The Engineering Projects

Introduction to LM339

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to LM339. LM339 belongs to the family of devices having 4 independent voltage comparators. Each comparator is designed in such a way that it is capable of operating from a single power source over a wide range of power supplies. It can also operate for split power supplies. There is a unique characteristic of comparators, Input Common-Mode Voltage Range (I_CMR) includes a ground even when it is operating from a single power supply voltage.

Basically, LM339 is a comparator IC having four built-in comparators. The basic purpose of a comparator is to rotate the signal between analog and digital domains. At its input terminal, it compares the two different input voltages applied, gives digital output and indicates the larger input applied at the input terminal.

Introduction to LM339

LM 339 is a comparator IC having 4 builtin comparators. A comparator rotates a signal between digital and analog domain. First of all, it compares the 2 different inputs applied at the input terminal and then gives the output in digital form in order to indicate which of the input applied has a larger amplitude. It has a lot of real life applications e.g. basic comparator, driving CMOS, driving TTL, low frequency op-amp, Transducer amplifier etc. Further detail about the particular IC will be given later in this tutorial.

1. LM339 Pinout

• LM 339 has fourteen (14) pins in total including four inverting input pins, four non inverting pins, four output pins, voltage and ground pin.
• All of the pins along with their sequence number are shown in the table given below.

2. LM339 Pins Configuration

• The properly labeled LM 339 pin configuration diagram is shown in the figure below, for the better understanding of the reader (specially the students).

3. LM339 Packages

• LM 339 has different packages including LM-339DG, LM-339NG etc.
• A few of the packages are given in the table shown below.

4. LM339 Features

• There are several different features associated with LM 339.
• A few of the major features including low supply current, low input bias current, low input offset current, low output saturation voltage etc. are taken into account.
• The major features along with their values and System International (SI) units are provided in the table shown below.

5. LM339 Ratings

• The current, voltage and power rating associated with LM 339 are given along with their typical values and SI units, in the table shown below.

LM339 Applications

There is a wide range of applications associated with LM 339 comparator IC. A few of the major applications along with their designed circuits are explained below.

Basic comparator

• The circuit designed for Basic Comparator is shown in the figure below:

You can see from the above figure that the basic comparator consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages and a15K resistor.

Driving CMOS

• The circuit designed for Driving CMOS is shown in the figure below.

• You can see from the above figure that the driving CMOS consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages and a 100K resistor.

Low frequency op-amp

• The circuit designed for Low Frequency Op-amp is shown in the figure below.

• You can see from the above figure that the Low Frequency Op-amp consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages, a 15K resistor and a 100K resistor having voltage gain of around 100.

Transducer Amplifier

• The circuit designed for Transducer Amplifier is shown in the figure below.

• You can see from the above figure that the Transducer amplifier consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages, a 3K resistor, a 20M resistor and two 10K resistors.

Zero crossing detector

• The circuit designed for Zero Crossing Detector is shown in the figure below.

• You can see from the above figure that the Transducer amplifier consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages, a 10K resistor, a 20M resistor, three 5.1K resistor, two 100K resistors and 1N4148 diode.
• There are few other applications associated with LM 339 and are given below.
• Limit comparator.
• Crystal controlled oscillator.
• Negative reference comparator.
• Driving TTL

So, that is all from the tutorial Introduction to LM339. I hope you enjoyed this tutorial. If you are facing any kind of problem, you can freely ask me in comments anytime you want without even feeling any sort of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a proper way, if possible. Moreover, our team is also available 24/7 for your guidance. I will explore different IC’s and transistors in my upcoming tutorial and will surely share them with you as well. So, till then Take Care :)

Introduction to LM324

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to elaborate about the Introduction to LM324. It is an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) consists of four channels. Its a low cost device having true differential inputs.For single supply applications LM 324 are superior to the other operational amplifiers. LM-324 is capable of operating at the minimum voltage up to 3V and at the high voltage levels up to 32V. One of the major advantage of LM-324 is that common mode input range includes negative supply which eliminates the need of external biasing. Negative power supply voltage is also included in output voltage range. This device is lead (Pb) free, halogen free and RoHS compliant. It consists of four amplifiers per package. LM 324 real life applications include conventional amplifier circuits, transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks etc. Further detail about LM324 e.g. its pins configuration, thermal and electrical characteristics, its features and applications will be explained in detail later in this tutorial. [otw_is sidebar=otw-sidebar-7]

Introduction to LM324

LM324 is an operational amplifier consists of four channels. It is most commonly used amplifier due to its low cost factor. It consists of four amplifiers per package and is superior to other amplifiers for single supply applications. Negative power supply included in common mode input and output range eliminates the need of external biasing. It has several different applications e.g. DC gain blocks, transducer amplifiers, conventional amplifier circuits etc. LM 324 is shown in the figure given below.

1. LM324 Pinout

• We must know the description of each pin before using any of the devices for its appropriate use.
• LM-324 has fourteen (14) pins in total having different individual functions associated with them.
• All of the fourteen pins along with their names are given in chronological order in the table shown below.

2. LM324 Configurations

• Each of the pin should be clearly labeled, if someone is going to use any device for the first time or after a long time.
• Properly labeled pinout diagram of any device results in better understanding of its functionality.
• So, I have made a completely labeled diagram for LM 324 pinout, you can see it in the figure shown below.

3. LM324 Packages

• LM-324 has four different type of packages having different individual dimensions.
• The packages include TSSOP, SOIC, CDIP and PDIP.
• ALl of the above packages are given along with their dimensions, in the table shown below.

4. LM324 Ratings

• The current, power and voltage ratings of any device indicates its power requirements i.e. the amount of current and voltage at which a particular device starts its operation properly.
• The current, voltage and power ratings of LM-324 are provided in the table shown below.

5. LM324 Schematic Diagram

• The schematic diagram of a device helps to understand its internal functionality.
• I have provided a schematic diagram of LM-324 as shown in the figure below.

• From the above figure, you can see that LM 324 consists of four amplifiers per package.
• The inputs of these amplifiers are connected to the pin number 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12 and 13  respectively.
• The output of these amplifiers are connected to 1, 7, 8 and 14 pins.

6. LM324 Applications

There are different LM324 real life applications, a few of which are given below.

• Conventional amplifier circuits
• Transducer amplifier.
• DC gain blocks.

6. LM324 Proteus Simulation

• You should have a look at Automatic Street Light Project in Proteus, I have used LM324 in this simulation.
• I have also designed an LM324 Proteus Simulation so that you can get better idea of its working.
• I have designed a simple circuit in which LED goes ON or OFF automatically depending on LDR value.
• It's OFF state is shown in below figure:

• You can see in above figure that I have attached LDR at inputs while the LED at its output.
• Variable resistor is used for controlling the sensitivity of LDR sensor.
• It's ON state is shown in below figure:

• You can download this LM324 Proteus Simulation by clicking the below button:

Download Proteus Simulation

So that is all from the tutorial Introduction to LM324. I hope you enjoyed this exciting tutorial. If you face any sort of issues you can ask me in comments anytime you want, without even feeling any kind of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/ here to entertain you. I will explore further IC's in my upcoming tutorials and will surely shre them with you as well. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to PIC18F4550

Hello friends I hope you all are doing great. Today, I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to PIC18F4550. Its one of the most renowned PIC Microcontroller and is used in almost every field. You should also have a look at my previous tutorial Introduction to PIC16F877a, as it will also be helpful. PIC18F4550 also has 40 Pins and is quite similar to PIC16F877a with some additional features. In today's post we will get the general overview of this microcontroller, which is very essential if you wanna start working on it. If you have any problem in any part of it then ask your questions in comments and I will try my best to resolve them out. So, now let's get started with Introduction to PIC18F4550:

Introduction to PIC18F4550

PIC18F4550 is a 8-bit and 40-Pin PIC Microcontroller which belongs to PIC18 Family and has a Program Memory of 32KB, RAM of 2048Bytes, EEPROM Memory of 256Bytes and CPU Speed of 12MIPS. It is mostly used in embedded projects and is quite used in Engineering Projects. Few of its main features are:

• It has five Ports on it starting from Port A to Port E.
• It has below mentioned Ports for Data Communication.
• USB Port
• Serial Port
• I2C Port
• It also has interrupt functionality in it and we can place any kind of interrupt in it.
• Here's the Pin Diagram of PIC18F4550:

• Each Pin of PIC18F4550 can perform more than one task, as you can see in above figure that Pins are having more than one label.
• So, now again we have to design its Basic Circuit as we did for PIC16F877a.

1. PIC18F4550 Basic Circuit

• As I have mentioned in my previous tutorial on PIC16F877a that each PIC Microcontroller needs a Basic circuit, this basic circuit is like a a power supply to PIC Microcontroller.
• You must be wondering why am I forcing again and again to read previous tutorial on PIC16F877a, its because I have discuss that tutorial quite in detail and no matter what PIC Microcontrolelr you are using that basic information will remain the same. So again must read that tutorial. :)
• Anyways here's the PIC18F4550 Basic Circuit:

• If you remember than its exactly the same as for PIC16F877a, so I am not gonna explain it much.
• All the Grounded lines are shown in black color and Power Lines with +5V are shown with Red Lines.
• We also have Crystal Oscillator for frequency here connected to Pin # 12 & Pin # 13.
• Now, let's have a look at PIC18F4550 Ports:

2. PIC18F4550 Ports

• Again it has same Ports as of our Previous Microcontroller starting from Port A to Port E.

• PIC16F877a has 5 Ports in total which are:
  • Port A: It has 6 Pins in total starting from Pin # 2 to Pin # 7.
  • Port B: It has 8 Pins in total starting from Pin # 33 to Pin # 40.
  • Port C: It has 8 Pins in total. It’s pins are not aligned together. First four Pins of Port C are located at Pin # 15 – Pin # 18, while the last four are located at Pin # 23 – Pin # 26.
  • Port D: It has 8 Pins in total. It’s pins are also not aligned together. First four Pins of Port D are located at Pin # 19 – Pin # 22, while the last four are located at Pin # 27 – Pin # 30.
  • Port E: It has 3 Pins in total starting from Pin # 8 to Pin # 10.

3. PIC18F4550 Compiler

• Their official Compiler is available online at Microchip website and can be used free of cost.
• I use MikroC Pro for PIC Compiler which you can download from their official site and it has a demo version but you have to buy the full version.
• You should also read this list of Top 3 PIC C Compiler.

4. PIC18F4550 USB Communication

• Here's the main reason of PIC18F4550's popularity, it supports USB Communication.
• Here's the simplest circuit diagram for PIC18F4550 USB Communication, I will post tutorial on it soon.

• So, we can do the PIC18F4550 USB Communication by using below two Pins:
  1. Pin # 23: (D-)
  2. Pin # 24: (D+)

5. PIC18F4550 Serial Communication

• We can also do the PIC18F4550 Serial Communication.
• PIC18F4550 Serial Communication Pins are shown in below figure:

• You can see in above figure that below two pins are used for PIC18F4550 Serial Communication:
• Pin # 25 (TX).
• Pin # 26 (RX).

Moreover, it also supports I2C communication and it also has interrupts in it. So, that's all for today. I hope you got something out of it. :) Will meet you guys in next tutorial till then take care and have fun !!! :)