Introduction to CD4046
Hey Guys! Hope you are doing well. Welcome you onboard. Today, I'll discuss the detailed
Introduction to CD4046 which is a Micropower Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) that comes with a common comparator input and a common signal input amplifier between a low-power linear voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and two different phase comparators.
The phase locked loop, as the name suggests, is a loop where the phase of the output signal is compared with the phase of the input signal using a phase detector between two signals.
- Phase detector operates with the aim to adjust the two signal and make them quite in line with each other so they generate signals with the same magnitude.
In this tutorial, I'll walk you through the main details related to CD4046 by breaking down the whole nitty-gritty in simple steps, making it easy for you to grab the main concept. Let's jump right in.
Introduction to CD4046
CD4046 is a Micropower Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) that comes with a phase detector for comparing the phase of the output signal with the input signal and adjust them in order to make the matching signals from both ends.
- It comes with a common comparator input and a common signal input amplifier between a low-power linear voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and two different phase comparators.
The input signal can be operated in two ways: capacitively layered with a self-biasing amplifier for creating a small voltage signal or directly coupled for a large voltage signal.
- The VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) is an integral part of the IC that mainly generates oscillated frequency based on the applied input. The generated frequency is then used for phase modulation.
The chip features two phase comparators i.e. Phase Comparator I and Phase Comparator II. They are also known as Phase Detectors.
Phase comparator I is nothing but an exclusive OR gate that produces a digital, maintaining 90° phase shifts at the VCO.
- It is important to note that both signal input and comparator input are set at 50% duty cycle where Phase Comparator I can lock the input frequencies that match with the magnitude of the VCO center frequency.
Similarly, Phase comparator II is known as an edge-controlled digital memory network and maintains a 0° phase shift between signal input and comparator input, providing a lock-in and digital error signal.
CD4046 Features
Following table shows the main features of CD4046.
| Number of Pins |
16 |
| Min Supply Voltage |
3 V |
| Max Supply Voltage |
18 V |
| Number of Phase Comparators |
2 |
| VCO linearity |
1% |
| Power consumption |
70 µW at VCO Frequency= 10 kHz and VDD = 5 V |
| Technology |
CMOS Phase Locked Loop |
| Operating Temperature Range |
-55 to 125 ºC |
- These ratings will help you make a final decision before you intend to incorporate this device into the relevant project.
CD4046 Pinout
Following figure shows the pinout of CD4046.
- VSS represents the ground voltage while VDD represents the supply voltage.
- A 5.2-V Zener diode is added with the aim to supply regulation if required.
CD4046 Pin Configuration
Following table shows the pin configuration of each pin.
| Pin# |
Pin Name |
Pin Description |
| 1 |
Phase Pulse |
Phase pulse applied to the IC |
| 2 |
Phase Comp I Out |
An output of Phase Comparator I |
| 3 |
Comparator IN |
Input at the Comparator |
| 4 |
VCO OUT |
Output Signal at VCO |
| 5 |
INHIBIT |
Allows to electronically turn on or off the output voltage power supply |
| 6 |
C1A |
Capacitor 1 connected to VCO |
| 7 |
C1B |
Capacitor 2 connected to VCO |
| 8 |
VSS |
Ground Pin |
| 9 |
VCO IN |
Input Signal at VCO |
| 10 |
Demodulator OUT |
Extracting the original signal |
| 11 |
R1 |
Resistor 1 connected between VCO and Supply Voltage |
| 12 |
R2 |
Resistor 2 connected between VCO and Supply Voltage |
| 13 |
Phase Comp II OUT |
Generated oscillated output at Phase II Comparator |
| 14 |
Signal IN |
Input Signal applied to the Phase Comparator I |
| 15 |
Zener |
5.2 V Zener diode for voltage regulation |
| 16 |
VDD |
Voltage supply pin |
- I hope this configuration will help you understand the major functions associated with each pin on the chip.
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of CD4046.
- These are the stress ratings above which the device may stop working. Before you start your project, make sure your technical requirements match with the ratings of the device otherwise it may cause more damage than good.
- As mentioned above DC supply voltage ranges between -0.5 to 18, however it is advised to keep the DC supply between 3 to 15 V for better results, similarly recommended operating temperature range lies from -55 to 125 ºC.
- The ground voltage is zero unless specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
CD4046 Dimensions
Following figure shows the dimension of CD4046.
- The dimensions in the numerator are given in inches and dimensions appearing in the denominator are given in millimeters.
- It is a low weight tiny chip that can easily stand fit in the hard to reach places.
Applications
CD4046 comes with a variety of applications aiming to compare the output signals with the input signals and produce them with the same frequencies. Following are the major applications of CD4047.
- FSK modulation
- Voltage-to-frequency conversion
- Motor speed control
- FM demodulator and modulator
- Frequency discrimination
- Frequency synthesis and multiplication
- Tone decoding
- Data synchronization and conditioning
That's all for now. I'll be writing more tutorials on some basic components mainly used in engineering and technology. If you are unsure or have any question, you are most welcome to approach me in the section below. I'd love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to feed us with your valuable feedback and suggestion, so we keep producing quality content and you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Thanks for reading the article.
Introduction to 2n5415
Hi Friends! Hope you are getting along with life pretty well. Today, I'll uncover the detailed
Introduction to 2n5415 which is a PNP transistor mainly used for general purpose low-power amplifying and switching applications.
It comes with three layers: two P semiconductor layers and one doped N-layer where later is encapsulated between other two P-layers.
There are two major types of transistor:
Bipolar Junction Transistor and Unipolar Transistor. This transistor falls under the category of Bipolar Junction Transistor as it comes with two charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes where later are the major charge carriers in PNP transistors.
In this post, I'll try to nail down everything related to 2n5415: its main features, working, and applications. Let's dive in and explore the nitty-gritty of this electronic component.
Introduction to 2n5415
2n5415 is a
PNP transistor that is mainly used for general purpose low-power amplifying and switching applications.
- It operates on a general amplification principle where small current at one terminal is used to control large current at other two terminals.
The 2n5415 is incorporated with three terminals known as an emitter, base, and collector which are used for external connection with the electronic circuits.
- These terminals are different in terms of doping concentration and size where a base is lightly doped and is responsible for the transistor action as it controls the number of holes flowing from emitter to collector.
The emitter is highly doped and contains 100% transistor current which then distributes between base and collector.
- The collector terminal is moderately doped and comes in a bigger size as compared to the other two terminals. It is mainly used to collect the holes emitted from the base terminal.
As the voltage is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased and starts drawing little current which plays a vital role to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
- The base terminal voltage has a large influence on the output current obtained at the collector terminal. This process is used for amplification purpose.
The PNP transistor is a current controlled device, also known as
sinking device, where it sinks current into its base terminal and current flows out of the collector.
2n5415 Pinout
Following figure shows the pinout of 2n5415.
There are three main parts of the component
1. Emitter
2. Base
3. Collector
- Holes control the conductivity in this PNP transistor similar to electrons that control the conductivity in NPN transistors.
- In PNP transistor base is more negative as compared to emitter and collector.
2n5415 Circuit Diagram
Following figure shows the circuit diagram of 2n5415.
- As mentioned earlier, the emitter terminal is highly doped and comes with 100% transistor current i.e. emitter current is a sum of current at collector and base terminals.
- When the voltage is applied, holes are diffused through the base from the emitter in this PNP transistor which eventually collected by the collector.
- Most of the professionals prefer NPN transistor over PNP transistor for amplification purpose because they consider conduction carried out by the movement of electrons is more effective and suitable than conduction carried out by the movement of holes.
2n5415 Absolute Maximum Ratings
Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of 2n5415.
- These are the stress ratings which directly affect the execution of electronic circuit. If these stress ratings are exceeded from absolute maximum ratings, they can damage the device at large, ultimately affecting the overall nature and performance of the project.
Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions they can affect the reliability of the device.
- It is preferred to examine these ratings before placing the device in the circuit and make sure the device follows the same stress ratings as defined by the manufacturer.
Applications
- It is widely used in general purpose low-power amplifying circuits.
- Many switching applications are incorporated with this transistor.
That’s all for now. I hope I have given you valuable information regarding this PNP transistor. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you in any way I can. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions, so we keep producing quality content and you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Thanks for reading the article.