The Engineering Projects

Water Heater Maintenance Checklist

Hello Readers! Today we'll talk about the , maintenance of water heater. To ensure that your home's heating system runs smoothly, you require multiple pieces of equipment. A water heater is of the most importance. Every household needs a water heater for numerous external and internal needs, such as the uninterrupted flow of warm water in the winters, washing tough stains off clothes, and sometimes cleaning and disinfecting surfaces with a mixture of warm water and antioxidants. Since multiple parts of a water heater tank are in regular use, wear and tear are unavoidable. To ensure that your water heater lasts longer and continues to operate smoothly, read on. This article will take you through a heater's series of components, discussing a checklist that should be religiously followed for safety, security, and maintenance purposes.

Inspect and examine its outer unit

The outer look of the water heater will tell you a lot about its condition. While inspecting it from the outside, you need to focus on a few things such as:

• Leakage in a pipe. According to a study, almost 10,000 gallons of water go to waste due to pipe leakages. The reason behind a leakage can either be a faulty pipe or an old water heating tank that has been used beyond its lifespan. If you notice anything of this sort, please contact a reliable plumber to fix it in the long run.
• Insufficient water storage and weak pressure. Sometimes, due to the leakage in the tank itself, the water keeps pouring out, weakening the top floors' temperature control and water pressure.
• Rusted and eroded tank bodies or pipes can cause significant damage to the water quality affecting your health.
• Try to inspect and mend these problems every month to avoid a more significant issue in the end.

Cleanse and rinse out water through it

A tank's purpose is to store water in large amounts. However, this water also contains certain chemical elements, which can cause erosion of tank walls if not rinsed thoroughly and routinely. Calcium Carbonate (CACO3) is a widely known component found in water. The nature of this element is harsh and erosive. It can't quickly rinse off through the tank walls and often contribute to the tank's thinning and rustic appearance from the inside and outside. Other than that, CACO3 leaves behind a hard crystal-like residue which can block the pipes passageway from the inside, clogging the pipe openings. To prevent this, make sure to efficiently use softening and filtering agents for taking CACO3 off the edge for the same and uninterrupted consumption of warm water. The ideal procedure accounts for emptying the tank on a bimonthly basis, leaving it open for a while for water saturation, and then rinsing it off at least thrice with clean water of normal ph.  

Check-up on the efficiency of pressure release valve

Pressure and temperature valves are also essential and need to be regularly inspected. T&P Valve can cause significant damage to the tank and people around it if not checked on a bimonthly basis or however often it needs to be examined based on its intensive usage. T&P Valve is specially designed to neutralize and balance the temperature and pressure levels inside of the tank. The pressure and weather must be simultaneously managed to avoid any extremities such as an explosion. People often neglect to form an equilibrium among the two metrics, which results in life-threatening situations. The maximum temperature and pressure recorded are (210 Fahrenheit/150 Imperial pressure stress); at this point, the situation is alarming. The valve should be released with turbo speed for safety purposes. What happens is that the increased temperature of water triggers evaporation in the form of vapors. This continuous conversion of water in mists increases the inner temperature and hikes it up to a bursting point. Therefore, checking on the speed and pressure of the T&P valve regularly can turn out to be a beneficial practice for the lifespan and hot water heating system maintenance.

Transpose the Anode rod regularly

As per the precautions mentioned in the hot boiler inspection checklist, because of constant corrosion and filtration, an Anode rod is made a compulsory feature of water heating tanks. It is placed on the top of the tank, attracting all sorts of elements that can cause oxidation. The Anode rod is usually made up of Zinc, Magnesium, or Aluminium. Anode rod is typically designed to prevent oxidation within the tank for two significant reasons:

• A water heater tank is a closed crafted vessel with high pressure and temperature modes, which induce oxidation faster.
• Oxidation typically sets a thick layer of oxidized elements that can quickly erode the tank's walls, linings, and surface. Anode rod slows down the oxidation process safeguarding the inner and outer linings of the tank.

Any openings, leakages, or divulgence present in the tank nullifies the Anode rod's operational function. They increase the mixing of additional oxidized elements, making the oxidation process faster and more serious. If you cannot manage this on your own, consider having an HVAC maintenance plan, A licensed and well-known entity for treating critical plumbing, leakage, and various other issues of a hot water tank and related home appliances.

Adhere to the checklist and make a move now!

This water heater maintenance and inspection checklist is a step to step guide, highlighting the substantial parts of a hot water tank. If you have been neglecting any of the pointers mentioned above, hasten up and run a thorough inspection to lengthen the life of your water heating tank by taking easy precautions.

Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

Hello friends! I hope you are doing well. In today's tutorial, I am going to discuss what is the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering? The Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering is a five-year academic degree program. It focuses mainly on planning, developing, and designing a sustainable, safe, and economical use of electrical energy. This degree enables students to design, develop and maintain electrical devices, electrical equipment, digital devices, and machinery control. Here, in this post, I will discuss the main branches of Electrical Engineering, major subjects, minor subjects, its scope, job opportunities, duration, cost, types of jobs, top universities offering this degree and top companies offering jobs for electrical engineers.

Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

Electronic engineering

Electronic engineering's purpose is to design and evaluate the electronic circuits, electric devices, and components use in them such as capacitors, diodes, inductors, resistors, and transistors to get proper functions. They also work on tuned circuits. They also involve in the development of electronic devices such as television, computer, mobile, and microprocessors. Due to these electronic engineers, we are able to see novel technology such as high quality smart computers and phones.

Power engineering

Power engineering deal with the production, transmission, and proper distribution of electricity. They also design a large range of devices use in this field such as electric generators, transformers,  power electronics, and motors. In many areas all over the world, governments also hire electronic engineers to control the electrical network like the power grid to produce electricity. Power engineers also focus on the maintenance and working of the power grid. The future involves satellite control by power systems.

Control engineering

Control engineering concentrates on modeling a different range of electrical system, also design the controllers so that systems work properly. To achieve such controllers, electrical engineers use microcontroller, digital processors, electronic circuits, and programmable logic controller. This field has a broad range of applications from the propulsion systems and flight of commercial airliners. They also plays an important role in industrial computerization and automation. Such as they work on robotics to perform independent systems with the use of control algorithms.

Telecommunications engineering

The main aim of telecommunications engineering branch is to transmit information through different channels such as optical fibers, cables, or space. They have to build a transmitter that can effectively transmit signals in space a well. They work on popular analog techniques such as frequency modulation and amplitude modulation. A key concern in the design of transmitters is power dissipation. So they also focus on such concerns.

Computer engineering

Computer engineering field deal with the design and building of computers and its systems. This also involves the design of novel hardware, PDAs, new tablets, and supercomputers. Computer engineers also focus on complex software systems. Desktop computers serve as a tiny fraction of the devices and computer engineers work on, their jobs also including DVD players and video game controllers. Computer engineers are highly in demand and hired by famous companies like Apple.

Instrumentation engineering

Instrumentation engineering mainly focuses on the design of devices that use to measure physical quantities like flow, temp, and pressure. They must have good physics knowledge to design such instruments. Such as the flight instruments used to measure the wind speed and height so that the pilot can control the plane analytically. Some other branches are:

• Electro-Optical Engineering.
• Signal processing.
• Distribution engineering.
• Microelectronics.

Major subjects of BSC in Electrical Engineering

The major subjects taught in this degree are: The basic electrical engineering first-year courses are listed here. These courses can vary from university to university. But these are the basic course that students have to cover by most of the universities. The students also have to pass other minor courses including humanities, management to become great personalities. And in the final year, they have to complete a project or design in which they have knowledge and skills. Then they submit this project with a written thesis or report with written all information about that project. They have to pretend their project to pass the degree. The first year course work that students have to study listed below:

• the basic of electrical engineering such as AC and DC circuit analysis.

• Transmission and Distribution.

• Electro-magnetism.
• Practical implementation of fundamental theory concepts.
• Instrumentation.
• Microprocessor interfacing.
• Circuit Analysis, Electronics.
• Electrodynamics.
• Microelectronic fabrication techniques.
• Electrical Engineering Material.
• Electricity Technology and Machines.
• Control systems.
• Digital circuit logic.

Students get to familiarize themselves with circuit fabrication, the use of electrical equipment, and many other tools related to this field. Today, the world is mainly relying on technology and electrical power. Therefore there is a need for professional electrical engineers who are cable of managing all tasks. Such as designing and creating electrical products, maintaining, and repairing them. After graduation as an expert electrical engineer, you can get great opportunities of getting a job in many areas of the world.

Minor subjects of BSC in Electrical Engineering

Minor subjects varied form university to university. In some universities, students can select the minor subjects according to their choice.

• Logic Design.
• Signals & Systems.
• Communication Systems.
• Stochastic Processes.
• Wireless Communication.
• Introduction to Learning from Data.
• Electronics.
• Fabrication Technology for Integrated Circuits.
• Power Electronics.
•  Analog Electronics.
• Electromagnetics I.
• Electromagnetics II.
• Machine Learning.
• Control Systems.
• Digital Image Processing & Communication.
• Analog VLSI Circuit Design.
• Electrical Energy Systems.
• Photonics Laboratory
• Physics of Semiconductor Devices.
• Dynamic System Theory.
• Nano and Micro-Electronic Devices Technology.
• Digital Communication.
• Digital Signal Processing.
• Introduction to Information Theory.
• Sustainable Power Systems.
• Introduction of Biomedical Optics.
• Analog IC Design Fundamentals.
• Speed Processing.
• Computational Optical Imaging.
• Deep Learning.
• Optimization Theory and Methods.
• Optical Spectroscopic Imaging.
• Computational Methods in Materials Science.
•  Solar Energy Systems.
• Semiconductor Devices.

Scope of Electrical Engineering

After getting the bachelor in electrical engineering degree, you will get many great opportunities of jobs all over the world. There are many International companies that required expert electrical engineers and willing to hire people from all over the world. They pay a very good salary. The highest estimate salary is $254000 per year. According to the survey, this is among the top industries due to the activities like mining, business support services, oil & gas extraction, aerospace products, and parts manufacturing. The highest salary jobs for electrical engineers include scientific research and development positions. It also has been shown that the salary of central electrical engineering salary is $102,694. Another highest engineering salary is $100,642 for a chemical engineer, and next is $ 95,857 for a mechanical engineer. The average salary for electrical engineers who have more than 10 years of experience is $125,945. Moreover, electrical engineering is a great career with many advantages. The salaries of electrical engineers also higher in many other professions. It can increase further if you have a PE license or graduate degree. It has many excellent benefits, such as education compensation, insurance, retirement, vacation pay, and sick leave. Different divisions hire electrical engineers such as mining, chemical processing, aerospace, power generation, manufacturing, and transmission. They can also have the possibility to work in green and sustainable industries all over the world. Further, It is considered as one of the highest paid career among all. In short, it is the most profitable job.

Eligibility Criteria

The eligibility criteria for bachelor in EE is mainly requires the SSC or the equivalent certificate with more than  60% scores.  FSc degree or equivalent result card with 60% marks. Some universities also have their own entry test. Students have to pass this test too for admission.

Top universities offer EE degree

Stanford university

It is very popular university and hardly needs its introduction. Stanford  is among the best universities. Located in the beautiful Area of California, and consistently ranks in the top 5 universities on national level. The school of Engineering with the electrical engineering at number 2 nationally according to world report and US News. As a student, you will get a chance to live in beautiful campus. This university offers BSc in EE which enable students to give their contribution in science. with a major in Electrical Engineering that will prepare you to contribute to the scientific community. They prepare students for research and to complete experimental projects. Moreover, Stanford Engineering graduates have bright future and are getting jobs in various sectors like government, corporate, or further academic study. The students can choose one of three disciplinary fields to focus according to their choice.

• Hardware and Software Systems.
• Physical Technology and Science.
• Information Systems and Science.

Harvard university

This is located in Cambridge- the most iconic and research university. It established in 1636. The Harvard university is famous worldwide for its excellence in study and research. It is considered as one of the oldest universities in the world. Consists of thirteen institutes and schools. Harvard has a top ranked school of Engineering that produces excellent work in Electrical Engineering. This program will expose a number of research areas range from devices ( like robotics and lasers) to systems ( human brain and computer architecture). This university focus on all the sub-discipline of electrical engineering. The students get specialization in electronic devices and circuits, and get the opportunity to explore many other areas. For example;

• Robotics.
• Control systems.
• Signals and systems theory.

Georgia Institute and Technology

This institute has ranked in the top 35 national universities. Located in the beautiful area Atlanta, Georgia. The school is the part of the university System of Georgia. This university offer the Electrical Engineering programs which rank in top 10 according to World reports and U.S. It contributes in the research and innovation field. It enable students to perform well in the field of innovation, and aims to produce graduates that can design, innovate, and complete complex projects. The top research opportunities are

• Opportunity Research Scholars Program.
•  Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program.
• The Vertically Integrated Projects Program.

Columbia university

Are you dreaming to study in New York city? Then this is the best choice for you. Columbia university located in Upper Manhattan. This is a best research university that considered in top echelon of national universities. Columbia Engineering offer the top Electrical Engineering programs, and provides a comprehensive knowledge in electrical engineering with elective coursework to understand the topics in which they are interested. This program enables students to work on complex electrical engineering task, and get a bright careers in related fields. The Courses include:

• Digital Systems.

• Electromagnetics.
• Signals and Systems.

Cost of EE degree

The cost of this program usually varies from school to school. It depends on the location of the school around the world. So if you are interested in this degree, then you can contact directly to the school or search their website to get all information. It may include the tuition fee and other costs. The scope of BSc in Electrical Engineering has become really higher due to the advancement of technology. Pakistan is also making progress in this field. As an electrical engineer, you can have a lot of career opportunities and jobs after the bachelor's degree. Markets and industries have a high demand for skilled engineers.

Types of jobs in Electrical Engineering

As an Electrical Engineer you can select your careers in many sub-disciplines according top your skills. The most popular types of disciplines in EE are:

Electronic Engineers

They are mainly deal with electronic circuits and devices such as capacitors, diodes, resistors, inductors, and transistors.

Microelectronic Engineers 

They are skilled in designing and fabrication of micro circuit parts and components.

Signal Processing Engineers 

They work on signals, for example digital and analog signals.

Power Engineers

They deal with electricity problems and the design of electrical devices. For example generators, motors, transformers and power electronics.

Control Engineers

They propose the design of controllers, to perform well using micro-controllers, programmable logic controllers, digital signal processors, and electrical circuits.

Telecommunication Engineers

They focus on the transmission of information signals through optical fibers or cable.

Instrumentation Engineers 

They deal with the design of devices for measuring flow, pressure and temperature. This also involves a deep knowledge of physics.

Computer Engineers

They specialized in the design of computer hardware and computers. There are a lot of other options:

• Acoustic consultant.
• Design engineer.
• Sound engineer.
• Special effects technician.
• CAD technician.
• Nuclear engineer.
• Electronics engineer.
• Control and instrumentation engineer.
• Electrical engineer.
• Aerospace engineer.
• Broadcast engineer.

Top Companies hiring Electrical Engineers

Being an electrical engineer is a challenging task theses days. Due to the advancement in technology, the need of expert and professional electrical engineer has increased. Here is some top companies listed below.

The Boeing Company

This is the oldest and highly recommended firm. The Boeing Company is always among the top provider of jetliners for travelers or other commercials transportation purposes. Therefore, this company always needs expert electrical engineers who can perform well in their field. So working for this company will bring prestige as well as also give you the chance of growing further in this field with a good salary.

Lockheed Martin Corporation

This company is among the leading US providers and manufacturers of advances military purposes. Electrical engineers who are talented enough in developing military applications have a higher chance of getting a job in this esteemed company. This firm also collaborates with other country's electrical engineers, innovators, scientists to work on aircraft, surveillance systems, radars for military use. 

International Business Machines Corporation

This is one of the popular names in the computational advancement world and also known as IBM. The main aim of this firm is to develop hardware for new-generation for commercial, consumer, and industrial use. They hire professional electrical engineer who is able to fulfill their requirements. This will give you the experience to learn new skills as well with a good salary. 

Apple

Apple is also a well-known company for its strong and unique research and development. This company is developing constantly and dominates in the consumer technology sector. It has long been praised by customers and employees and is considered as one of the most reputable firms to work. Moreover, it is the most productive workplace to enhance your skills as well as the most attractive and great salary package. Other than this, working for an Apple firm give potential and skills to design, develop, and test the quality of the product. Some other top companies are:

• General Electric.
• Shell oil company.
• BMW group.
• Google.
• Texas instruments.
• Intel.
• Tesla.

Future opportunities for Electrical Engineers

Electrical Engineering is considered an internationally recognized academic program at undergraduate and graduate levels with different specializations. The electrical engineering department was first established in 1905 and started providing a degree in Communication Systems Engineering. Further, in 1909, due to its popularity, the department name was changed to Electrical Engineering Department. This department in every university has experienced staff, well-equipped classrooms, and lab facilities. It provides academic improvement continuously through discussion with faculty, industry, electronics, and communication engineering professionals. The students enable to solve real-world problems and open possibilities of the students as potential applicants for private or public sector organizations, entrepreneurs, and freelance developers. Graduates often enjoy careers as analyzing electrical systems, engineers, or working in the fields such as energy conservation, space exploration, and magnetics. They can also choose to work with the basic systems including the technology accessible and usable development. Also, work with semiconductors, building computer hips, and manipulating materials. In short, the graduates find a great career in modern high-tech industrial and laboratories. Further, the Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering enhances your ability to design and manufacture heavy machines and systems. It completely guides you to handle the most difficult and challenging task in the engineering field. Under the excellent supervision of great professionals, you learn to practically develop electrical circuits, complex computer systems, and control power systems. Also, in the program, the professors enable you to get core skills and knowledge about physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, communication, mechanics, materials, and fluids. The program is intended to give you the practical and problem-solving skills to become an electrical engineer. Thus, the aim of this program is to make students experts in electrical engineering as well as in many other areas that you can decide as minor subjects. The universities provide lab work and industry experience to enhance your professional growth. This degree makes you an expert about the foundations and gives you the confidence to work across any area in engineering. I hope you find this article helpful to understand the basic concepts of Electrical Engineering as well as the future career of this program. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

Bachelor's degree in Engineering

Hello friends! I hope you are doing well. Today, I am going to discuss the Bachelor degree in Engineering (B.Eng.). It is an academic degree of three to four years, and the start of your careers like designing the highways, machinery, building communities, working on technologies, innovative technologies, and creating new mechanical devices or tools. However, I will discuss the main branches of Engineering and their major subjects, scope of this degree, and top universities offer this degree programs.

Bachelor's degree in Engineering

Further, this degree is academically equal to the BSc ( Bachelor in Science) degree. It mainly aimed to provide technical skills to students. Universities also give many technical programs of applied sciences. But regular Engg. programs are awarded as BSc degree. Moreover, during bachelor in Engineering, the students learn about the solution to complex math problems, basic scientific principles, and new technologies and methods. However, the expert professors will develop problem-solving skills, deep paper research, and analytical approach in students. At last, the graduate students have to write and publish research papers in the final year of the degree.

Branches of Engineering

The Bachelor of Engineering is divided into different fields, that students can select the field area according to their interest. The common fields for the B.Eng. degree are listed below.

Aerospace Engineering

It deals with the construction and maintenance of large aircraft, and their parts, missiles, and weapons. They are responsible for flight safety, operating cost, fuel efficiency, and environmental effect. Major subjects of Aerospace Engineering are:

• Aerodynamics.
• Heat transfer.
• Management and business.
• Mechanics of flight.
• Aircraft design.
• Space systems.
• Space mission design and analysis.
• flight dynamics and Airframe design.

Agricultural Engineering

It focuses on the development of agricultural machinery and equipment to enhance crop cultivation. They design new technology in the field of agriculture. Major subjects of Agriculture Engineering are:

• Farm Machinery and Power.
• Structures & Environmental Engineering.
• Food Engineering.
• Irrigation & Drainage.
• Fiber and Textile Technology.
• Energy Systems Engineering.

Automotive Engineering

These engineers involve in the design, building, and maintenance of automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, and so on. This is the sub-branch of vehicle engineering. The major subjects of automotive engineering are:

• Technical English.
• Fundamentals of Computing and Programming.
• Engineering Chemistry.
• Engineering Graphics.
• Mathematics.
• Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
• Engineering Physics.
• Principles of Management.
• Engineering mechanics.
• Automotive Pollution and Control.
• Composite Materials.
• Vehicle Dynamics.
• Engineering Thermodynamics.
• Robotics.
• Automotive Chassis.
• Engineering Metals and Metallurgy.
• Statistics and Numerical Methods.
• Environmental Science and Engineering.
• Automotive Transmission.
• Marketing Management.
• Automotive Engines.
• Automotive Safety.
• Production Technology.

Biological Engineering

It also involve biomedical, Biomolecular, Biochemical, Biosystems engineering. They deal with the problem in the interfacing system such as plants, microbes, animals. With the human designed machinery, processes, and instruments. Fundamental courses are:

• Thermodynamics.
• Bio-mechanics.
• Biology.
• Genetic engineering.
• Fluid and mechanical dynamics.
• Kinetics.
• Electronics and materials properties.

Sub-disciplines of Biological Engineering

• Tissue engineering.
• Biomechanics.
• Neural engineering.
• Bioinformatics.
• Genetic engineering.
• Pharmaceutical engineering.
• Clinical engineering.

Chemical Engineering

It mainly focuses on the process of converting raw materials or chemicals to more useful and valuable forms or products. Further, they studied the chemicals and their properties and use them for the benefits. Major subjects of Chemical Engineering

• Separation processes.
• Industrial chemistry.
• Heat, mass, and momentum.
• Cell biology.
• Fluid mechanics.
• Thermodynamics.
• Environmental management.
• Petroleum engineering.

 

Clean Technology

This field uses and recycles energy, raw materials, water, and other inputs more efficiently to clean the environment. And productively use recycle the products. Make less waste and toxic elements.

• The key focus of this field is to work on sustainable energy and also energy optimization to decrease dependency on fossil fuels.
• They work on providing clean water.
• Also, focus on pollution reduction.
• Recycling of waste and management of waste.

Computer Engineering

It involves in making new technology in the computer systems such as make software and hardware according to new generations. They involve in the design and working of smart computers. The major subjects of computer engineering are:

• Microprocessor Lab.
• Image Processing Lab.
• Digital Logic Design Lab.
• VLSI Lab.
• Digital System Design Lab
• Computer Architecture Lab.
• Real-Time Embedded Systems Lab.

Civil Engineering

This is a broad range field involve building Engg., civil Engg., construction Engg., material Engg., control Engg., and industrial Engg. Additionally, they mainly deal with the design, construction, and maintenance of roads, canals, bridges, buildings, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways. Major subjects of Civil engineering are:

• Concrete Technology.
• Surveying.
• Structural Analysis.
• Design of reinforced concrete structures.
• Geotechnical Engineering.
• Environmental Engineering.
• Strength of material.
• Fluid Mechanics.
• Waste Water Engineering.
• Project Management and construction.
• Building Planning.
• Earthquake Engineering.
• Engineering Mathematics.
• Building Materials.
• Transportation Engineering.
• Water Resources Engineering.
• Engineering Mechanics.
• Design of steel structures.
• Estimation and Cost Analysis.
• Bridge Engineering.

 

Electronic Engineering

This is the most diverse field, include Computer Engg., Microelectronics, Communcation Engg., Software Engineering, IT, Nanotechnology, Power Engg., and so on. They make new electrical devices and maintain the heavy machinery. Electronic engineers are in high demand. In this profession, you will have to design logical circuits and you must be productive enough to come with new ideas regularly. Major subjects of Electronic engineering are:

• Applied Calculus.
• Electrical Machines.
• Engineering Drawing.
• Engineering Economics.
• Computer Fundamentals.
• Applied Physics.
• Engineering Ethics.
• Instrumentation & Measurement.
• Engineering Management.
• Digital Logic Design.
• Basic Mechanical Engineering.
• Object-Oriented Programming.
• Linear Algebra.
• Electromagnetic Field Theory.
• Electronic Devices & Circuits.
• Power Electronics.
• Digital Electronics.
• Applied Thermodynamics.
• Differential Equations.
• Introduction to Power Engineering.
• Data Communication & Computer Networks.
• Electrical Network Analysis.
• Communication Systems.
• Linear Control Systems.
• Complex Variables & Transforms.
• Probability & Statistics for Engineers.
• Microwave Communication.
• Wave Propagation & Antennas.
• Numerical Analysis.
• Microprocessor-Based Systems.
• Digital Signal Processing.
• Microwave Communication.

Electrical Controls Engineering

This is a relatively new field and considered the subfield of electrical engineering. Its focus to integrate electrical control and programming systems. Key Skills of Electrical Engineers are:

• Technical expertise.
• Strong numeracy.
• Budgeting.
• Teamwork and people skills.
• General IT skills.
• Self-management such as planning and meeting deadlines.
• Professional communication.
• The ability to make and understand technical diagrams.
• Flexibility.
• Ability to recognize and solve problems.
• Data analysis.
• Understanding the current electrical health and safety management.
• Awareness of related contents such as business and environmental issues.

Engineering Management

It is the subfield of management. It concentrates on giving the management skills to students to plan and execute the principles to manage industrial operations. Major subjects of engineering management are:

• Engineering mathematics.
• Management Science.
• Accounting for engineers.
• Engineering statistics.
• Decision engineering.
• Operations management.
• Business statistics.

Environmental Engineering

This field includes the subfields like Geology, Mining, Geomatics, and ocean Engg. These engineers are focused on the structure and functioning of the environment and earth. They also predict environmental changes. Course Subjects are:

• Strength of Materials.
• Basic Electrical Engineering.
• Ecology and Environmental Impact.
• Engineering Physics.
• Municipal Solid Waste Management.
• Geotechnical Engineering.
• Environmental Chemistry.
• Environmental Biotechnology.

Fire Protection Engineering

This is the combination of the knowledge of science and engineering laws and principles to protect us and the environment from fire, smoke, and other harmful effects. Major topics are:

• Fluid mechanics.
• Thermodynamics.
• Heat transfer with an emphasis on systems and phenomena related to fire.
• Fluid technicians include applications to design, suppression systems, and smoke movement.
• Geological Engineering.

This is a hybrid discipline that includes parts of civil engineering, earth sciences, and petroleum engineering, and mining engineering. In addition, they mainly focus on geological aspects such as mining, forestry, and so on. The main branches of Geology are earth system sciences, sedimentology, planetary geology, geological oceanography, stratigraphy and the geochemistry of natural waters.

Geomatics Engineering

This field focuses on the collection, distribution, processing, and analysis the geographical data. It also focuses on sensing Geographical, satellite positioning, wireless location, Information Systems, and land surveying. The major subjects and elective subjects are geodesy, land cadastre, surveying, and mapping, spatial information technology satellite positioning survey, coastal engineering survey and deformation & geodynamic surveys.

Geotechnical Engineering

This is the mixer of mining and civil engineering. It mainly involves the deep analysis and earth materials and their identifications. Major subjects are:

• Advanced Soil Mechanics.
• Theoretical Soil Mechanics.
• Geotechnical Investigation Practice.
• Advanced Foundation Engineering.
• Dynamics of Soil and Foundation.
• Geotechnical Laboratory.
• Advanced Engineering Mathematics.
• Computer Application in Engineering.

Information Engineering

This is almost similar to Information Technology. It deals with the analysis, generation, and distribution of informative data. The major subject taught are Business Management, Data Structures and Algorithms, Databases, Statistics, Mathematics, English, Economics, Operating Systems, Philosophy, Financial Accounting, Programming and Advanced Programming, Systems Development.

Industrial Engineering

It studies the parts like planning, work measurement, plant layout, methods, job design, human factors, operational management, manufacturing processes, psychology, systems, statistical control, and primary operational management. The major subjects are following: Productivity enhancement, ergonomic product design, Quality improvement, logistics, process optimization, environmental health, and safety.

Instrumentation Engineering

It is the branch of engineering that deals with the measurement of temp, pressure, and flow. It focuses on designing and making instruments that can measure these quantities. Major subjects are:

• Engineering Mathematics.
• Analog Electronic.
• Digital Electronics.
• Control Systems and Process Control.
• Electrical and Electronic Measurements.
• Basics of Circuits and Measurement Systems.
• Transducers, Mechanical Measurement and Industrial Instrumentation.
• Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation.

Integrated Engineering

This is basically a multi-disciplinary and design project-based field. These engineers are skilled in various aspects. Integrated Engineers main focus is on disciplines like materials, electro-mechanical, fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, and systems involving chemical, and biological components.

Leather Engineering

This field is similar to applied chemistry type program that is based on leather and its utilization. Major subjects are:

• Mathematics.
• Leather machinery.
• Electronics engineering.
• Leather Technology.
• Introduction to leather manufacture.
• Engineering physics.
• Introduction to leather manufacture.
• Instrumental methods of analysis.

Manufacturing Engineering

It involves planning, methods engineering, tool design, manufacturing process, robotics, manufacturing management, computer integrated manufacturing, and operations management. Major subjects are:

• Blueprint reading.
• Manufacturing process design and analysis.
• Manufacturing tool design.
• Technical writing.
• Industrial or occupational safety.
• Manufacturing engineering computer programs.

Materials Engineering

It mainly focuses on metallurgy, ceramic, and polymer engineering. Major subjects are:

• Materials Processing, Manufacturing, and Characterization.
• Corrosion and Oxidation.
• Surface Engineering and Coating Technology.
• Ceramics, Polymers, and Composites.
• Nanotechnology and Nano Materials.
• Computational Materials Science.

Marine Engineering

This field includes the engineering of all marine vessels such as boats, ships, oil rigs, boats, ships, oil rigs. It focuses on designing their structure and oceanographic engineering. Especially, marine engineering is the system of applying engineering principles such as mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science to the construction, layout, development, and maintenance of watercraft and on-board systems. Major subjects are:

• Marine design methods.
• Physics.
• Control circuits and electric machinery.
• Ship dynamics.
• Differential equations.
• Fluid mechanics.

Mechanical Engineering

It includes the mechanical engineering principles that apply to different objects in motion such as transportation, buildings, aerospace, energy, as well as machine design. It also focuses to explore the importance of the theoretical areas of mechanics, thermodynamics, materials science, kinematics, electricity, and structural analysis. Major subjects are:

• Engineering Mechanics.
• Fluid Machinery and Aerodynamics.
• Instrumentation & control.
• Thermodynamics, and Heat Transfer Energy of Refrigeration or air Conditioning.
• Strength of Materials.
• Manufacturing Technology or processes.
• Design of Mechanical Systems.

Mechatronics Engineering

It is the combination of control and mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, telecommunication engineering, and computer engineering. The main curriculum of this degree are Mathematics, Fundamentals of Mechatronics, Hydraulics and Pneumatics, Machine Design and CAD, Microcontrollers and Microprocessors, instrumentation & Measurements, and Mechatronics System.

Mining Engineering

It deals with identifying, extracting, marketing, beneficiating, and using mineral deposits. Major subjects are:

• Ventilation.
• Mine Planning.
• Ore Reserve Analysis.
• Materials Handling.
• Rock Mechanics.
• Drilling and Blasting.
• Industrial Management.
• Minerals Processing.

Nuclear Engineering

This field usually includes nuclear fission & fusion and related subjects such as heat transport, nuclear fuel, or other related technologies, and the problems of nuclear generation. It also includes radiation protection, medical physics, and particle detectors. The three major subjects are nuclear engineering, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and nuclear medicine.

Petroleum Engineering

It is a field of engineering involved with the projects related to the exploration and generation of hydrocarbons from the Earth. The major subjects are Production Engineering, reservoir studies, rock properties, corrosion control in the petroleum industry, fluid properties, artificial lift methods, well testing, well logging, and enhanced oil recovery techniques, natural gas transmission, distribution, and petroleum economics, storage.

Plastics Engineering

It is a wide field of engineering which involves plastic processing and designing the mold. Major subjects are:

• Engineering mathematics.
• Engineering chemistry.
• Computer application.
• Engineering graphics.
• Material science.
• Mechanics of Solids.
• Engineering physics.
• Production process.

Production Engineering

It is a term used in the Europe and UK and very similar to the Industrial Engineering field in North America. It involves the engineering of people, machines, management, and process. It explores the applicability of the theoretical field of Mechanics. Major subjects are: Material Science, Facility Planning, Technology, Material Handling, Industrial Management, Manufacturing, Mechanical Measurements, and Metrology, Economics & life cycle concepts, and Fluid Mechanics.

Textile Engineering

It focuses on the production of yarn from three types of fiber, then into the fabric, and finally in textiles.

Automation and Robotics Engineering

This field relates to all engineering disciplines that are involving in performing in robotics and automation

Structural Engineering

It is involved in analyzing, designing, planning, and researching the structural components, loads and systems, to reach design purposes including high-risk structures securing the security and convenience of residents in a broad range of jobs.

Software Engineering

This field involves the regular utilization of scientific and technological expertise, techniques, and knowledge to the layout, implementation, measurement, and documentation of software.

Systems Engineering

This field focuses on the study, design, advancement, and design of complex systems.

Scope of Engineering degree

Engineering is considered one of the most successful areas of study worldwide. Every year, numerous students take admission in different engineering fields. Today, the increase in the speed of unemployment made everybody consider his/her future and career seriously. With time the engineering jobs pay has increased a lot. Now it is among the highest-paid professions. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that the annual salary of an engineer is about $91,010 and the projects of engineering fields have an employment increase of nearly 140,000 new jobs over the past. Moreover, choice of the right field gives a way towards the right profession starting to a bright future. But, if you select the wrong field clearly, you will not reach your aim by experiencing a lot of obstacles and difficulties. So always choose the right field, in which you have an interest. In Pakistan, the 4 engineering fields are the highest-paid. These are Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Electrical Engineering. These engineering fields are supposed to be one of the common choices for a good career. Because these degrees enable students to develop skills and knowledge which are essential to lead a flourishing career.

Top five universities offering engineering degrees

Harvard University

The Harvard University, School of Engineering is the new school established in 2007. Its origin is in the Lawrence Scientific School, which was established in 1847 and became a school in 2007. The school of Engineering taught several teaching fields such as applied mathematics, environmental science, and engineering, bioengineering, computer science, applied physics, electrical engineering, and materials science and mechanical engineering. The toppers of the school have been granted a Nobel Prize (MacArthur Fellowship Award) a Turing Award and a Guggenheim Fellowship, and many others.

University of Oxford

The University of Oxford offered specific engineering degrees which are differing from United States universities. The students are picked from different strands of engineering to graduate. For undergraduates, this is a four-year program degree in engineering science. There are also other fields of Engineering taught such as electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, civil engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, and mechanical engineering. To get admission, the applicants have to pass the interview round. Many engineering graduates from Oxford have bright careers as professional engineers.

Stanford University

The School of Engineering of Stanford University is popular for the past century because of its innovation and new technology ideas. This school consists of nine departments and additional institutes, research centres, and laboratories. The school of engineering mainly focuses on human challenging projects such as systems design, bioengineering, information technology, climate change, network security, robotics, materials and matter, affordable accessible healthcare, urban design, and computation and data analysis. However, this university has nine departments, and eight interdepartmental undergraduate programs in which students can choose to major in.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

The Engineering school of MIT is ranked among the top five schools at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is the biggest of all five schools. Further, the school has eight educational departments and two interdisciplinary schools. The departments of Engineering are the following: mechanical engineering, aeronautics, and astronautics, nuclear science and Engg., biological engineering, among others. The school allows both undergraduate and postgraduate programs and supports students at all stages to manage research.

University of California, Berkeley

The College of Engineering of the University of California is considered the top college among 14 schools and colleges. It was founded in 1931. Students can decide to seek several different fields, such as civil mechanical engineering, environmental engineering, and nuclear engineering, and many others. Distinguished alumni of the Engineering college are Steve Wozniack (the co-founder of Apple), Andrew Ng (co-founder and executive chairman of Coursera), Marc Tarpenning (the co-founder of Tesla), and (Peter Norvig) director of research at Google. I hope, you will find this article helpful to understand the majors in Engineering and its scope. Have a good day. :)

MJE13009 NPN Transistor Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to MJE13009. MJE13009 is a semiconductor device made of silicon material that falls under the category of NPN transistors. This device is mainly used for switching and amplification purposes. The power dissipation of this device is 100W and the emitter-base voltage is 9V which is the amount of voltage needed to bias the device. I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll describe the complete Introduction to MJE13009 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to MJE13009

• MJE13009 is an NPN transistor mainly used for amplification and switching purposes.
• This is a semiconductor device made of silicon material and comes in a TO-220 package.
• MJE13009 is a three-layer device where two n-doped layers surround the one p-doped layer.
• This integrated chip contains three terminals named emitter, base, and collector.

• The small input current at the base pin is used to control the large output current at the remaining two terminals.
• MJE13009 is a type of bipolar junction transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family where electrons are the major charge carriers.
• In a bipolar junction transistor, both electrons and holes play a key role in the conductivity inside the transistor. However, in the case of NPN transistors, electrons are major charge carriers while in the case of PNP transistor conductivity is carried out by the holes as major charge carriers.
• In NPN transistors current flows from the collector to emitter terminal while in the case of PNP transistor current flows from emitter to collector terminal.

• The NPN devices are preferred over PNP devices for a range of switching applications because the mobility of electrons is better than the mobility of holes.
• The bipolar junction transistors are current-controlled devices in contrast to MOSFETs that are voltage controlled devices and contain terminals drain, source, and gate. The gate terminal plays the same role in MOSFET what the base terminal plays a role in bipolar junction transistors.
• The collector-emitter voltage of this device is 400V and the collector-base voltage is 700V while the emitter-base voltage is 9V which is the amount of voltage that can bias the device and start transistor action.
• MJE13009 is mainly developed for high-power high-speed switching applications. And the collector current of this device is 12A which means it can support load up to 12A.

MJE13009 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of MJE13009.

MJE13009 Pinout

The MJE13009 carries three terminals known as:

1. Base
2. Collector
3. Emitter

All these terminals are used for external connection with the electrical circuit. The following figure shows the pinout diagram of MJE13009. The terminals carry different doping concentrations. The collector pin is a lightly doped terminal while the emitter terminal is a highly doped pin compared to other terminals. Similarly, the base pin is 10-times more doped than the collector terminal.

MJE13009 Working Principle

• The base pin is responsible for the overall transistor action. When voltage is applied at the base pin, it helps in biasing the device and current will start flowing from collector to emitter terminal.

• The different doping concentration of all these terminals is responsible for the lack of symmetry inside transistor device.

• Yes, bipolar junction transistors are not symmetrical which means if you interchange both collector and emitter terminals, it will force the terminals to stop acting in forward active mode and as a result, both terminals will start operating in reverse action mode.
• This exchanging of terminals can influence the value of both common-emitter current gain and common-base current gain.

MJE13009 Power Ratings

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of MJE13009.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of MJE13009
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Collector-emitter voltage	400V
2	Collector-base voltage	700V
3	Base-emitter voltage	9V
4	Collector current	12A
5	Power dissipation	100W
6	Base current	6A
7	Operating and storage junction temperature range	-55 to 150C

• The junction temperature and storage temperature ranges from -55 to 150C.
• The collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 400V and 700V respectively. And total power dissipation is 100W which is the amount of power released during the working of this device. When you’re working with this integrated circuit, make sure the ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, you’ll be risking your entire project.
• Moreover, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability.

MJE13009 Applications

MJE13009 is used in the following applications.

• Used to support loads under 12A.
• Installed in the motor control circuit.
• Employed in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.

• Employed for switching and amplification purpose.
• Used in voltage regulator circuits.
• Employed in the switched-mode power supply.
• Used in H-bridge circuits.
• Used in modern electronic circuits.

MJE13009 Physical dimensions

The following figure represents the physical dimensions of the IC MJE13009. By looking at the physical dimensions of this component you can evaluate the space required for your circuit and install the device accordingly. That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m willing and happy to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this article.

MJE13003 NPN Transistor Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll demonstrate the Introduction to MJE13003. MJE13003 is an NPN silicon transistor mainly used for high-speed high voltage power switching applications. This chip is a three-terminal device where a small current at one terminal is used to produce a large current at the remaining terminals. The collector current is 1.5A which projects this device can support load up to 1.5A. I suggest you buckle up as I’ll describe the complete Introduction to MJE13003 covering datasheet, pinout, working principle, applications, power ratings, and physical dimensions. Let’s get started.

Introduction to MJE13003

• MJE13003 is a bipolar junction transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family. It is mainly used for switching and amplification purposes and comes in the TO-220 package.
• The power dissipation of this device is 40W which is the amount of power released during the working of this device.

• MJE13003 is a power transistor that comes with three terminals known as emitter, base, and collector. The small input current at the base pin is used to induce a large output current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• Bipolar junction transistors are the type of transistors where two charge carriers i.e. holes and electrons, play a vital role in the conductivity of the device.
• Bipolar junction transistors are divided into two types where one is an NPN transistor and the other is a PNP transistor.
• In NPN transistors, both electrons and holes are responsible for the conductivity of the device, however, electrons are major charge carriers in this case while holes are minority carriers.
• Similarly, both electrons and holes play a vital role in the conductivity of PNP transistors but here holes are majority carriers and electrons are minority carriers.

• Moreover, current flows from emitter to collector terminal in PNP transistors while in the case of NPN transistors current flows in opposite direction i.e. from collector to emitter terminals.
• When comparing NPN transistors with PNP transistors, the NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors because electrons can flow faster than holes, making PNP devices more valuable for a range of applications.
• These bipolar junction transistors are current-controlled devices while MOSFETs are the type of transistors that are voltage-controlled devices and carry terminals named drain, source, and gate.

MJE13003 Datasheet

It is wise to scan through the datasheet of the component before you incorporate this device into your electrical project. The datasheet features the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of MJE13003 by clicking the link below.

MJE13003 Pinout

MJE13003 is a power transistor that comes with three terminals named:

1. Base
2. Collector
3. Emitter

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of MJE13003.

• The external electrical circuit is connected with this transistor through these terminals. All these terminals come with different doping concentrations.
• The emitter pin is highly doped while the collector pin is lightly doped. And the base terminal is 10-times more doped than the collector pin.

• And large current at the emitter and collector terminals is produced by using the small current at the base terminal.

MJE13003 Working Principle

• The base pin is the location responsible for the entire transistor action. When you apply a voltage at the base pin, it will bias the device and as a result, the current will start flowing from collector to emitter terminal.
• As this is an NPN transistor so here electrons are the major carriers and holes are minority carriers.

• Know that bipolar junction transistors are not symmetrical devices. Which projects if you interchange the emitter and collector terminal, it will prevent the terminals to work in forward active mode, and thus both terminals will start working in reverse active mode.
• Exchanging these terminals will also influence the values of common-base current gain and common-emitter current gain.

MJE13003 Absolute Maximum Ratings

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of MJE13003.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of MJE13003
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Collector-emitter voltage	400V
2	Collector-base voltage	700V
3	Base-emitter voltage	9V
4	Collector current	1.5A
5	Power dissipation	40W
6	Base current	0.75A
7	Operating and storage junction temperature range	-55 to 150C

• The total power dissipation of this device is 40W which is the amount of power released during the functioning of this device.
• While collector-base voltage is 700V and collector-emitter voltage is 400V. The emitter-base voltage is 9V which shows the amount of voltage required to bias this device.
• When you’re working with the component, make sure the ratings don’t surpass the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, they can badly damage the device, thus the entire project.
• Also, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability.

MJE13003 Applications

MJE13003 is employed in the following applications.

• Used in modern electronic circuits.
• Used in the switched-mode power supply.
• Used in voltage regulator circuits.

• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
• Used to support loads under 1.5A.
• Used in H-bridge circuits.
• Used in the motor control circuit.

MJE13003 Physical Dimensions

The following figure shows the physical dimensions of MJE13003. Using these dimensions you can evaluate the space required to install this device into the electrical circuit. That was all about the Introduction to MJE13003. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the comment section below. I’m willing and happy to help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to share your feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us produce quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

2-bit Full Subtractor in Proteus ISIS

Hello mentees! Welcome on the behalf of The Engineering Projects. We are here with a new lesson about the Digital Logic Circuits. Logic Circuits work as heart in many electronic Circuits. The topic of today is Full Subtractor in Proteus and you will find the answers of the following questions:

1. What are 2 bit  Full Subtractors?
2. How can we design the Truth Table of 2 bit Full Subtractor?
3. How can we implement the 2 bit Full Subtractor in Proteus ISIS?

You will also learn some important chunks of information in the DID YOU KNOW sections.

2 bit Full Subtractors

A full Subtractor works really well in the processor. We’ll talk about it function but before that have a look at its definition:

• 2 bit Full Subtractor is a Combinational Logic that contain three Inputs and Two outputs and perform the function of Subtraction with two bits.
• Minuend: The 1st input is called the Minuend used to take the bit from which the 2nd value will be Subtracted.
• Subtrahend: It is called the 2nd input that is subtracted from Minuend.
• Borrow in: It is the third input that is use to take the value of the Previous borrow and we’ll denote it as B(in) here.

• Borrow Out: The Borrow out is symbolized as B(out) and it the resultant borrow that the output Terminal shows.
• Difference: This is the main result that was the concern of the experiment and its value totally depends upon the binary subtraction rules.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

There is another circuit called Half Subtractor that is used for the subtraction of bits but the foremost disadvantage of that circuit was its inability to work with the borrow taken in the previous calculation and the designers worked for another better Subtractors.

Truth Table of 2-bit Full Subtractor

If you know about the Concept of binary subtraction, you can use your knowledge to generate a Truth Table of 2 bit  Full Subtractor so that one can design a feasible Circuit of 2 bit Full Subtractor. The Table contain all the records that can be possible for our experiment and its result into the bargain. Thus the Truth Table for the Full Subtractor is shows as:

Minuend	Subtrahend	B(in)	Difference	B(out)
0	0	0	0	1
0	0	1	1	1
0	1	0	1	1
0	1	1	0	1
1	0	0	1	0
1	0	1	0	0
1	1	0	0	0
1	1	1	1	1

Working Mechanism of 2 bit Full Subtractor

When we observe the Circuit of 2 bit Full Subtractor, we found that it is combination of two circuits of Half subtractors and the output of each circuit is then fed into an OR Gate through which we get the output of borrow. We have two types of outputs in the 2 bit  Full Subtractor:

1. Difference
2. Borrow

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

The Full Subtractor is the one of the most fundamental Logic circuits of that are used for two bit subtraction in many computing system.

Let's have a look at the procedure of calculation of both.

Difference

The binary subtraction is similar to the decimal subtraction but it works with only two digits called 0 and 1 instead of 1 to 10 in the decimal. When we examine the answer of the bit difference while using a Truth Table in the Half Subtractor circuit, we found that it is identical to the XOR Gate. Therefore we use a XOR Gate for the Difference that is introduced as:

The type of Logic Circuit that gives the output HIGH only when both its inputs have inverse value to each other and vise versa. 

Thus the truth table for the XOR Gate is given as:

A	B	A XOR B
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0

The output of the XOR Gate is Fed into another XOR Gate for the Full subtraction which has the connection of a Borrow Input B(in) at its Second input.

DID YOU KNOW???????????????

The Application of the  Full Subtractor is found in the ALU of computer where they are responsible for the Graphic application to decrease the difficulty in the CPU and GPU.

Borrow

Many times, the situation arrives when the Minuend<Subtrahend and in this way, the circuit need to borrow a bit from the bit presented just after it. The Full Subtractor do this through the AND Gate that contain a NOT Gate at its one end. For full Subtractor, this arrangement is again fed into the duplicated circuit and the both the outputs of this AND Gate is fed into the OR Gate that gives us the Borrow(out).

2 bit Full Subtractor in Proteus ISIS

• Start up your Proteus Software.
• Collect the following devices from the Pick Library.

Devices Required

1. XOR Gate
2. AND Gate
3. OR Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED-Red

• Arrange the XOR Gate, AND Gate and NOT Gate at the working area according to the arrangement given below:

• This will form a Half Subtractor. Select the devices through a square selection area.
• Copy the whole arrangement through left click>copy to clip board.
• Paste the arrangement in the side of the circuit.
• Add an OR gate at the right side of the system. The screen should look like the image given below:

   

• Add three Logic Toggles at the left most side of the arrangement.
• Connect the Whole circuit through connecting wires by matching the circuit with the following image:
• This is the Full Subtractor circuit. Change the values of the Probes according to the Truth Table and record your observation.

  Consequently, Today we learned very useful circuit of Logic Design. We saw what are 2 bit  Full Subtractor, how can we design a  Truth Table of 2 bit Full Subtractor, what is the basic mechanism behind the working of 2 bit Full Subtractor and how can we perform a Practical implementation of 2 bit  Full Subtarctor using Proteus ISIS. In the next session, we'll learn how can we simulate a four bit Full Subtractor in Proteus ISIS and its basic concepts.

D13009K NPN Transistor Datasheet, Pinout, Power Ratings & Applications

Hello Folks! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to D13009K. D13009K is a high voltage fast switching power transistor that falls under the category of NPN transistors. The collector current of this device is 12A which projects it can endure load under 12A. This chip is mainly used in amplification and switching applications. The small current change at one pair of terminals is used to produce a large current change across the remaining terminals. The power dissipation is 100W which features the amount of power this chip dissipates during the working of this integrated chip. I recommend you check out this post all the way through as I’ll demonstrate the complete Introduction to D13009K covering datasheet, pinout, power ratings, applications, and physical dimensions. Let’s get started.

Introduction to D13009K

• D13009K is an NPN bipolar junction transistor that is a high voltage fast switching power device. It is widely employed for switching and amplification purposes.
• This component contains three terminals named base, collector, and emitter. It generates a large current across emitter and collector terminals by changing a small current at the base side. This phenomenon is used for amplification purposes.

• The emitter-base voltage is 9V which details that it requires 9V to start the transistor action and bias this device.
• D13009K contains three layers. Two are n-doped layers and one is a p-doped layer. The p-doped layer sits between the two n-doped layers.

• Bipolar junction transistors are divided into two main types i.e. PNP transistors and NPN transistors.
• The D13009K is an NPN transistor where electrons are the major charge carriers. It is important to note that these devices are called bipolar devices because both holes and electrons are responsible for the conductivity inside the transistor.
• In NPN devices, electrons are the major charge carriers and in PNP devices, holes are the major carriers. Moreover, NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors since the mobility of electrons is faster and efficient than the mobility of holes.
• This bipolar junction transistor is a current-controlled device as opposed to MOSFETs that are voltage-controlled devices and carry pins like a drain, source, and gate. The drain side replaces the emitter, the source replaces the collector and the gate replaces the base pin in bipolar junction transistors.

D13009K Datasheet

Before you embed this chip into your electrical project, it’s wise to check out the datasheet of the device that features the main characteristics of the device. Download the datasheet of D13009K by clicking the link below.

D13009K Pinout

This power transistor contains three terminals named:

1. Base
2. Collector
3. Emitter

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of D13009K. The doping concentration of all these terminals is different. The collector pin is lightly doped while the emitter pin is highly doped. The base pin is 10-times more doped than the collector side.

D13009K Working Principle

• This device comes with high breakdown voltage and carries high current capability. It is a highly reliable product and features a high switching speed.
• The working of this device starts from the base pin. When you apply voltage at the base terminals, it will bias the device and start the transistor action. And current starts flowing from collector to emitter terminal.
• In NPN transistors current flows from collector to emitter terminal and in PNP transistors current flows from emitter to collector terminal.

• These bipolar devices are not symmetrical. This means if you try to exchange the collector and emitter side, it will prevent the terminals to work in forward active mode and force the terminals to work in reverse active mode.

• The different doping concentration of these devices is responsible for the lack of symmetry in these transistors.

D13009K Power Ratings

The following table features the absolute maximum ratings of D13009K.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of D13009K
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Collector-emitter voltage	400V
2	Collector-base voltage	700V
3	Base-emitter voltage	9V
4	Collector current	12A
5	Power dissipation	100W
6	Base current	6A
7	Operating and storage junction temperature range	-55 to 150C

• When you’re working with the component, make sure the ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, it can affect the entire project.
• The collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 400V and 700 respectively. And total power dissipation is 100W which shows the amount of power released during the working of this chip. The junction temperature and storage temperature ranges from -55 to 150C.
• Plus, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability.

D13009K Applications

D13009K is used in the following applications.

• Used in energy-saving lights.
• Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
• Used in high-frequency power transform.
• Employed to support loads under 12A.
• Used in voltage regulator circuits.
• Used in a common power amplifier.

• Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.
• Used in electronic Ballasts.
• Used in the high switching power supply.

D13009K Physical Dimensions

The image below shows the physical dimensions of D13009K. By reading those dimensions you can evaluate the space required for your component in the electrical project. That’s all for today. Thank you for reading this entire post. You are most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content based on your exact needs and requirements. You can approach me in the section below if you need any help regarding this article, I’m happy and willing to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this article.

MJE13007 NPN Transistor Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hello Everyone! Happy to see you around. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll document the Introduction to MJE13007. MJE13007 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor that is a semiconductor device made of silicon material. This chip is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. The collector-base voltage is 700V while the collector-emitter voltage is 400V. The power dissipation at temp 25C is 80W. This means 80W is released during the working of this device. This device can support load up to 8A because the current at the collector side is 8A. I suggest you read this entire post till the end as I’ll include the complete Introduction to MJE13007 covering datasheet, pinout, working principle, power ratings, applications, and physical dimensions. Let’s get started.

Introduction to MJE13007

• MJE13007 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor mainly used for high voltage high-speed switching applications.
• Three layers are used for the construction of this device. One is a p-doped layer that stands between two n-doped layers.
• MJE13007 includes three terminals named base, collector, and emitter. The small input current at the base side is used to generate a large output current across the emitter and collector terminals.

• The emitter-base voltage is 9V which means this device requires 9V to initiate the transistor action.
• Bipolar junction transistors come in two types i.e. NPN transistors and PNP transistors. This device MJE13007 falls under the category of NPN transistors where electrons are the major carriers while in the case of PNP transistors holes are the major carriers.
• It is important to note that in bipolar junction transistors both electrons and holes are involved in the conductivity inside the transistors but holes are majority carriers in PNP transistors while electrons are major carriers in NPN transistors.
• The mobility of holes is less efficient than the mobility of electrons, making NPN transistors a better choice for the range of applications.
• Moreover, the current flows from emitter to collector in PNP transistors while it flows from collector to emitter in NPN transistors.
• Transistors are mainly divided into two main types’ i.e. bipolar junction transistors and MOSFETs. The bipolar junction transistor are the current-controlled device while MOSFETs are the voltage-controlled devices that include terminals known as a drain, source, and gate.

MJE13007 Datasheet

Before you apply this device to your electrical project, it is wise to scan through the datasheet of the device that details the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of MJE13007.

MJE13007 Pinout

The MJE13007 includes three terminals named:

1. Base
2. Collector
3. Emitter

The following image represents the pinout diagram of MJE13007. The small current at the base side is used to control the large current at the remaining terminals. All these terminals are used for the external connection with the electronic circuit. While the collector side is lightly doped. The base side is 10-times more doped than the collector side.

MJE13007 Working Principle

• The base side is responsible for the overall transistor action. When voltage is applied at the base pin, it gets biased, and current will start flowing from the collector to the emitter terminal.

• This device MJE13007 is not a symmetrical device. The lack of symmetry is due to the difference in the doping concentration of all three terminals.

• If you try to exchange the emitter and collector terminals, it will prevent the device from working in forward active mode and as a result, both terminals will start working in reverse active mode, influencing the values of both common-emitter current gain and common-base current gain.

MJE13007 Power Ratings The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of MJE13007.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of MJE13007
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Collector-emitter voltage	400V
2	Collector-base voltage	700V
3	Base-emitter voltage	9V
4	Collector current	8A
5	Power dissipation	80W
6	Base current	4A
7	Operating and storage junction temperature range	-55 to 150C

• The power dissipation is 80W which is the amount of power that will dissipate during the working of this device. The collector-base voltage is 700V and the collector-emitter voltage is 400V.
• The emitter-base voltage is 9V which is the amount of voltage that you will apply to bias the device and start the transistor action.
• When you’re working with this chip, make sure the ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, they can severely damage the device, thus the entire project.
• Moreover, don’t apply these ratings more than the desired time, else they can affect device reliability.

MJE13007 Applications

The following are the main applications of the MJE13007 NPN transistor.

• Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.
• Employed in the switched-mode power supply.
• Employed to support loads under 8A.
• Installed in the motor control circuit.

• Used in voltage regulator circuits.
• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Used in H-bridge circuits.
• Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.

MJE13007 Physical Dimensions

The following figure presents the physical dimensions of MJE13007. By reading the physical dimensions you can get a hold of the space required to install this device into the relevant project. That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. You are most welcome to share your feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. You can approach me in the section below, for any query regarding this article. I’m happy and willing to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.