The Engineering Projects

Introduction to 2N2222

Hello everyone! I hope you will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you an Introduction to 2N2222. It is the most commonly used Negative-Positive-Negative (NPN) Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) available in the market now a days. 2N2222 can be used for different purposes e.g. switching and amplification of analog signals. I hope you have enjoyed the previous post on Introduction to ULN2003. The major functional area of 2N2222 is enclosed in TO-18 package. Due to the low cost and small size it is the most commonly used transistor. One of its key features is its ability to handle the high values of currents as compared to the other similar small transistors. Normally it is capable of switching a load current of 800mA which is really high rating as compared to other similar transistors. It is either made up of silicon or germanium material and doped with either positively or negatively charged material. Its applications may include amplification of analog signals as well as switching applications. While performing amplification applications, it receives an analog signal via collectors and another signal is applied at its base. Analog signal could be the voice signal having the analog frequency of almost 4kHz (human voice).

Introduction to 2N2222

2N2222 is the most common NPN bipolar junction transistor available in the market. It can be used for amplification of analog signals as well as switching applications. The major functional area of 2N-2222 is enclosed in TO-18 package. It is most common in the market due to the cost efficiency and the smaller size.

• It is shown in the figure shown below.

1. 2N2222 Pinout

• 2N 2222 has 3 pins in total, which are:
  1. Pin # 1: Emitter.
  2. Pin # 2: Base.
  3. Pin # 3: Collector.
• 2N2222 Pinout is shown in the figure below:

2. 2N2222 Pin Description

• The functions associated with each pin of 2N2222 along with the pin names are shown in the table given below.

• That was the description of the pins of the transistor.
• Pin configuration is shown in the figure below.

 

3. 2N2222 Voltage/Current Ratings

• The current, power and voltage ratings for 2N 2222 transistor are shown in the table given below.

• From the above table you can see the voltage across collector base junction is almost double as compared to the voltage across collector emitter junction.
• emitter base voltage is 12 times lesser than the voltage across the collector emitter junction.
• It can drive high amount of current loads as compared to the other similar transistors i.e. 800mA.
• This IC should be operated between the temperature ranging from -65 to 200 degree celcius.
• That was the brief description of the power, current and voltage ratings of the IC 2N2222.

4. 2N2222 Characteristics

The key characteristics associated with 2N2222 are given below.

• The total power of this component should not exceed by 500mW.
• The maximum capacity of handling frequency is 250MHz.
• For the collector current of 10mA and for 10 volts the DC current is around 75.
• Maximum tolerance of 2N2222 is 60V across its base and collector.
• Some of the other characteristics are shown in the table given below.

• That was the brief description about the key characteristics of the transistor 2N2222.

5. 2N2222 Simulation in Proteus

• I have also made a two different simple simulation in Proteus ISIS using the transistor 2N2222.
• The Proteus ISIS simulation for controlling an LED using 2N2222 is shown in the figure given below.

• If you change the state of the logic state from 0 to 1, current will be supplied to the collector and hence an LED attached to its emitter will be turned on.
• The running form of the above simulation is shown in the figure below.

• I have made another simulation in Proteus ISIS to control a simple DC motor using Arduino UNO.
• The simulation of the task is shown in the figure below.

• Source code for the above simulation is given below.

int MotorInput = 2;
int MotorOutput = 7;

void setup()
{
  pinMode(MotorInput, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(MotorOutput , OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
  if (digitalRead(MotorInput) == HIGH)
  {
    digitalWrite(MotorOutput, HIGH);
  }
  if (digitalRead(MotorInput) == LOW)
  {
    digitalWrite(MotorOutput, LOW);
  }

}

• You have to just copy and paste the entire code into the Arduino software.
• Obtain its .hex file and insert it into the Arduino of the Proteus ISIS.
• The running form of the above simulation is shown in the figure below:

• You can download the complete Arduino source code and simulation in one package, here by clicking on the button shown below.

Proteus Simulation & Arduino Code

So that is all from the tutorial Introduction to 2N2222. I hope you enjoyed this tutorial. If you face any sort of problem regarding any thing, you can ask me anytime in comments without even feeling any kind of hesitation. I will try my level to entertain you and to solve your issues in a better way, if possible. Our entire team is 24/7 here to entertain you and to solve your issues in a way or the other. I will explore different IC's in my later tutorials and will surely share all them with all of as you as well. So, till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to ULN2003

Hello everyone! I hope you will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to ULN2003. We will also discuss the ULN2003 Datasheet, Pinout, Circuit Diagram & Proteus Simulation. If you have ever controlled any motor (i.e. DC Motor, Stepper Motor etc.) with a microcontroller (i.e. PIC, Arduino etc.), then you must have heard about drivers. Why do we need to use drivers? We use drivers (to control motors) because of two reasons.

• First: Microcontrollers operate at 5V while motors operate at different voltages (5V, 12V, 24V etc.).
• Second: Motors are Inductive loads thus they produce back emf, which may damage your microcontroller permanently (if not handled correctly).

Because of these two reasons, we have to use the driver in between the microcontroller & motor. There are different types of motor drivers available and ULN2003 is one of them. If we check its datasheet, then we can see that ULN2003 can handle up to 50V & 500mA. As its current rating is not that high, so it's used to control small motors. For heavy motors, we normally use relays in between ULN2003 & motor. In this case, the Microcontroller is sending a signal to ULN2003, which then forwards it to relays (connected at output). Remember, the relay is also an inductive load. So, we can control different types of loads with ULN2003 i.e. motor, relay, solenoid, actuator etc. You should also have a look at Relay Interfacing with Microcontroller using ULN2003A.

Now, let's have a look at what's inside ULN2003 in detail:

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	ULN2003	Amazon	Buy Now

ULN2003: Definition

• ULN2003 is a 16 Pin IC, consisting of 7 Darlington pairs (each pair protected with suppression diode) and thus has the capability to handle a maximum of 7 loads(could be inductive).
• In simple words, we have 7 drivers in a single ULN2003 chip and thus can control a maximum of 7 loads.
• Each Darlington pair can handle a maximum 500mA load, while the peak value is 600mA.
• Similarly, the maximum output voltage of each Darlington pair is 50V.
• In the below figure, you can see ULN2003 has 16 Pins, where inputs and their respective outputs are placed in front of each other(for ease of circuit designing).
• Other than I/O Pins, we have Ground Pin where we need to provide 0V & Vcc (Common) Pin.

ULN2003 Datasheet

• Here's the link to download ULN2003 datasheet, must read it once.
• I have also given the link to a reliable source, from where you can buy ULN2003 IC.

Download ULN2003 Datasheet

ULN2003 Pinout

• ULN2003 has 16 pins in total:
  • 7 Input pins (Pin # 1 to Pin # 7)
  • 7 Output pins (Pin # 10 to Pin # 16)
  • 1 Ground pin (Pin # 8)
  • 1 COM pin (Pin # 9)
• ULN2003 Pinout is shown in the below figure:

ULN2003 Pin Description

• The functions associated with each pin of ULN2003 along with pin names are shown in the table given below.

ULN2003 Darlington Pair

• ULN2003 consists of 7 identical Darlington pairs.
• A single Darlington pair consists of two bipolar transistors its maximum operating values are 50V & 500mA (peak 600mA).
• These two transistors of the Darlington pair have a common emitter, while their collectors are open.
• Here's the circuit diagram of a single Darlington pair, shown in the below figure:

ULN2003A Free-Wheeling Diodes

• ULN2003A has free-wheeling diodes, which protect from back emf.
• So, if we are using an inductive load (i.e. relays), then we don't need to add extra diodes if we are controlling it with ULN2003A.
• Logic Diagram of ULN2003A is shown in the below figure:

ULN2003 Features

There are a lot of key features associated with the relay driver ULN2003. A few of them are given below:

• 500mA of the rated collector.
• The high output voltage of around 50V.
• Relay driver applications.
• Output clamp diodes.
• Compatible input with popular logic types.
• Some of the key features are also given in the table below for a better understanding of the working conditions of ULN2003.

ULN2003 Applications

The relay circuit driver ULN2003 has a wide range of applications in real life. Some of the major applications associated with ULN2003A are given below.

• Logic buffers.
• Line drivers.
• Relay drivers (for driving different loads).
• Lamp drivers.
• LED display drivers (display devices).
• Motor (stepper and DC brushed motor) drivers.

ULN2003 Proteus Simulation

• I have designed a simulation in Proteus ISIS for LED control using ULN2003.
• The screenshot of the simulation is shown in the figure below.

• As you can see in the above figure that I have connected Logic State at all inputs of ULN2003A and have connected Leds at outputs.
• So, now when I make the Logic State HIGH then the respective LED will also go ON.
• The running form of the above simulation is shown in the figure below.

• If you change the state of the logic state from 0 to 1, the corresponding LED will be turned ON as shown in the above figure.
• You can download the Proteus simulation here by clicking on the button below.
• Just download the .rar file, extract it and enjoy the simulation.

ULN2003 Simulation in Proteus

• Here's the video in which I have shown how to use ULN2003A in Proteus:

So that is all from the tutorial Introduction to ULN2003. I hope you enjoyed this tutorial. If you face any sort of problem regarding anything, you can ask me anytime in the comments without even feeling any kind of hesitation. I will try my level to entertain you and to solve your issues in a better way, if possible. Our entire team is 24/7 here to entertain you and to solve your issues in one way or the other. I will explore different ICs in my later tutorials and will surely share them with all of you as well. So, till then, Take Care :)