The Engineering Projects

XNOR Gate with Truth Table in Proteus ISIS

Hello Mentees!, I hope you have a productive day. Welcome to The Engineering Projects. In the previous lecture, we discussed the XOR Logic Gate and designed its circuit using basic logic gates i.e. AND, OR and NOT. Today, I am going to explain another Logic Gate named XNOR Gate in detail.

We are going to discuss these concepts in today's lecture:

1. What are Exclusive NOR Gates
2. Experimental Proof in Proteus ISIS.
3. How Truth Table of Exclusive NOR Gate is designed.
4. How is its Timing Diagram?
5. Circuit of Exclusive NOR Gate in Proteus Simulation
6. Applications of Exclusive NOR Gates

XNOR Gate

• The exclusive NOR Gate(also called XNOR Gate) simply inverts the output of the XOR Gate(we discussed in the last lecture).
• So, if we simply place a NOT Gate in front of the XOR Gate, we will get the XNOR Gate.
• The XNOR Gate is denoted by a plus sign with a circle around it between the inputs and a collective Complement or a Bar on the Expression.
• The symbolic representation of XNOR along with symbol and expression is shown in the below figure:

• The Truth Table of XNOR Gate is given next:

A	B	Y
0	0	1
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

Mathematical Expression of XNOR Gate

The XNOR Gate with 2-inputs(A and B) and 1 Output(Z) is represented by the following mathematical expression:

Z = (A)'.(B)' + A.B

So, we will need AND, OR and NOT logical gates to implement XNOR Gate. Let's first verify this equation by applying the truth table.

For 1st Row:

=(0)'.(0)'+0.0

=1.1+0.0

=1+0

=1

For 2nd Row:

Now, A=0, B=1

=(0)'.(1)'+0.1

=1.0+0.1

=0+0

=0

For 3rd Row:

Consider A=1, B=0:

=(1)'.(0)'+1.0

=0.1+1.0

=0+0

=0

For 4th Row:

Lastly, A=1, B=1:

=(1)'.(1)'+1.1

=0.0+1.1

=0+1

=1

Hence in accordance with the above discussion, let's design the circuit of the XNOR Gate in the Proteus software:

Proteus Simulation OF XNOR Gate

Now let's design the Proteus Simulation of the XNOR gate. We simply need to implement the mathematical expression of XNOR Gate, discussed in the last section.

Material Required:

1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED

Circuit Diagram of XNOR Gate:

First of all, we will design the below circuit in Proteus:

Image

As you can see in the above figure, the first AND Gate is getting the inverted inputs and the second AND Gate is provided with simple inputs. Finally, the output of both AND gates is passed through the OR Gate and we got our XNOR output. I have placed an LED at the output to visualize it.

Applications of XNOR Gate

XOR Gate is used in many circuits as:

1. We use XOR Gate in digital circuits.
2. It is used in error-detecting Circuits.
3. XOR is also used in Arithmetic Circuits.
4. Encryption Circuits is the application of XNOR Gate.
5. The combinational circuit is made through XNOR Gate.
6. XNOR is used in sequential Circuits.
7. Circuit of Binary to Grey and vice versa.

Today we saw discussed the Exclusive NOR Gate(XNOR Gate) in detail. We have also designed its simulation using AND, OR and NOT logic gates. Till the next tutorial, take care!!!

4-Bit Full Adder using Logic Gates in Proteus

Hi Learners! I hope you are having a productive Day. Welcome from the Team of The Engineering Projects. The digital logic circuit that we are learning today is 4-Bit Full Adder. In our previous tutorial, we designed 2-Bit Full Adder using Logic Gates in Proteus software. Today, we are going to design & simulate 4-Bit Full Adder using Logic Gates in Proteus.

We will discuss the following topics in today's lecture:

1. What is Adder?
2. What is Full Adder?
   
3. Working Principle of 4-bit Full Adder.
   
4. Simulation of four-bit full Adder in Proteus ISIS.

What is Adder?

Let's recall the Adder Definition from our previous lectures:

• Adders are Digital Logical Circuits, specially designed to add two or more binary numbers or bits.

In the world of electronics, adders are used to add bits. The computer system depends upon the flow of bits and the computation of bits. Adders take the input in the form of bits and perform the addition, according to the type of Adder used. Basically, we divide the adders into two types:

1. Half Adder.
2. Full Adder.

We have discussed both Half Adder & Full Adder in detail in our previous lectures. Yet we have to recall the full adder's introduction:

What is Full Adder?

"Full Adders are the Digital Logic Circuits used to add three input bits and generate two outputs i.e. the Sum and the resultant Carry."

We further classify the Full Adder into two main types:

1. 2-bit Full Adder.
2. 4-bit Full Adder.

4-bit Full Adder

As the name implies, a four-bit full adder is used to add four sets of input bits. The definition of a 4-bit Full adder is as follows:

• "A 4-bit Full Adder is designed to generate a 4-bit Sum and is designed by combining four 2-bit Full Adders and as a result shows the Four bits output along with the Carry Bit."

The Circuit of the Four-bit Full Adder consists of the XOR Gate, AND Gate and OR Gate. Let's have a quick recap of these Gates.

XOR Gate

A XOR Gate, is a two input Logical Circuit that give the output HIGH only when the inputs have the values alternating of each other. Or else, it is LOW.

AND Gate

AND Gate is the a logical Circuit that gives the Output HIGH only when its both inputs are HIGH, otherwise the output is LOW.

OR Gate

The OR Gate is a logical Circuit with the working such that when on of the Input is HIGH, the value of the Output is also HIGH.

Working Principle of 4-bit Full Adder

The Four Bit Full Adder works in an interesting manner. The XOR Gates are responsible for the addition of input bits. In order to get the full addition circuit we attach two AND gates with the circuit in such a way that the result of addition connects the OR Gate and we get the carry.

In the designing of circuit, we simply make a small circuit of AND Gate and XOR Gate. Then we design a Circuit of two bits Full Adder. The cynosure of the circuit is, we'll copy the block and arrange four blocks in a way that the output carry of the block becomes the input carry of the next. This cycle will continue and at the  fourth block we get the resultant carry of whole calculation. we can input only one carry of our will at the Block A.

Practical performance of 4-Bit Full Adder

If you wish to stimulate the Four bits full adder in Proteus then follow the simple steps given below. We'll make our circuit according to the Functional Diagram given before.

• Begin Your Proteus Software.
• Get the required material.

Required Devices

1. XOR Gate
2. AND Gate
3. OR Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED
6. Ground Terminal

• Push the "P" button presented at left area of the screen.
• Select first four elements from the Library by mere writing there names one after the other.
• Get  a XOR Gate and one AND Gate.
• Connect the Logic Toggles with each input of XOR Gate.
• Connect an LED with the end of the XOR Gate.
• Go to Terminal Mode and get the ground terminal to attach the Ground Terminal with LED.
• Drag and drop two XOR Gates, two AND Gates and one OR Gate and arrange them at the working area one after the other according to the image given below:
• Attach Logic Toggle with each input of switch 1.
• Get the LED and join it with the output of switch 3.
• Click the left button of mouse> go to Terminals> Ground Terminal.
• Place the ground Terminal just below the LED.
• Join all the components according to the images given below;

 

• Select the whole block left click>drag and drop the required area. It will create a doted square around the circuit.
• Right Click> copy block.
• Right click the mouse and paste the block with the same procedure.

• Repeat the Pasting Process one time more and paste the circuit copy just one below the other.
• Connect the each output carry switch with the input of the next.
• Grab the Logic Toggle from the Pick Library and join it with the input carry wire of the first block.

• Change the input values by the mean of Logic Toggles and check the working.

Working Example of 4-bit Full Adder in Proteus

You can test the circuit with an example. Question: We have two numbers 1100 and 1010. Find the resultant through four bits Full Adder. Answer: Let A=1100 B=1010

Logic about For bit Full Adder

The 1st Logic Toggle of each XOR 1 switch is called A bit. The 2nd Logic Toggle of each XOR 1 represents the B bit. Turning of LED means the HIGH (1) and vise versa. We start to input from down to up and the output as well. Hence start the observation from block D to A.  For the Question, the circuit should be set as: Hence we got the answer that is:

A	1	1	0	0
B	1	0	1	0
Result	(1 carry)0	1	1	0

Consequently, we made a Four bit Full Adder. Stay tuned for other Logical Circuits.

2-Bit Full Adder using Logic Gates in Proteus

Hello Learners! I hope you are doing great. Welcome to The Engineering Projects. In our previous lecture, we discussed How to design Half Adder with Universal Gates. In today's tutorial, we are going to design Full Adder with Logical Gates.

In today's tutorial, we will learn the complete information about:

1. What is Adder?
2. What is Full Adder?
3. How is the Truth Table of Full Adder?
4. How can we design Full Adder in Proteus ISIS?
5. What are the uses of Full Adder?

What is Adder?

Recalling from our previous lectures:

• The Adders are simple Logical Circuits that take the bits in as the input, sum the bits together and generate the sum and the carry at the output.
• Adders are present in computer architecture, mainly to control the addressing of the Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU).

We classify the Adders into two types:

1. Half Adder.
2. Full Adder.

We have discussed half Adder in detail in our previous two lectures. Today we'll stress the Full Adder:

What is Full Adder?

There are two types of Full Adders:

• 2-bit Full Adder.
• 4-Bit Full Adder. (We will discuss in the next lecture)
  

We define the Full Adder as:

•  A Full Adders is a simple Logical Circuit, that takes 3 inputs(1-bit each) and generates two outputs i.e. the Sum(1-bit) and the Carry(1-Bit).
• A Full Adder takes 2 inputs A and B, while the third input is actually the Carry Input.

• We have seen in the Half Adder that we took 2 inputs and calculated the Sum and the Carry but we have no way of adding that Carry back into the Sum.
• This problem is solved by the Full Adder, which takes the Carry and adds it in the Sum to get a final Sum.
• That's why, we can use multiple Full Adders in series to add any amount of Bits.
• For example, we can serially attach 8 Full Adders to add 8 Bits of data(1-byte).

The Full Adder plays an important role in computer hardware calculations i.e. ALU control, register addressing etc. Here's a simple 2-Bit Full Adder Circuit using Logic Gates:

Truth Table of 2-bit Full Adder

As discussed above, there are three inputs and two outputs present in Full Adder. Therefore, the Truth Table of Full Adder will have 5 columns in total:

The input combinations of the Truth Tables are followed through the formula:

Numbers of Combinations= 2^n

where n is the number of inputs. In our case,

n=3

hence,

Numbers of Combinations=8

We start the truth table from zero bit. The right most input has the alternative inputs after each combination. The middle contains the alternative bits after two combinations. By the same token the left most changes the input bit after four combinations.

The Truth Table of Full Adder looks like this:

A	B	Cin	Sum	C0
0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0
0	1	0	1	0
0	1	1	0	1
1	0	0	1	0
1	0	1	0	1
1	1	0	0	1
1	1	1	1	1
Carry+A+B			Sum	Carry out

Simulation of Full Adder in Proteus ISIS

To design a Full Adder in Proteus, get these components from the library:

Components Required

1. XOR Gate
2. AND Gate
3. OR Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED
6. Ground Terminal

• Get the first five components from the Pick Library through the "P" button.
• As shown in the below figure, I have placed the 5 Logic Gates in our Proteus workspace.
• We have 2 XOR Gates at the top, after that we have 2 AND Gates and finally an OR Gate at the end.
• The circuit should look like this:

• Now, connect two Logic Toggles with the inputs of Logic Gate 1.
• Connect one Logic Toggle with the 2nd input of Logic Gate 3.
• Attach the LED with the Gate 3 output and ground the LED with Ground Terminal present in "Terminal Mode" on the leftmost bar of the screen.
• Repeat the above step for Logic Gate 5.
• Connect all the Logic Gates according to the diagram given next:

• Change the Input bits and record your own truth table.
• To understand the working better, we'll design a Truth Table that describes the output of each Logic Gate.

Input			Output
A	B	Cin	Gate1	Gate2	Gate4	Gate3(Sum)	Gate5 C0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0
0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0
0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1
1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1
1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1
Carry+A+B						Sum	Carry out

Truss, we got a Full Adder circuit through which we can make the calculations.

Uses of Full Adder

1. Full adders are paramount for the on-chip Libraries.
2. They are used in computers for table indices.
3. They are used by the processor to add the addresses.
4. Full adders are used in Arithmetic Logic Unit.
5. Full Adders are used in the Computer for the series calculations. For this purpose, they may be connected in the way given next in the image. Observe it from bottom to top.[TEPImg6]
6. It can be designed so, that we can input eight bits together that collectively work as a byte.

So, that was all for today. We discussed What are Adders? What are Full Adders? Truth Table of Full Adder and how can we design Full adder in the Proteus software. I hope this article was useful. In our next lecture, we will discuss 4-Bit Full Adders in detail. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to Arduino Nano 33 BLE

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to Arduino Nano 33 BLE. Arduino Nano 33 BLE is an advanced version of Arduino Nano board that is based on a robust and powerful processor the nRF52840 from Nordic Semiconductors, a 32-bit ARM® Cortex™-M4 CPU. It comes with a crystal oscillator frequency of around 64MHz. It features 32 times bigger program memory than the Arduino Uno board, helping you store programs with much larger memory. With this device, you can produce a lot more variable as it comes with RAM that is 128 times bigger than the RAM of Arduino Uno. Before you move further, I recommend you read this article on the Introduction to Arduino Nano which we have published a while ago. I suggest you buckle up as I’ll walk you through the complete Introduction to Arduino Nano 33 BLE covering pinout, pin description, features, programming, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to Arduino Nano 33 BLE

• Arduino Nano 33 BLE is an advanced version of Arduino Nano board that is based on a powerful processor the nRF52840.
• The crystal oscillator frequency is 64MHz which is used to synchronize all internal functions.

• It carries 14 digital I/O pins these all pins can be used as PWM pins and there are 8 analog pins incorporated on the board.
• The board features a USB port which is used to test and program this board through a USB cable. Simply, connect your board with the computer through this cable and start playing with it.
• The Arduino Nano 33 BLE comes with a flash memory of 1MB which is 32times bigger than the program memory of the Arduino Uno board. The SRAM is 256KB and there is no EEPROM. The flash memory is used to store the Arduino program (sketch). The SRAM is used to manipulate and produce variables when it is activated.
• The board features built-in LED at pin 13 and one is the power LED which turns on when power is supplied to this board.

• The Nano 33 BLE incorporates a 9-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) that contains a gyroscope, an accelerometer, and a magnetometer with a 3-axis resolution each. This unit makes the board an ideal pick for more advanced robotics and embedded experiments.
• You can buy this board with or without headers that will help you incorporate this board into wearables.
• This board is a revised version of the Arduino Nano board. In the improved version, you’ll get a micro-USB connector, a better and efficient processor, and a 9-axis IMU.
• The board contains tessellated connectors and carries no components on the B-side. This will help you solder the board directly onto your design, reducing the height of your entire project.
• The best part – this revised version costs less than the main Arduino Nano board.
• And don’t fear experimenting with this device, in the worst-case scenario you’ll end up burning this device which you can replace in few dollars.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout of Arduino Nano 33 BLE. There are two LEDs incorporated on the board. One is a basic built-in LED connected with pin 13 and the other is a power LED.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Arduino Nano 33 BLE. In this section, we’ll detail the pin description of each pin available on the board.

Digital Pins

The number of digital I/O pins are 14 which receive only two values HIGH or LOW. These pins can either be used as an input or output based on the requirement. When these pins receive 5V, they are in a HIGH state and when they receive 0V they are in a LOW state.

Analog Pins

Total 8 analog pins installed on the board A0 – A7. These pins get any value as opposed to digital pins that only receive two values HIGH or LOW. These pins are used to measure the analog voltage ranging between 0 to 5V.

PWM Pins

All digital pins can be used as PWM pins. These pins generate analog results with digital means.

SPI Pins

The board supports SPI (serial peripheral interface) communication protocol. This protocol is employed to develop communication between a controller and other peripheral devices like shift registers and sensors. Two pins are used for SPI communication i.e. MISO (Master Input Slave Output) and MOSI (Master Output Slave Input) are used for SPI communication. These pins are used to send or receive data by the controller.

I2C Pins

The board carries the I2C communication protocol which is a two-wire protocol. It comes with two pins SDL and SCL. The former pin is used to carry the data while the latter is used to synchronize all data transfer over the I2C bus.

UART Pins

The board features a UART communication protocol that is used for serial communication and carries two pins Rx and Tx. The Rx is a receiving pin used to receive the serial data while Tx is a transmission pin used to transmit the serial data.  

External Interrupts

All digital pins can be used as external interrupts. This feature is used in case of emergency to interrupt the main running program with the inclusion of important instructions at that point.

LED at Pin 13 and AREF

There is an LED connected to pin 13 of the board. And AREF is a pin used as a reference voltage for the input voltage.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Features

The following are the main features of Arduino Nano 33 BLE.

• Microcontroller = nRF52840
• Input Voltage (limit) = 21V
• Operating Voltage = 3.3V
• Clock Speed = 64MHz
• Flash memory = 1MB
• SRAM = 256KB
• EEPROM = No
• DC Current per I/O Pin = 15mA
• Digital Input / Output Pins = 14
• PWM pins = 14 (all digital pins)
• UART = 1

• SPI = 1
• I2C = 1
• Analog pins = 8
• USB = Native in the nRF52840 Processor
• External interrupts = all digital pins
• Built-in LED = at Pin 13
• Size = 18x45 mm
• Weight = 5gr.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Programming

• The Arduino IDE software is used to program this Arduino board. This software is used to program all Arduino boards and it is open-source software, which means you can use this software and hardware free of cost. Anyone can modify and edit the existing programs and hardware to get the desired results.
• This board comes with a USB port that is used to program the board. The USB cable is used to connect this board with the computer. You can send plenty of instructions to the Arduino board using Arduino IDE software.
• Know that this board features an internal Bootloader that sets you free from the need of getting an external burner to burn the Arduino program inside the controller.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Applications

The Arduino Nano 33 BLE is used in the following applications.

• Real-Time Face Detection
• Arduino Metal Detector
• Automation and Robotics
• Medical Instruments
• Virtual Reality Applications
• Industrial Automation
• Android Applications
• Embedded Systems
• GSM Based Projects
• Home Automation and Defense Systems

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a clear insight into the Introduction to Arduino Nano 33 BLE. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to Arduino MKR WiFi 1010

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll give you a detailed Introduction to Arduino MKR WiFi 1010. The Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 is a solution to your basic IoT applications. Using this device, you can develop a WiFi-connected sensors network or can produce a BLE device connected to your cell phone. This board is based on the SAMD21 microcontroller and comes with a clock speed of around 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz. There are 8 digital pins, 13 PWM pins, and 7 analog pins incorporated on the board. The operating voltage is 3.3V while the voltage through USB or Vin is 5V. I suggest you read this post all the way through, as I’ll detail the complete introduction to Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 covering pinout, pin description, features, programming, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to Arduino MKR WiFi 1010

• The Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 is a microcontroller board based on SAMD21 Cortex®-M0+ 32bit low power ARM microcontroller.
• The Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 is an improved version of MKR 1000 and is mainly developed for IoT applications. The secure element ATECC508 ensures a safe and secure WiFi connection.
• This secure element is a crypto device that comes with ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman) key agreement, which is mainly used to include confidentiality to digital systems including Internet of Things (IoT) nodes employed in industrial networking and home automation.

• The board carries a USB port to power up the board with 5V. While the Li-Po charging circuit will make Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 run in two ways i.e. either with an external 5-volt source or with battery power.

• Contains powerful I/O interfaces including 8 digital I/O pins 7 analog pins 13 PWM pins and carries 3.3V operating voltage.
• The operating voltage is 3.3V while the voltage through USB or Vin is 5V. The clock frequency is 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz which guarantees the synchronization of internal functions.
• Comes with internal flash memory of around 256KB which ensures the storage of the Arduino program (sketch). The SRAM is 32KB which is employed to produce and manipulate variables when it’s activated. There is no EEPROM available on the board.

Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of Arduino MKR Wifi 1010.

Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief insight into Arduino MKR Wifi 1010. In this section, we’ll detail the pin description of each pin available on the board. Let’s get started.

SPI Pins

The board comes with an SPI communication protocol that is mainly used to develop communication with the controller and other peripheral devices like shift registers and sensors. Two Pins are used for SPI communication. MISO (master input slave output) and MOSI (master output slave input) these pins are incorporated for the SPI communication. These pins are used to send or receive data by the controller.

UART Pins

The board comes with serial communication protocol UART. It contains two pins Rx and Tx for serial communication. The Tx is a transmission pin employed to transmit the serial data while Rx is a receiving pin used to receive the serial data.

I2C Pins

I2C is a two-wire communication protocol that comes with two pins SDL and SCL. The SDL is a serial data line that carries the data while SCL is a serial clock line that guarantees synchronization of data transfer over the I2C bus.

Analog Pins

There are 7 analog pins installed on the board. Any voltage value can be included in these pins in contrast to digital pins that only receive two values HIGH and LOW.

Digital Pins

There are 8 digital pins available on the board. These pins receive two values HIGH or LOW. When these pins get 5V they are in the HIGH state and when these pins get 0V they are in a LOW state.

PWM Pins

13 PWM pins incorporated on the board. These pins generate analog results with digital means. These pins are mainly employed to control the speed of the motor.

Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 Features

The following are the main features of Arduino MKR Wifi 1010.

• Microcontroller = SAMD21
• Board Power Supply (USB/VIN) = 5V
• Radio module = u-blox NINA-W102
• Supported Battery = Li-Po Single Cell, 3.7V, 1024mAh Minimum
• Secure Element = ATECC508
• Circuit Operating Voltage = 3.3V
• PWM Pins = 13
• Digital Pins = 8
• Analog Pins = 7
• UART = 1
• SPI = 1
• I2C = 1

• External Interrupts = 10
• Flash memory = 256KB
• SRAM = 32KB
• EEPROM = no
• USB = Full-Speed USB Device and embedded Host
• LED_BUILTIN = 6
• Clock speed = 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz
• Size = 25x61mm
• Weight = 32g.

Programming

• Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 and all other Arduino boards are programmed using Arduino IDE software – A professional software developed by Arduino.cc.
• You can power up your board using a USB port and this is also used to program and test the board. Simply connect the board through a USB cable to your computer and start playing with it.
• You can power up the board by both USB port or through Vin. The board comes with a built-in Bootloader to burn the program, setting you free from using a separate burner to burn the program inside the controller.

Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 Applications

The Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 is mainly introduced for IoT applications. The following are the main applications of this board.

• Used in embedded systems.
• Employed in control systems.
• Used in IoT applications.
• Employed to create a BLE device with a cell phone.
• Used to develop sensor network connected with the home router.

That’s all for today. Hope you like this article. If you have any queries, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share. This helps us create quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.