The Engineering Projects

Resistors in Series Combination

Hello, fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss the Resistors in Series Combination. In electrical and electronic engineering there are 2 main methods by which components are connected. First one is series and second is parallel. If the components are connected in series then the similar current will flow all of them but the voltage across them will be different. The sum of the voltage loss across every component will be equal to the total applied voltage. While in case of the parallel connection the voltage across every component will be the same and the current will follow different in every component. In today's post, we will discuss such circuits that consist of the resistance in series combination and find the value of current and voltage across every resistance. If you want to solve your series resistances combination, you should use our online Series Resistance Calculator. So let's get started with the Resistors in Series.

Resistors in Series Combination

• The circuitry that has a connection of the resistances in a single line is called a series resistance circuit.
• In this method of the resistance connections, the value of current remains the same across every resistance.

•  You can see in the given diagram, the current across each resistance will be the same.

IR1= IR2 =IR3 = 1mA

• In this given circuitry there are 3 resistances are connected in series, that is R1, R2, R3.
• As the circuitry has a series combination of the resistance so, to get total resistance of the circuitry we will add all these 3 resistances.

Rt = R1 +R2 +R3

• If we put values of these resistances in the above-given equation we will get the equivalent resistance of the circuitry.

Req = 2O + 3O + 5O =10O

• So the equivalent resistance of the circuitry will be ten ohms, it can also be defined as the resistor that can be added in place of all resistances in circuitry is known as the equivalent resistance of the circuitry.
• The final expression to find the net resistance of the circuitry is given as.

Rt = Rx + Ry + Rz + ….. R_n

 The voltage of the Series Resistors

• In above-given circuitry, we can see that the value of the voltage across every resistance is different from others. It is because the voltage drop across each resistor is different due to the difference value of the resistances.
• We can find the total voltage at the terminals A and of the circuitry by the given formula.

Vt = VR1 + VR2 + VR3 = 10V

• If we apply Ohm's Law to every resistance we can find the value of the voltage across each resistance.

VR1= I x R1= 1A x 2O = 2V

VR2 =I x R2 = 1A x 3O = 3V

VR3= I x R3 = 1A x 5O = 5V

• If we add thses voltage we get the ten volts that are equals to the applied voltage to the circuitry.
• So, we can conclude that the total voltage of the series circuitry is equal to the sum of the voltages across every circuitry.

Vt= VRx + VRy +VRz+........+ VRn

The Voltage Divider Circuit

• In the given diagram, you can see the circuitry that has 2 resistance Rx and Ry, connected in a series.
• The input voltage is provided at the resistance Rx and the output is taken from the resistance Ry.
• The value of the output voltage can be found by the voltage divider formula that is given below.

Vout = Vin (Ry)/(Rx+Ry)

• Now solve such circuitry that has the more than 2 resistances, in given circuitry you can see there is 4 resistor and their values are also mentioned.
• We now apply the voltage divider formula to find the value of voltage across every resistance.

Vab = VR3= Vs x (R3/R1+R2 +R3+R4)

= 10 x (30)/ (10+20+30+40)

Vab = 3V

Applications of Resistors in Series

• To see the practical application of the series resistaces we construct an circuitry and solve it.
• You can see the circuitry in the figure that is similar to the circuitry that we discussed in the voltage divider circuit, but in this circuity, there is a light-dependent resistance, it will convert any physical quantity into the electrical signal.
• Let's suppose that the value of the LDR is ten-kilo ohm and resistor RX value is a thousand ohms if we apply the voltage divider rule than we have.

Vout = Rx/(Rx +Ry) x Vin

=1000/(10000 +1000) x 12

Vout =1.09

Series Resistance Calculator

• As we discussed earlier our online Series Resistance Calculator now we explain how it works practically.
• In the given figure, you can see the practical representation of the calculator.
• There are two portions of this calculator first is value box where you put values of your circuitry resistance these value can be in ohm, kilo-ohm, mega-ohm, according to your requirements.
• In other portion, there is circuitry that will show the practical implementation of your circuitries.
• In given figure I added four different values of the resistances in the value box, you can add any no of resistances by Add More Resistance Button, and the equivalent resistance of the 4 resistance is shown in Req box.
• The circuitry of the four resistances is shown on the right side in the figure.

It is the detailed article on the resistors in series if you have any question ask in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

Three Types of Banners to Maximize Brand Awareness

Hello, fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss Three Types of Banners to Maximize Brand Awareness. The goal of all forms of advertising is one simple thing - to “wow” your prospective customers and other business associates. Banners help you achieve this oomph factor, provided you make the right choice of format, design and printing. Selecting the most appropriate format and creating visually appealing designs don’t need to cost a bomb, say experts at Print Banners, a company that provides high-quality design and same day banner printing in NYC. What’s important is to make informed decisions. So, let's get started with Three Types of Banners to Maximize Brand Awareness.

Three Types of Banners to Maximize Brand Awareness

Horizontal Banner Stands

• Often, horizontal banner stands allow companies to better customize the appearance, layout and impact of their advertising campaigns.
• Whether you choose vertical and horizontal banner stands, it’s imperative to focus on an attractive design, with a vibrant display of compelling graphics and text.
• The space in question, where the advertisement will be displayed, should make the choice between these two formats.

• Horizontal banner stands are often better suited than vertical ones for displaying your brand and offering along the aisles in supermarkets, at large events like mega tradeshows and sporting events or placed at the top of a store or restaurant.
• If there’s a large wall to be covered or you wish to grab attention and make an impression right at the entrance, it’s best to choose horizontal banner stands.
• This format supports longer running text and gives enough room for providing contact details.
• The most common materials used in this format are closely knitted fabric, PVC mesh and vinyl.
• With high-quality printing, they’re best for visually powerful messaging.

Retractable Banner Stands

• Retractable banner stands are particularly popular in New York. This is because NYC is known for its hectic events calendar.
• With several events hosted every week, people in NEW YORK choose retractable banner stands for their portability.
• They are easy to transport and simple to assemble and adjust to the space allocated.
• Your booth at a New York tradeshow may not be very large. When space is limited, retractable banner stands are the best choice, as they take up minimal floor space.

• This leaves your team more room to walk around and interact with guests.
• Also, these are very versatile and can be used for a variety of events, ranging from corporate parties to mega tradeshows.
• They can also be used to build brand awareness, make announcements or provide directions.

Backdrop Banner Stands

• With the events scene in NYC being so hectic and many competitors participating, backdrop banner stands to help your brand to stand out of the crowd.
• These may have a single layout or a step and repeat design and there are several material options for you to choose from.
• Backdrop banners stands are perfect for tradeshows and other indoor events in NYC.
• They provide a branded and vibrant background for your event photographs, ensuring that you get mileage from the investment long after the event is over.
• These photographs, with your brand displayed in the background, can be sent to newspapers and magazines as well as shared on social media to continue the branding activities.

It is the detailed article on the Three Types of Banners to Maximize Brand Awareness if you have any question, ask in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

Best Search Engines Going Forward

Hello, fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss the Best Search Engines Going Forward. The dominant search engine on the web for the first fifth of the 21st century had a nice run, but it can't last forever. While this has been happening, a new generation of web users has become aware that Internet trends have stagnated. After all these years of websites carefully toeing the line to avoid offending the dominant search engine, the web has become homogenized. There are new vistas in web search engines out there. The way we do it now is by far not the only way, and search engine technology is most definitely not a closed field. At the same time, the next-generation web market is starting to take exception to be spied on, having their data sold to third parties, and being tracked everywhere by a world-spanning mega-corporation. The future of search might just lie with other search engines out there. So, let's get started with Best Search Engines Going Forward.

DuckDuckGo

• DuckDuckGo is simple to explain: they're a search aggregator which skims results from other search engines and molds it to its own purpose.
• The difference is that it serves up these results without tracking the user or recording the users' data.

• Not only does respecting the users' privacy avoid having their personal browsing data compromised by third parties, but getting out of the filter bubble of personalized search results means you see a complete picture of the web, not just the part that a corporation wants you to see.

Yandex

• Not many in the western hemisphere are familiar with Yandex, and yet it's been in business since 1997.
• One of the top ten biggest search engines, https://yandex.com/ is unfiltered and fast, serving up results that seem to be mysteriously missing from other mainstream search engines.
• Like any developed web technology company, they offer a side of features and services, along with far fewer ads.

Hot.com

• https://hot.com is an example of a niche search engine. It finds adult results only.
• No matter what you search for, it only crawls those websites, social networks, dating sites, and so on.
• It does this without tracking your data or keeping you in a filter bubble either. While its subject matter is certainly a commonly-expressed use of the web, it also suggests a broader possibility in developing other special-interest search engines with a similar method.

HotBot

• HotBot is an example of a mature technology which never went away after it got shoved to the side by the market heavyweight.
• Associated with "Web 1.0" technology like DMOZ and Inktomi, HotBot today is a search engine focused on user safety.

• Working both in the fields of user data privacy and web-surfing safety, their focus is to protect users from being attacked by malware and spam, as well as being bought and sold in ad targeting schemes.

Million Short

• Time for a search engine with a fun gimmick: https://millionshort.com/ is just like any regular search, but it allows you to clip off a set number of websites from the "top" or "bottom."
• Filtering out the top (100 - 1 million) most popular websites from results lets you skip right to the "deep web," to discover smaller sites without so much corporate influence, minority opinions, niche connections, and general knowledge discovery.
• There are many more great examples like these, but there are here to demonstrate the amazing variety we could be having in search.
• There's a lot more you can do with a query than just run a mono-culture algorithm on it.

It is the detailed article on the Best Search Engines Going Forward if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

The Best Bluetooth Trackers To Help Find Your Lost Items

Hello fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss The Best Bluetooth Trackers To Help Find Your Lost Items. Are you one of those people who always lose things? When you go out with your colleagues, do you find it hard to remember where you put your purse or car keys? Well, you are not alone. Most people lose or forget where they put things at some point. There is no worse feeling than knowing that you had something within your reach, and now you cannot locate it. It’s upsetting, and for sure you aren’t the only one who feels the same thing. These berserk searches and hunt could all be evaded with a Bluetooth tracking device. These small devices fasten to your most important items such as your purse, car keys, and phone. Plus, they aid you in locating them when you misplaced them. in today's we will have a look list of the best Bluetooth trackers and their uses. So, let's get started with The Best Bluetooth Trackers To Help Find Your Lost Items.

The Best Bluetooth Trackers To Help Find Your Lost Items

What, Why, And How

• First of all, we need to define what is a Bluetooth tracker. It is a thin, small device that fastens to your belongings and helps you locate their whereabouts when they end up misplaced.
• With this device, you will earn peace of mind that you can always find your missing belongings.

• If something gets lost, for example, a purse left on a park bench or at a restaurant, your chances of finding it is higher when you have Bluetooth tracking devices attached to your most important belongings.
• Moreover, why do you think you’ll need such a device?
• Remember that people carry important items, both from a sentimental and financial perspective, wherever they go.
• Thus, the capability to find such items when they go missing is a great asset.
• Next, how to install and use such a device? For the most part, Bluetooth tracking devices do not need any installation.
• All you need to do is to fasten them to anything you’d like to track, sync to an application, and go.
• How much do Bluetooth trackers cost? In general, most of them are relatively affordable, which is perfect if you want them to fasten to whatever you want to track.

Honey Key Finder

• This device gets rid of the need for a selfie stick. Aside from functioning as a tracking device, the Honey Key Finder connects with the camera of your mobile device as well.
• With a click of a button, you can, for sure, take a high-quality photo.
• If, for example, locating an item is only one of the many demands that you have at the moment, this Bluetooth tracker could be the device you are looking for.
• Again, other than using to find your valuable items, it can be utilized to snap a photo with your phone’s camera.

Tile Mate

• Some people tend to keep their phones on silent. So, when they lose it, it can be hard to recover it.
• There is no way for a person to make it vibrate or sound.
• However, with the Tile Mate, even if your phone is on silent mode, you can make it ring, making it easier to track it down.
• Moreover, Tile Mate has plenty of features to offer. It arrives with a replaceable battery that’s undoubtedly to operate for a year, and it’s uncomplicated to replace the battery yourself.

• Today, this product is perhaps the most renowned tracker as it’s small, offers many features, and has a huge community of users connected with it.
• Tile Mate lets a user use that community if he or she needs further help locating a missing item.

TrackR Pixel

• For the most part, there are two levels of losing an item. It’s either just misplaced or left in a public area.
• If you can’t remember where’s the last spot you had your item, then the TrackR Pixel will aid you in that situation.
• Since this product is small, you can fasten it to almost anything, such as luggage, bags, wallets, or keys.
• With the help of the TrackR application on your phone, you’ll know the last known spot of the item you’re tracking.
• Also, there is the Global Crowd Locate feature that will help you even more if you cannot recover the lost item at your home.
• Other users of the product all over the world will aid you in tracking the item for you.

SpotyPal

• If you’re worried about the battery life of your tracking device, then the SpotyPal could help you out.
• This product has a low-energy usage. Therefore, its battery can last at least a year.
• Plus, replacing batteries would be the least of your concerns.

Takeaway

• Do you find it hard to look for your valuable items when it goes missing? May it be as small as your keys or as big as your laptop.
• Nevertheless, you might be needing a Bluetooth tracker.
• Within a small span of time, you can find your things.

It is the detailed article on the Best Bluetooth trackers if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Types and Usage of the Slip Rings

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss the Types and Usage of the Slip Rings. Slip rings are an essential part of any system that has or does rotation as a part of working. At the center of any automation system, an electric slip ring is responsible for the transmission of current from a static device to a rotating one. They are used almost with every machine that requires power and data connectivity. It is because of this reason slip rings have a significant impact on equipment consistency, action, and performance. Slip rings enrich the mechanical-performance of the mechanism, modernize system utility, and eliminate damage-prone wires dangling from revolving joints. Slip rings are also known as rotatory linkages, swivels, and commutates. A slip ring encompasses brush blocks, which are coordinated and available as a pair of the ring and a brush. These days almost every product has a slip ring in them. There are all kinds of the slip rings available in the market like collecting ring, high-speed slip ring, disk electric conduction slip ring and many more. Each slip ring has a different purpose and use. In today's post, we will have a look at different types of slip rings and their uses. So let's get started with the Types and Usage of the Slip Rings.

Types and Usage of the Slip Rings

Wireless Slip Rings

• They don’t rely on procedures approved using carbon contact brush and resistance based metal in slip rings.
• As an alternative, they rely on the transformation of data and power wirelessly utilizing the electromagnetic field.
• It is produced using the coils that are positioned in a revolving receiver and immobile receiver.

• They are considered as an additional for traditional slip ring they are easy to conserve and can withstand in an unforgiving environment.

Pancake Slip Rings

• In the pancake slip ring, electrodes are located on the flat disc. They are the kind of concentric rings that are positioned at the inner of the rotating shaft.
• This arrangement possesses a high burden and advanced capacitance and gathers wear remain on its vertical axis proficiently.
• In some situations, it has condensed axial length which is demonstrated to be suitable for some applications.

Mercury Wetted – Slip Rings

• They are distinguished for their steady connection and their low-slung resistance.
• Here sliding brush contact is substituted by a pool of liquid metal that is confined to links.
• During the spin, the liquid metal starts a linkage amongst a rotating and immobile contact.

• The decision has to be made sensibly while choosing valuable metal contacts when slip ring applications contain food manufacturing goods and pharm equipment.

Pneumatic slip ring

• This slip ring is used to transport pneumatic pressure or void from a static inlet to a rotating outlet. Meanwhile stabilizing and separating the liquid connection while rotating 360.
• Pneumatic slip rings mostly used in commercial and industrial plants equipment, off-shore drilling rigs and geotechnical tools.

Fiber Optic Slip Rings

• Also known as Fiber Optic Rotatory Joints, they are to pass signals across spinning interfaces when a large amount of data is being transmitted.

• Fiber optic Rotatory Joints maintain essential benefits of fiber from end to end.
• They are mainly used to transmit two way and four-way fiber optic connectors. Because of this, the design should be carefully crafted as the fiber's diameter is small moreover single-mode fiber's diameter is just 9nm.
• Hence the design should maintain precision which makes it challenging to process the structure of the product.

USB Slip Rings

• USB slip rings are used to get a USB signal from the static part to the moving part when it is moving 360 continuously.
• At the same time, it also assures that the USB wires don't become twisted with each other.
• These USB slip rings are used in King USB device, equipment of USB among many other things.

Ethernet Slip Rings

• Ethernet slip rings are a revolving electrical device the purpose of which is to transfer power while controlling circuits or data from static inlets to revolving outlets.
• Their innovative design meets the requirements of matching impedance, reducing losses and controlling crosstalk.

Large Current Slip Ring

• Large current slip rings are used to transmit high power and large current from a static part to a revolving one.
• While doing that they preserve and isolate the electrical connection. They also function as revolving connectors when a high amount of current it requires.
• Also, they are well suited when used as heating elements.

Miniature Slip Rings

• These are small slip rings designed to meet the requirements of small devices in which there is a need to transfer power and signal from an immobile to the revolving component.
• Given their small size they are ideal for electrical devices like sensors, video transmitters, and control panels.
• They are especially fit for rotating systems which require low controlling signals.

Waterproof Slip Rings

• The waterproof slip rings are used in an environment where there is a presence of moisture, corrosion and in underwater systems.
• Conferring to the operational environment, the waterproof slip ring could be classified into various fortification grades, such as IP65, IP67, IP68 and many more.
• The protective design and material assortment for the slip ring is connected with usage in an environment where there are liquid ingredients, such as seawater, freshwater, oil, etc.

Capsule Slip Rings

• They are best used for applications where signal and power transmission is required. Also where a compressed footprint along with the low cost is essential.
• They are a blend of concentrated scope and high function making them perfect for video and other stimulating transmissions in which space is critical.
• They use gold-on gold connects to assure longer-lasting, low noise and reduced interference which makes them perfect for transmitting video signals in applications like CCTV.

Slip rings are one of the most crucial parts of an automatic system that has a rotating motion. Hence their performance directly relates to the consistency of the whole system which runs even during routine operations. So, it is the detailed article on the types and usage of the slip ring, if you have any question about slip ring ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

What You Need To Know About Flow Switches And Flow Meters

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at Flow Switches And Flow Meters. There are a lot of flow meters and flow switches types on the market today. Thus, it is sometimes troublesome to choose the ideal device for your demands.  So, why is learning the different types of flow meters and flow switches, as well as their differences, essential? You might wonder why you need to know about this. Well, it is necessary to understand how flow switches differ from flow meters as this impacts your business. There is a lot to consider in choosing the right fit for you and not knowing how it works might cost you another expense. When you are choosing flow meters and flow switches, it is essential to know the underlying principles to select the tailored-fit merchandise for you. Get a closer look at the details of both flow meters and flow switches. Here are the advantages and differences of flow meters and flow switches.

Flow Switches Versus Flow Meters

The foremost difference between flow switches from flow meters is their functions and features. While flow meters generally monitor flow rates and a person needs to check the pace themselves, when and as instead of a specific time point, to determine if there are issues. Flow switches would instead determine the flow, at a particular point of time and notify the person while performing its designated task. 

Flow Switch

A flow switch is simply an automatic machine that is mainly used to maintain the pace of air, liquid, or stream. It works primarily by sending trip notifications to a second device like a pump in a system. The notifications serve as an indication to either turn off or turn on, which protects it from any form of wreckage for freezing circuit protection. A flow switch will distinguish if the pace is below or above a fixed rate, called the set point — the setpoint, either fixed or adjustable, depending on the description of a single tool. As the setpoint is reached, the reaction is frequently the trigger of an electric circuit. Once skipped, the flow switch will stay in the new state until the pace falls below the expected set point.  Here are the four essential performance and operating considerations you need in choosing the right flow switch.

• Pipe diameter - It outlines the size of the pipe in a system. The switch needs to fit over the pipes securely, and therefore, it is critical to determine the pipe diameter when choosing a flow switch. 
• Media temperature range- It is the maximum media temperature that the system can monitor. It is usually reliant on liner and construction material.
• Operating pressure - The pressure media that the tool can withstand is leveled in the operating pressure. It indicates the maximum level that the device can only withstand and is an essential factor in choosing the right flow switch for you.
• Type of media- Knowing the type of media the flow switch is exposed to is essential in choosing a flow switch. If used in water, the device should either be bronze or brass due to its resistance to rust, breakdown, or corrosion. A plastic flow switch can only be used in an application that does not contain freezing or great hot conditions. Plastic is extremely resistant to rust, lightweight and durable.

Flow Meter

Used in fluid systems to measure nonlinear, linear, mass or volumetric flow rate of either gas or liquid. Flowmeter has many different applications and can be suited with a specific integrated flow control valve to stimulate the control of the flow. A range of factors is considered in choosing the best flow meter. It includes the experience of the plant personnel, the familiarity of the tool, the midpoint time between failure on-site, and the availability of the needed spare parts.  Taking note of the demands of the application is a way to trim down the selection and conveys the right tool. Considering the features of the meter type and the use of the meter will help you narrow down the analytic specifications and select a correlated product like flow meters from smartmeasurement. There will always be fluid controls experts that can help you in choosing the best product for you.

Advantages

Flow meters and flow switchers are notably dependable devices for knowing and controlling flow rates. There are remarkable advantages on both of them that are worth knowing — both their distinct applications, like biomedical and industrial, which are only a few. Flow switches also offer flexibility, accuracy, and economy. Some switches can be used to operate visual alarms and audios, including relays and other controls.  Flow meters have a lot of perks in their favor just like flow switches. First, they can provide you the most accurate readings and give the actual mass flow measurement. Most flow meters are also reliable and are unaffected by temperature, viscosity, and pressure with self-draining features. 

Takeaway

There are areas that technology companies are looking to enhance these instruments further. Technology advances would soon arise to make both flow meters and flow switches easy to use with low maintenance.  Choosing is always a hard decision; therefore, your best judgment is still the key. Remember, know the difference, take note of your business demands, and be familiar with the tools is essential and will significantly impact your business. 

How to Post Tutorial on TEP (The Engineering Project)

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. We are very excited to introduce something new for our website. Our team members were working on the website and finally we have launched this new feature. Now you can also become a part of this blog quite easily, by writing engineering tutorials & posts and can also publish your technical and engineering-related projects on our website. Guys, we hope that you are well aware of our website The Engineering Project. It is the platform where we provide different engineering projects and tutorials, for engineering students & professionals, to help them in their projects & products. In order to share your engineering experience, you just have to visit our website and click on the Add New Tutorial, first of all, you should have an account on our website which can be created very easily by just submitting some information like name, email address and password. After login to your account, you can easily share your technical knowledge with other people. So, if you are planning to start your first tutorial or project then please read through this guideline for once, so that your article successfully passed the moderation queue.

How to Post Tutorial on TEP

• First of all, Register a New Account on TEP, if you haven't already created.
• After creating an account, click on the Add New Tutorial and you will get something as shown in below figure:

• Here, you need to provide article name, category, and Article Body and then click on the Add New Tutorial button and your article will be ready to publish.
• We daily receive dozens of requests and in order to maintain standard, we personally review every tutorial.
• It normally takes 5 working days for tutorial to pass the moderation queue and get published, but if the tutorial needs any changes then we inform the writer via email.

• We currently accepting tutorials related to below categories:
  • Arduino Tutorials
  • PIC Projects
  • Matlab Projects
  • Proteus Projects
  • MyRio Projects
  • Embedded Systems
  • Electronic Projects
• You can also give suggestion about new categories which you think should be added in this list.

Rules to Write Article on TEP

• As I have mentioned earlier, in order to maintain quality for TEP readers, we personally review each & every tutorial, so please follow these guidelines so that your tutorial won't stuck in moderation queue.
• Please follow below guidelines:

1. 1. There must be no plagiarism in the tutorial. Please try to avoid such article which is copied from other websites.
   2. In the article, there should be no spelling mistakes. Try to avoid such type of mistake because if there are lots of spelling mistakes in article you can not deliver your knowledge to others comprehensively. After writing your tutorial, please proofread it to avoid spelling mistakes, you can also use different free tools to check the spellings.
   3. Please try to avoid the grammatical mistakes, if you do these mistake you can not express your ideas properly to others. For removal of these mistakes please read the article again and again, or you can solve these problems by using some online tool.
   4. The length of the article should be at least 500 words, there's no upper limit.
   5. You should also have to add at least three pictures related to the article, which must be well designed, eye-catching and easily understandable.
   6. As you already know that our website is related to engineering and technology so try to write such articles which have a technical background.
   7. Please try to avoid abusive language and harsh words.
   8. Article should be informational & comprehensive.

Article Formatting on TEP

• If you are an engineer, then you must be aware of the fact that "Presentation is the key to success".
• Till now, you have learnt the rules and regulation for writing tutorial on TEP, now let's have a look at How to make it pretty and presentable.

Heading Option:

• In the figure below, you can see the paragraph option when you click on it there are lots of heading option like, Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3, Heading 4, Heading 5.
• The option for heading we used on our website is Heading 4 you also try to use this for heading. You can also use (shift+alt+4) short key for this heading.

Visual Option

• In the visual tab, there are many options which you can use to write and add different formatting on your post. Let's discuss them one by one.
  • Bold (B): This option for to bold text, you can bold different important points in your blog by using this option.
  • Italic Option (I): By using this option you can change your font style. This option is used to emphasize some point in the post.
  • Bulleted List: By using this option you can add different points in your post.
  • Numbered List: Using this option you can give numbering to different points and heading in post.
  • Blockquote: You can write some important points in the blockquote.
  • Align Left: You can set the alignment of your text to the left side of the posting page.
  • Center Align:  You can set your text in the centre of the page by this option.
  • Align Right: You can align your text on the right side of the page.
  • Insert Link: By this option, you can add links of your previous articles to new articles.
  • Special Character: You can use this option to write special letters like <, =, ?, ?, etc.
  • Text Colour: This option to change text colour. By using it you can write you heading or data with the colour according to your own choice.

Text Option: 

• Guys if you are a programmer or have knowledge of different programming languages text option is for you.
• By using this you can design or edit your post according to your requirements and skills. You can add different codes of programming languages like HTML, CSS or some other programming languages.

How to Send Posts to the TEP Team

• Guys till now you have learned different regulation about post writing on the TEP and how to write the post.
• The main thing after the written post is that how we will get your post it is very simple you just tick the (I accept the terms of use) option and then click on the post new tutorial option.

• Your post will reach to our team and after the final overview and analyzing different parameters related to post your article will be published on the website within the 24 hours.

How to Edit Users Profile on TEP

• Till now you have learned about article writing on the TEP one thing more you should know as you are the members of TEP, you should also know about your profile.
• In the given diagram, a profile of the user is shown and its some option you can see are described here.
• First, you can see the Dashboard option on this page all of your written posts will be saved and you can also write a new post in the dashboard by clicking on the new post.
• There are some options of Dashboard are described here.
  • My Articles: In this option, your already written posts are saved and in future, you can write posts and save here. You can edit them whenever you want in the future.
  • My Questions: In this option, you will read the question asked by the reader of your posts, you can also guide them further about your article.
  • My Comments: In this option, you will receive the comments on your posts.
  • Add New Tutorial: You can write a new article by using this option.

Account Activity:

• When you click on this option you will see two more option which is described here.
  • My Activity: By using this option you can see your previous articles very easily and in which month you write them.
  • My Notifications: In this option, you can read different notifications on your posts by date and name of the previous article.
• Manage Profile: In profile option, you can edit your personal information like your account name, email, and password. The further you can edit are listed here.
  • Contact Information
  • Education
  • Company Name
  • Social Media Details

How to Contact With the TEP Team

• If you are facing any issue related to posts writing or some other problems, you can ask for help very easily. Our contact details are given here: E-mail:
• info@theengineeringprojects.com
• support@theengineeringprojects.com
• help@theengineeringprojects.com
• You can also contact us by solving the contact us form which is available at the home page.

Guys, it is the detailed article on How to Post Tutorial on TEP (The Engineering Project) and share your knowledge with other people. Each and everything to write a post on TEP is clearly mention in this article if you have any problem you can ask in comments. Our team members will help you thanks for reading. Take care...

What is the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss what is the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. The power transferred from input to the output in electric circuitries is an important factor. If we have direct current circuitry then in this circuitry resistor will be taken as output. But if our circuitry is using alternating current then it will have impedance as an output. In 1840 this theorem was given by the Moritz Von Jacobi (Jacobi was an engineer of Germany, most of his work was related to electrical machine and telegraphy), maximum power transfer theorem is also known as Jacobi's law. After the invention of this theorem had some confusion because some inventors thought that this theorem is also applicable to find efficiency. These problems were solved in 1880 when Edison said that at the output the maximum value of efficiency is not the same to the power at the output. In today’s we will have a look at its equation, examples, working, and application. So let’s get started with a what is the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

What is Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• Maximum Power Transfer Theorem says that the maximum power will be transferred to the load from the source if the resistance load will be equal to the interior resistance of the source.
• The main thing you should keep in mind that this theorem is related to the power measurement, not the efficiency.

• We can understand this point by an example, let’s suppose that if we increase the resistance of the output then the resistance of the source, due to this efficiency will increase, but the power at out will be less because the net resistance of the circuitry has increased.
• If we decrease the output resistance value then supply, due to this mostly power will be wasted in the source, though the net power loss is large, due to less value of total resistance, it causes the less power loss at the output.
• This theorem also helps us to find the value of resistance at the load so that maximum power can be sent to the load from the input.
• Maximum power theorem also works for the AC circuitries which has impedances and says that power will be transferred to the output if its impudence is identical to the impedance of the input supply.
• You should keep in mind that efficiency is the important factor in the power system, while power transfer is the main fact for communication techniques.

Steps To Solve Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• These are some steps we should follow to use the maximum power theorem.

Step 1:

•  First of all, eliminate the load resistor (RL) from the circuitry.

Step 2:

• Calculate the Thevenin resistor (R_TH)  of the source system observing from the open terminals.

 Step 3:

•  Rendering to Thevenin theorem, (R_TH) is the load/output resistor of the system which means R_L is equivalent to the R_TH which permits extreme power transmission.

Step 4: 

• Maximum Power Transmission is intended by the given equation.

(P_max) = V2TH / 4 R_TH

Example of Maximum power Transformer

• Now apply power transformer theorem practically on a given circuit diagram. For this purpose, we will apply practically above described steps of this theorem.

Step 1:

• First of all, you have to applied Thevenin theorem on lefts part of point A and B to find the Thevenin circuit which is shown is given diagram.
• In the specified figure we can get that the value of Thevenin voltage is V_{TH = 200/3V,} and the value of the Thevenin resistor is R_{th = 40/3.}

Step 2:

•  Swap the portion of the circuitry, which is left-side of point A and B of the assumed circuitry with the Thevenin’s correspondent circuitry.
• The subsequent circuitry denoted in figure as B.

Step 3

•  Now we calculate the extreme power which will be transported to the load resistance (R_L) by given resulting formulation.

P_L, Max =V_Th² / 4R_Th

• By putting the value of V_th and R_th can find the value of a power transformer.

P_L, Max = 250/ 3 W

• 250/3 is the power which is transported to the load.

Applications of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• This formula is permanently required in a communicating scheme. For example, in a public addressing scheme, the circuitry is adjusted for higher power transmission with a creation speaker equal to the loudspeaker. When the output and input have coordinated then it has the equivalent resistor(R).
• In-vehicle engines, the power communicated to the motor starting element of the vehicle will be contingent on the active resistor (R) of the motor and the batteries internal resistance (R). When the 2 resistors are equal, then the higher power will be communicated to the motor to start the engine.

Limitations of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• These the main limitations of the maximum power transfer theorem.
• The efficiency of this theorem is fifty percent so it is not useful for such circuits where efficiency is to be measured.
• This theorem works for all circuitries but device prepared according to it will have less efficiency. The presence of this factor is still used for speakers and receivers where power use is small and main concern is efficiency.

It is the complete post on the Maximum Power Transformer Theorem. If you have any question about it ask in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

What is Norton's Theorem

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Norton's Theorem. Norton's theorem is mostly used for the analysis of different circuitries to explain their initial state and steady-state behavior. This theorem in 1926 was given by the Siemens (It is an international company of Germany, is famous for industrial products, energy, and medical-related instrument) inventers and engineers of Bell Labs (It is a search based and scientific organization it was built with the cooperation of Nokia in 1925). Norton theorem is very useful to solve such circuitries which has many independent (Such sources whose outputs do not rely on the other factors of circuitry like voltage and current called independent sources) and dependent (Such sources whose outputs rely on the other factors of circuitry like current and voltage known as dependent sources) supply sources. Norton and Thevenin's theorem has made very easy to resolve complicated circuits which are not easy to handle by kerchief laws. In today’s post, we will have a look at its equation, introduction, limitations, and other factors. So, let’s get started with a What is Norton’s Theorem.

What is Norton's Theorem

• Norton Theorem says that any circuitry which has many power supplies and resistors can be swapped with the circuit which has current source and one resistor in its parallel.
• This theorem is appropriate to both AC and DC circuitries. It works in AC circuits for impedance and resistance calculations. But in the case of DC circuits, it works for resistance measurements.

• In the given figure, there is a circuitry at which Norton theorem is applied.
• It is linear circuitry which has current (I) and voltage (V) sources and single resistor, this circuit is swapped with the resultant circuitry which has a current source (I_no) with the parallel resistor (R).
• The current (I_no) is the current which is measured at the points (A-B) of the circuitry.
• The resistor (R) in the circuitry measured at the points (A-B) by short-circuited the voltage supply and open-circuited the current supply.

Steps for Norton Theorem

Step 1: To apply the Norton theorem first eliminate the load resistor of the circuitry. Step 2: Measure the interior resistance of the source system by turn off the supplies in the circuitry. Step 3:  After this connect the points of the output and measure the short-circuit current. Step 4:  The resultant circuitry of Norton can be made by putting interior resistor in parallel with the short-circuit current. Step 5: At the end add resistance which we removed during the first step then find the load current.

Norton Equivalent Circuit to DC Circuit Conversion

• Let’s we have a given circuitry at which we have to apply Norton Theorem. In this circuit, our load or output resistance is the R₂ which is two ohms.
• For this, first of all, we will eliminate the output resistor (R₂) from the circuitry and connect the points a and b.
• The direction of current moving in the circuitry is shown in the diagram.
• You can see from the circuitry there are three loops and three currents are moving in the loops. Now we will apply KVL on these loops and find currents.
• If we apply KVL on the first loop then we have this resultant equation.

V- (I₁ – I₂)R₄ = 0

[6 – (I₁ – I₂)R₄] = 0

• As we know the value of (I₂) which is (-4A) by putting this value in the above equation we have.

[6- (I₁ – (-4))] =0

• Solving this equation we have.

I₂ = -2.5 amperes

• Now we apply KVL at loop three, its crossponding equation is.

(I₃)(R₁) – (I₃ –I₂)(R₃) = 0

(-4)(I₃)- (6)(I₃ +4) = 0

(-10)(I₃) =24

I₃ = -2.4 amperes

So, (I_n) = (I₁ –I₃)

= (-2.5 + 2.4)

= 0.1 amperes

• It is the current which is moving from A to B.
• Now we calculate the equivalent resistor which (R_N). For this resistor, you should swap all supplies in the circuitry with their interior resistors.
• The value of the net resistance at the points a and b is

R_N = (10 x 4)/ (10+4)

= 2.85?

• Now we add the current source (I_N) with the resistor (R_n) to make Norton circuitry which is shown in the diagram.
• To measure the output variable, we now add the load resistor at the load points.
• The load current I_L will be.

I_L = (I_N) × [R_N / (R_L + R_N)]

= (0.1) x [ (2.85)/(2+2.85)]

= 0.05 amperes

• For the variable value of the resistor, the current is given here.

When (R_L) = (8 ohm)

I_L = (0.1) × [(2.85) / (8 + 2.85)]

0.02 Amperes

Working of Norton Theorem

• As we have discussed different steps to apply the Norton theorem. Now we apply these steps practically on a given circuit.
• In the specified figure, we construct a circuit which has three resistances and two voltage sources.
• To apply the Norton theorem, first of all, remove the centered forty-ohm resistor and join the terminals A and B then we get circuit shown in the figure, represented by A.
• When we join two points A and B, then 2 resistances become parallel to each other then we can find the current passing through this 2 resistance.

I1=10v/10ohm = 1A,

I2 =20v/20ohm =1A

• The value of the short current is the sum of these two currents.

I (Short-Circuit) =I1 + I2= 2A

• Now if we remove the voltage sources from the circuit and connect open points with each other and also open the connection among the point A and point B.
• Now the 2 resistances are efficiently linked with each other in parallel.
• The values of interior resistance (Rs) can be found by the sum of resistance at point A and B, the circuitry for this procedure is shown in the figure and represented by B.

R_T =(R1 x R2)/(R1+R2) =6.67 ohm

• After finding the value of the equivalent resistor (Rs) and short circuit current (Is), we make a Norton corresponding circuit. Which is represented in the picture by C.
• Now we have made Norton equivalent circuit, but we have to resolve circuit for the forty-ohm resistance which is connected across the point A and point B. this circuitry is signified in the figure by D.
• We can see in diagram (D) that the two resistors (Rs) and (RL) are now connected in parallel so we find the values of total resistance Rt.

Rt= (R1 x R2)/(R1+R2) = 5.72 ohm

• The value of the voltage at point A and B with load resistance is found by the formula.

V_A-B = I x R =2 x 5.72=11.44V

• The value of current across load resistance is;

I= V/R=11.44/ 40 =0.29A

Limitations of Norton’s Theorem

• This formula is appropriate for the linear modules like resistors.
• It’s not for such modules which are not linear like diodes, the transistor.
• It also not operate for such circuitries which has magnetic locking.
• It also not work for such circuitries which has loaded in parallel with dependent supplies.

It is the detailed article on the Norton Theorem if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

What is Thevenin’s Theorem

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Thevenin’s Theorem. There are a lot of techniques to solve complicated circuitries such as KCL and KVL. In-circuit terminology, this theorem permits any single port (The port is a pair of points which link any circuitry with the other circuits) system to transform into such circuitry which has one resistor and a single source. This method also works for the alternating current (AC) circuitries which have resistive and reactance impedances. It displays that this formula is work for (alternating current) AC circuits if these circuits have impedances instead of resistance. This theorem was created by the French Engineer, who was specialized in telegraph engineering. In 1882 when Kerchoif’s Laws were very famous to solve circuits but these laws were difficult to implement for complex circuits. To solve complex circuits Thevenin gave his famous law which makes complicated circuits very easy to solve. In today’s post, we will have a look at its equation, example circuits, working, and applications.  So, let’s get started with a What is Thevenin’s Theorem.

What is Thevenin’s Theorem

• Thevenin Theorem stated that the circuitry which has many resistors and voltage sources can be transformed into such circuitry which has one resistance and single source.

• To see how this rule works we solve a circuitry.
• In the given diagram, you can see that there is 20 volts voltage source and 15-ohm load resistance which is represented by R3.
• To apply Thevenin theorem to this circuit, first of all, we find V_TH which is open circuit voltage for this we will eliminate the load resistor from the circuit. After removing R₃ we get the resultant circuit which is represented by B in the diagram.
• Remove all voltage sources from the circuit and put their internal resistances value in the circuit.
• Then calculate the equivalent resistance which is also known as the Thevenin resistance, the resultant circuit is shown in the given diagram as C.
• After this make Thevenin equivalent circuitry which has source and Thevenin resistance then add load resistance to the circuitry to find the voltage across it. Thevenin equivalent circuit is denoted as D in a given diagram.

Why we use Thevenin Theorem?

• The most complex systems of circuits have some non-variable components and some have variable.
• The suitable example for this is our house wiring circuitry which is joined with the different loading devices like motors, fans or some lighting.
• If some time in special cases we want to find current and voltage values at every component of house wiring. It will take time and will be very difficult to find the electrical parameters of every element.
• To reduce these difficult calculations, a resultant circuitry of house wiring is created so that we can easily find the parameters and analysis of circuitry become easy.
• This equivalent circuitry which we make to reduce our calculation easy is called Thevenin equivalent circuitry.

Working of Thevenin’s Theorem

• To observe the practical implementation of Thevenin theorem, we will discuss its working by a given example.
• We create circuitry to calculate the value of current (I) moving in the circuitry.
• To implement Thevenin theorem we have to monitor these 3 steps.
  • First of all, calculate the value of resister by eliminating EMF sources and load resistance.
  • Then find the Thevenin voltage (V) after inserting the voltage (V) source in circuitry.
  • Then already find resistance and voltage values which are Thevenin voltage and resistor use to find current passing through the load.
• Now we apply these steps practically on a circuit.

Step 1:

• In given circuit diagram we can see that forty-ohm resistance, which linked with the points A and D eliminate this resistance and all voltage sources in the circuit.
• After this, we will develop a circuitry which has only 2 resistances in the circuit.
• Now we calculate the value of Thevenin resistance (R), R1 and R2 are parallel to each other.

R_{t = (R1 x R2)/(R1 + R2) = (20 x 10)/(20+10) = 6.67 ohm}

Step 2:

• In this step we will add, removed voltage sources to find the value of thevenin voltage.
•  In the given diagram, we can use ohm law to find the value of the current flowing in this circuitry.

I= V/R = (20v-10v)/(20ohm + 10 ohm) = 0.33A

• Now we find the value of voltage.

V_AB = 20 - (20 ohm x 0.33A) = 13.33 V

V_AB = 10 + (10 ohm x 0.33A) = 13.33 V

Step 3:

• Now we have our Thevenin Resistance and Voltage we can put our Thevenin equivalent circuit together with our original load resistor as shown below.
• As we have found resistance and voltage values, now we find the value of current the circuit for the third step is shown in the given diagram.
•  We use ohm’s law to measure the value of the current.

I= V/R = 13.33V/(6.67 +40) = 0.286A

Limitations of Thevenin Theorem

• These are some limitations of Thevenin Theorem, you must keep in mind while working on the different circuitries.
• This theorem is only appropriate for such circuitry which has linear elements like a resistor, capacitor, etc. It will not work for such circuitries which has the diodes, transistors these are not linear components.
• It also not work for the uni-lateral systems.
• It also not work for such circuit which has magnetic linking among the load and the circuitry which has to convert into the Thevenin circuitry.

Applications of Thevenin's Theorem

• These are some applications of Thevenin Theorem.
  • This rule is applied to such circuitries in which load resistance varies, after some time it necessary to measure the value of resistance, Thevenin theorem is best for this circuitry to find the value of current and voltage.

It is the detailed article on the Thevenin Theorem. If you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.