene: An Intimate History".
• "River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life" written by Richard Dawkins.

• "Gulp: Adventures on the Alimentary Canal" written by Mary Roach.

• "Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams" by Matthew Walker.
• "She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity" written by C. Zimmer.
• "Voyage of the Beagle" written by C. Darwin.

• "Life Ascending: The Ten Great Inventions of Evolution" written by N. Lane.
• "The Genius of Birds" by Jennifer Ackerman.

• "A Short History of Nearly Everything" written by B. Bryson.

• "The Diversity of Life" written by Edward Wilson.

• "The Hot Zone: The Terrifying True Story of the Origins of the Ebola Virus" written by R. Preston.

• "Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body’s Most Underrated Organ" written by G. Enders.

• "Climbing Mount Improbable" written by R. Dawkins.

I hope this article will help you to understand biology, its branches, importance, popular books of biology and famous biologists & their contribution in the field of biology.