The Engineering Projects

Introduction to L293D

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today I am going to given elaboration on Introduction to L293D. L 293D is basically a high current dual motor driver/controller Integrated Circuit (IC). It is able to drive load having current up to 1A at the voltage ranging from 4.5V to 36V. Motor driver usually act as current amplifier because they receive a low current signal as an input and provides high current signal at the output. Motors usually operates on this higher current. L-293D has to builtin H-Bridge driver circuits and is able to control two DC motors at a time in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction. It has two enable pins and they should be kept high in order to control the motor. By changing the polarity of applied signal motor can be rotated in either clockwise or counter clockwise direction. If L 293D enable pin is high, its corresponding driver will provide the desired out. If the enable pin is low, there will be no output. L-293D has different features including internal ESD protection, large voltage supply range, large output current per channel, high noise immunity input etc. L 293D plays a vital role in electronics era and has several different applications e.g relay drivers, DC motor drivers, stepping motor drivers etc. The further detail about L 293D motor driver/controller will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to L293D

L293D is basically a motor driver or controller. It has two builtin H-bridge circuits which are able to control two DC motors simultaneously in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction. It acts as an current high amplifier because it take low current signal at its input and provides higher current signal at the output in order to drives different load e.g stepper motor & DC motors. Its features include large inpu voltage supply range, large output current high noise immunity input signals etc. Its common real life applications include stepping motor drivers, relay drivers, DC motor drivers etc. L-293D motor driver/controller is shown in the figure given below.

1. L293D Pins

• L-293D has sixteen (16) pins, having different individual functions.
• All of these sixteen pins along with their serial no, are given in the table shown below.

2. L293D Pin Functions

• L 293D each pin has different tasks to perform when they are in working condition.
• The tasks assigned to each pin are given in the table shown below.

3. L293D Pinout

• Pinout diagram of any device presents the pins configuration through a completely labelled diagram.
• L293D pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

4. L293D Packages

• L-293D has two types of packages and both of them are PDIP (16).
• Both of these packages along with their respective part number are given in the table shown below.

5. L293D Packages Dimensions

• L 293D each package has he same dimensions.
• L-293D packages along with their typical dimensions and SI unit are given in the table shown below.

6. L293D Logic Diagram

• A logic diagram presents an internal logic followed by an equipment.
• L293D logic diagram is shown in the figure below.

7. L293D Functional Block Diagram

• Functional diagram of a device shows the steps followed by that device in order to perform some action to give output.
• L-293D functional block diagram is shown in the figure below.

8. L293D Ratings

• Before using any equipment we must know about its ratings i.e. its power requirments that how much power will it consume.
• I have provided the current, power and voltage ratings of L 293D motor controller/driver.
• All of the ratings associated with L-293D are given in the table shown below.

9. L293D Features

L-293D has several features including:

• High output current up to 1A/channel.
• Wide voltage supply range ranging from 4.5V to 36V.
• Peak output current up to 2A/channel.
• Internal Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) protection.
• A separate input supply.
• Inputs having large noise immunity.

10. L293D Applications

L293D has a lot of applications including:

• DC motor drivers.
• Relay drivers.
• Stepper motor drivers.
• Two phase motor driver, block diagram of L 293D application for two phase motor is given in the figure shown below.

In the tutorial Introduction to L293D, I have shared all the necessary details about L 293D motor controller/driver which includes its pinout diagram, applications, features, functional and logic diagram, packages etc. Let me know if I have missed something. If you have any issues you can find each kind of help regarding your issues. Our team is always available here to help you. In my upcoming articles I will share other informative IC's as well. Till then take care :)

Introduction to LM1458

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to elaborate you about Introduction to LM1458. Lm 1458 is basically a general purpose dual Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) i.e. it consists of two internal amplifiers. The internal amplifiers has both common power supply as well as common biased network. This is done so that their operation remains dependent on each other. If the power supply and biasing is not common then they will be totally independent. LM 1458 is a device which is protected from short circuit and it requires no external components for the frequency compensation. LM 1458 is considered to be and ideal amplifier for voltage followers. This is due to its latch-up free operation and high common mode voltage range. LM 1458 has amazing features like short circuit protection, low power consumption etc. Lm-1458 has several different real life applications e.g. The further details about LM 1458 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to LM1458

LM1458 is a dual general purpose Operational Amplifier (Op-amp). Its has two builtin amplifiers having common power supply as well as common mode voltage. This condition is to make both of the amplifiers dependent on each other. LM 1458 has several amazing features. For example, low power consumption, lath-up free operation, short circuit protection etc. LM-1458 is shown in the figure given below.

1. LM1458 Pins

• LM 1458 has eight (8) pins total, having separate individual function.
• All of the eight pins are given in the table shown below in a periodic manner.

2. LM1458 Pinout

• Pinout representation displays the configuration of all the pins, moreover it helps users for their better understanding.
• LM-1458 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

3. LM1458 Packages

• LM 1458 has two different types of packages e.g. PDIP and SOIC.
• I have provided both of these packages in the table shown below.

4. LM1458 Symbolic Representation

• The symbol or a symbolic representation of a device shows the internal structure of that device.
• LM 1458 symbolic representation is shown in the figure given below.

• You can see from the above figure that LM 1458 has two builtin amplifiers named as A and B in the figure.
• The inputs of the A amplifier are connected to pin no. 2 & 3 and its output is connected to pin no. 8.
• The inputs of the B amplifier are connected to pin no. 5 & 6 and its output is connected to pin no. 8.

5. LM1458 Schematic Diagram

• This diagram presents internal logic followed by a particular device.
• LM-1458 schematic diagram is shown in the figure given below.

6. LM1458 Ratings

• Rating is a feature of a device which tell the amount of voltage, current and power required for its normal operations under normal conditions.
• LM 1458 ratings are given in detail in the table shown below.

7. LM1458 Electrical Characteristics

• Several different electrical characteristics are associated with each of the deice which may vary from one device to another.
• LM-1458 electrical characteristics are provided in the table shown below.

8. LM1458 Features

• The basic and primary method to identify a device for a special purpose is to identify it from its features.
• Features play a vital role in  the selection and rejection of a particular device.

9. LM1458 Applications

LM 1458 has several different real life applications, some of the are given below.

• Comparator.
• Summin amplifier.
• Band pass filter.
• Multi-vibrator.
• Narrow band filter.
• DC amplifier.
• Integrator or differentiator.

The detailed discussion about Introduction to LM1458 was given in this tutorial. This section has covered all the important points regarding the basic use of LM 1458. If some information is missed let our team know to update this article. If you face any kind of problem you can ask us in comments anytime. Our team is 24/7 available here. I will share further informative tutorials later. Till then take care :)

Arduino Projects for Beginners

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to elaborate you, how to make Arduino Projects for beginners. Before gong into the detail of this tutorial first of all I would like to explain you a bit about Arduino. Arduino is an open source micro controller. A lot of help is available online so its user friendly hardware. Most of the students prefer to do work on this device. Arduino is a low cost high performance device. Due to its cost effectiveness and open source feature it is commonly available in the market these days. An amazing thing about Arduino is that students can take help online with a lot of examples regarding any of the task. There are thousands of Arduino projects are available online from beginner level to the major real life projects. Students can make their own projects without having a lot of programming experience. Arduino kits for the beginners are also available in the market now a days. These kit usually consist of an Arduino board, jumper wires, motors, LED's, sensors, relays etc. Arduino has a very wide of real life applications including automation, robotics, remote control, LED's, environmental sensing, Internet of Things (IoT), display, monitoring etc. Further detail about this tutorial will be given later.

Arduino Projects for Beginners

In this section of the tutorial Arduino Projects for beginners, I will elaborate you how to make basic and very simple projects using Arduino which will lead you to the better and better understanding of Arduino environment later. With the help of such a projects you will be much confident and will be able to make large projects too. So here I am going to share some of the basic and beginners level Arduino projects from my blog.

Arduino Basic Projects

In this section I will provide Proteus ISIS libraries for the different Arduino boards e.g. Arduino Nano, Arduino UNO, Arduino Mega 2560 etc and other different projects too. Here is the list of those projects.

1. Getting Started with Arduino Software
2. Arduino Library for Proteus
3. Arduino UNO Library for Proteus
4. Arduino Genuino Library for Proteus
5. Arduino Lilypad Library for Proteus
6. Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus
7. Arduino Nano Library for Proteus
8. Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus
9. Arduino UNO PCB Design for Proteus
10. Arduino Library for Seven Segment Display
11. How to get .hex File from Arduino
12. How to use Arduino Software Serial
13. How to use Arduino Serial Flush
14. How to use Arduino Serial Read
15. Ultrasonic Sensor Library for Proteus

• These are the very basic Arduino Projects, a student must go through all of these projects for the better understanding of the other projects.
• Now, I am going to share all of the mini projects designed by our team using Arduino board.

1. A Simple Arduino LED Example in Proteus

In this tutorial I have shared an LED control example using Arduino UNO in Proteus ISIS. I have designed the circuit to control a single LED using Arduino in Proteus. First I have testes and verified the control of an LED using Arduino. After its successful testing I have designed another circuit in Proteus to control a bundle of LED using the Same Arduino board. You can also check the blinking of an on board LED attached to the pin 13 of Arduino board. I have provided the complete Proteus ISIS design and Arduino source code for your easiness.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

• Download .rar file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

2. Circuit Designing of LCD with Arduino in Proteus

In this tutorial I have shared the design of a circuit for LCD interfacing with Arduino UNO in Proteus ISIS. I have used LCD here basically for debugging purpose in order to check whether the Arduino source code is in working condition or not. I have designed the Proteus simulation first and then I wrote source code in Arduino software. At the end after uploading .hex file in Arduino I have verified the code as show in the figure.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

• Click on the button above and go through the detailed discussion.

3. Interfacing of Keypad with Arduino in Proteus ISIS

In this article I have elaborated the circuit designing of keypad with Arduino UNO. I have used 4*3 keypad. Keypads are most common in a lot of real life applications such as calculators, laptops, ATM machined etc. The functionality of keypad is based on matrix systems. I have interfaced Arduino UNO, LCD and keypad in such a way that the text is displayed on LCD with respect to the corresponding buttons pressed from the keypad.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

• Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

4. Scrolling Text on LED Matrix 8*8 using Arduino in Proteus ISIS

This part of this tutorial will explain the design for scrolling text on LED matrix 8*8 using Arduino in Proteus ISIS. I have used an LED matrix. It is basically used to display long messages that we want to write on it. I have designed the complete circuit simulation in Proteus ISIS. Then I have written the Arduino source code. After uploading the code I have verified the results as well. They were absolutely perfect. Our team has done a lot of hard work to design this project. So, I have imposed a very lost on it that a student can easily buy this project even with his pocket money.

• You can buy this project here by clicking on the button below.

Buy Simulation & Arduino Source Code

5. Ultrasonic Sensor Simulation in Proteus

This article presents the detailed discussion about the circuit designing for interfacing of SONAR with Arduino UNO. I have used the library for ultrasonic sensor whose link is given above. This sensor is very to interface using this library. I have shared three type of examples regarding ultrasonic sensor interfacing with Arduino in Proteus ISIS. These examples include ultrasonic sensor interfacing using buttons, as a proximity switch and as a switch. I have provided both Proteus simulation as well as Arduino source code.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

• Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

6. Interfacing of Temperature Sensor 18B20 with Arduino

  The detailed discussion about circuit designing and interfacing of temperature sensor with Arduino UNO is given in this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners. I have used non-water proof temperature sensor. I have used an LCD as well to print the values obtained from the temperature sensor. We can get the values of temperature in Celsius using 18B20. There is a library for Arduino while interfacing 18B20 with it. I have shared that library too.

• You can download the entire package containing both simulation and Arduino library for 18B20 here by clicking on the button below.

Download Library & Simulation

• Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

7. Interfacing of Temperature Sensor LM35 with Arduino in Proteus ISIS

This section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, will provide you the discussion about the circuit designing of L35 interfacing with Arduino in Proteus. LM35 is a low cost sensor as compared to the other temperature sesnsors e.g. 18B20. I have designed the circuit in Proteus ISIS first and then I have written the code in Arduino software. After that I have tested the written code and verified the results. There were absolutely accurate. I have provided both simulation and code for free.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Code

• Download the file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

8. Interfacing PIR Sensor with Arduino

The detailed discussion about the interfacing of PIR sensor with Arduino is given in this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners. PIR sensor is designed for motion detection purposes. PIR sensor is a passive device and does not generate its own voltages and energy. I have provided the complete circuit diagram of PIR interfacing with Arduino as well as the source code in Arduino software. You can also read the detailed discussion here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation

• Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

9. Interfacing Flame Sensor with Arduino

In this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, I have given the detailed discussion about interfacing flame sensor with Arduino UNO. Flame sensor is designed basically fire detection purposes or you can say for temperature monitoring purposes. You have to set a threshold value and above that value an LED on the top of the sensor will be turn on as an indication. I have designed its Proteus ISIS simulation first. Then I have written its source code in Arduino software. I have uploaded the code in Arduino in Proteus and observed the results, they were quite accurate. You have to change the state of logic state from 0 to 1. As the state becomes 1 the sensor will start working and a corresponding test will be displayed on LCD. I have provided the complete simulation and source code for this project.

• You can download the entire package here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

• Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

10. Interfacing NRF24L01 Sensor with Arduino

This section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, will give you the detailed discussio nabout the interfacing of NRF24L01 sensor with Arduino UNO. NRF24L01 is basically used for wireless communication between two different nodes.It operates on a frequency equal to WiFi frequency i.e. 2.4GHz. This sensor has a capability to send and receive data at the same time. I have provided Arduino library for NRF24L01, complete circuit diagram and Arduino source code for this project for free. You can easily design your own circuit with the help of this article.

• You can download the entire simulation and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

• Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

11. Interfacing RFID RC522 with Arduino

In this section I will elaborate you the method for interfacing RFID RC522 with Arduino. I have used a breadboard and jumper wires to make a connection between RFID RC522 and Arduino UNO. RFID RC522 is used in the projects where there is a need of wireless communication between laptop/PC and the micro controller. I have provide the pins configuration of Arduino as well as RFID RC522 sensor. I have also provided the library for RFID, a complete circuit diagram of in terfacing this module with Arduino as well as the source code to operate this module.

• You can download the library, circuit diagram and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

• Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

12. Control Servo Motor with Arduino in Proteus

This section of the tutorial Arduino Projects for Beginners, will provide explanation about control of a servo motor with Arduino in Proteus ISIS. Servo motor is commonly used in the projects where there is a need of high precision like CNC machines, robotics are such fields where high precised results are required. So, servo motors are the best option in such cases. I have designed a complete circuit for interfacing of a stepper motor with Arduino UNO in Proteus ISIS. I have provided the complete Arduino source code as well. After uploading the source code in Arduino you will be able to control the servo motor in Proteus ISIS.

• You can download the complete simulation and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Simulation & Arduino Source Code

• Download source code and circuit diagram and enjoy the simulation.

13. Home Automation Project using XBee and Arduino

In this tutorial I have explained all of the steps about making a home automation project using XBee and Arduino UNO. Now a says, since every thing is going under automation. So, I thought to design a pretty simple automation projects named as home automation project. Home automation project has the features e.g. you can control the entire appliances of the home from your PC or Laptop sitting anywhere in the world. This features required internet services. First of all I have designed the complete circuit as shown in the figure as well. I have designed the circuit to control the home using remote. I have written Arduino source code and after uploading the code in Arduino I have tested the projects and it was operating well. Our team has designed this project with a lot of hard work so we have imposed a very small amount of cost on it. Even a student can but this project with his/her pocket money.

• You buy the complete simulation as well the Arduino source code here by clicking on the button below.

Buy Simulation & Arduino Code

14. GSM Based Home Security System using Arduino

In this section of the tutorial Arduino projects for beginners, I have explained all of the necessary steps to design a GSM based home security system using Arduino. Some of people are very conscious and they want to secure there houses at any cost. So basically this type of project is pretty suitable for them. I have designed a complete Proteus ISIS simulation for home security system using Arduino and GSM. Then I have written a complete Arduino Source code and after uploading it on the Arduino board in Proteus I have tested the results which were quite efficient and precise. This project took a lot of hard work and time. So, we have imposed a small amount of cost on it as well.

• You can buy this project easily here by clicking on the button below, its not costly at all.

Buy Simulation & Arduino Code

This tutorial contains a detailed discussion of Arduino Projects for Beginners. I have a lot of basic Arduino projects. Some of them were free of cost and some projects are assigned with a small amount cost. I have tried to share different easy and moderate level Arduino projects. If you have any problem you can freely ask us. Me and my team is 24/7 available here to entertain you and to help you out in some good manner. I will share other informative and helpful tutorials in my upcoming articles. Till then, Taker Care :)

Introduction to PC817

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to PC817. PC-817 is also known as an optocoupler / optoisolator. It consists of Infrared Emitting Diode (IRED). This IRED is coupled to a photo transistor optically and not electrically. It is closed in a four (4) pin package. This package is usually available in two different forms. The first one is wide lead (Pb) spacing option and the second one is SMT gullwing lead form option. PC 817 has an internal LED and a photo transistor. The photo transistor's base becomes activate when LED throws light on it. The output obtained can be divided into two formats either common emitter or common collector. But the configuration is mostly common emitter. If the LED does not glow, transistor remains off and hence there will b no output generated by the optocoupler i.e. PC-817. PC 817 has different feature e.g. double transfer mold package, current transfer ratio, different CTR ranks available, RoHS comliant, lead (Pb) free etc. Its real life application includes noise suppression in switching circuits, programmable controllers, signal transmission between circuits having different voltages, signal transmission between different impedance etc.  The further detail about PC817 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to PC817

• PC817 is a 4 Pin optocoupler, consists of an Infrared Emitting Diode (IRED) & photo transistor, which enables it optically connected but electrically insulated.
• Inrared Emitting Diode is connected to first two Pins and if we apply power to it, then IR waves are emitted from this diode, which makes the photo transistor forward biased.
• If there's no power on the input side, diode will stop emitting IR waves and thus photo transistor will reverse biased.
• PC817 is normally used in embedded project for isolation purposes.
• In my embedded projects, I place PC817 after Microcontroller Pins to isolate back EMF, in case of motor control etc.
•  PC-817 has several applications e.g. noise suppression in switching circuits, input/output isolation for MCU (Micro Controller Unit). PC 817 is shown in the figure given below.
• You can download PC817 Datasheet by clicking below button:

Download PC817 Datasheet  

PC817 Features
No.	Parameter	Value
1	Pin Count	4
2	Manufacturer	Sharp
3	IRED	1
4	Forward Current	50mA
5	Peak Forward Current	1A
6	Reverse Voltage	6V
7	Power Dissipation	70mW
8	Collector Emitter Voltage	80V
9	Emitter Collector Voltage	6V
10	Collector Current	50mW
11	Collector Power Dissipation	150mW
12	Total Power Dissipation	200mW

 

1. PC817 Pinout

• PC817 Pinout consists of four (4) pins in total, first two are connected with the Infrared Emitting Diode (IRED) while the last two are connected with Photo Transistor.
• All of these four pins are given in the table shown below, along with their name & status.

 

PC817 Pinout
Pin No.	Pin Name	Status
Pin # 1	Anode	Input
Pin # 2	Cathode	Input
Pin # 3	Emitter	Output
Pin # 4	Collector	Output

 

• PC817 Pinout diagram is shown in the figure below:

2. PC817 Packages

• Different packages of the same device presents its models with some modifications or extra features.
• PC 817 has four packages, displayed in below table:

 

PC817 Packages
No.	Package Type	Example
1	Through-Hole	PC817X
2	SMT Gullwing Lead-Form	PC817XI
3	Wide Through-Hole Lead-Form	PC817XF
4	Wide SMT Gullwing Lead-Form	PC817XFP

 

3. PC817 Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic diagram presents internal structure and functionality of any device.
• PC 817 symbolic representation is given in the figure shown below:

4. PC817 Features

• The features of anything shows its ability to do something different and unique as compared to the others.
• All of the amazing features associated in the PC-817 are shown in the table given below.

5. PC817 Ratings

• Ratings of an equipment shows shows basically the operating conditions of that particular device,and they may vary from device to device.
• The power, current and voltage ratings of PC 817 are given in the table shown below.

7. PC817 Applications

• Any electronic device is usually known on the basics of its real life applications.
• Real life applications are highly related to the popularity of a device.
• some of the major real life applications of PC-817 are provided in the table shown below.

That was the detailed discussion on Introduction to PC817. This tutorial consists of all the important detail and information that a user must need to know before operating PC 817. If you have any problem regarding anything, you can ask us. We will help you to the best of our efforts. You can contact our team anytime you want to. I will share other amazing informative articles later. So, till then take care :)