The Engineering Projects

What is Thevenin’s Theorem

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Thevenin’s Theorem. There are a lot of techniques to solve complicated circuitries such as KCL and KVL. In-circuit terminology, this theorem permits any single port (The port is a pair of points which link any circuitry with the other circuits) system to transform into such circuitry which has one resistor and a single source. This method also works for the alternating current (AC) circuitries which have resistive and reactance impedances. It displays that this formula is work for (alternating current) AC circuits if these circuits have impedances instead of resistance. This theorem was created by the French Engineer, who was specialized in telegraph engineering. In 1882 when Kerchoif’s Laws were very famous to solve circuits but these laws were difficult to implement for complex circuits. To solve complex circuits Thevenin gave his famous law which makes complicated circuits very easy to solve. In today’s post, we will have a look at its equation, example circuits, working, and applications.  So, let’s get started with a What is Thevenin’s Theorem.

What is Thevenin’s Theorem

• Thevenin Theorem stated that the circuitry which has many resistors and voltage sources can be transformed into such circuitry which has one resistance and single source.

• To see how this rule works we solve a circuitry.
• In the given diagram, you can see that there is 20 volts voltage source and 15-ohm load resistance which is represented by R3.
• To apply Thevenin theorem to this circuit, first of all, we find V_TH which is open circuit voltage for this we will eliminate the load resistor from the circuit. After removing R₃ we get the resultant circuit which is represented by B in the diagram.
• Remove all voltage sources from the circuit and put their internal resistances value in the circuit.
• Then calculate the equivalent resistance which is also known as the Thevenin resistance, the resultant circuit is shown in the given diagram as C.
• After this make Thevenin equivalent circuitry which has source and Thevenin resistance then add load resistance to the circuitry to find the voltage across it. Thevenin equivalent circuit is denoted as D in a given diagram.

Why we use Thevenin Theorem?

• The most complex systems of circuits have some non-variable components and some have variable.
• The suitable example for this is our house wiring circuitry which is joined with the different loading devices like motors, fans or some lighting.
• If some time in special cases we want to find current and voltage values at every component of house wiring. It will take time and will be very difficult to find the electrical parameters of every element.
• To reduce these difficult calculations, a resultant circuitry of house wiring is created so that we can easily find the parameters and analysis of circuitry become easy.
• This equivalent circuitry which we make to reduce our calculation easy is called Thevenin equivalent circuitry.

Working of Thevenin’s Theorem

• To observe the practical implementation of Thevenin theorem, we will discuss its working by a given example.
• We create circuitry to calculate the value of current (I) moving in the circuitry.
• To implement Thevenin theorem we have to monitor these 3 steps.
  • First of all, calculate the value of resister by eliminating EMF sources and load resistance.
  • Then find the Thevenin voltage (V) after inserting the voltage (V) source in circuitry.
  • Then already find resistance and voltage values which are Thevenin voltage and resistor use to find current passing through the load.
• Now we apply these steps practically on a circuit.

Step 1:

• In given circuit diagram we can see that forty-ohm resistance, which linked with the points A and D eliminate this resistance and all voltage sources in the circuit.
• After this, we will develop a circuitry which has only 2 resistances in the circuit.
• Now we calculate the value of Thevenin resistance (R), R1 and R2 are parallel to each other.

R_{t = (R1 x R2)/(R1 + R2) = (20 x 10)/(20+10) = 6.67 ohm}

Step 2:

• In this step we will add, removed voltage sources to find the value of thevenin voltage.
•  In the given diagram, we can use ohm law to find the value of the current flowing in this circuitry.

I= V/R = (20v-10v)/(20ohm + 10 ohm) = 0.33A

• Now we find the value of voltage.

V_AB = 20 - (20 ohm x 0.33A) = 13.33 V

V_AB = 10 + (10 ohm x 0.33A) = 13.33 V

Step 3:

• Now we have our Thevenin Resistance and Voltage we can put our Thevenin equivalent circuit together with our original load resistor as shown below.
• As we have found resistance and voltage values, now we find the value of current the circuit for the third step is shown in the given diagram.
•  We use ohm’s law to measure the value of the current.

I= V/R = 13.33V/(6.67 +40) = 0.286A

Limitations of Thevenin Theorem

• These are some limitations of Thevenin Theorem, you must keep in mind while working on the different circuitries.
• This theorem is only appropriate for such circuitry which has linear elements like a resistor, capacitor, etc. It will not work for such circuitries which has the diodes, transistors these are not linear components.
• It also not work for the uni-lateral systems.
• It also not work for such circuit which has magnetic linking among the load and the circuitry which has to convert into the Thevenin circuitry.

Applications of Thevenin's Theorem

• These are some applications of Thevenin Theorem.
  • This rule is applied to such circuitries in which load resistance varies, after some time it necessary to measure the value of resistance, Thevenin theorem is best for this circuitry to find the value of current and voltage.

It is the detailed article on the Thevenin Theorem. If you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.  

What is Ohm's Law

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will discuss What is Ohm's Law. In 1781 an English scientist and philosopher Henry Cavendish was doing an experiment on the tubes which were prepared by the brittle material like glass to measure their radius (r) and length, tubes were full of salty solutions. During this test, he computes the current which he sensed as he accomplished the circuitry with his body. By this observation, he referred that the current is directly proportional to the voltage. He didn’t share his finding to other people and his findings remained unknown till 1879 then Maxwell shared them with other scientists. To practically see the working of ohm's law, you should try our online Ohm's Law Calculator. In 1814 Francis Ronald said that findings of Cavendish are not accurate but in the presence of certain conditions like temperature, pressure. After Frances Ronald Ohm’s work on Cavendish theory in 1825 and gave his findings in 1827. In today’s post, we will have a look at its working, introduction, circuit, and applications. So let’s get started with what is Ohm's Law.

What is Ohm's Law

• Ohm's law says that the current passing through any conductor among 2 points is directly proportionate to the voltage across 2 points of the conductor if physical parameters like temperature, pressure, etc of conductor remain same.
•  Its mathematical expression is.

 V a I

V= IR

• In this equation (I) is the current passing through the conductor its units is amper (A), V is the voltage which is provided to conductor its unit is volts (V) and R is the resistance of the conductor it does not depend on the current of conductor the value of resistance depends on the physical parameters like temperature, pressure, etc.

• We can also define resistance as if one ampere of current is passing through any conductor when one-volt voltage is applied to it then it has a one-ohm resistance.

R (Ohm)= V (Volts) / I (amperes)

• The diagram on the right side explains Ohm's Law.
• This is an experimental law which describes the conductivity of materials over the current passing through them.
• There are numerous substances which do not follow Ohm’s findings is known as non-ohmic like semiconductor devices diodes, transistors, and bulb filament.
• A component which follows ohm's Law is known as the ohmic like Aluminium, Copper, etc.
• Such conductor which follows Ohm law its graph remains straight line and which do not follow Ohms law its graph is not a straight line.

Parameters of Ohm's Law

• Ther are three main parameters at which ohm's law depends first one is voltage, second is current, third is resistance. Now we discuss them with detailed and relate them.

Voltage:

• Voltage is the force which exerts by the source in electrical circuitry on the electrons to move in the circuit.

Current:

• It is the rate of movement of charges, it's unit is ampere. It denoted as I.

Resistance:

• It is the capability of the substance to oppose current which passing through that conductor. It designated as R and its unit is ohm.

What are the Ohmic and Non-ohmic Conductors

Ohmic Conductor

• Those elements which follow ohms rule are recognized as the ohmic. These modules have a similar value of resistance (R) when we alter the value of current and voltage.
• A graphical demonstration is revealed in a given figure you can see that their graph is a straight line.
• The example of such units is metals like aluminum (Al), copper (CU), etc.

Non-ohmic Conductor

• Those modules which do not follow the ohms rule is recognized as non-ohmic. In these constituents, the value of resistance does not remain the same when we alter the applied voltage.
• The examples of these modules are semiconductor diodes, transistor, and filament of the bulb.
• You can see the graph of non-ohmic devices in a figure that the graph is not a straight line like the ohmic devices because the resistance of these components is not the constant.

Analyze Ohm's Law with the Given Circuit

• In given circuit diagram there is a very simple circuit which consists of one battery and load. Current is flowing through the circuit.
• If we know any two values of either current, resistance offered by load or voltage then we can easily apply ohm's law to find the third value.
• First of all, we calculate the value of current passing through the circuit which is shown on the left side in the diagram, the values of battery is 20 V and resistance is 5 ohm then according to Ohm's law the current is.

I=V/R = 20/5= 4

• Now we calculate the value of voltage by applying the Ohm's Law on right side circuitry.

V=IR = 4 x 5 = 20

Limitations of Ohm's Law

• These are some limits of ohms' law which are described below.
  • It is not useable for individual or unilateral circuits. Such circuitries allows current to move in one direction only.
  • These circuitries comprises semiconductor devices like diodes and transistor which allows current to move in one direction.
  • This law is also not applicable to such components which are not linear, non-linear components are such which in which current variations are not the same to voltage changes. Such components are thyristor.

Applications of Ohm's Law

• Ohm's law is very easy to understand and implement for calculations of current-voltage, or resistance in any circuit.
• The practical uses of ohms law we do to control the speed of fan at our houses. We control speed by the regulator, basically, we vary resistance through the regulator.
• An electrical heater which we use in winter follows ohms law the heat which it produces can be found by using ohms law.
• Electrical kettles also work on the ohm law it has high values resistance which produces heat when the current passing through it we can find the value of this heat by finding current and resistance of kettle.
• The electronic components like laptops, computer, and mobile also follow ohm law because they work on dc so during their designing the values of resistances measured by ohms law.
• Fuse also works on the ohms law its resistance values measure by the ohms law.

So it was all about ohm's Law if you have any question about asking in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

What is KCL (Kirchhoff's Current Law)

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is KCL ( Kirchhoff's Current Law ). KCL (Kirchhoff's Current Law) is the fundamental rule of electric circuitries. In 1845 a German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff presented two essentials rules to explain different circuitries. Ist law is KVL (Kirchhoff's Voltage Law) and 2nd is KCL (Kirchhoff's Current Law). These rules further defined the working of Georg Ohm, who gave Ohm’s Law and lead the work of James Maxwell who gave Maxwell equation. Both of these rules also work for a time (t) and frequency (f) measurements. In certain cases when the frequency of a signal is higher these laws work for the alternating current circuitries. In today’s post, we will have a look at its overview, working, example circuits and other parameters. So, let’s get started with a What is KCL (Kirchhoff's Current Law ).

What is KCL ( Kirchhoff's Current Law )

• KCL ( Kirchhoff's Current Law ) is also known as the ist rule of Kirchhoff. This law explains that current coming toward a point of the circuit is equal to the current moving away from that point in a circuitry.

?I = 0

• KCL is also named as conservation of charge because the current at the common point in circuitry remains reserve which means there is no loss of current at a point.
• Kirchhoff's Current Law is used to measure current in the different branches of any circuitry. How it finds current for this we explain a simple circuit.
• In given circuitry you can see that the there are six branches of circuitry which are connected with the common point, this common point is also known as a node.
• In this circuitry, the direction of current in these six branches is denoted by a, b, c, d, e, and f.
• As we discussed earlier KCL says that current coming toward a point is taken positive and moving away negative. You can see in the circuit that the currents (a, b, c, d) are coming toward the common point so these will be taken positive and current (e, f) will be negative as they are moving away from the point.
• If we apply KCL to this circuit then the resultant equation will be.

a+b+c+d=e+f

Working of KCL( Kirchhoff's Current Law )

• Now we discuss how this law works for this we explain the given below simple circuit. Let's discuss it.
• In this circuit we can see that there is a node which has four wires connected with it, the current is passing through every wire.
• If we apply the KCL to the circuit then the equation of this circuit is

(I1)+(I2)–(I3)–(I4)=0

• This equation can also write to describe the inward current to the node and moving away from the current for the node.

(I1)+(I2)=(I3)+(I4)

• This equation shows that (I1) and (I2) is coming toward the node and the (I3) and (I4) moving away from the node.
• To the easy understanding of this law, we relate this given circuit with the liquid circuitry.

• Let's suppose we have a pipe in which liquid is moving with the rate of flow (Q1).
• If we divide this pipe into 3 smaller tubes, then the rate of flow of coming liquid will be equal to the liquid moving away from the center point. To further understanding lets see a diagram of this liquid circuitry which is similar to the KCL.

(Q1) = (Q2) + (Q3) + (Q4)

Nodal Analysis

• This method used KCL to find the value of the voltage at the node and then calculate the values of current and voltage at any component of the circuit.
• There are some steps you should follow to apply this rule which described below.
• To apply this rule, first of all, you should find the no of nodes in a circuit and reference node.
• Then allocate current and its path to every discrete division (branch) of the nodes in the circuit.
• Apply KCL to every node of the circuit.
• Then make equations and resolve them to find the values of current (I) and voltage (V).
• Then find the values of current (I) and voltage (V) at every component of circuitry.

Example of Nodal Analysis

Now we discuss how nodal analysis works practically and have a relation with the KCL.

• The values of some elements which we know are given here.
  • Current Source (I_x)= (5 Amperes)
  • Current Source (I_y)= (10 Amerces)
  • Resistance (R₁) = (4 Ohms)
  • Resistance (R₂) = (2 Ohms)
  • Resistance (R₃) = (6 Ohms)
• First of all, we find the reference node in this circuitry, we consider V₀ as a reference node because it is joined with the ground terminal.
• As we know at ground potential is 0 so this will make our calculation simple.
• You can see there are three nodes in this node first one (V1), 2nd is (V2) and third is V₀ which is our reference node.
• Now we use KCL on a node (V₁) and node (V2) to find their equations.
• The equation for the first node will be.

(I_x ) = (I_{1 +} I₂₎

(I_y)= (I₃ – I₁)

• Now we put values of known elements of circuitry.

(5 A) = (I_{1 +} I₂₎ – (A)

(10 A) = (I₃ – I₁)- (B)

• You can see from the figure that there are three unknown currents is moving in this circuitry (I₁, I₂, I₃) we use ohm’s law to find their equations.

(I₁)= (V_1-V2)/R₂

(I₂)= (V₁-0)/ R₂

(I₃)= (V₂-0)R₃

• Now we put these current values in equation A and B.
• First we put these values in equation A.

5 = (V₁-V2)/R₂ + (V₁)/ R₂

5= (V1-V2)/4 + (V₁)/ 2

5 = (V₁ - V₂ +2V₁)/(4)

20 =3V₁ – V2 - (C)

• Now we will put the values of (I₁,I₂, I₃) in equation B and make resultant equation.

10= (V₁)/ R₃ - (V₁-V2)/R₁

10=(V₁)/ 6 - (V₁-V2)/4

10= (2v₁-3V₁ + 3V₂)/12

120= -V₁ + 3V₂ – (D)

• Solving equations C and D we have the values of V₁ and V2.

V₁ = 22.5v

V₂ = 47.5V

• Now we use these values and find the (I₁,I₂, I₃).

(I₁)= (22.5- 47.5V)/4

(I₁)= (-6.25A)

(I₂)= (V₁)/ R₂

(I₂)= (22.5)/ 2

(I₂)=11.5

(I₃)= (V₂)R₃

(I₃)= (47.5)/6

(I₃)= 7.91 A

Applications of KCL Law

• These are some applications of this law.
  • KCL is used to find the different electrical parameter like current, voltage and resistance in different circuits but it mostly used in complex circuits to find electrical parameters.

It was a detailed article on KCL law I tried my best to write in a simple way. If you have any question about it ask in comments. I will guide you comprehensively. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.  

What is KVL ( Kirchhoff's Voltage Law )

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is KVL ( Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law). KVL is an elementary law of electrical circuitry. In 1845, a German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff gave two basic laws to solve electronic circuits. First one is KVL ( Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law ) and the second one is KCL ( Kirchhoff’s Current Law ). These Kirchhoff's laws are successors of Ohm’s Law which was given by George Ohm and followed by Maxwell equation which was given by James Maxwell. Both of these laws playing a very important role in solving different circuits in engineering projects. These rules are also useful for frequency and time calculations. Kirchhoff’s laws are not only applicable to DC circuitry, but also works for the AC circuits, when the electromagnetic radiation has large frequency values. In simple words, KVL says that the sum of voltages in an enclosed loop circuit is always equal to zero. By using this law we can easily find different parameters of a circuit like resistance, current or voltage quite easily. In today’s post, we will have a look at its introduction, working, applications and other parameters. So, let’s get started with What is KVL ( Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law ).

What is KVL ( Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law )

• KVL ( Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law ), also known as the second rule of Kirchhoff’s, explains that the sum of voltages in an enclosed circuitry is always equal to 0.
• KVL applied for voltage measurement in circuits. To explain it we discuss given circuitry.

• As you can see in a given circuit that the single voltage source is linked with the passive elements  (the electric element which does not produce power like a resistor), which have (b,c,d,e,f) voltage about them.
• As all these elements are connected in series so there voltages values will be added.
• If we apply KVL (Kirchhoff’s voltage law) which says voltage around the passive (the electric element which does not produce power, like a resistor) element in circuitry always equivalent and reverse to source voltage.
• Therefore, the summation of the voltage changes across all the elements in circuitry is always equated to 0.

a+b+c+d+e+f=0

 

What is Mesh Analysis

• It is the method to helps us to find the current and voltage in any close-loop working with the KVL, by this analysis we can find values of current and voltage across any component of the loop on the circuit.
• There are three steps to apply this mesh analysis. Which described here.
  • Allocate discrete current values to every enclosed circle of the network.
  • After that Apply Kirchoff voltage law about every enclosed circle of the system.
  • And resolve the resultant concurrent linear equations to find the value of current in the ring.

Example of Mesh Analysis

Now we practically discuss the Mesh Analysis by the given example.

• Let's suppose that we have a given circuit diagram which has two loops and we have to apply mesh rule on this circuit.
• The values of the elements of this circuit which we know are given below.
• (R₁)= (5 ohms)
• (R₂) = (6 Ohm)
• (R­­₃₎= (10 ohms)
• (V₁) = (12 volts)
• (V2)= (8 volts)
• To apply mesh rule on this circuit, first of all, we recognize the direction of the current flowing in these two loops.
• In the first loop which is (ABEF) the direction of current is clock-wise and it is represented as (I₁).
• In the second loop which is (BCDE) the direction of current (I₂) is also clockwise.
• Now applying kVl to write the equation for both of these two loops.

(V₁)= (R₁I₁₎+ R₃(I₁ - I2)

• This equation can also be written as

 

(V₁₎= (R₁ +R₃)I₁-R₃I₂ – (A)

• Now if we apply KVL on loop 2 then we have this equation.

(V₂) = (R₂I₂₎  + (R3)(I₂-I₁)

• It can also be written as

(V₂) = (R₂+R₃)I₂ –(R₃I₁) – (B)

• Now we will put the values of given parameters of circuit and find the value of the unknown parameter.

(12) = (5+10)(I₁₎- (10)I₂

12= (15I₁)- (10I₂) –(C)

• When we put value in equation B it will become

(8)= (6+10)(I₂)- (10)(I₁)

8=16 (I₂)-10(I₁) –(D)

• By solving equation C and D we have.

I₁= 1.94 A

I₂=1.7 A

Example of KVL ( Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law )

• In the given diagram, a circuit is drawn at which we have to apply KVL.
• In this circuit, there are three loops which are labeled in the circuit by no 1, 2, 3.
• We will apply KVL on these three loops one by one and will get correspondent equations.
• When we apply KVL to the first loop we get this equation.

V1= (I₁ x R₁) + R₃(I₁+I₂)

10= (I₁ x10) + 40(I₁+I₂)

10= 50 I_{1 +} 40 I₂

• After applying KVL on the first loop we now apply it on the second loop then we get an equation for this loop.

V2= (I₂ x R₂) + R₃(I₁+I₂)

20= (I₂ x 20) + 40(I₁+I₂)

20 = 40 I₁+ 60I₂

• After findng equations for loop first and second now we find the equation for the third loop.

V₁-V₂ = (I₁ x R₁) – (I₂ x R₂)

(10-20) = (10I₁) – (20I₂)

• By solving equations of loop one and second we get the value of (I₁) and (I₂) which are mention below.

I₁= -0.143 A

I₂= +0.429 A

• By using the value of I₁ and I₂ now we find the value of current I₃.

(I₃ = I₁ + I₂)

• Putting the value of I₁ and I₂ we get current at resistance (R3).

I_{3 =} -0.143 + 0.429 = 0.286 A

• I3 is the current which is passing through the resistance (R3), we can also find the value of voltage across this resistance by using I_3.

V₃= (0.286 x 40) = 11.44 V

Applications of KVL Law

• These are some important applications of KVL law.
  • Kirchhoff’s laws are used to measure the unknown standards such as current (I), Voltage (V),  also the direction of moving current in the circuit.
  • This rule is applicable to every circuit but it is very fruitful to solve complicated circuitries.
  • This law also helps us to observe the transferal of power in the circuit.

This article was about KVL law, I tried my best to explain to you in the simplest way if you have any question about it ask in comments. I will solve your problems and will guide you comprehensively. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Top Modern Construction Materials Boosting the Sector’s Growth

Traditional concrete can develop cracks through recurring freeze-thaw cycles over time. Cracks expand as it freezes, potentially letting water seep in further pulling it apart. Just as concrete deteriorates, steel structures do too due to inevitable corrosion. The rusted steel eventually wears the entire structure, threatening a crash if not inspected by a safety engineer. Innovations in building materials are rapidly disarming hazards posed by old materials—a British steel company patented a new form of colour-coated steel, galvanized steel, being used as additional protection against adverse environmental factors. Read more here. Researchers have pondered whether materials could be made as such to bounce back from harsh conditions and vulnerabilities. How about self-healing concrete? Or recycled waste used in insulation works? The construction industry can shave off billions in reworks and repairs of faulty building work while cutting down greenhouse gas emissions. Day by day, the industry is marching toward a progressive era of reusable construction materials and nullifying options that serve no one. Modern construction materials breed modern construction methods. They will bring more strength, safety, and cost-efficiency to structures of tomorrow that’ll enhance their longevity and usability. Here are five new materials boosting the construction sector’s growth.

Self-Healing Concrete

One of the first scientists to create self-healing concrete, Dr. Schlangen of Delft University has demonstrated that the material can be joined back if its half-sliced pieces are put together and heated in a microwave. This technology innovation can save companies $90 million annually. Self-healing concrete will help build structures that last—from small shops to skyline-expanding high-rises. These structures will carry minimal repairs and would facilitate easier maintenance. Project owners want to ensure their build not only stays functional in its lifetime but offers incremental benefits to end users, for this to become a widespread reality, builders will have to consider self-healing concrete more aggressively since construction costs are higher with regular concrete that also poses durability threats as the climate worsens. Using the right materials is only half the battle, making decisive shifts on jobsite is the other half. New building materials will need the consensus of all stakeholders down to the last subcontractor on the project. Without it, flaws in construction processes emerge faster than realized which leads to reworks. Contractors are pressed to extend timelines lest quality suffers and to ensure they’re on track, they use punch lists. Get more info on how best can punch lists be optimized for maximum results.

Eco-Friendly Bricks

Studying the effect of built environments on occupants, safety and environment specialists are closer to home with their understanding of indoor air quality. Many indoor air cleansing solutions have been introduced but none as efficient to recognize as a permanent fix to continuing air contamination affecting respiratory health. With traditional solutions, more carbon is emitted into the atmosphere, deteriorating outdoor air as well. Thanks to Cal Poly School of Architecture’s assistant professor, Carmen Trudell, who invented a passive air-cleaning system that puts bricks used on the building’s exterior to filter out toxins and pollutants in the air as it lives inside the space. The air will get funnelled into an internal cyclone filtration section separating heavy elements and dropping them down a hopper at the wall’s base. This pulls clean air into the building with maintenance being only to the extent of removing and emptying the hopper periodically.

Energy-Efficient Cement

Building energy-efficient structures will never go out of style—and, the industry is evolving at breakneck speed to accommodate environmental costs into the build process. One such endeavour is to make cement perform as an energy-saving agent through the process of polycondensation of raw materials including industrial waste, silica, water, alkali, and river sand. Conducted at room temperature, the process uses less energy. As is popularly echoed, the future is in part influenced by the past—so when researchers look to eco-friendly new construction materials, they need to grasp what didn’t work with old alternatives. A surge in interest in Roman concrete has thus been stumbled upon as it embodies less energy than the popularly used Portland cement while being much more durable beyond the traditional lifespan of modern architecture. Unexpected weather incidents endanger our infrastructure and buildings for which stronger and energy-efficient materials are important to ensure projects endure the coming times.

Laminated Timber

Widely used 50 years ago, timber’s use is declining today. But cutting-edge engineering has made timber stronger and durable to support heavy structures. Researchers have developed laminated timber, also called glulam, to create a more water-resistant and durable replacement for wood. This has made timber highly cost-efficient with its current use in projects saving wood usage. Wooden structures absorb a ton of energy and this development couldn’t have been more opportune. Substituting wood with laminated timber would cut down about 3,000 tons of carbon emissions gradually increasing as more builders adopt it.

Reprocessed Scrap Material

Turns out the trash isn’t trash, after all, recycling can make the worst material beneficial. Builders have pioneered the use of recycled scrap such as cardboard, plastics, leftover metal to build structures registering minimal carbon footprints. When cardboard’s recycled, it’s used for high-quality cellulose insulation that outperforms traditional insulation. Replacing dry processes that generated incalculable filth and dust, cellulose insulation renders air clean. Another scrap material recycled is plastic—from small bags to large containers, recycled plastic can last a few times that cuts new plastic production by a significant number. An unprecedented innovation, PET (polyethylene terephthalate) carpets have given a new lease of life to plastics, turning them into fibrous soft reusable carpets with no expiry date that can be used in insulation.

Closing Comments

Making materials sustainable isn’t a fad. It’s here to stay. It has been having a big impact on construction in multiple ways beyond direct construction activities. It has helped construction companies expand engineering teams for R&D and safety implementation as these new building materials require periodic upgrades like any new technology. As the industry opens up to eco-friendly substitutes, construction projects would gradually substantially reduce harmful environmental effects. Conscientious builders will get in on the fun early on, leverage competitive edge, and win more bids and public goodwill as they seek to improve the economic status of the sector through redefining how materials are made and used.

6 Types of Industrial Robots

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at 6 Types of Industrial Robots. Industrial and commercial robots make work easier and increase efficiency and accuracy. This of course means more profits for the industries that employ these robots. The modern robots are nothing like the robots of yesteryear. These older robots were bulky and took too long to program. Today’s robots are collaborative robots (cobots), designed to work alongside humans in a shared work area. These robots are easily programmed, are flexible and they are a much-needed supplement to skilled workers. Cobots have highly sophisticated sensors that allow them to work near humans. Once they sense a human presence, they either slow down or shut down accordingly. They are very useful in situations where high accuracy is needed, or jobs that involve repetitive movement. There are many types of industrial robots, with the main ones being:

#1. Articulated

The articulated robot design has rotational joints which can be anything between a simple two jointed structure to complex ones with 10 joints that interact, or more. The arms are connected to a base which has a twistable joint. The arm links are connected to each other by rotary joints. Each joint is known as an axis and it provides the robot with an extra degree of freedom to swivel. Industrial robots mostly have about four or six axes. The articulated commercial robots are powered by different means, which includes, but is not limited to electric motors. Most robots used in industries worldwide are articulated robots. Articulated robots can be utilized in material handling and removal among others.

#2. Cartesian

These also go by the name gantry or rectilinear robots. They consist of three linear joints that make use of X, Y and Z or Cartesian coordinate system. These robots have a wrist attached, which allows rotational movement. These three joints in the form of a prism give a linear movement on the axis.

#3. Cylindrical 

This type of robot has at the very least, a single rotary joint at its base, and one slider which connects the joints. Rotational motion is used by the rotary joint along the axis joint, and the slider joint moves in a straight motion. Cylindrical robots work within a cylindrical work envelope.

#4. Polar

These are also known as spherical robots. Their arms are joined to the base with a joint that twists, and two rotary joints combined with a single linear joint. The axes make a polar co-ordinate and thereby create a spherical-like work envelope.

#5. SCARA

The SCARA acronym means Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm or Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm. This type of robot is normally used in assemblies. This robotic arm is cylindrical in shape and features two joints that are parallel to each other and that give compliance in one chosen plane. The SCARA is a manipulator that has 4 freedom degrees. It is used to improve repetitiveness and speed in pick and place jobs, or to improve steps in assembly.

#6. Delta

These robots are spider-like and consist of three arms that join to universal base joints. Delta robots are mostly used in situations where the robot has to pick products in batches and put them in a container or a pattern. Delta robots have added vision capabilities that allow them to distinguish between colors, sizes and shapes. They then pick and place the objects based on a pattern that is pre-programmed. By design, the Delta robots move at very high speeds and carry out repetitive tasks with speed and consistency. The robots remove the issue of employee fatigue, caused by repetitive movements. They also remove the problem of injuries caused by repetitive motion caused by reaching overhead, bending or working in uncomfortable positions.

Conclusion

Robots are here to stay, and they will only become more sophisticated in the years to come. 10 years ago, robotics was a whole different ball game from today. A lot of research is being conducted every day and improvements made on existing models. Will we be fully dependent on robots for everything in the next century? Only time will tell.

Which is Easier - to Assemble a Computer or Write a Work in College?

Am almost sure that when faced with a choice whether to write an academic paper or build a computer, you would choose writing a paper. However, both tasks are almost similar if you think about it open-mindedly. The similarity between the two tasks is that you will use already existing materials. For computer building, you will have to look for all the appropriate parts needed to make a computer. Similarly, you have to look for already published information and data to write your paper and deliver a strong analytical or descriptive essay.  So, what makes these two tasks completely different and which one is easier to tackle? Let’s find out together.

Assembling a Computer from Scratch

From a general point of view, this sounds like a very challenging task to handle by yourself. However, you do not have to be intimidated as this is one of the easiest tasks to complete once you master everything there is to learn. Although it will take you some time, you will still be able to build a computer from scratch.

What does it take to be a custom computer builder?

To be an expert in this field, you need to be very committed and focused on mastering the skill. It’s not something you wake up and excel at without putting any work to it: nothing works like that. What does it really take to be an expert?

• Learn all the hardware parts of a computer and how each one of them works.
• Look for sample videos on how to assemble a PC.
• Get to understand all the tools you need for the task at hand.
• Know different brands of computers in the market.
• Get reference materials relating to this task.

Instead of buying a computer from the store, you can decide to build your own. With online free tutorials, you get all the relevant information about computer building and assembly. All the essential parts you need to get your computer working would include:

• Case and power supply
• Motherboard
• Cooling fan
• The CPU
• RAM
• Hard Disk
• Processor
• Graphics card
• Display and peripherals
• Operating system

Writing a Paper in College

This is one of the most hated tasks by college students I included. I never liked doing my assignments or writing papers because I always thought I was making a fool of myself. However, it is not as hard as it is painted out to be. I know that for a fact now. For you to master the art of writing perfect essays and thesis in college, you have to put more effort into learning. When you use an example to learn, you get to understand better. That’s why when learning, you should use a free descriptive essay or article to understand how to go about the task. Essay samples and examples give you the confidence to conquer the task.

What does it take to be a writer?

For you to excel as a writer, put into consideration a number of factors. First, you have to learn how to create time for your project. Prior and proper planning is another essential aspect you should nurture. It takes a while to be a top-level writer, thus it requires a high amount of self-discipline and patience. Here is what you need for you to be a good writer:

• Make early preparations for all your writing projects.
• Pay attention to details in the instructions and understand them.
• Do extensive research before you embark on the project.
• Proofread what you write.
• Understand the structure of writing a descriptive essay or paper.

Summary

So, what is common about computer building and assembly and essay writing? In both cases, you have to put in a lot of dedication and determination to excel. Understanding the instructions is another essential thing you must do in both tasks. As a custom computer builder, you have to rely on user manuals and tutorials to understand how all the parts are assembled. As a writer, you also need to use online guides, free essay samples and examples to understand how different sections are put together to create a quality paper. I think that these tasks are similar to some extent, and none of them is easier than the other. It all depends on your perception.

Entering The Era Of The Self-Repairing Machine 

Hello fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we are gonna have a look at  Entering The Era Of The Self Repairing Machine. Whether you’re a kid with a battery-operated toy or an adult looking to change the channel, at some point, we all long for the battery that doesn’t die.  Researchers in Japan are looking at making the self-repairing battery an actual thing in the near future. The technology uses a material that reduces degradation and self-heals, thanks to a process called coulombic attraction.  But this is not the only self-healing technology we can look forward to. Not only will this technology prove to be helpful to networking, but it will also make efficient electronics seem unstoppable. 

Cyber-Resilience Becomes The Mantra For Technicians 

• In a world where we have to face the possibility of coming up against quantum computing, it’s important that technology is able to stand up to the multi-layered threats that these supercomputers might bring. But it starts now, as cybercriminals become more advanced with their attacks.

• At the heart of cyberattacks lies sophisticated coding that can infiltrate both hardware and software, which leave systems vulnerable for days, weeks, or even months until detected.
• Self-healing machines that rely on AI to detect faults and shut down and restore will provide layers of security that are far more intricate than the machines of the system currently rely on. 

Big Data Gets A Boost 

Self-healing on the big data front is a critical component in preserving and processing information for future use, but companies are also well aware that when something goes wrong, that data can mean nothing. Alibaba has developed closed-loop self-healing hardware to prevent machine failure from affecting their data. The system makes use of an enormous amount of offline processing (95%) to resolve system errors and potential failures before closing the loop for the remaining 5% to be processed online. The combination of MaxCompute and Tianji has given Alibaba the edge over the self-repair cycle. For the company, this means fewer resources being pooled into repairs and maintenance, which leaves their hands free to provide customers with technical support and improve their sales cycle. This is a win for both consumers and businesses that rely on big data to make progress. 

IoT Errors Will Become Obsolete 

One of the reasons why the Internet of Things (IoT) and industrial IoT, is still not fully integrated into all businesses and homes is because of a few fundamental flaws that still prevail. According to technicians, the answer to self-repair within IoT networks lies in Bayesian networks, which is a mathematical model developed to work with sensors to detect issues. Machine learning is the next component in this network that works towards the self-repair process, as the software will figure out how the machine is supposed to work and then repair the components that need to be repaired. This is an important part of IoT and will influence the probability of it being adopted by households, industries and governments alike. The self-healing function of the network will also provide a layer of security that reduces the effects of cyberattacks on the network.  With the help of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning, self-repairing machines will become the new normal. Combined with the right software and networking combinations, the self-repair loop is not only probable but possible as well. Do you know any latest self-repairing or healing technology? If you do then share with us in comments below, we would love to hear new ideas from you. That's how we can share our knowledge with each other. 

What is Future of PCB?

 Hello, welcome back with another PCB tutorial and in today tutorial I am going to discuss “What is Future of PCB?” Now, you will be pretty aware of the Printed circuit board.  Since the invention of PCB, there are different changes and evolvement happened in PCB and its evolvement make it advanced. Now PCBs are available in different shapes and hardly resemble their first invention.  They are not just changing shape, but their efficiency rate is much higher than before. The manufacturing process and design of software make it more productive and cost-effective.  Now consumer demand is growing within passing time and so must PCBs. PCB is the base of all electronic devices.  There is no doubt that the PCB maker feels intense pressure on development and growth. As customer demand is to get the faster and small device, and the industries looking for improved functionality.  Therefore, PCB will need to be continually developing in the future. But the question is 

What will be the future of PCB?

It is so necessary to get ready for the future in any field of life. That’s why it is important to know the future of PCB or what PCB has ahead for us.  The current PCBs are so flexible and producing an incredible rate, but there is always room for development.  Whether it is a function of PCB or its flexibility. The Consumer is always a demand for new and different function of PCB. The manufacturing process of PCB needs to be worked on because the complexity of the PCB gets grow. All the complexity of PCB has grown the new challenges for manufacturing companies.  It is predicted that these are the following areas that need to be worked on in the future.  Note:

• There are many companies working online for PCB designing & manufacturing. We currently use PCBWay for PCB Designing of our projects.
• I personally enjoy their services, that's why recommending it, as I have always received perfect results from them.

High-speed capabilities

We are living in a tech era and that demand for high-speed functionality in everything. We have become used to fast-paced technology. The same case deals with PCBs and now users same demand for electronic devices too.  It is a challenge for designers to make unique and high-speed PCBs. The definition of high-speed PCBs for the designer has relatively changed.  Most of them are agreed upon that definition of high-speed PCB is that ‘Circuit layout affects the integrity of the signal.  But it can mean different things. Analog Signal The capacity is in the shape of a  signal in the high-speed analogue circuit. It means that If the signal shape will be changed, then the signal integrity problem will appear. 

Digital Signal

The capacity or intelligence is contained in the digital pulses. So if it would be effected on a signal, then the signal integrity could be delayed or manifest.  As you have seen that in both cases signal integrity could be interpreted by different effects. Many high-level designers know how to make it work and adjust all these problems and working on it for higher speed capabilities. 

PCB Board Cameras

PCB board cameras are fitted directly on circuit board. These cameras can easily take pictures and are also able to make videos. The camera consists of an aperture, lens and image sensor, that's why is able to take high-resolution pictures.  The size of the camera is around a quarter and that’s why can be fitted easily on a circuit board. They are so tiny that they can be mounted in any electronic device.  After the introduction of board cameras, The circuit boards developed quickly with photo and video imaging and improving in primary areas.  The PCB board cameras are expected to be developed further in the future and create a powerful solution for both PCB industry and electronics.  Board cameras are used in several industries due to their sizes.

Medical Instruments

These board cameras are used in medical instruments to make the medical field more advanced. Now pill-sized cameras are available. The pill-sized camera can be swallowed by the patient so the doctor can take images or videos on the digestive system and decide to operate or not.  Cameras are also used in instructional tools for the surgeries. 

Consumer Electronics

For utility consumer, board cameras are also used in different electronic devices. In today's smartphones, laptop, tablet and several other companies also used board cameras. All of the consumers are pushing for a more powerful camera. All of these industries are only a few examples. This is a vast area where board cameras need to work more on it in future. There is a huge demand for board cameras and therefore the work is in progress for day/night and low light capabilities of the camera. It will make an improvement in every aspect of technology.    

3D Printed Electronics

3D printing technology is the latest innovation and it has made things more exciting. 3D printing has a stand out work in a variety of industries and  3D printed electronics is one of them.  3D printing has played an important role in Printing board industry too. 3D PE, 3D printed electronics and 3D PEs are in a position to change the way of electrical system and design in the future. These systems create circuit boards by printing a substrate item layer by layer. By adding different liquid inks and surface mount technology to create a final board. This circuit board can take any shape in the result.  The advantages of this 3D printing are:

1. Novel Design
2. Improved efficiency 
3. Environment-friendly

Because of all these advantages, 3D PE has advanced quickly and moving forward. All the experts are expecting that this industry will move quickly as manufacturing companies. 

Focus on Flexibility

The PCB industry is already fast-growing because of consumer demand. Flexible PCB type is the most demanding one because of the use in different sectors like wearable electronics, medical applications and flexible display.   The sales growth is exceeding and it means the future is bright.  These are all the reasons that make flexible PCBs more popular. Flexible PCB can handle more stress than rigid PCB and can fit into strange 3D spaces.  These are several industries that are putting the trend toward flexible PCB. 

1. LED Lighting
2. Flexible Display
3. Medical Instrumentation
4. Wearable Technology

 People in the PCB industry can expect to see many more PCB changes come into demand in the near future if all these trends continue.

Building Monitor-Specialized Lifts

Hello everyone, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at Building Monitor-Specialized Lifts. The American-based linear motion technologies manufacturer Progressive Automations offers its customers only the most efficient and effective automation solutions applicable to a variety of spheres like shipbuilding, heavy machine building, home interior, engineering, smart houses construction, etc. The impeccable TV lift technology provided by this company is nowadays widely used for the creation of conference halls, high-tech offices for world business enterprises who break the mold of IT technologies. It allows for installing TV screens of different dimensions almost anywhere. Pop-up TV lifts, TV lifts for cabinets & furniture, rotating TV lifts, under the bed TV lifts along with attic & ceiling lifts - all these serve the TV automation which is widely required by technology-lovers.

TV Lifts for DIY Implementation

Linear motion technology implemented in TV lifts constructions manufactured by Progressive Automations is distinguished by its extreme safety and high reliability. With this technology making a DIY TV lift installation at home won’t be a serious problem. With particular attention to all the details embodied by Progressive Automations in all their products, everyone can take them and use to create a piece of high-tech art conveniently serving to watch favorite programs when wanted and hide a TV monitor afterward. TV lifts became something more than just a modern trend nowadays. Their wide implementation along with the use of numerous other last-decade inventions became the matter of contemporary technological approach. Not just because of the style or convenience provided, but because of promising prospects.

Biggest TV Lift Automation Benefit

Not a secret that automation saves the most indispensable resource humanity has ever had - its time. Just imagine how much time do you personally spend on switching your TV on, making coffee, cooking, cleaning, washing, etc. The technical evolution of the last decades makes it possible to save tonnes of hours usually spent on routine and nowadays unnecessary work. And now imagine that you would have to clean all again manually instead of chatting with your friends somewhere in the public places. You would be obliged to clean your house instead of your automated vacuum-robot-cleaner. But with an automated show & hide TV monitors the situation is the same. Previously, nobody could even imagine that it will be possible to permanently hide the monitor each time it is not needed. However, now we have this chance and it saves hours to those who regularly watch TV. Hiding a TV screen from sight after watching and when leaving home in business becomes easy.

Automation as the Investment in Everyday Life

The most convenient thing about this branch of automation technology is that it is relatively cheap. Having only about $700 to spend on automation project homeowner can contact Progressive Automations managers asking them for the assistance and they will gladly help customers to make their dreams come true. This is the best combination of cost-effective approach along with reliable services and tested products offered. Make your technological interior now with products & services offered by Progressive Automations. Nothing's gonna make you happier than the right capital investment in the future of automation. Experience TV lift technology by yourself and make this little convenience serve your everyday life and purposes you set all along through your life. Forget about things you got used to when it comes to TV lift automation - think progressive!