The Engineering Projects

Virtual Private Network (VPN) - All you need to know

You must have heard about the VPN. It's a much common phrase these days. Many teenagers use this service to browse online, stream the content and get the location prohibited services online, but the actual meaning of VPN is a lesser-known fact and why VPN was introduced is rarely known. In this complete guide about VPN, you'll learn everything about the VPN- the intro, history, usage, types and benefits.

Introduction to VPN

VPN is pronounced as Virtual Private Network. As its name suggests, VPN is a private network connection that serves the purpose of data sharing, privately, among several connected devices. All the computers, mobiles, laptops and other devices connected through this virtual private network can share the data with secured encryption that cannot be observed by anyone else. That's why it is called a private network. It serves the purpose of security.

A typical VPN performs data encryption up to 256 bytes. Data encryption means that your original data is being transmitted into a different complex language that needs to be decrypted for understanding. That's why, when you surf the internet via VPN, all your data log is encrypted and no internet service provider can see the actual data. They just see a connection between a random IP and the VPN server. The encrypted data seems garbage to them. Here's a list of a few best online VPN services:

• SurfShark VPN
• Nord VPN
• ExpressVPN etc.

History of VPN

VPN was introduced in 1996 just for the sake of sharing the team data, remotely, via a private network. It made the team eligible to connect the company's device via a secured connection. Later, many military and government sectors shared their resources and their devices via virtual private networks so that any core member of the department could access the data anywhere online.

These private networks made sure the data encryption as well. No other internet user or service provider could actually see their transaction details. That's how the VPN appeared as a handful yet secured network.

With the passage of time, a corporate sector adopted this private network method as they could not afford to reveal their specific business models and strategies online with anyone; therefore, they made their own virtual private networks to deal with their international staff via a private network.

VPN Structure

A virtual private network means private network access to a public network connection virtually. There are different protocols used in building a secured VPN. Whenever a person is connected through a VPN, his browsing history and login details won't be accessible via a public network. It does not matter if he is using public Wifi or not, his all browsing history is encrypted with several protocols.

Pros/ Advantages of VPN

VPN helps us in getting:

• Secure connection
• Better Internet Speed
• Access to the restricted platforms
• Chance to go global
• Rid of censorship
• An untraceable IP
• All international offers
• Secured data log

Secure connection

The very first and foremost usage of the VPN is building a secured line of data transmission which cannot be traced, manipulated or hacked by any service provider.

All the data which is transmitted by a VPN is encrypted in several layers and the service provider can just see a connection between them, not the actual data which is being transferred.

That's why most of the banking sectors and e-commerce stakeholders have their own VPNs. Otherwise, all the private credentials can be hacked or manipulated with some medium level hacking.

Better Internet Speed

As you have known that VPN is a private network, so it works as a dedicated server between both ends. We may receive lag in our public network connections due to a burden of overload traffic but the VPN works as a sole private network that is dedicatedly available to you. Regardless of a normal public connection speed, VPN always offers you a better speed than a public network.

That's why many streamers and professional gamers now have to have a premium VPN service for the best speed.

Access to the Restricted Platforms

We are living in a highly diplomatic and highly competitive era. Many international countries and brands have to restrict their services due to their diplomatic policies like China and Saudia won't allow you to use Facebook and Google etc. In the same way, some countries won't support the PayPal and Netflix streaming services. If you are traveling or staying there for a while, you still can access your PayPal and Netflix subscription there with the help of a VPN.

If you still want to use any international service without any local restrictions, you need to have a VPN service.

Chance to Go Global

One of the most fascinating things about VPN is about connecting to the internet from any country's local network. You can select your favorite county's network to connect with and then all your data surfing and browsing would be done with that particular network.

Most of the time, any internet geek or E-commerce geek chooses VPN to collect data and statistics for an international forum. For example, whenever you type a certain keyword in your browser, you will see some top suggested queries by your browser. Those top suggestions are based on the most common search queries from your nearest areas. Hence, you can connect to another country's network via VPN and collect a different data set by searching the same query in your browser. It would give you top search results from that particular location.

Any SEO guru can do this to master the keyword-finding technique. Probably most of the keywords finding tools perform the same algorithm to gather the top ranking keywords in different parts of the world.

Get Rid of Censorship

If you ever feel rejected, restricted by the national censorship laws and some international forums and you just can't share any bold content or speech of your desire. You can achieve that freedom of speech after getting connected with any VPN service. You can then easily share your ideas and content from a different location.

An Untraceable IP

In a normal routine, you are easily traceable and trackable of your all activities via your internet devices. All your banking details and your bank transaction can be hacked with ease on a public network. You can even be traced with some medium to advance hacking tools. Hence, you are nothing but a caged person in this miserable public network connection. So, you may get an untraceable IP each time after getting connected with the VPNs. Each time you get connected to the VPN, you get a new IP address that cannot be traced back to your device.

Redeem All International Offers

As you have already understood much about VPN, you should be aware of the fact that you can change your log-in location with the help of a VPN. Now here comes an exciting part. Many companies and brands present special deals and discounted offers for specific countries or regions at some specific local festivals. If you have a VPN service, you can easily redeem the discounted price after getting logged in from that particular location.

In another case, you can even purchase online from different locations to have a fair deal. For example, AliExpress provides a different rate for Chinese than Europeans.

Secured Data Log

Have you ever wondered about the internet ads process? How do they belong to you every single time? How can they appear at the right place at the right time? How is it possible for those advertisers to know your personal interests and your personal needs?

Well, it is an alarming yet awakening fact that every single free social media service provider keeps logging and storing your personal data from your device. Whenever you download the free apps, they ask permission to access your microphone and camera. There you fall into a trap. They can know every single thing about themselves through your device. They sell that particular data to those third-party apps, so they can lure you with the most relevant necessities. That's how the whole online advertising model works. That's how all these free apps are still able to provide you so-called free services because you are not paying for their products but you are yourself a product. It is what it is.

Cons/Disadvantages of VPN

Despite all the pros of VPN, there are some cons of VPN as well. The most common disadvantages of VPN are:

• Extra Cost
• Illegal activity

Extra Cost

To have a secured and premium service of a VPN may cost any particular regular charges which you have to bear as an extra for surfing the same browsers along with the VPN.

It won't cost much to any individual but on a larger scale, VPN costs the corporate companies and banking sectors a handsome monthly amount.

Illegal Activity

We know that we are living in the high-tech era. Every single good soul is using the internet so as the evil ones. That's why government institutions and your national internet service provider keep tracking your internet activities all the time. If any fraudulent or terror activities are to be done somewhere, they try to trace it via their logged data and eliminate the threat before a threat eliminates us.

That's why many countries won't encourage VPNs as they consider it a risky approach for common civilians. If it is encouraged openly, then every single person would be doing it and they can't differentiate between anyone because they won't be able to decrypt the encrypted surfing data. Anyone with bad intentions would be a major threat if he would be using the VPN each time before going to the internet. That's why all the security institutions won't allow any open usage of the VPN. They are interested in tracking your records for your safety; however, you won't be having your free private life.

Types of VPN

There are many types of VPN services available in the market nowadays. Most of them are free but they have their limitations and other premium VPs are good options too. Following are the details about several types of VPN.

Free Routers VPN

Free routers VPNs work as just the router. They just redirect your internet requests to the private network and all the responses from the public networks against your search queries revert back to you from the same private network connection. There is no direct network connection between the public network and your device. You can get a new random IP address each time while connecting to that free VPN. So, your location is untraceable.

These free VPNs are most favorable towards newbies and freebies. Almost all teenagers use such free VPNs to stream their favorite content platforms like Netflix, Hulu and Sonyliv etc.

The major benefit of such VPNs is that they won't cost you some extra bucks but they are not much feasible as well. They are usually slower than premium ones because many people use their free services and their server is usually down due to heavy traffic. Moreover, their security is not as much safer as it should be. As they also have an advertisement revenue model for their return of investment (ROI), you are still on the verge of losing all your data online to some specific advertisers. That's why you observe many ads even on VPNs.

So these are not trustworthy for secured businesses. They are just valuable for youngsters for steaming the restricted games and apps free of cost.

Premium VPNs

Premium VPNs are dedicated VPNs for your network connection. They are not rushy as there are no freebies there on their server. Only mature and serious peeps buy their membership to have either a better speed of internet or much safer protection for their online surfing. In such premium VPNs, several layers of VPN protocols are added and your data is made fully encrypted. Further, your one-session data expires- once you logged out from that private connection. That's the most attractive part to buy a premium service of a VPN as it gives you full control and assurance about your protected internet surfing.

These premium VPN services have several backup servers on their end, so their speed is rarely compromised.

Such VPNs give freedom of speech and free life- a true meaning.

FAQs about VPN

What is VPN?

VPN is a virtual private network that allows you to access the public network, privately. It was built for just accessing office resources remotely in 1996. Nowadays, it is working as a proper proxy network to access all the restricted platforms. You can secretly browse anything from your PC and your IP address and browsing history won't be tracked.

What is the purpose of a VPN?

There are several purposes of VPN as it behaves as a separate private network connection providing a speedy internet, secured internet and ad-free service; plus, it gives you an opportunity to access all the restricted services and international offers. Some corporate companies and banks use their own VPNs to make their data secure via their own private network.

What are the Pros/Cons of VPN?

There are several pros and cons of a VPN. The major pros of VPN are data security, speedy internet and providing access to any restricted media by changing your geometric location and IP.

The cons of VPN are the extra expenditure and a risky approach to a probable violation of the law according to some specific countries.

How to check the quality of any VPN?

You should check its capability of providing secure 256 bits data encryption. You should check whether it has as many locations as you want or not. You must check its assigned IP addresses beginning- it must match with that particular location's IPs. You should also check the internet speed via that particular VPN. It is supposed to give you a higher speed.

Should I go with free VPNs or Premium Ones?

Obviously, it is preferable to go with the premium ones as they provide better privacy and speedy service than free ones. However, if you want to just access your favorite show or game which is restricted in your location, you can go with the free ones. Don't try to process any secret data like banking or credit card transactions while using free VPNs.

How do I connect with a VPN Service?

It's not a hectic task nowadays, you can just simply download an app from the play store or an app store and the app sets up a VPN connection on your public internet automatically assigning you a random IP of a different location. However, you can set up manually via VPN settings in your network settings.

For a Windows PC, you need to sign up with your VPN service providers and establish a username and password once.

Once you have got your VPN subscription, you can simply go to the network settings and create a VPN server choosing a specific IP address, username and password.

Then you just need to connect with that particular VPN network each time. It works as a proxy network in your windows.

MJE13005 NPN Transistor Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to MJE13005. The MJE13005 is a high speed and high voltage power transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family. This device can support load up to 4A and the emitter-base voltage is 9V which is the voltage required to bias the device and start the transistor action. I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to MJE13005 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to MJE13005

• The MJE13005 is an NPN transistor which is a high speed and high power device used for amplification and switching purposes.
• This component is made of three-layers where one is p-doped layers and the other two are n-doped layers. The p-doped layer stands between these two n-doped layers.
• The MJE13005 is a semiconductor device made of silicon material. It contains three terminals known as emitter, base, and collector and is termed as a current-controlled device as opposed to MOSFETs which are voltage-controlled devices and contain terminals source, drain, and gate.

• All these terminals carry different doping concentrations. The doping concentration of the collector pin is light and the doping concentration of the emitter pin is high compared to the other two terminals. The base pin is 10-times more doped than the collector pin. Moreover, the emitter side carries the entire current of the device since the emitter current is the sum of both collector current and base current.
• The bipolar junction transistors are mainly categorized into two types i.e. NPN transistors and PNP transistors.
• Both electrons and holes play a vital role in conductivity in both these transistors. But in the case of NPN transistors holes are the majority carriers and in the case of PNP transistors holes are majority carriers.
• The NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors for a range of applications because the mobility of electrons is better than the mobility of holes.
• NPN devices are sometimes known as “sinking devices” since they sink ground to the output. PNP devices are sometimes named “sourcing devices” since they source positive power to the output.
• The DC current gain of this device ranges from 8 to 40 which is the amount of current this device can amplify.

MJE13005 Datasheet

Before you embed this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet of this component that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of MJE13005.

MJE13005 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of MJE13005. This device contains three terminals named:

1. Base
2. Collector
3. Emitter

The small current at the base side is used to produce a large current across two terminals. This device carries two junctions i.e. base-collector junction which is reverse biased and base-emitter junction which is forward biased.

MJE13005 Working Principle

• The working of this device starts from the base pin. When voltage is applied at the base pin, it results in biasing the device, and current starts flowing from collector to emitter terminal.

• Know that these bipolar junction transistors are not symmetrical devices. This means if we exchange both emitter and collector terminal, it prevents both these terminals to work in forward active mode and as a result, both these terminals will start working in reverse active mode. Doing this will affect the values of common-emitter current gain and common-base current gain.

• This lack of symmetry comes from the different doing concentrations of all three terminals.
• The Common-emitter current gain of this device ranges from 8-40 in this device, which is denoted by beta and the common-base current gain is denoted by alpha and is always less than one.

MJE13005 Equivalent

The following are the alternative to MJE13005:

• KSE13007
• MJE13007
• 2SC3795

It’s better the check out the pinout of alternatives before applying them to your electrical project as the pinout of the alternatives might differ from the pinout of MJE13005.

MJE13005 Power Ratings

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of MJE13005.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of MJE13005
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Collector-emitter voltage	400V
2	Collector-base voltage	700V
3	Base-emitter voltage	9V
4	Collector current	4A
5	Power dissipation	70W
6	Base current	2A
7	Operating and storage junction temperature range	-55 to 150C

The collector-emitter is 400V and the collector-base voltage is 700V. And total power dissipation is 70W which indicates the power released during the working of this device. The junction temperature and storage temperature ranges from -55 to 150C. Know that, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability. When you’re working with the component, make sure the ratings don’t increase from the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, they can badly damage the device, putting your entire project at risk.

MJE13005 Applications

MJE13005 is embedded in the following applications.

• Used in voltage regulator circuits.
• Used in H-bridge circuits.
• Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.

• Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
• Employed to support loads under 4A.
• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Installed in the motor control circuit.
• Employed in the switched-mode power supply.

MJE13005 Physical dimensions

The following figure represents the physical dimensions of the MJE13005 device. By checking out the physical dimensions of this component you can predict the space required for your circuit and install the device accordingly. That was all about the Introduction to MJE13005. If you have any questions, you can pop your comments in the section below, I’m ready and happy to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep generating quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

IRF2807 MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hello Folks! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to IRF2807. The IRF2807 is an N-channel MOSFET made up using advanced process technology to obtain extremely low on-resistance. This device is fully avalanche and is mainly used in fast switching applications. It comes in TO-package which is universally accepted for commercial-industrial applications. I suggest you buckle up as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to IRF2807 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s dive in.

Introduction to IRF2807

• The IRF2807 is an N-channel MOSFET that comes with a power dissipation of around 200W.
• This device is mainly used for fast switching applications and low thermal resistance and low package cost makes this advice an ideal pick for a range of industrial applications.
• The IRF2807 contains three terminals called the gate, drain, and source. At times, this is considered as a four-terminal device when the body is taken as the fourth terminal of the device.

• The electrons enter the channel through the source terminal while they leave the channel through the drain terminal. The gate terminal plays an important role in the biasing of the device and it stands between the source and drain terminals. The voltage on the gate terminal controls the channel width.
• This IRF3710 MOSFET comes with extremely low ON resistance, making this device preferable for low drop switching applications. The low drop is responsible for low power loss, thus guarantees greater efficiency.
• The MOSFETs are termed the voltage-controlled device in opposed to bipolar junction transistors that are current-controlled devices and contain terminals emitter, base, and collector.

• The MOSFET works in two modes i.e. depletion mode and enhancement mode.
• And the behavior of electrons is different in both these modes. During the enhancement when there is no voltage across the gate terminal, there will be no current across the channel. While when voltage is applied across the gate terminal, the conductance of the device will increase.
• During depletion mode, however, when no voltage is applied across the gate terminal, there is conductance across the channel. While, when the voltage is applied, the channel conductivity will decrease.
• The MOSFETs are mainly divided into two main types i.e. P-channel MOSFET and N-channel MOSFET. The IRF2807 belongs to the N-channel MOSFET where conductance is carried out by the movement of electrons.
• In P-channel MOSFETs conductance is carried out by the movement of holes. The movement of electrons is better than the movement of holes, making N-channel MOSFET better than P-channel MOSFETs for a range of applications.

IRF2807 Datasheet

Before you embed this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of IRF2807 by clicking the link below.

IRF2807 Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of IRF2807. The IRF2807 comes with three terminals named gate, drain, and source.

Pin Description of IRF2807
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Used for biasing the device	Gate
2	Electrons leave the channel through this terminal	Drain
3	Electrons enter the channel through this terminal	Source

IRF2807 Features

The following are the main features of IRF2807.

• Type = N-Channel MOSFET
• Department = Transistors
• Category = IRF series
• Power Dissipation (Ptot) = 200W
• Fully avalanche rated
• Drain-Source Volt (Vds) = 100V

• Advanced process technology
• Gate-Source Volt (Vgs) = 20V
• Ultra-low on-resistance
• Dynamic dv/dt rating
• Drain Current (Id): 58A
• Package = TO-220

IRF2807 Applications

The IRF2807 is used in the following applications.

• Used in USP
• Employed in instrumentation projects
• Used in embedded projects
• Employed in Inverters
• Incorporated in switching applications

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Introduction to IRF2807. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’m ready and happy to assist you in the best way I can. Feel free to share your feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

IRF740 MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Friends! I welcome you on board. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to IRF740.

The IRF740 is an N-channel power MOSFET used for extremely fast switching applications. It comes with a power dissipation of around 125W and can support loads up to 400V. The maximum drain current of this device is 10A and the drain-source capacitance is 1450pF.

I suggest you read this post till the end as I’ll describe the complete Introduction to IRF740 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications.

Introduction to IRF740

• The IRF740 is an N-channel MOSFET that comes with 125W power dissipation. This is the power device that dissipates during the working of this component.
• This device is mainly used for fast switching applications and comes with ultra-low on-resistance of 0.55 Ohms which is the resistance between drain and source terminals.
• The IRF740 contains three terminals named source, drain, and gate. Sometimes it is termed as a four-pin device when the body is also considered as its terminal.

• The gate terminal is located between the source and drain terminals and is the area used for biasing of the device. While the drain terminal is the location from where electrons leave the channel and the source terminal is the location from where electrons enter the channel.

• The MOSFETs are mainly categorized into two main types named N-channel MOSFET and P-channel MOSFET. This device IRF740 belongs to the N-channel MOSFET where electrons are responsible for the current flow inside the device as opposed to P-channel MOSFETs where holes are the charge carriers responsible for conductance inside the device.
• It is important to note that the movement of the electrons is better than the movement of holes inside the MOSFET. The reason N-channel MOSFETs are preferred over P-channel MOSFETs in a range of applications.
• The MOSFET operates in two modes i.e. depletion mode and enhancement mode.
• The nature of electrons is opposite in both these modes in N-channel MOSFETs. During the enhancement mode when there is no voltage, there will be no current across the channel. However, when voltage is applied across the gate terminal, it increases the movement of electrons and thus increases the conductance.
• On the other hand, during depletion mode, when there is no voltage applied across the gate terminal, there is current across the channel. However, when the voltage is applied across the gate terminal, it will decrease the movement of electrons and hence decrease the channel conductivity.

IRF740 Datasheet

Before you apply this device to your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the device that features the main characteristics of the component, helping you better understand the absolute maximum ratings of this device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of IRF740.

IRF740 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of IRF740.  The IRF740 comes with three terminals i.e. gate, drain, and source.

Pin Description of IRF740
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Used for biasing the device	Gate
2	Electrons leave the channel through this terminal	Drain
3	Electrons enter the channel through this terminal	Source

IRF740 Features

The following are the main features of IRF740.

• Type = N-Channel Power MOSFET
• Category = IRF series
• Capable of fast switching
• Power Dissipation = 125W
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) = 10A
• Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) = 10V (limit = ±20V)
• Drain to Source Breakdown Voltage = 400V
• Drain Source Resistance (RDS) = 0.55 Ohms

• Rise time is 27ns and fall time is 24nS
• Junction temperature = 150C
• Maximum Drain current = 10A
• Drain-source capacitance = 1450pF
• Available package = TO-220

IRF740 Applications

The IRF740 is employed in the following applications.

• Used in USP
• Employed in instrumentation projects
• Used in switching applications
• Used in embedded projects
• Employed in Inverters

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a clear idea about this device IRF740. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m ready and happy to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep sharing quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

2SC1061 NPN Transistor Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hello Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to 2SC1061.

2sc1601 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor used for switching and amplification purposes. During the amplification process, the small input current across one pair of terminals is used to generate a large output current across other pairs of terminals.

2sc1601 is known as a semiconductor device made of silicon material. This is a bipolar junction transistor where two charge carriers (electrons and holes) play an important role in the conductivity inside the transistor. As this is an NPN transistor so here major charge carriers are electrons while holes are the minority carriers.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to 2SC1061 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s dive in.

Introduction to 2SC1061

• 2sc1601 is a power transistor used for amplification and switching purposes. It comes with two junctions i.e. base-collector junction that is reverse biased and base-emitter junction that is forward biased.
• This bipolar junction transistor belongs to the NPN transistor family where electrons are the major charge carriers.

• This chip is made of three layers where one p-doped layer stands between the two n-doped layers.
• 2sc1601 contains three terminals named emitter, base, and collector. These terminals are used for the external connection with the electrical circuit.

• Both collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 50V while the emitter-base voltage is 4V which is the amount of voltage needed to bias the transistor and initiate the transistor action.
• The DC current gain ranges from 35 to 320 which is the value of current this transistor can amplify. This current gain is based on the current and voltage characteristics of the transistors.

2SC1061 Datasheet

It is wise to go through the datasheet before you incorporate this device into your project. The datasheet comes with the main characteristics of the device, helping you better understand the absolute maximum ratings of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of 2sc1601.

2SC1061 Pinout

The 2sc1061 contains three pins named: 1: Base 2: Collector 3: Emitter The following figure shows the pinout diagram of transistor 2sc1061.

• All these terminals contain different doping concentrations. The collector pin is lightly doped while the emitter terminal is highly doped compared to other terminals.
• The collector pin is 10-times less doped compared to the base pin. Moreover, the emitter side carries the entire current of the device. Because current on the emitter side is the combination of both collector current and base current.
• Plus, NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors for a range of applications because the mobility of electrons is far better and quicker than the movement of holes.

2SC1061 Working Principle

• The working of this transistor is simple and straight forward. When a positive voltage is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased and the current starts flowing from the collector to the emitter pin.
• Both electrons and holes play a vital role in the conductivity process inside the transistor but electrons are majority carriers and holes are minority carriers.
• It is important to note that bipolar junction transistors are not symmetrical components. Which projects that exchanging the collector and emitter terminals will keep the transistor from working in forward active mode and as a result, both terminals will start working in the reverse active mode. This can influence the values of common-emitter current gain and common-base current gain.

• Different doping concentrations of both emitter and collector terminals are responsible for the lack of symmetry inside the transistor.
• The Common-emitter current gain of this device is 35-320 in this transistor, which is denoted by beta and the common-base current gain is always less than one which is denoted by alpha.

2SC1061 Alternatives

The complementary PNP transistor to this NPN transistor is 2SA671. And the equivalent to 2SC1061 is MJC32C. Double-check the pinout of the alternative before incorporating it into your project as the pinout of alternative might differ from the pinout of 2SC1061.

2SC1061 Power Ratings

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of 2sc1601.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of 2SC1061
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Collector-emitter voltage	50V
2	Collector-base voltage	50V
3	Base-emitter voltage	4V
4	Collector current	3A
5	Power dissipation	25W
6	Base current	0.5A
7	Operating and storage junction temperature range	-55 to 150C

• The collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 50V. And total power dissipation is 25W which shows the amount of power released during the functioning of this device. The junction temperature and storage temperature ranges from -55 to 150C.
• When you’re working with the component, make sure the ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, they can badly damage the device, thus the entire project.
• Moreover, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability.

2SC1061 Applications

2sc1061 is employed in the following applications.

• Employed to support loads under 3A.
• Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.
• Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
• Used in voltage regulator circuits.

• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Employed in the switched-mode power supply.
• Installed in the motor control circuit.
• Used in H-bridge circuits.

2SC1061 Physical dimensions

The following figure represents the physical dimensions of the 2sc1061 device.

By checking the physical dimensions of this component you can evaluate the space required for your circuit and install the device accordingly.

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you are unsure or have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’m ready and happy to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

How to Determine What Wattage of Solar Panel I Need to Choose

Hello! I welcome you on the board. we'll talk about the Solar Panels and it wattage to choose the solar panel according to the need of time. The performance and efficiency of a home power plant directly depend on the correct choice of solar panel characteristics. Innovative technology has made it possible to create a record 400 watt solar panel, which is currently the most efficient and economical. To determine the number and capacity of solar panels, it is necessary to accurately calculate the total energy consumption and choose the right type of panel.

Choose the Type

To determine the number and capacity of solar panels, it is necessary to accurately calculate the total energy consumption and choose the right type of panel. There are 2 main types of solar panels:

1. MonoCrystalline.
2. PolyCrystalline.

MonoCrystalline panels have great performance but only work when exposed to sunlight at an angle of 90 degrees. It is more efficient to install them in large solar power plants, where high output is important.

Polycrystalline panels work at any angle of inclination of the sun but have lower productivity. This type of module is more suitable for installation at home since they have a lower automatic start threshold.

Define the Brand

If it is important to you that your solar panel works efficiently and for a long time, take a closer look at the manufacturer's brand. Choosing the right company will provide you with excellent product quality.

It is best to choose from the "Tier1" list. Here are the top manufacturers from all over the world. As of 2020, the leading companies were:

• Jinko
• LONGi
• Solar
• Risen
• Trina
• QSells
• Talesun
• Astronergy
• Jinergy
• LG

Calculate the Power After you have chosen the type and manufacturer of solar panels, you should proceed to the most important step - calculating the power. To do it, you need to know exactly how much power you are using. There are two ways to do this:

• Check data on meter readings (less accurate)
• Independently calculate all electrical appliances, their power, and operating time. This way, you can get the most accurate result.

Also, you need to add about 20-30% to the resulting value. This is the energy consumption of the inverter and the accumulator of the battery itself. After that, you need to look at the indicators of solar radiation for the required city. For example, this figure is 0.8 for winter and 5 for summer. For solar panels to operate at full capacity, it is important to receive direct sunlight at an angle of 90 degrees. This figure cannot be achieved throughout the day. Thus, solar panels can only function at 30-70%, depending on the region of location. Also, you should keep in mind that the panels produce energy only during daylight hours, which, in the summer period, are approximately from 8-9 a.m. to 4-5 p.m. In the autumn-spring and winter period, this number decreases significantly. The panels do not function at night but accumulate energy generated during the daytime.

Follow the Formula 

The formula for calculating the power of a solar panel looks like this: W = k*Pw*E.

• Where «k» is a fixed index – 0,5 in the summer period, and 0,7 in the winter period
• Pw – the power of a battery;
• E – solar radiation index for the selected period

If there is a 310-watt solar panel, and the solar radiation index is 0.8 for winter and 5 for summer, then W = 0,5*310*5 = 775 watt per hour in summer W = 0,7*310*0,8 = 174 watt per hour in winter For example, you have calculated the total energy consumption of your house and got 6,000 watts. Also, we have to add approximately 30%. So, we receive 6,000*1,3 = 7,800 watts.  Now, we have to divide the total energy consumption on the W index: 7,800/775 = 10; 7,800/174 = 45. So, to cover all your needs, you have to install 10 310-watt solar panels in summer and 45 in winter.  Thus, based on the results of calculations, you can independently adjust the area and power of solar panels. Everything depends on your needs and desires.

Client Invoice Tips: 10 Ways to Invoice Clients Better

Hello Reader! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. At the present time, we'll discuss about the client invoice and the tips and tricks to manage your client invoice service. We all know Payment matters are always a bit of an issue when it comes to ending up a deal. One way or another we all work to get a further reward and mostly it is about money. Usually, the system of client invoices is pretty much tuned. However, a certain need for better optimization from time to time pops its head up. To avoid extra stress you might want to look through the information below and get some inspiration on how to improve your invoice arrangements.

Comprehend the importance of an invoice

Invoices are meant to keep track of any business operation having place. This is your legal document that provides you with the  guarantees for the service being paid. At the same time, it backs you up when some financial issue arises from whatever side of the deal. Invoices are valuable when it comes to accounting matters. As an entrepreneur, you must get accustomed to operating them masterfully. 

Get professional design

With all the graphic design apps on the market to find a decent invoice maker will pose no problem at all. Turn to various templates that will arrange all the information required in a fine-looking, professional document. Place your signature, or special brand-stamp, that is recognizable for the client. With the templates chosen, customize other brand qualities - logos, color palettes, fonts etc. for an even more presentable look. Bigger companies have their invoices generated automatically, and they also care for the design.  It might seem as not the most essential part, since not the colors, but money on time matters, however even the design of your invoice is a part of your brand presentation. 

Mind client's requirements

?ompanies are usually overwhelmed with the number of invoices they get to process daily. There are chances that they might ask for a certain format of the invoice you send them. Therefore you might have to adjust your beautiful design with their requirements. This will demonstrate you being considerate of their concerns. Also, it ensures your invoice to be noticed and funded without delays and awkward reminders about your rewards. 

Define the person in charge

When discussing the payment matters make sure to talk to the right person or the right accounting department. You might want to avoid your invoice sent somewhere and get lost in the huddle of gazillion letters sent daily. Double-check right from the start of the negotiation of your services.  The way you are going to get informed about this matter may already tell you how responsibly the company, or the client treats this matter and what words are used specifically. Evasive tone and clear avoidance of the topic will help you think better about whether to get contracted for the job at all.  

Include payment deadlines

Make sure that your invoice contains exact information about the terms when you expect to get your funds. While discussing financial matters before the deal you may already announce your number expectations and how they should be delivered. However, it is never redundant to outline it in your invoice again. With the busy life everyone leads to keep all things in mind is not always a possible matter. The negotiated sum and the time when it is expected are the main figures that your invoice is developed around.

Create an invoice filing organization

It is highly recommended for better optimization and more order to create folders with various invoices sent to your clients. Arrange them by dates, names of the clients, terms of getting paid, those that are unpaid. Having a fine structure developed you will always be able to trace how things are going for you money-wise. This may be deprived of all the romantic flavor since you as the creator should not waste your energy on anything other than art and rewards are just pleasant bonuses...Now, when you have come back to earth, please take care of the filing system and your invoices being in ship-shape order. 

It is OK  to remind about unpaid invoice

When terms are outlined in a crystal clear manner, however, the customer’s side has not respected the commitments it is totally acceptable to send a follow-up email. Hectic business world intends to miss out on some aspects ( not cool, yet inevitable), your reminder will be appreciated and even an apology letter may loom upon the horizon. Other clients feel sad to part with their money, especially when the total amount is quite impressive. Such representatives need an extra push to deliver their end of the deal. Every job done should be rewarded, no excuses here. 

Ask for deposit 

Sometimes, in the matter of precautions, it is recommended that you ask for the deposit. Mostly the payment is delivered when the work is done and meets all the requirements. In order to avoid experiences when such highly-professional work goes unpaid, you may ask for some money paid beforehand. Your clients contacted you to get your services after they have checked through your profiles and your happy clients' testimonials. They know they can trust you in your expertise and follow the deadlines. You know that you can trust them when they freely agree to your deposit terms. Then there is a big chance to get the rest of the payment with no delays and unnecessary reminders.

Thank your clients

In comparison with all the critical matters, invoice-wise thanking might pale a bit. To get gratitude is always a pleasure. Running through hectic days, when everything that you just see are numbers, requests, and reminders, to get a thank you note for a change might make someone's day. Who knows, maybe after you will be placed in the category “Priority payment”.

Take it easy

It does not mean -  let it loose and see what the outcome might be. No, you keep on monitoring the financial side of the work you do. However, do not let yourself  get consumed utterly with accounting, since there is some other job that has to be performed, requiring your full devotion. There is always a way to divide and conquer.

To sum up

Let’s go over again. In order to get paid relatively quickly when invoicing the clients, you have to be ready to commit to creating a professional invoice with crystal-clear information about your services and payment expectations. Be precise, and indeed considerate in the discussions about funding matters. Create a fine filing system in order to be on the safe side always. Do not be afraid to ask for what it's worth, becoming a victim of those who are not used to paying for the services they got. When you are a rookie and gain experience it is quite normal practice to do some job for free, but being an experienced specialist with high-quality services requires money to be paid and exactly when you ask for that.