The Engineering Projects

Introduction to 2n2219

Hi Guys! Hope you all are doing great! We always feel happy when you come back again and again for useful information so you can excel and grow in your relevant field. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the Introduction to 2n2219. It is an NPN (negative-positive-negative) bipolar junction transistor (BJT) which is specially designed for a small signal general purpose and switching applications. It contains P doped semiconductor that lies between the two layers of N doped material. You can also check an Introduction to 2n2905 which is a complementary PNP transistor of this NPN transistor. I'll try to cover every aspect related to this transistor so you don't need to go anywhere and you find all information in one place. Let's dive in and explore what is this about and what are its main applications?

Introduction to 2n2219

• 2n2219 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor which is mainly used for small signal general purpose amplification and switching applications.
• It mainly consists of three terminals called emitter, base, and collector. And the base is positive with respect to the emitter.
• It is termed as bipolar junction transistor because conduction is carried out by both charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes but majority charge carriers are electrons.
• Movement of electrons plays an important role in defining the conducting behavior of this NPN transistor.

• This NPN transistor can be configured with three configurations named as a common collector, common base, and common emitter configuration.
• 2n2219 is a current controlled device where small current at the base side is used to control large current at the emitter and collector side.
• When positive voltage is applied at the base side, electrons start to flow from emitter to collector and base is used to control the number of electrons.

2n2219 Pinout

• Following figure shows the pinout of 2n2219.

• It mainly consists of three terminals which determine the overall nature of the transistor.

1. Emitter 2. Base 3. Collector

• When a small voltage is applied at the base side, it gets biased and allows the small current at the base side to control the large current at the emitter and collector side.
• Conduction is carried out by the movement of electrons from the emitter to collector and base is used to control the number of electrons.

Circuit Diagram of 2n2219

• The circuit symbol of 2n2219 is shown in the figure below.

• This NPN silicon transistor exhibits positive base side and negative emitter side.
• Similarly, a voltage at the collector side is more than the voltage at the base side.
• This transistor can be configured into three main configurations called common emitter configuration common base configuration. Common emitter configuration is mainly used for amplification purpose because it features the exact voltage and power gain required for amplification purpose.
• This common emitter configuration allows the input to increase by 20dB which is 100 times more than the input signal.
• Collector and emitter are slightly different in terms of their size and doping concentrations. A collector is lightly doped while the emitter is highly doped.
• This NPN transistor is a bipolar current controlled device which is different than MOSFET that is unipolar voltage controlled device.
• Forward current gain is an important feature that is mainly used for determining the amplification capacity of the transistor. Forward current gain is called beta, usually denoted by ß and is a ratio between collector current to the base current. It is called amplification factor which is a measure of current being amplified. Beta value ranges between 20 to 1000 but its standard value is 200. Beta is a ratio of two current so it has no unit.
• The current gain of this transistor is represented by alpha a which is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. Alpha value ranges between 0.95 to 0.99 and most of the times its value is considered as a unity.
• Both NPN and PNP transistors are different in terms of charge carriers. Electrons are major carriers in NPN transistors while holes are major carriers in PNP transistors.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum rating of 2n2219

• Collector-Base voltage with open emitter is 60 V. And collector-emitter voltage with an open base is 30 V.
• Maximum Power it can dissipate is 800 mW.
• These are the stress ratings, if these stress ratings are exceeded from absolute maximum rating, they can damage the device.
• Similarly, if stresses are applied for an extended period of time, they can affect the device reliability.

Applications

• It exhibits high current and low voltage which makes it an ideal choice for high-speed switching.
• The ability of a base terminal to control the number of electrons is mainly used for amplification purpose.

That's all for today. I hope you have enjoyed the article. I have tried my best to provide most relevant and useful information however if still you feel skeptical or have any question you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise. We highly appreciate when you keep us updated with feedback and suggestions, they help us provide you quality work that resonates with your needs and requirements. Stay Tuned!

Introduction to 2n5457

Hey Fellas! Hope you are enjoying life and getting most out of it. I am back to give you daily dose of information so you can excel and grow in your relevant field and keep coming back for what we have to offer. Today, I am going to uncover the details on the Introduction to 2n5457. It is an N Channel JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor) which is mainly designed for audio and switching applications. It consists of drain, source and gate which are denoted by D, S and G respectively. I'll try to cover every aspect related to this transistor so you don't need to go any where and find all information in one place. Let's dive in and explore what is it about and what are its main applications.

Introduction to 2n5457

• 2n5457 is an N channel field effect transistor which is mainly used for audio and switching applications.
• It consists of source, drain and gate which are analogous to emitter, collector and base in the bipolar junction transistors.
• In contrast to normal bipolar junction transistor, it is a voltage controlled device which doesn't require any biasing current to control large current at the other terminals.
• It starts conducting when current flows between drain and source terminals.
• It is called field effect transistor because static field plays an important role in transistor operation.
• A JFET is considered fully ON when there is no potential difference between source and gate terminals. However, if you apply negative gate-source voltage, it will turn off this device.
• This component limits the flow of current if there exists any potential difference between source and gate terminals.
• A JFET are available in two types, N type and P type channel. 2n5457 is a N type JFET where voltage at the source terminal is greater than the voltage at gate terminal.

• Current also has a large effect on the electric field between drain and source.
• 2n5457 comes with high speed analog circuit performance and low error voltage where drain and source are interchangeable.
• 2n5457 is composed of semiconductor material which contains negative charge carriers such as electrons.
• It has high AC input impudence and high DC input resistance.
• It comes in TO-92 plastic encapsulated package and contains low transfer and input capacitance.
• In JFET, the flow of current is handled by limiting the channel through which current is flowing.
• This JFET is mounted using through hole technology, means it comes with more strength to endure stress but it occupies large space as compared to surface mount technology on which devices are mounted directly on the surface of the PCB board.

2n5457 Pinout

• 2n5457 N Channel Field Effect Transistor mainly consists of three pins.

1: Drain 2: Source 3: Gate

• In this N channel device voltage at the gate terminal is used to handle the current that flows from the device.
• It will conduct when current flows from source and drain terminals.

Working of 2n5457

• Field effect process is mainly used to make conducting channel in this JFET.
• Flow of electrons in any transistor plays an important role to predict the conducting nature of the device.

• In this N Channel JFET flow of electrons between source and drain is limited by the number of holes available in the gate terminal.
• An electric filed is generated when we apply positive voltage at the gate terminal. It results in the flow of electrons from source to drain terminal, helps in switching on the transistor.

• Field effect process is used to generate the current that's why these transistors are termed as field effect transistors.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of 2n5457

• Drain-Source and Drain-Gate voltage is 25 V.
• Maximum Power it can dissipate is 310 mW.
• These ratings are derived from maximum junction temperature of 150 C.
• It is important to note that if stresses are exceeded above absolute maximum ratings, they can damage the device.
• Similarly, if stresses are applied for extended period of time, they can effect the device reliability.

Electrical Characteristics

• Following figure shows the electrical characteristics of the N channel 2n5457 JFET.

• The figure shows both on state and off state electrical characteristics.
• It is important to note that electrical characteristics don't determine the quality of the product.
• These are just used for determining the electrical behavior of the device so it can be perfectly aligned and resonated with the electrical circuit it will be used for.

Applications

• This device is mainly used for analog switching applications and is referred as low level amplifier or switching transistor.
• It has low cross modulation and intermodulation distortion which makes it an ideal choice for most of the applications.

That's all for today. I have tried my best to give you most relevant and useful information related to 2n5457 N Channel JFET. However, if still you feel skeptical or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise. We feel happy when you keep us updated with your feedback and suggestions, they allow us to give you quality work that resonates with your needs and expectations. Stay Tuned!

C# MonthCalendar Control

Hello Everyone! I'm back to give you daily dose of information that resonates with your needs and requirements. Today, I'm going to uncover the details on the introduction to C# MonthCalendar Control. It is referred as a graphical interface that is widely used to modify and set date information based on your requirements. It is slightly different than DateTimePicker control in which you can select range of dates. DateTimePicker allows you to set both date and time, however, MonthCalendar control gives you a permission to select date only, but it gives you flexibility of selecting range of dates. Let's dive in and explore what this control does and what are its main applications.

C# MonthCalendar Control

• C# MonthCalendar Control is known as graphical interface that is used to modify and select range of date information for required application.
• In order to create C# MonthCalendar control, open the windows form application and go to Toolbar appearing on the left side.
• Find the MonthCalendar control, drag and drop it over the Form.
• You can play with it and move it around over the Form with the help of mouse.
• There is another way of creating the MonthCalendar control. Just double click on the MonthCalendar control, it will automatically place the MonthCalendar control on the Form.

MonthCalendar Control Properties

• In order to set the MonthCalendar control properties, just right click on the MonthCalendar control and go to properties.
• Properties window will appear on the right side of the windows form application.
• MonthCalendar control comes with different useful properties including, name, location, font, forecolor, back color, margin, MaximumDate, MaximumSize etc. Let’s discuss them one by one. Following window will appear as click on the properties.

Name

• Name property defines the specific name of the control that is used to access it in the code. In the figure above, MonthCalendar control name is monthCalendar1.

BackColor and ForeColor

• BackColor property is used to change the background color of the MonthCalendar control.
• ForeColor is used to display text within a month.

SelectionRange and SelectionStart

• SelectionRange is widely used property which defines the selected range of dates in the control.
• SelectionStart property specifies the start date of the selected range of dates.

FirstDayOfWeek and ShowTodayCircle

• FirstDayOfWeek property gives you an option to start week in the application with your preferred day. By default Sunday is selected as the start of the week and Saturday is considered as the last day of the week.
• ShowTodayCircle property is used to set the circle around current date. By default the value of this property is set as true. You can set it to false if you want to remove the circle around the current date.

ShowDate, MinDate and MaxDate

• ShowDate property displays the current date at the bottom of the calendar if its value is set as true. Setting the value to false will disappear the date at the bottom of the calendar.
• The maximum and minimum time period in the control is set by using two properties MaxDate and MinDate. MaxDate determines the maximum valid date for the control.
• MinDate determines the minimum valid date for the control.
• The Visual Basic version we are using shows MaxDate as 12/31/9998 and MinDate as 1/1/1753

CalendarDimensions and TodayDate

• CalendarDimensions determines the number of months in a single grid. Default dimension is set as (1,1) which will only display one month range in the grid.
• Maximum 12 month can be displayed in a single grid. And maximum dimension you can set is (4,3) which shows 12 months in four columns and three rows.
• Following figure shows two columns and two rows in the calendar grid because dimensions are set as (2,2)

• Following code can be used to set the number of months vertically and horizontally.

monthCalendar1.CalendarDimensions = new System.Drawing.Size (3,2);

• TodayDate is very useful property that determines the current date it captures from the system. Great thing is that you can select any date explicitly using TodayDate property and set it as current date.

ShowWeekNumbers

• ShowWeekNumbers property allows you to display week number on the calendar. By default this property value is set as false.
• Set this value as true if you want to display number of weeks in the current month of the calendar.
• In the following figure, 9,10,11,12,13,14 are the week numbers of the calendar year.

BoldedDates and Dock

• BoldedDates is an important property that is used to highlight some dates on the calendar.
• In order to create bold dates, right click on the calendar and go to properties.
• Find the BoldedDates property and click the ellipsis of its field.
• This will allow you to open DateTime Collection Editor from where you can bold the dates of your own choice.
• You can click add in order to create date member.
• As you click add, DateTime field would appear under which you can select any date value.
• Repeat the same process again if you want to bold more dates on the calendar. Following figure shows how you can bold some dates.

• In order to create bolded dates in the code, you must create DateTime object. Add following code if you want to create specific dates in bold numbers.

            DateTime myVacation1 = new DateTime(2018, 3, 16);
            DateTime myVacation2 = new DateTime(2018, 3, 17);

            monthCalendar1.AddBoldedDate(myVacation1);
            monthCalendar1.AddBoldedDate(myVacation2);

 

• Dock property determines the location on the calendar on the main Form. It comes with different values including top, bottom, right, left, fill and none.

Example 1

• Following example shows two month of the calendar year in the MonthCalendar Control.
• This example shows how you can bold some specific dates of your own choice and how you can make use of properties like MaxDate, MinDate, MaxSelectionCount, ShowToday, ShowTodayCircle etc.
• The DateSelected event is also used and its output is displayed on the form.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace WindowsFormsApplication26
{
    public partial class Form1 : Form
    {
        public Form1()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
        }

        private void monthCalendar1_DateChanged(object sender, DateRangeEventArgs e)
        {
            DateTime myVacation1 = new DateTime(2018, 3, 16);
            DateTime myVacation2 = new DateTime(2018, 3, 17);

            monthCalendar1.AddBoldedDate(myVacation1);
            monthCalendar1.AddBoldedDate(myVacation2);
            this.monthCalendar1.CalendarDimensions = new System.Drawing.Size(2, 1);
            this.monthCalendar1.FirstDayOfWeek = System.Windows.Forms.Day.Tuesday;
            this.monthCalendar1.MaxDate = new System.DateTime(2028, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0);
            this.monthCalendar1.MinDate = new System.DateTime(1990, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0);
            this.monthCalendar1.MaxSelectionCount = 20;
            this.monthCalendar1.ShowToday = true;
            this.monthCalendar1.ShowTodayCircle = true;
            this.monthCalendar1.ShowWeekNumbers = true;

            this.monthCalendar1.DateSelected += new System.Windows.Forms.DateRangeEventHandler(this.monthCalendar1_DateSelected);
            

        }
        private void monthCalendar1_DateSelected(object sender, System.Windows.Forms.DateRangeEventArgs e)
        {
            // Show the start and end dates in the text box.
            this.txtLabel.Text = "Date Selected: Start = " +
                e.Start.ToShortDateString() + " : End = " + e.End.ToShortDateString();
        }

• And in Visual Studio Windows Form Application code will appear like below.

That's all for today. I hope you have enjoyed the article. However, if you need help, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you in this regard according to best of my expertise. Stay Tuned!