The Engineering Projects

PCBWay - PCB Solution at Your Doorstep

Hi Guys! Hope you are getting along with life pretty well. I feel pleasure to guide you with valuable information related to engineering and technology that helps you make a final decision before selecting the relevant component or service for your next project. Today, I'll unlock the detailed Introduction to PCBWay - PCB Solution at Your Doorstep. The introduction to PCB has revolutionized the electrical field drastically where different components are to be placed on a single board with flawless wiring connection without compromising the quality of the board.

PCBWay - PCB Solution at Your Doorstep

It is good practice to shape your project using breadboards when you are in the initial stages of your project and testing different methods to meet your technical requirements.

• Nevertheless, once you are done with your initial testing of the project and have concluded the final design, it is advised to develop your design into the PCB board that turns out to be longlasting and provides both quality and authentic approach to your project where you are sure the components are interlinked with a solid connection.

The layers with broken traces will consume your lot of time and you will be wrestling your mind to hunt down the broken trace with no idea if you really succeed in the end. This is why you should pay special heed before selecting the PCB fabrication house for your project.

• If you require quality PCBs with solid copper traces placed on them and no matter how complex your design is, you get the actual result in real time, I'd prefer PCBWay. Why? I need your 5 precious min for that. Please follow along and get down to the complete review of this company.

If you are an expert you may already be getting services from someone for meeting your technical requirements related to the development of the PCB board. I won't be advising you to switch your company right away. But, I assure, if you review this company with unbiased thinking, you will definitely be ending up to secure your first order.

Christmas Gift

Christmas is near and it would be highly injustice if we fail to bring a little smile on your pretty faces. You can claim your Christmas gift with little effort. It is easy.

• Just design your Christmas PCB (it represents and conveys the idea of Christmas in any way i.e. traces are connected in such a way, they shape the Christmas tree, Santa Claus or any other way related to Christmas) and share it on this page. Don't forget to add keyword "Christmas2018" during the submission.

• Once you upload the project, you will get the generated link. Just note that link with the order number and email to eric@pcbway.com.

In doing so, you will be getting the full cash coupon of worth $40  with remaining amount paid by yourself. Time is money so don't waste it scratching your head with the project's prerequisites that you can put off as this deal will be ending on 10th December.

Top-Notch Quality

You don't want to compromise the quality anyway. Some fabrication houses spread across the web, are claiming to give you the lowest price PCBs but what they offer for a price they cover up by providing the low-quality product.

• This is where PCBWay comes handy. They stand firmly on their words and deliver exactly what they promise. They are a one-stop shop housing low price and best quality PCBs. You may be thinking I'm becoming a little bit narcissistic about this company, but you will be speaking the same, if not more than that, once you are done working with it.

PCBA Facility

Getting a quality PCB is a half work done unless you are pretty nifty about placing the electrical components on it. Apart from producing quality PCBs, they offer PCBA (Printed Service Board Assembly) service, setting you free from the hassle of placing components on board. There are two ways to connect components on PCB board

• SMT
• Thru-hole

You can pick any of them based on your technical needs. Yes, you need to pay little extra if you plan to order both PCB and PCBA services.

Types of PCBs

They come with an ability to produce almost every kind of PCB ranging from a single layer, double layer, flex, rigid-flex to high-frequency PCBs. You name it, they have it.

• Every PCB you get will come with Stencil printing and exact placement of solder mask with silkscreen. The stencil is nothing but a process that represents solder paste deposit on the board. It is available in two types: framework type and non-framework which you can use based on your requirements.

They work with third-party testing service called Huizhou Lier Laboratory that plays a vital role for thermal stress detection which is very handy for both appearance observation and section observation. This company keeps a deep eye to the manufacturing quality and strives to keep the customers' requirements quite in line with the production process.

Team of Skilled Professionals

A team of skilled professionals is available to serve you with prompt help. If you are unsure about your design, they will help you make a decision and recommend the product that best suits your technical needs.

• Be sure to highlight the complete features and requirements of the required product before securing your order. However, if you think the product you get doesn't meet your requirements, you can ask for the replacement. They will compensate you with a full refund or alternative product, what resonates with your field of interest.

Quick Delivery

More often than not, the delivery time is somewhere between 1 to 3 days, nevertheless, it all depends on the complexity of the product. Following table shows the delivery time of the PCBs with features you plan to order.

Live Chat Support

Live chat support is an amazing feature added on the site interface. Whenever you come over the site, a prompt chat window will open, asking you if you have any query to be answered quickly.

• They will help you from the citing the quotation to picking the right product for your project. You can get an instant quote from here

Summary

Finally, I have arranged the common points highlighting why you should be preferring this PCB fabrication house.

• Christmas Gift worth $40
• Priceless quality
• Outstanding PCB Manufacturer Located in China
• PCB and PCBA available at one place
• Worldwide trusted experience with potential customers
• Team with highly skilled professionals
• Quick delivery time supporting DHL
• 24 Hour Tech Support with Live Chat Support Service
• Competitive pricing

That's all for now. This is enough to get you started and make a final decision. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you in any way I can. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable suggestions, we shape our content based on them, so keep them coming. Thanks for reading the article.

The Ultimate Ways to Lower Manufacturing Costs

Hey Friends! Hope you are doing well. I feel pleasure to keep you updated with valuable information related to engineering and technology. Today, I'll discuss The Ultimate Ways to Lower Manufacturing Costs. Every business will definitely need to offer quality products at affordable rates not only to remain competitive but to maximize revenues as well. But, what to do if your customers are not ready to pay a good amount for your products? Trimming the manufacturing costs down without compromising the quality can be a great idea for you to enjoy good profit margins in order to reach your business objectives and goals.

The Ultimate Ways to Lower Manufacturing Costs

Countless ways to lower manufacturing costs are available but you shouldn’t be wild with useless manufacturing cost-cutting ideas that may ruin your goodwill in the market instead of growing it. Following are some ultimate ways to lower manufacturing cost that will keep you alive in the competitive market and help you grow your business skyrocket.

Start with Assessment

Since thoroughly conducted assessment is considered as the very first step taken to deal with a problem or issue, you should do the same to reduce manufacturing costs ultimately.

• By taking a deep look into the whole manufacturing process and strategy, you will be able to bring improvement in things accordingly. By doing so, you can set yourself up for a long-term success.

Prioritize ROI when Investing in Latest Solutions

During the assessment, if you have found most of the things that can be revised for better production processes by cutting the costs down, maximum return on investment should be your priority to invest business money in the right manufacturing solutions.

• You will need to think about the long-term business benefits instead of first-time costs as it can help you save the business money in the long run.

Seek Improvement Ideas from Staff

Your employees and staff can be the best source of fertile manufacturing cost-cutting ideas. Business experts and consultants usually talk with the employees to inquire about things that can help them make profitable decisions and you should be doing the same. Staff and employees carrying out the manufacturing process are the individuals who continuously go through the process and can give you ideas regarding how things can be better than before.

Find Cost Savings in Energy Reduction

Fuel or energy can be one of the highly expensive components of the overall manufacturing process and shifting to a less expensive energy solution can be great for your business to diminish its production or manufacturing costs ultimately.

• For example, if you can consume gas instead of electricity to carry out manufacturing procedures without compromising the quality, then be quick to shit if it contributes a lot to your manufacturing cost-cutting strategy.

Tweak Your Design

Getting attached to the real product design or idea is natural but the designing decisions you take at initial usually are not best and profitable as well in long run.

• For instance, you may have selected the necessary materials and other elements without understanding the cost projections and many other things. This is the point where a reliable prototype manufacturer can make things easier for you by creating the best prototype of your idea or product design.

In this way, you will be able to opt up for different, less expensive and quality raw materials and other components to lower the manufacturing costs and increase profit margin ultimately.

Reconsider Old Ideas

You can also find some great cost-cutting ideas by going back and looking at the previous ideas proposed by fellow businessmen or experts. Some of the old ideas might be working, for now, to help you save money in terms of reduced manufacturing overheads.

• If there are more than a few great ideas that make sense, then be quick to implement in order to lessen manufacturing cost per unit without losing the quality.

Automate Where you Can

Business process automation is something most common in this digital world that not only ensures accuracy but also allows a business or company to produce more in less time even without using more resources.

• Advanced technology is always there to help you produce things with no or fewer human interaction and with enhanced accuracy that can cause less use of labor and employees.

Elimination of manual manufacturing processes will not only aid you to produce high-quality products but will also save the business money in terms of fewer labor costs.

Sell Scrap to Earn

Your trash can be useful for someone else, so always sell your scrape and useless material to other vendors in order to add more money in your manufacturing budget or to purchase more raw materials without using business accounts.

• You should also check with your current vendors or suppliers if they purchase scrap because they can pay you well.

Negotiate with Suppliers and Vendors

When it comes to making purchases from vendors and suppliers, ask for the offers or the best rates for bulk purchases because a little bargain can save a lot for your business.

• Instead of accepting the first price presented, ask them if they can do a favor for you by providing the desired materials or products on discounted rates.

That's all for today. I hope you have found this read valuable. If you have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable suggestions, we shape our content strategy based on them, so keep them coming. Thanks for reading the post.

Introduction to JK Flip Flop

Hi Guys! Hope you are doing well. I am back to keep you updated with valuable information related to engineering and technology. Today, I'll discuss the detailed Introduction to JK Flip Flop. It is a flip-flop, also known as a latch circuit, that can be either active-high or active-low based on the signal applied. It is an improved version of the SR Flip Flop and prevents the circuit from going in an invalid state. As the name suggests, it helps the circuit toggle between two states.

• The JK flip-flop is named after his inventor known as Jack Kilby from Texas Instruments. The JK Flip-flop is also widely known as a  programmable flip-flop as it can disguise other flip-flops based on the inputs applied.

There is a slight difference between Flip-flop and latch. Don't you worry, we will figure it out later in this post. Rest assured, both are nothing but a data storage element mainly used in communications, decoders, multiplexers, and registers. In this post, I'll cover each and everything related to JK Flip Flop, so you don't have to wrestle your mind surfing the whole internet and find all the information in one place. Let's jump right in.

Introduction to JK Flip Flop

JK Flip Flop is a universal flip-flop that makes the circuit toggle between two states and is widely used in shift registers, counters, PWM and computer applications. Before we nail down the details of JK Flip Flop, we must know what is Flip Flop.

• Flip Flop comes with two stable states and is mainly used to store the state information of any circuit. The output of the flip-flop is directly related to the input applied. When you modify any of the applied input, it directly influences the output state of the device.

In engineering circuits, most of the devices need to store information using Set or Reset, HIGH or LOW which ultimately written in the form of zeros and ones.

• We use language to collaborate with each other, similarly, electronic devices need some language pattern to collaborate with other electronic devices. They understand a language in terms of ones and zeros where former represents the HIGH state and later represent the LOW state of the circuit.

The circuits that come with a toggling nature whose outputs depend on the present input and the sequence of past input values are known as Sequential Logic Circuits.

JK Flip Flop Symbol and Logic Table

Following figure shows the symbol of Flip-Flop circuit. The clock signal and input are closely related to each other. When the clock signal is active LOW, the input signal won't be affecting the output state. The input will only get active when the clock is active HIGH which serves as a control signal of the circuit. Based on the applied inputs, the output will be generating two stable states.

• The J and K are the inputs and Q is the output state of the flip-flop where Q' represents the inverted output state. In the presence of the clock signal, the output changes its state based on the applied inputs, producing a toggling function when both inputs are HIGH.

Following figure shows the logic table of the JK Flip Flop. When both inputs are active HIGH, the output starts toggling between the two states. This is the reason JK Flip Flop is widely considered as an astable device.

Difference between SR and JK Flip Flop

Two flip-flops are known as JK Flip and SR Flip are widely used in electronic applications. Using the SR flip-flop when both inputs are high, will generate an invalid condition. On the other hand, JK Flip Flop extensively removes the invalid condition, when both inputs are kept HIGH, by toggling the output alternatively between two states.

• The JK Flip Flop is nothing but an improvised version of SR Flip Flop, where an undefined condition is avoided that may create a gross impact using the SR Flip Flop.

Following figure shows the logic table of SR Flip Flop. You can see, when both inputs are 1, the circuit goes to the invalid state. Note: The SR flip-flop is also known as a 1-bit memory, as it comes with an ability to store the input pulse even after it has been passed.

Difference between Flip Flop and Latch

The basic difference between a latch and a flip-flop is a clocking process. The latch is asynchronous where outputs are drastically influenced by the slight change in inputs.

• A flip-flop is synchronous and edge-triggered that changes its state based on the control signal (clock signal) as it goes from HIGH to LOW and LOW to HIGH conditions.

In SR Flip Flop, the output Q would be high as you set S active HIGH and eventually Q’ will be low, producing the asynchronous result. On the other hand, SR latch is synchronous where output changes as you give an active clock signal.

• In other words, we can conclude, both latches and flip-flops are circuit element where the output depends on both: the current input and previous input. The flip-flop has a clock signal while the latch is deprived of it.

The Latch is mainly divided into two types Active High Latch Active Low Latch

In an Active-high latch, the inputs are connected to ground, activating the latch by applying the HIGH signal on either of the inputs. If the SET input goes HIGH, it will keep the output HIGH even after the SET input goes LOW. The output will go LOW only when the RESET input turns HIGH.

And in an Active-low latch, the inputs are kept HIGH, activating the latch by applying the LOW signal on either input. When the SET input turns LOW, the output will go HIGH. The output remains in HIGH condition until the RESET pin goes LOW.

Applications

JK Flip Flops is widely used in electronic circuits with the main aim to store the state information of the device. Following are the major applications it can be used for.

• Shift Registers
• Data storage
• Data transfer
• Counters
• Frequency Dividers
• Bounce elimination switch
• Storage Registers

That's all for now. I'll be writing more articles related to some basic circuits used in engineering. If you have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd really appreciate if you have something to add in this post that has been left unsaid. Based on your feedback and suggestions, we shape our content strategy, so keep them coming. Thanks for reading the article.

Common Engineering Problems and How to Alleviate Them

Hi Friends! Hope you are doing well. I am back to update you with some nuggets of valuable information that keeps your innovation alive, helping you think out of the box. Today, I'll highlight the Common Engineering Problems and How to Alleviate Them.  All men are born equal while some of them opt to become an engineer. The field that looks enticing for almost everyone and makes them feel captivated with the thought, if you become engineer, you'd be a billionaire at some point of your life. I'm not sure if you can make it happen or not, but you need to understand the common problems before you aim to join the engineering field. Let's jump right in and get to the point.

Common Engineering Problems and How to Alleviate Them

When nature decides the gender of the babies, our parent strives to plan their future. If you born in a traditional family, you are left out with three options to choose as a career

• Doctor
• Engineer
• What your parents want

You get loads of marks in high school, clear entry test, apply for admission, result rolls out, and congrats you get admission in the university you aimed for. Now the real manipulation begins. University days are awesome, not for everyone, but a person who knows how to manage both educational and social life. More or less, engineers live a painful life, working on daunting lengthy assignments and presentations with no clue, all these university prerequisites are far less than the atrocities of professional life.

Punch in the Stomach

Some students get too high GPA, somewhere around 3.999 (+0.11), that they feel overwhelmed by the question right after their graduation – you are passed out with tons of marks, why are you jobless by now? This question looks like a punch in the stomach, giving you no flexibility to defend yourself. Teaser: It is better to get a low GPA and remain jobless than getting high GPA with no job.

Why ain’t you doing a Field Job?

As you remain jobless for two, three years after graduation, you feel shy to introduce yourself as an engineer with the fear, they are going to ask about your job. God forbid if you get the job anyway, but not in your relevant field, brace yourself with the taunt, if you have done engineering, why ain’t you doing the job in your field?

Some Common Engineering Fields

Mechanical engineers: They are amazing. Some confuse them with mechanics. They struggle hard in college with the notion, there will be a lot of girls in the engineering field. And when they get admission, they come to know, only 3 or 4 girls are there in the class, left them calculating how much boys are reserved for each girl. Electrical engineers: They are magical. And when they fail to fix any home appliance, they go into drastic inferiority complex, thinking, if they worth less than an electrician? Nonetheless, thanks to these engineers, without them we would be living in the darkness and no bunch of electricity was available (if we ignore few countries) to decorate and flavor up our homes, shops and picnic places. If you are an electrical engineer and reading this post right now, you may have to develop a project quite often with PCB as the main part of it. You can pick PCBWay in order to fill your technical needs for quality PCB that will help you design the project with thick copper on the surface, providing a solid and coherent interface and helps join all components on a single board. Mechatronics Engineers: Google is the second best tool that knows everything, Mechatronics engineers still stand first. They are a jack of all trades but master of some. Mechatronics is a combination of mechanical and electronics with little ingredients of every field including computer, civil, architecture, transportation, chemical, and petroleum engineering with some taste of fashion designing, law, C.A, health and fitness and biomedical. They can be a good fit for any field. Apart from doing their field job, if there are some, they are good at babysitting, traveling, adventure and storytelling. Whenever they appear for any job interview, knowing the job offer is purely related to the certain field, they present themselves expert in an exactly opposite niche. If the company offers an electrical job, they appear in the interview anyway, stating they have a profound knowledge in Thermodynamics, let alone designing and manufacturing and overhauling Ford Car Engines.

How to Alleviate Common Problems

Only engineers can truly understand the atrocities they face in their lifetime. Every person comes with a unique nature and mindset, not every advice stands fit and resonates with everyone. However, with an ability to comprehend some common rules and real understanding, everyone can fix their problems, let alone engineers.

Skill matter, GPA doesn’t

Needless to say, if you are scoring 2.99 GPA, you are doing well. I’m sorry for the thetas but what is the point of stressing out for four years, if you are going to get paid the same or sometimes less than average students. Remember, skill outperforms memorizing talent in most of the cases. Instead of cramming the course, you must aim for boosting up your skills. It happens, when student pass out and complete graduation, they have no idea about the skills they are good at. In university, they learn a bundle of software with no mastery in any of them. However, if they learn only one software like a Pro, they surely have something to offer and market themselves as a brand in particular skill.

Money is Something, not Everything

Lack of career counseling is the major issue Graduate Students face right now. Yes, money does matter. It is something, if not everything. You spend a full four years in university, thinking you are going to get paid a bunch of dollars. And all these dreams gone to dust when you know, no company is ready to pay you enough so you can enjoy and spend life with full liberty without the fear of getting stuck with empty pocket at the end of the month.

Put your Health First

I know some of the friends, if we ignore 90% of them, are making good money, with no intention, if their health is put on hold. Money is necessary, health comes and goes, right? Wrong! Adopt the job what makes you feel happy at the end of the day. If you are earning too much in a job that makes your health bleed, then you are playing a risky bet. Protip: There is a scope in every field as long as you know how the knack for time management and basic knowledge to present things from your boss’s perspective and what makes him feel good. Presentation of works bears more value than the actual work itself. The crux of this read: No matter what engineering you do, all it boils down how much are you making in the end. If you are making the handsome amount, there is no need to wrestle your mind getting a field job. That's all for today. I hope you have got something valuable out of this read. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions, they help us provide you quality work so you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Thanks for reading the article.

Role of Technology in Business Development

Hey Fellas! Hope you are getting along with life pretty well. Today, I'll highlight the Role of Technology in Business Development. The latest technology is an increasing inevitability in business nowadays. As the time goes by, more and more businesses are leaning toward technology and there is nothing wrong to say that business and technology are two things impossible to separate from each other. It is also said by experts that business needs technology to be sustained in this fast-changing digital market.

Role of Technology in Business Development

Technology streamlines the way we execute business operations and both big and small businesses are now using the modern technology to complete a range of specific tasks and jobs. Every business is using technology in its own way to fulfill their specific needs and requirements. They use it to improve on efficiency, to increase overall production as well as to cut the business overheads down. Undoubtedly, integration of technology in a business can be expensive but it can benefit your business specifically. Here is how.

Link to the Global Village

Transportation, effective communication and many other things are involved with a business to make it a complex set of processes. Thankfully, technology has pushed businesses towards a new age of development. Now a business can easily access the global market to get more clients and customers for offered products and services. Now, anyone can do business anywhere even without leaving the bedroom just because of the technology. With help of high-speed internet and latest tech inventions, a business can market its products globally to enhance its customer base.

Employee Monitoring and Asset Tracking

Technology has made it easier for companies and business organizations to better manage and monitor their employees and track assets efficiently. Managers can keep an eye on employees by using CCTV camera in the workplace. On another hand, mobile cmms software enables a business to keep track of assets more effectively to streamline the business processes and operations effectually. There are numberless applications available that can track customer calls to help managers understand lag times for better team coaching to improve customer services. Customer relationship management software can also be used to keep track of sales and customer details in order to make communication better than before.

Enhanced Business Security

Data security is one of the major concerns when it comes to keeping your business away from data and privacy breach. As almost all businesses and companies are using computers and cloud storage to store business details and information, hackers can easily steal customer details and confidential business information by using a variety of different tricks. By using powerful firewalls and malware blockers, a business can prevent data and privacy breach to keep business data in safe hands. Strong CCTV cameras offer a powerful security layer to improve the overall business security.

Faultless Business Reports and Documents

There is no more need to calculate business figures or create documents manually because of the availability of accounting software and applications. Business financial reports are generated automatically on computers even on mobile devices to keep the business operations and functions running smoothly without facing the barriers of location and time. Most of the software and applications automatically generate and send the reports to authorities.

Increased Productivity

Heavy-duty computers, business software solutions, and mobile technology have amazingly increased overall employees' performance by allowing them to accomplish assigned business tasks in less time and spending fewer energy & efforts. A maintenance management business can enhance its productivity by letting the maintenance staff know what is reactive and proactive maintenance and how it can reduce downtime and asset failures. Business process automation is one of the great benefits of technology in business that allows a business to produce more in less time by spending fewer overheads.

Marketing

Production of high quality and best performing products is not enough for business success but you will need to market them as well in order to let customers know that what you are providing. In this era of latest technology and internet, it is very easy for businesses to promote their products and services globally using business websites and different social media platforms. Digital marketing is affordable these days even one can do it easily by having basic SEO and social media marketing skills. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn are widely used by businesses and companies not only to market their products but to stay in touch with customers 24/7. That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful as per your needs and requirements. If you are unsure or have any question, you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you the best way I can. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

Hey Guys! Welcome you onboard. Today, I'll discuss an important topic titled "Introduction to PWM". I will try to cover everything related to PWM i.e. PWM Definition, PWM generation, why we need PWM signals? how it is used in a variety of applications ranging from motors, heating systems, hydraulics, control valves, pumps etc. One important thing to mention here is "PWM can be applied on both AC and DC electrical signals". So, let's get started:

What is PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)?

As we all know, there are two main types of electrical signals i.e. AC and DC. Both of these signals are used as a power source for different types of electrical appliances. Now if we have a look at these electrical appliances, they operate at different voltage levels and may also need variable voltage supply(as in fan dimmers). So, there was a need to generate variable voltage supplies with minimal power losses, as other methods(i.e. step-down transformers etc.) dissipates energy and thus wasn't that effective. Different techniques were designed for achieving variable voltage levels and one of them is called PWM(abbreviation of Pulse Width Modulation), which is considered to be the most effective one.

• In PWM, we simply turn on and off our power supply at equal intervals and thus reduces the average power of the signal.
• As shown in the below figure(A), I have taken a 5V DC signal and divided it into three equal intervals, each interval representing one cycle.
• In figure(B), for each cycle, the power is ON for the first half, while it's OFF for the second half.
• So, we can say that we are simply switching our DC supply at equal intervals(in this case interval is 50%).
• If we perform this switching using a manual switch(which must be really slow), we will get 5V when the switch is ON and 0V when the switch is OFF, the circuit is shown in figure(D).
• But, if we replace this manual switch with an automatic switch(i.e. Mosfets, IGBTs, FETs etc.), we can achieve fast switching in the range of nanoseconds.
• This fast switching of the electrical signal will reduce its average power but the output will remain continuous and for the 50% ON/OFF cycle, the output of 5V signal will be around 2.5V, as shown in figure(C).
• In figure(C), the output signal is shown in blue color, which is of 2.5V but the actual PWM signal is switching ON/OFF and shown in orange color.

• The percentage for which signal remains in ON state in one cycle is called the duty cycle(we will discuss it in detail later).
• In the above example, the duty cycle of the PWM wave is 50%, that's why its output is exactly half, as we are turning it OFF for the remaining 50%.

Now let's have a look at a proper definition of pulse width modulation:

PWM Definition

• PWM(short for Pulse Width Modulation) is a modulation technique, used to step down the voltage level(average power) of electrical signals(both AC & DC) by varying their width(ON duration) using fast-switching.
• If a voltage source is

PWM in DC Signals

Suppose, we have a 12V DC power supply but we want to control a DC load of 5V, let's say RGB LED, as shown in the below figure. Circuit A has a manual switch in it, if we quickly turn ON and OFF this switch at equal intervals, we will get either 12V or 0V at the output and the LED will also turn ON or OFF and there's a chance it may burn out. But if we replace this manual switch with an automatic switch i.e. transistor(as in Circuit B), then we can achieve accurate and fast switching. This fast switching will be doing the same thing i.e. turning ON and OFF the electrical signal but it will be doing this switching in nanoseconds, which will reduce the average power of the electrical signal but the output will remain continuous. So, if the transistor is ON and OFF for an equal amount of time, then the output signal will reduce from 12V to 6V and the LED will glow. But if you want to be precise and want to generate an exact 5V output, then we have to further decrease the ON period of the transistor, which will reduce the output in turn. The two main factors of PWM are:

1. Switching Frequency.
2. Duty Cycle.

Switching Frequency

The frequency(or rate) at which the transistor is operating is termed as switching frequency. Normally microcontrollers are used to generate the PWM pulse but in small circuits, 555 Timer is also used. A normal 8-bit microcontroller can generate a PWM pulse ranging from 4MHz to 80MHz, let's say if we are generating a PWM pulse of 20MHz:

t = 1/f

t = 1/20MHz

t = 0.066us

So, the time period of a single PWM pulse is 0.066us, that's how fast it's switching.

Duty Cycle

In one cycle of PWM pulse, the ON period of pulse is termed as duty cycle. So, if the transistor is switching at 50%. If you have ever worked on a DC Motor, you must have noticed that its speed varies as we change its input voltage. If I am working on a 12V DC motor and it's rotating at 500RPM(let's say), so if I reduce its voltage from 12V to 6V, its RPM will reduce from 500RPM to 250RPM(ideally). In the PWM technique, electrical signals are passed through a fast switching device(i.e. FETs, MOSFETs, IGBTs etc.), these transistors are programmed to chop off the electrical signal at equal intervals. PWM is a process mainly used for getting an analog signal using a digital source.

• It is nothing but a controller that controls and handles the input current applied to the load.

The PWM varies between high and low values where the high value indicates, 5V is applied and the low value indicating the ground signal is applied to the load. Note: Not necessarily, the upper-value corresponds to 5V, it can be any value based on the voltage at which load operates. I have mentioned 5V just to give you an idea of how the PWM switches between high and low values.   The PWM works like a controlled switch that mainly handles the current being delivered to the load. When the switch is off, it will indicate no current is available for the load and when a switch is On, it means the power is delivering to the load with no voltage drop. PWM controllers are mainly used where we need to keep the power losses minimum by providing the power to the load in pulses instead of continues manner.

• PWM technique can be easily defined in terms of duty cycle and the frequency it takes to repeat the duty cycle per second. The duty cycle highlights the amount time the signal switches between ON and OFF position. It is described in percentage. If the signal remains ON half of the total duty cycle and remains OFF in another half, then the duty cycle will be 50%.

The following figure shows the duty cycle in terms of percentage that mainly relates the ON and OFF digital signal on the waveform.

• The PWM controls the duty cycle of the signal which consequently controls the speed of the motor.

If the frequency of the duty cycle is 50 Hz, it means 50 duty cycles are completed per second, terming the ratio how fast it regulates between high and low values.

• The frequency requires for PWM process will vary as per the nature of the applications. Some require fast duty cycle for controlling the load at a faster pace while some need a low duty cycle in order to keep the process smooth and away from power losses. More often than not, the response time of the load sets the pathway for the frequency required for the PWM.

It is important to note that the motor speed is directly proportional to the duration of the duty cycle at which the signal remains turned ON. The longer the duration of ON signal, the faster the motor terminals will rotate similarly OFF duration will lead to the slow speed of the motor.

• Using PWM for controlling the motor has a leg over the simple varying the analog signal to the motor. As the analog signal applies the power to the motor with continuous variation, failing to keep the motor terminals completely OFF or ON, as a result, power loss occurs during this process, however, PWM delivers the power in pulses that keep the motor terminals either in fully ON or OFF state.

LED Example

Controlling the RGB LED is a perfect example for understanding the concept of PWM. By varying the amount of duty cycle of each color and playing around with their brightness will give a specific color every time. Avoid adjusting the duty cycle with the same magnitude for every color, doing this will give a white light. If you are applying red light with 10% duty cycle at 2 MHz speed, then most of the time red light will appear OFF as you see. Yes, it will turn on for the small amount of time but it appears as it is not taking part in the flash created by RGB LED. Similarly, applying red light with 10% duty cycle at 100 MHz will increase the contribution of the red light in the LED as it will turn on will greater pace as compared to applying it with lower frequency.

Computer Motherboard

The computer motherboard is another example that requires PWM signals for its fan to be running with the power pulses. If power is given continuously without PWM, it may cause a severe harm to the board, as the board will run with full speed without any pause. Pulses of power keep the board in a constant loop, where power signals are given in quick successions that keep the fan running. If you buy a new computer, you may notice a 4 pin PWM header is added in the fan that controls the cooling process of the board. The point worth mentioning here is that the PWM generated with sloped duty cycle is preferred over generating it with a flat one. As the later one is more vulnerable to creating a clicking sound when the fan runs at low speed. Similarly, when the duty cycle approaches 100%, the fan will run with full speed, creating an unpleasant ticking sound. In order to alleviate the bothering sound, some quality fans come with IC drive chips, allowing the fan to run smoothly without creating any sound. You may need extra bucks for buying the quality PWM fans that not only retain the quality but also help in increasing the overall lifetime of the board.

Applications

• DC and Servo Motors
• Heating systems,
• Hydraulics
• Control valves,
• Pumps
• Telecommunication
• Computer applications

That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. If you are feeling dubious about PWM and how it works and the topic you may notice that I have left uncovered related to PWM, you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to the best of my knowledge. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable suggestions, so we keep coming back with quality content as per your needs and expectation. Thanks for reading the article. [PostWidget5

7 Reasons to Choose Satellite Streams for Live Streaming TV

Hi Guys! Hope you are doing well. I am back to give you a dose of valuable information as per your needs and demands. Today, I'll highlight the 7 Reasons to Choose Satellite Streams for Live Streaming TV. Let's dive in. Streaming services have provided millions of people around the globe with incredible opportunities for home entertainment. Gone are the days that you had to rely on a cable or satellite TV provider for your entertainment needs, not the mention the high setup fees and subscriptions, hardware installations, etc. With the advent of the internet, as well as advancements in streaming technology, the world now has a plethora of options to catch their favorite shows and get entertained on the go.

7 Reasons to Satellite Streams for Live Streaming TV

Though there is a myriad of ways to stream live television, using Satellite Streams has proven to be the most affordable and hassle-free way to enjoy the best of online television. This is a relatively new service that is redefining how online streaming works and bringing together a whole new experience as far watching TV over the internet is concerned. Here are a few compelling reasons why you should think about Satellite Streams every time you want to watch free live TV on your computer or mobile device.

1. Free with no ads

Rarely do you find a streaming service available for completely free and shows no ads. In most cases, if the service is free, then you can bet that your viewing experience will be interrupted from time to time with ads. However, this is not the case with Satellite Streams. It is completely free with no ads, and this is one of the attributes that sets it apart for similar services on the internet. As such, you are guaranteed of enjoying your live stream for the entire duration without an ad popping up to disrupt you.

2. No registration required

When Satellite Streams claims to be free, it is truly free – you don’t even need to register in order to access the shows you desire to watch. Similar services, including those that are free but show ads, will always require you to create an account before you can access their content. Once you create the account, your inbox will begin to get flooded with all manner of marketing emails. But if you don’t desire to have such a hassle, then you have every reason to consider Satellite Streams for your live streaming needs. With this, all you need to do is open up the website on your browser and start enjoying your viewing. You don’t have to bother with feeling any forms, giving out your email or any other personal detail in the name of registration.

3. It is not geo-locked

You will notice that most of the live streaming services are locked to certain geographical locations based on IP addresses. It means that if you are in a place or a region where the service is blocked, you will not be able to access the content unless you use a workaround such as using a VPN. A good example is live streaming by most of the major television network such as CNBC or Fox News Live. With such, you will have to be in certain locations or territories of the United States and you will also need to have an active subscription in order to access the live streams. But the good news with Satellite Streams is that it is not restricted to any geo-location and irrespective of your current location on the surface of the earth, you will still manage to access its content. All you need is access to the internet and you will be good to go.

4. Superior picture and audio quality

As is always the case, when a service is free, you will expect the quality to be below average. But this is another sector where Satellite Streams completely outshines its competitors. The fact that it is free does not stop them from bringing the absolute best in terms of picture and audio quality. It will interest you to note that the streams you get from Satellite Streams are in full HD broadcasting, with the picture quality of up to 1080p. The sound is also crisp clear and since there is no signal drop-off, you are guaranteed of a quality experience, even when watching the high definition television channels available on the site.

5. You don’t need any hardware

With most of the streaming services available in the market today, there will always need to have an additional streaming device, which will then be connected to your TV set for you to start streaming. In most cases, the streaming device will come at a cost. However, you don’t have to worry about any extra hardware when you use Satellite Streams for your live TV streaming needs. You don’t even need to think about satellite dishes or antennas to help you get a clear reception. So long as you have a decent internet connection, nothing will come in your way of enjoying your favorite live streams from the site.

6. A plethora of quality channels

One thing you will find admirable about Satellite Streams is that it is literally a one-stop-shop for all your live streaming needs. You will find superior quality channels with a variety of streaming options with just one click of your mouse. Irrespective of your live streaming needs, you can rest assured that you will find more than you need with this service. Whether your interest lies in sports, cars shows, live news events, documentaries, home shopping or home entertainment, Satellite Streams always has something for everyone. Just learn how to navigate your way through the interface and you will discover how easy it is to find and locate quality live streams from the site.

7. Flexibility

The flexibility that Satellite Streams offers in terms of the number of devices or gadgets you can use to access your live streams is also something worth taking note of. If you have been a subscriber of on-demand streaming services such as Hulu or Netflix, then you know that at any given time, there is a limited number of devices you can use to access the service under the same account. This is usually limiting, especially when family members want to watch different shows that coincide at the same time. With Satellite Streams, however, this is of no concern at all since you are free to get the streams on multiple devices at the same time. Whether you want to watch on your laptop or you want to catch up with the live news events on your Smartphone on your way after work, you have the flexibility you need to enjoy just as much as you want. Hopefully, you now understand why Satellite Streams is such an interesting service, especially during a period when TV subscription fees tend to be going through the roof. It has presented an awesome alternative to most of the streaming services, and unless you like binge-watching or following up on shows available on select networks or services, you will always have more than you need with Satellite Streams. Given that it is a free service which avails so much, it is your time to enjoy while it still lasts. Perhaps, the only challenge you may face is with the internet connections since you may not get a very good experience if you have a weak link. Additionally, we don’t know when the service will start asking for subscriptions, but for now, you can enjoy the live streams without a worry in the world. That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. You are most welcome to approach in the comment section below for any query. Thanks for reading the article.

How to Install Outdoor Projector for Maximum Effect

Hi Friends! Hope you are doing well. We always strive to keep you updated with valuable information as per your needs and demands so you keep visiting us quite often. Today, I'll uncover the details on How to Install Outdoor Projector for Maximum Effect. When you are in the middle of dealing with atrocities of life, you want a break that gives you both pleasure and relaxation at the same time. Putting yourself in a sheer peace differs from person to person, some love to fuel their car up and go for the long drive, other want to relax their muscles a bit and go for some game they love to play and some end up finding new ways of entertainment.

• Thanks to technology that has made things easy more than ever before and turned out to be a solution to almost every problem.

Most of the people, if not all, enjoy to glue with the TV screen and watch their favorite season or the movie they find interesting. Watching a new movie at the cinema is a bit of a whole new experience, but not everyone comes with a bunch of dollars to afford its cost. What if I tell, you can buy and install your own projector screen and enjoy the feel of cinema right from the comfort of your home. Yes, you heard that right. You can buy an outdoor projector and turn your yard into a full cinema. Installing a projector is not as easy as it looks and is not as difficult as it sounds. With few instructions beforehand, you can easily install and optimize the projector in your backyard.

How to Install Outdoor Projector for Maximum Effect

There are many things you need to be taken into consideration before picking the right projector that perfectly aligns with your needs. But don't you worry, I have covered everything up for you in the post: the place to pick the economical projector and how to tune it for getting the maximum results.

Temporary Arrangement

You need to put the whole setup at an optimal distance where you can watch the screen at the perfect angle. Figuring out the right projection angle and distance is a real task.

• It is advised to put and adjust the whole set temporarily at first so you can modify its location afterward in case the arrangement doesn't match with your glace.

Cooler or empty packaging boxes are the good pick to design a temporary solution where you can place whole nitty-gritty of the outdoor projector.

• Both the projection angle and distance vary from person to person, and it all depends on your interest. Some love to watch the screen with their neck little bit up with some distance and some like to watch the movie with their neck sitting at the angle of around 45 degrees.

Note: You must have a knack of playing with a bunch of wires while you set up the temporary arrangements because you gotta deal with a lot of them.

Permanent Arrangement

A wooden arrangement is preferable if you need a permanent solution. And an underground PVC pipe is perfect to house the number of wires. It saves you from the haunted look of messy wires and packs them all together in one place. By following simple steps you can design the permanent arrangement for your projector.

• Make a solid hollow wooden rectangle supporting two three splinters, exposing a flat surface. Also, make sure the final rectangle is a little bit larger than your projector, covering it from both sides.
• Grab the shovel and dig a small ditch for putting the PVC pipe that will contain the wiring to the unit.
• Never forget to cover the PVC pipe with some insulating material. Leaving it open will make it vulnerable to both forecast and birds.
• As I already mentioned, installing your own projector looks hectic at first, but you can do it by yourself. If you are open to spending some dollars to make things easy like a walk in the park, you can hire some handyman to get this task done.
• Now hunt down the perfect place in the yard that you feel comfortable sitting in and design the legs for the whole arrangement that stand fit and support it from all ends, making them titled will keep the whole platform sitting on shaky grounds.
• It is advised to paint the arrangement with the weatherproof material for making the whole platform secure and away from the hassle of nature.

You can learn more about outdoor projectors if you aim to buy the cost-effective ones. You must do a little bit research before making a final decision and picking a right one. Prior knowledge about projectors can save you a bunch of dollars at the start. I'm not referring to being tech-geek and getting way too much involved yourself in the overwhelming information spread across the web. But, make sure, you have some information about brightness, resolution and aspect ratio of the projectors and what are the main factors affecting them in the long run. That's all for today. I hope I have given you a brief overview on how to install the outdoor projector with maximum effect. If you are feeling unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to the best of my expertise. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestion, they help us provide you quality work as per your needs and expectations. Thanks for reading the article.

Guide to Writing an Engineering Research Paper

The engineering field is not typically known for its literary style or its compelling prose, in large measure because engineering is better known as an applied field than a theoretical one. Most engineering students expect to spend their time working with mathematical equations and applying these equations to discover engineering solutions rather than researching term papers. But engineering is a discipline with an academic component, and research is an essential element of its academic aspect. In short, if you’re a student in an engineering program, you need to be able to write a great research paper just as much as you need to be able to solve complex mathematical problems.

However, many students in application-based fields like engineering are much more comfortable with numbers than they are with words. Because of this, research papers can be challenging for them. Fortunately, there are a few key steps you can take to make sure your next engineering research paper truly shines.

Guide to Writing an Engineering Research Paper

• Plan your research early: Many students who are less comfortable with research paper writing tend to wait to research as they write, but this creates problems. First, it means that you are wasting time going back and revising each new piece of information rather than starting with a complete understanding of your topic. Second, it also means that you will be scrambling to research as you write, costing you time through inefficiency and redundancy. Instead, the better choice is to start your research process as quickly as possible in order to give yourself time to analyze and digest what you are reading and to develop original ideas about what the research has to say about your topic. Separating the research process from the writing process will help you to develop stronger ideas and prepare for the writing process, making the actual writing of your paper that much faster and more efficient.
• Use only the most current research: While there are some cases where historical articles can be important for understanding the development of an idea, you will want to use current research to support your analysis. Current research keeps you abreast of the latest information in your field. This is especially important because of the changing nature of engineering. New information and new approaches can render older ways of doing things obsolete. You want to ensure that your paper is the strongest it can be, which means that you need to stay current to ensure your paper is on the cutting edge.

• Select data by quality, not by quantity: Many engineering students rightly value numbers and data because this is the raw material used in engineering. However, a research paper is a little different from other types of engineering work. In a research paper, you should focus on high-quality data, not simply the volume of data you can pack into your paper. In a research paper, focusing on the best and most important information is paramount. Extraneous information, redundant data, or irrelevant data don’t make a manuscript stronger, even if they make it longer. They are a distraction and can undercut the power of your main points.
• Discuss the theory, not just the results: Because engineering is an applied discipline, many students minimize or ignore theory in favor of discussing results. While results are important, in a research paper it’s also essential to talk about the methodology and theory used to obtain those results. By explaining the background of a theory and the underpinnings that demonstrate why it is true, you show the reader that you know what you are talking about and have considered the strengths and weaknesses of the approach you have used to obtain your results. It also shows that you have an understanding of the conventions and requirements of academic writing.
• Remember to explain your hypothesis: When you have explained the theories behind your work, you will need to tell the reader what your paper will investigate and what you hope to demonstrate or prove. Outlining the hypothesis is important to make sure that the audience understands why you have chosen to present specific data, and what it all means.

Writing an engineering research paper doesn’t have to be hard! It just takes a little bit of work and a bit of mindfulness about how to employ and deploy research to support and defend your great ideas. Before you know it, you’ll have an excellent engineering research paper! If you still need professional assistance from academic experts in the engineering field, don’t hesitate to address a research paper writing service that will help you immediately with your project.

 

Build Your Work’s Credibility with Plagiarism Checker

Hello Guys! Hope you are doing well. Today, I'll discuss how you can Build Your Work’s Credibility with Plagiarism Checker. The term Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone else's idea and passing them off as their work. It is considered a fraud. Nowadays, plagiarism checker is introduced, and many companies use them to check if your work is your own or you're lying.

• If you've done a lot of hard work on your content but even then, it still matches someone else's work so you would be considered as a fraud. To not face this situation, you should try the Plagiarism Checker by PlagiarismSoftware.net.

Build Your Work’s Credibility with Plagiarism Checker

To become a successful writer, you need to have the skills to produce a work which contains no plagiarism. If you publish the article on your website which includes plagiarism, it will hurt your website’s rating and the traffic on your site will also fall.

• You must know that plagiarism can easily be detected these days with the help of a free plagiarism checker and that can hurt your reputation badly. It can be helpful for you if you use a plagiarism checker free software on your article before publishing so that you can make changes in the content if any plagiarism is detected.

Are there any privacy issues when checking the content with plagiarism checker? In case of most plagiarism check tools, there is no need to worry about the privacy of your content. Your work will not be shared anywhere. You can read the privacy policy to make sure that plagiarism checker doesn't save any of your content anywhere so you can without any tension check for plagiarism. You can check as many documents you want to; there is no limit.

• With this application, you would not have to run through many documents to check that your work match with anyone else's work or not. It will save you so much time and will give you 100% results. The results will be entirely error free no matter how many times you check your different contents.

So now, you can continue your dream of being a writer without this problem. As this tool will surely be going to help you to check plagiarism and will save you from any disgrace. You will be able to know about your plagiarized material and will be able to make some changes in data.

Features of Free Plagiarism Checker

Following are the main features of Free Plagiarism Checker:

Free of cost

When you are working on any project, cost seems to be very daunting, and you constantly wrestle your mind to make your working requirements highly economical. This is where this tool stands out as it doesn’t charge a single penny from anyone.  Checking plagiarism on this tool is free of cost.

Accessibility

The plagiarism check application is available to everyone around the globe. It is not a tool which is present in only a few countries. You can run it on any device.

Web-based tool

You don’t need to download a plagiarism check tool on your device as it works as an online tool. You can gain access to it using any web browser.

Words per search

Different plagiarism checker tools allow different word limits. Some let you check the text of maximum 1000 words on each check. You can divide the document if it is more than 1000 words. It will provide you with the same features on every test you make.

Supports various language

This tool doesn’t only work for the content of the English language, you can check plagiarism in multiple languages.

• If you want to be a writer and want to publish your content so you must have a plagiarism checker, it might save you from ruining your career as it saved me.

It has become my habit to use a free plagiarism checker so that I can make my content plagiarism free before publishing them. You can also benefit from plagiarism checker free as you can find many free tools on the internet. That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you in any way I can. Thanks for reading the article.