The Engineering Projects

Introduction to 2n3903

Hi Friends! Hope you are doing great. I am back to give you a daily dose of valuable information so you can excel and grow in your relevant field. Transistors are the fundamental parts of most of the electronic circuits. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the Introduction to 2n3903. It is an NPN transistor main used for general purpose amplification and switching applications. Transistor comes in two types i.e. NPN and PNP transistors. This transistor falls under the category of NPN transistor. This is a bipolar junctions transistor where conduction is carried out by movement of both charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes. However, electrons are major charge carriers in case of NPN transistors. If you are unsure how these bipolar transistors work, you can check this read on Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistor. I'll reveal each and everything related to this transistor, so you don't get overwhelmed by all data across the web and find all information in one place. Before we move on to the details of this NPN transistor, you must be clear what is transistor? The transistor is an electronic component that comes with three terminals that are used for external connection with the electronic circuits. The voltage applied to one pair of its terminals is used to control the current at the other pair of terminals. Let's dive in and explore what is this about, its pinout, circuit diagram, applications and everything you need to know.

Introduction to 2n3903

• The 2n3903 is an electronic component called NPN transistor mainly used for general purpose amplification and switching applications.
• It comes with three terminals called emitter, base, and collector.
• This transistor has three layers i.e. two N-doped layers and one P-doped layer. The P-doped layer is a semiconductor that is housed between two N-doped layers.
• The P-doped layer represents the base of the transistor while other two layers represent emitter and collector respectively.
• All three terminals are different in terms of their size and doping concentration. The emitter is highly doped as compared to base and collector.

• The base is lightly doped which is responsible for the electron reaction when a voltage is applied at this terminal. When a voltage is applied, it draws small current which is then used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• Under normal conditions, the number of electrons diffused into the base terminal is more than the number of holes diffused into the emitter terminal. Electrons act as a majority charge carriers in case of NPN transistor.
• This transistor is an ideal choice for amplification and switching purpose requiring collector current around 100mA.

Pinout of 2n3903

Following figure shows the pinout of this NPN transistor which is composed of three terminals. 1. Emitter  2. Base 3. Collector 

• Movement of electrons plays an important role in the current flowing from emitter to collector.
• The output current obtained at the output terminals is highly dependent on the voltage applied to the base terminal.
• This bipolar transistor is a current controlled device where small current at the base terminal is used to control large current at other terminals. It is different than MOSFET that is voltage controlled unipolar device where conduction is carried out by one charge carrier i.e either electron or hole.

Circuit Diagram of 2n3903

• Following figure shows the circuit diagram of this NPN transistor.

• The emitter is highly doped so it exhibits more current as compared to other terminals. Actually, current at the emitter terminal is a sum of the current at the base and collector terminal.
• Common-Emitter current gain plays an important role in the amplification process. It is a ratio between collector current and base current. It is called beta and denoted by ß. This is also called amplification factor which defines the amount of current being amplified.
• Common-Base current gain is another important factor which exhibits lower value than beta. It is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. It is called alpha and denoted by a. Alpha value ranges between 0.95 to 0.99 and most of the time its value is taken as unity.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of 2n3903

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of this NPN transistor.

• These are the stress ratings which play an important role in the execution of the electronic circuit. If these stress ratings are exceeded from absolute maximum ratings, they can damage the device at large, ultimately affecting the overall nature and performance of the project.
• Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions they can affect the reliability of the device.
• It is advised to check these ratings before placing the device in the circuit and make sure device undergoes and follows same operating conditions and stress ratings as defined by the manufacturer.
• Steps and measurements taken in the early stages of your project can save you bunch of time and worry and prevents electronic circuit from being affected.

Difference between PNP and NPN Transistors

• NPN and PNP work in a similar way with the intention of amplification and switching purpose but there is some difference between them.
• Voltage polarities and direction of currents are opposite in these transistors.
• Electrons are majority charge carriers in case of NPN transistors while holes are majority charge carriers in case of PNP transistors, however, both types of transistors require both charge carriers for complete conduction process.
• The base is negative in case of PNP transistor and a negative voltage is applied at the base terminal in order to trigger the holes reaction. And the base is more negative as compared to emitter and collector.
• While in case of NPN transistor, a base is positive and positive voltage is applied at this terminal in order to trigger electron reaction which draws small current that is used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• These transistors are nothing but a combination of diodes joining back to back.

Applications

• This transistor is mainly used for amplification and switching purpose where collector current around 100mA is required.

You must have look at following articles that are bipolar junctions transistors used for amplification, switching or other electronic applications. 2n5551 - NPN transistor 2n2219 - NPN transistor That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. However, if you are unsure or have any question relating to this transistor, you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise and knowledge. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to PNP Transistor

Hey Friends! Hope you are doing great. I am back to give you a daily dose of valuable information so you can always stay ahead of your competitors. I have previously updated the article on NPN transistor that is used for amplification and switching purpose. Today, I am going to unveil the details on the Introduction to PNP Transistor which falls under the category of bipolar junction transistors and comes with three layers i.e. two P-doped layers and one N-doped layer where an N-doped layer exists between two P-doped layers. Main Function: Small current at one terminal is used to control large current at other terminals. Major Charge Carriers:  Holes  These NPN and PNP transistors come with their own benefits based on the nature of the electronic project, however, NPN transistors always deems preferable over PNP transistors because of its quick response due to mobility of electrons while PNP transistors are not preferable for amplification and switching purpose because conduction through mobility of holes deems less useful and beneficial as compared to mobility of electrons. In this tutorial, I’ll discuss each and everything related to this PNP transistor i.e what it does, circuit diagram, applications and everything you need to know. Let’s dive in and explore what is this about and how it is used for the execution of electronic projects.

Introduction to PNP Transistor

• The PNP transistor is a type of bipolar transistor used for amplification and switching purpose and for the designing of the complementary output stage in combination with NPN transistor.
• It comes with three terminals called emitter, base, and collector where small current at the base terminal is used to control large current at other terminals.
• It is a current controlled device also known as sinking device where it sinks current into its base terminal and current flows out of the collector.
• Unlike NPN transistor, current flows from the emitter to collector in this PNP transistor and holes act as a majority charge carriers.

• This transistor comes with same characteristics as NPN transistor but there are some exceptions. In case of PNP transistor, all voltage polarities and current directions will be reversed as compared to NPN transistor. The PNP transistor sinks current into its base while NPN transistor sources current through its base terminal.
• Both NPN and PNP transistors are current controlled devices where conduction is carried out by both charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes, but major charge carriers are electrons in case of NPN transistors. While in case of PNP transistor major charge carriers are holes.
• The PNP transistor is like a combination of diodes combined back to back from cathode sides.

Construction

• This PNP transistor is composed of two P-doped layers and one N-doped layer where N-doped layer represents the base of the transistor while other P doped layers represent emitter and collector respectively.
• The base of the transistor is more negative than the emitter terminal.
• All three terminals in the PNP transistor are different in terms of doping concentration and size.
• An emitter is highly doped and exhibits 100% current of the transistor while a base is lightly doped which is responsible for the transistor action and controls the number of holes in case of PNP transistor.
• While collector is lightly doped and comes in a bigger size as compared to other two terminals and collects the number of holes.

Circuit Diagram

• Following figure shows the circuit diagram of PNP transistor.

• In PNP transistor, a source voltage is applied at the emitter terminal (instead of collector terminal in case of NPN transistor) and load resistor is applied that is used to resist the current in the collector terminal.
• Similarly, a bias voltage is applied at the base terminals and a base resistor is connected to this terminal in order to limit the current flowing through this terminal.
• The emitter is connected to a positive voltage while the base is connected to the negative voltage.

Working

• Similar to NPN transistor, PNP transistor comes with two pn junctions i.e. emitter-base junction and collector-base junction.
• An emitter-base junction is forward biased and shows low resistance while collector-base junction is reverse biased and exhibits high resistance. Steps and process required to make these junctions forward biased and reverse biased are different than NPN transistors.
• Emitter-base junction will become forward biased when a base is negative with respect to the emitter and the voltage at the base side is 0.7 V less than the voltage at the emitter side.
• Similarly, emitter-base junction is made reverse biased when applied collector voltage is negative. In case of PNP transistor, emitter voltage is much larger than collector voltage.
• In order to conduct for PNP transistor, emitter voltage must be more positive as compared to both base and collector.
• The transistor will turn on when there is small current flowing from emitter to base terminal.
• In PNP transistors emitter emits holes as compared to NPN where emitter emits electrons.
• When a proper bias voltage is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased and the holes present at emitter terminal moves to the base terminal where they combine with the electron present at this terminal. This generates the small current at the base terminal.
• The base is very thin so it is very difficult for a base to accept all holes injected by the emitter, as a result, most of the holes leave the base terminal and enter collector terminal.

Matched Switch

• Combination of PNP transistor with NPN transistor is used for designing and development of the power amplifier circuits. Power B amplifiers are the great example of this amplifier circuits where both PNP and NPN transistors are incorporated together to generate high amplification cycle.

• Pair of NPN and PNP transistor used in Class B amplifiers is called complementary or matched switch where PNP transistor conducts for the negative half cycle while NPN transistor conducts for the positive half cycle of the transistor.
• This process is used to generate required power for the loudspeaker in both directions. The resulting power generates at the output current is very high which is then equally shared between matched switch composed of NPN and PNP transistor.

Output Characteristics Curve

• The output characteristic curve of PNP transistor looks identical to that of NPN transistor but there is one exception i.e. it is rotated by 180 degrees.
• The same load line is drawn on the characteristic curve that we drew in case of NPN transistor that mentions the operating points of the transistor.
• The following figure shows the characteristics curve of PNP transistor which is drawn between the output current and collector-emitter voltage and is rotated by 180 degrees where current directions and voltage polarities are reversed. The supply voltage becomes negative for PNP transistor.

• The current gains (alpha, beta) value are much less in PNP transistor as compared to NPN transistor. We can calculate the beta value from the following equation;

Difference between PNP and NPN Transistors

• The PNP transistor is known as sinking device while NPN transistor is known as sourcing device.
• The main difference between PNP and NPN transistor is the proper biasing of the base terminal where current directions and voltage polarities are always opposite to each other.
• In PNP transistor, holes are majority carriers while in NPN transistor electrons are majority carriers.
• The emitter voltage is made more positive as compared to both base and collector in PNP transistor. While collector voltage is made more positive as compared to base and emitter in case of NPN transistor.
• The PNP transistor will be considered ON when there is no current at the base terminal. The NPN transistor will be considered ON when there is enough current present at the base terminal.
• In PNP transistor current flows from the emitter to collector, while in case of NPN transistor current flows from collector to emitter.
• The base is positive in case of NPN transistor while it is negative in PNP transistor.
• When there is enough voltage applied at the base terminal it gets biased in case of NPN terminal while in case of PNP transistor, negative voltage 0.7 V less than emitter voltage must be applied to trigger transistor action.

Applications

• This transistor is used as a switch for electronic signals.
• It is used in amplifying circuits.
• Used as a matched switch in combination with NPN transistor for generating continuous power.
• Current flow involving heavy motors makes use of these transistors.
• Used in robotic applications where current sinking is required.

That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you in any way I can. You are most welcome to add anything valuable related to this transistor. Thanks for reading the article.