The Engineering Projects

What is Electromagnetism

Hello, fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Electromagnetism. Initially, electricity and magnetism were known 2 different aspects of physics. This concept was changed by the theory of Maxwell about the electricity and magnetism in 1873, that says the interaction among positive and negative charges behaves like a single force. There were 4 different factors were found by the interactions of the positive and negative charges. In first fact, Maxwell found that the charge either positive or negative attract or repel with a force that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance among charges. In second fact, he said that north and south poles have attraction and repulsion like the charges. In the third fact, he said that current passing through any conductor produces field around it. And in the fourth fact, he described that if we move conductor in a magnetic field there will be an emf induced in that conductor. In today's post, we will relate all these factors and study their effect on the magnetism. So let's get started with the What is Electromagnetism.

What is Electromagnetism

• The branch of the physics that deals with the electromagnetic force and describes the relationship between charges & poles is known as the electromagnetism.
• The emf (electromagnetic force) is caused by the two fields first one is electrical field and the second one is magnetic field.
• As electromagnetism describes the emf so it is also known as the Lorentz force (it describes the collective effect of the electric and magnetic forces on the charges).

• The emf helps to study the internal structure and properties of any substance that exists in our environment.
• The nucleus of different atoms is connected with their valance band electrons by the emf. Due to the emf, different bonds are created among the atom and they create molecules.
• The emf describes the chemical relationship among the electrons of different atoms.
• There are many ways to describe the emf mathematically. In classical electrodynamics (it is a branch of physics that describes the relationship among the charge and current by Newtonian model) the electric field is explained as the electrical potential.
• Faraday's Law describes that the magnetic field is produced by the phenomena of magnetic induction.
• The theoretical explanation of the electromagnetism was given by Einstein in 1905, in the form of the special theory of relativity (this theory describes the relationship between space and time).

Magnetic Field around a Conductor

• When the current is passing through the conductive wire then the field is produced around the conductor in the shape of a circle. The strength of the field is stronger near to the conductor and it becomes weaker as it moves away from the conductor.
• The direction of the magnetic field can be found by the current flowing in the conductor. In the given diagram, you can see the direction of the field and the current.
• The easiest way to find the direction of we take an example of the screw that is inserted in the piece of the paper.
• Then the screw is inserted in the paper its direction of the rotation is clockwise and after the complete insertion of the screw, the only part of the screw out of the paper is its head.
• If the screw has the pozidriv type head configuration, the cross on the head of head will be shown that indicates the direction of the current flowing into the page and away from us.
• Similarly the removal of the screw from the page in counter-clockwise. As current goes from the top of screw towards the bottom of the paper, if we see from the other side of page we see only a point that tells us that current moving towards us.

• After finding the direction of the current we now, know how we can find the direction of the field. For this, we study the right-hand screw action.

Right Hand Screw Action

• The magnetic field shows the availability of the north (N) and the south (S) pole, to show the north and south poles of the current-carrying conductor we use alphabetical letters S and N.
• If we join the arrowheads to without arrowhead points of the N and S, then we get the direction of the magnetic field. It is shown in the given diagram.

Left Hand Rule of Electromagnetism

• There is another famous technique to find the direction of the current and magnetic field, it is the left-hand rule (L.H.R).
• The magnetic field starts from the north pole and ends at the south pole.
• If we grasp the conductor in the left hand in such a way that the figures show the direction of the current then the thumb will tell about the direction of the magnetic field.

• If the current flowing in the conductor changes its direction than we will grasp the conductor from the other side and find the direction of the field.

Example of the Electromagnetism

• The normal loudspeaker that is used television, in different seminars is a suitable example of the electromagnetism.
• To see the working of such devices that follows the phenomena of the electromagnetism, we discuss the given figure.
• For the conversion of the electric signal, the loudspeaker was introduced, in the figure you can see there is a coil is wound on the conductor when a permanent comes to this coil it produces a magnetic field in the coil and it works as an electromagnet.
•  The field of the electromagnet gets repulsion by the field of the permanent magnet. Due to the interaction of these field vibrations are produced, these vibrations amplified by the conical shape assembly and then sound produced in the speaker.
• It is the phenomena that show the working of the electromagnetism in the loudspeaker.
•  The newly formed magnetic field is repelled by the permanent magnetic field resulting in the vibrations. These vibrations are amplified by the cone-like structure causing the sound. This is how speakers work based on electromagnetism.

Applications of the Electromagnetism

• These are some applications of the Electromagnetism.
• This phenomenon is used in electrical motors to develop a magnetic field.
• The working of the CAT scan machine is based on the electromagnetism, this machine is used in the hospital to diagnose the disease.

It is the complete article on the electromagnetism if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

What is the Future of Optical Engineering?

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is the Future of Optical Engineering? In conjunction with the National Research Council, Scientists have highlighted that the development of optic and photonic technologies is of the utmost importance when it comes to the future of the United States. Consequently, the government is advised to create optic and photonic initiatives that would swiftly advance greater research and development of optic engineering and photonics technology. In today's post, we will have a look at various reasons to pay attention to the future of optics and photonics technologies. So let's get started with What is the Future of Optical Engineering?

Metamaterials

• Meta-materials are engineered to generate properties that are non-existence in natural materials.
• They possess smart properties that can manipulate electronic waves consequently, they are able to offer benefits that are far beyond the possibilities with conventional materials.

• When designed appropriately, metamaterials engineered by optics can impact sound or waves of electromagnetic radiation in such a way that is not visible with bulk materials.
• It is predicted that metamaterials will be of greater use and value in defence applications.

Optical Technologies can Aid Wide-Area Surveillance

• The United States should consider how applicable and well developed optical technologies can aid platforms with the capability of object identification, wider-area surveillance, laser strike, high-bandwidth space communication, improved image resolution, as well as defence against missiles, especially for military and other security interventions.
• Engaging optics engineering and photonics technologies synergistically for a high-altitude platform or laser strike fighter have the ability to result in detailed knowledge regarding an area, information download via communication links, the possibility of striking targets in the fastest possible manner, as well as the possibility of defending against missile attack in a robust manner.
• It is clear that this technology opportunity may become the point of focus for tons of other aspects in optics as well as photonic, typical examples of such areas include free-space communication, high-powered lasers, super-sophisticated camera development, and other areas that the U.S. must take the lead to enable it to maintain national security.
• Even in the world of guns, optic technology is being deployed increasingly. For instance, rifle scopes use optic technologies.
• Scopes offer high magnification and are being used in hunting. They can be used even with both eyes and you’ll have a lot more leeway with where your head or eyes are positioned.

Computing

• Also, the future of more robust computing partly relies on the proper development of optics and photonics technologies.
• This is because the present computing devices, whether it is quantum computers or photonic circuits, have shown us that there are greater possibilities with computing devices and computing itself in the future.
• As the demand for more efficient and faster computing increases, photonics appears to be something to watch out for in the future, and a promising field to venture into by both individuals and governments.

• Already, Google, IBM, and other technology giants have invested massively in this direction.

Imaging

• Through imaging, it is possible to see the wide range of chemical and physical changes occurring in a system.
• Imaging plays an important role particularly in medicine, biology, as well as security issues.
• Using ultrafast imaging, humans have been able to study the ultrafast phenomenon, a typical example is the chemical reactions that take place in short time duration.
• Examples of notable ultrafast imaging systems include STREAK camera, STEAM, and others.
• When it comes to spectroscopy, fingerprinting is the basic concept. Devices engaged for scanning at important locations such as airports are dependent on those spectroscopic systems.
• And, the future has more to offer with imaging when optics and photonics technologies are further explored.

Further Development of Electric Grid for Solar Power

• The United States’ energy stakeholders can seek for ways to strike cost equality across the electric grid of the nation for solar energy/power VS the intended 2020 fossil-powered electric plants.
• Think for a moment, the possibilities with a renewable source of energy that impacts the environment minimally and costs less compared to nonrenewable alternatives.

• While this may appear to be an ambitious goal and a grand challenge, it is doable and possible with extra efforts.

Material Processing

• Material processing and nanofabrication are quite essential, for both basic research as well as industrial applications.
• And, these can get better if optics and photonics are further explored and maximized in the future.
• There has been an advancement in optical data storage and a nine-fold data storage boost has been witnessed via the BluRay disc and similar technologies.
• And, the future holds even much more, as long as stakeholders will take giant strides to further research, develop and deploy optics and applicable technologies.

It is the detailed article on the future of optical engineering if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

What is Electromagnet

Hello, fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Electromagnet. In 1820 physicist of Denmark Christian Orsted first time in the world found that the current produces the magnetic field. After four years of the Christian's theory in 1824 another physicist William Sturgeon who was United Kingdom native work on the findings of the Christian and created the electromagnet. It was created by the piece of iron whose design was like horse-show when the almost eighteen turns of the copper windings were rapped on the iron. The piece of iron was separated from the copper windings by insulation element. After making these arrangements William Sturgeon connect the battery with the terminals of the copper windings, the piece of iron starts to behave like a magnet and attract other iron substance. When he removed the input current from the copper terminals the piece of iron behaves like an insulator. William Sturgeon also practically showed the power of its magnet, his magnet weight was just two hundred gram, but it can attract or lift almost the nine-kilo weight. In today's post we will have a look at electromagnet working, construction, uses and other parameters. So let's get started with the What is Electromagnet.

What is Electromagnet

• The variety of magnet that used current for the generation of the magnetic field is known as the electromagnet.
• These magnets are formed by the wire when it rapped like a loop and current passes through this loop.
• When current passes through the coil magnetic field around the coil produced in a circular shape, its density at the centre of the loop is high and as moves away from the coil it strength decreases.

• Mostly used conductor for the electromagnet is iron because it concentrates the flux produced by the current at the centre and make high power electromagnet.
• The benefit of the electromagnet over the permanent magnet is that we can control its durability and magnetic field by adjusting the current, but in permanent magnet, it is not possible.
• But it also has a drawback that for continue acting it needs a power supply but in the permanent magnet is not needed.
• The electromagnets are frequently used in all classes of electrical machines like motor, generator, speaker and magnetic imaging machine in the hospital.

Lines of Force around an Electromagnet

• When the current passes through the wire it behaves like an electromagnet due to this current magnetic field is produced around the conductor.
• This field has its own north and south poles, it starts from the north pole and end at the south field. The strength of the field is higher at the centre of the loop of the wire and strength decreases as moves away from the centre.
• If we wound more loops of the windings around the iron piece than the strength of the field can be increased.
• From this, we can conclude that the flux of any conductor is directly proportioned the amount of current passing through it and its number of the turns.

m.m.f = I x N

• In this equation, the N is the turns number.

Magnetic Strength of the Electromagnet

• When the electromagnet is created then there are 2 conductors are used first one is wire loop and other is conductor whose around the loop is wound.
• When the current passes through these conductors magnetic field produced in both the conductors and these fields interact with one another and force act on these 2 conductors.
• If the current passing through both the conductors has a similar direction then the conductors will have attraction among them you can see it in the above diagram.
• When the direction of the current is opposite then the field of 2 conductors become strong and both of them repel each other.

• The strength of the field around the conductor depends on the distance from the conductor, it becomes weaker as moves away from the conductor.
• The field strength can be defined by the given formula.
• H = (I x N)/L
  • In this equation, the H is the field intensity.
  • I is the current moving through the conductor.
  • N is no of turns.
  • L is the length of the conductor.

Permeability of Electromagnets

• If we use the core of different conductors instead of the iron than the capacity of the magnet will be different for different core material.
• The changing in the power electromagnet is due to the variation in the density of the flux, different materials produce different flux.
• The more flux lines can pass through the core then the material has larger permeability.
• The formula for the permeability of the material is given as.

u = ur x uo

• In this equation, u is the permeability of the core material.
• ur is the relative permeability of the material.
• uo permeability of the free space.

Advantages of an Electromagnet Over a Permanent Magnet

• These are the main benefits that we get from electromagnet that is not provided by the permanent magnet.

Control of Magnet Strength

• The most important feature of the electromagnet is that the magnetic strength of it can be varied.
• If the current is not passing through the windings of the electromagnt than it works as an insulator when current passes through it becomes a magnet.
• If the current provided in large amperes than there is a larger increment in the strength of the magnet.

• This ability variation in the strength of the electromagnetic makes it useful in industries where the different value of the flux is needed.

Applications of the Electromagnets

• There are many applications of the electromagnets in the industries, home and also in medical equipment. Let's discuss these applications.
• It used in heavy types of machinery used in factories, and smaller electronic instruments like motors.
• It also used for different experiments for the production of the magnetic field.
• If the electromagnet is in the form of the solenoids, it used for the creation of the uniform magnetic field.
• It used in transformer for the production of the flux in the transformer, the core of the transformer behaves like an electromagnet.
• It used in different electrical relays.
• The working of the loudspeaker used in the seminar also depends on the electromagnet.
• Medical resonance imaging machine also used for the production of the magnetic field.
• It also used in hard disks VCR (videocassette recorder), and tape recorder.

It is the detailed article on the electromagnet, I have mentioned each and everything related to the electromagnet. If you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

What is the Power Diode

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is the Power Diode. The diode is a commonly used module in electrical and electronic engineering. Almost in every electronic device and engineering project diodes are used. It is a PN junction device that has 2 terminals, anode and cathode. The main function of the diode is to convert the alternating current into the direct current, this feature of the diode is called rectification. When it works on the positive cycle of the alternating current its state named as forward biased when it works on the negative cycle of the ac its operating state known as reverse biased. In 1906 the first diode was manufactured by the crystals of the minerals. Power diode is identical to the other semiconductor diodes but has some differences in structure. Normal diodes are used for smaller amplification and switching circuitries but power diode used in higher amplification circuits. In today's post, we will discuss its structure, applications, circuits, and working principle. So let's get started with a what is the power diode.

What is the Power Diode

• Power Diodes are such semiconductor devices used in rectifier circuitries to rectify higher value current.
• This diode has a larger area of PN junction then other diodes, due to this ability is used to rectifier higher value current and voltage, like hundred amperes and thousand kilovolts.

• In normal diodes, both P and N portion have the equivalent doping level, but in power diodes, one side is highly doped and other is lightly doped.
• In the given diagram, you can see that there are three regions first one is highly doped (P+) and 2nd is less doped (N-) regions, both of these are joined with the highly doped (N+).
• The region (N-) is the main factor that makes power diodes useful for higher power circuitries.
• As (N-) is very less doped, due to this power diode also named as the PIN diode. In (PIN) the I for intrinsic.

Half Wave Rectification of Power Diode

• Such circuitry that converts the alternating current into the direct current is called rectifier circuit.
• The rectifier that converts half-wave of the alternating current into the direct current called half-wave rectifier.

Half Wave Rectifier Circuit

• In the given diagram you can see the circuitry of the half-wave rectifier, that has power diode and resistor (R) as output.
• You can see from the figure that the anode of the diode is connected with the positive end of the alternating current source through the transformer that used to step down the voltage and cathode is connected with the negative end. It is the forward-biased form of the diode.
• When the first half waveform of the alternating current passes through the diode, it rectifier this half-cycle to the DC and not work for the negative half of the wave.
• As the output is the resistance, so the current flowing through this resistance will follow Ohm's law, so the current of the resistance will directly proportionate to the applied voltage.
• The voltage across the resistance will be similar to the input supply Vs, for half sinewave voltage across the resistance will be Vs.

• When negative half of the wave reaches the diode it becomes reverse biased, the anode is at negative polarity and cathode at positive polarity. So no current will pass through the diode for negative half and the voltage across the load resistance will be zero.
• The given diagram explains the half-wave rectification.

Half-Wave Rectifier with Capacitor

• After rectification of the alternating current we got the direct current, this DC is not pure dc. There are some ripples present in the output of the rectifier circuitry.
• To reduce these ripples we use a capacitor at the output of the diode to get pure DC.
• There are some defects to use a capacitor for the elimination of the ripples. Because the higher output current will discharge the capacitor very fastly and capacitor stops working, due to this ripple do not remove from the output.
• So the use of capacitor for single-phase rectification is not good for ripples removal, instead, rectify the ac current by the full-wave rectifier.
• Due to this fact, a half-wave rectifier is used for less power consumption applications.

I-V characteristic Curve of Power Diode

• You can see the voltage and current characteristics curve in the given figure.
• We can observe from the graph that the forward-biased current rises with the applied voltage.
• In reverse biased mode, very less leakage current flows, this current does not depend on the revered biased voltage.

• Minority charge carriers are the cause of the leakage current in reverse biased.
• When the value of reversed biased voltage approaches the break-down voltage avalanche break-down (is a fact that can happen in insulators and semiconductors. It is a kind of electrical current multiplication that can concede large amount currents within substances) happens.

Difference between Diode and Power Diode

•  Power diode and normal diodes have some dissimilarities that are described here with the detailed.

Structure:

• The physical structure of the normal PN junction diode has an equal area of P and N sides but in power diode, one region is largely doped and other is less doped.
• The size of the normal diode is small and power diodes are available in a larger size
• Power diodes are mostly constructed by metallic components.

Voltage Ratings:

• Normal semiconductor diodes are used in lesser power circuitries that way there operates at less voltage.
• Power diodes are used in such devices that work on the kilovolts so they have higher ratings.

Current Rating:

• The current ratings of the power diodes are higher than the normal diodes. Power diodes work for such circuitries where hundred amperes current is required.

Temperature:

• As the current and voltage ratings of the power diodes are higher so they have the ability to work at a higher temperature. The normal diode work in low-temperature conditions.

Cost:

• The price of the is high than the normal diodes because power diodes provide an additional feature like high-temperature rating, etc.

So, it is the detailed article on the power diode, if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

What is Full Wave Rectifier

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Full Wave Rectifier. Transformation of alternating current into the direct current is known as rectification. This conversion can be done by using a single diode or more than one diode. The diode that used for rectification is named as a rectifier. There are 2 main categories of the rectifiers, the first one is the half-wave and the other is full-wave rectifier. In half-wave rectification circuitry, there is only single diode is used to convert alternating current into the direct current. So it can very easily design for rectification. But it has one drawback that it converts one half of the AC wave into direct current. Due to this, there is a higher power loss in this circuitry. This rectifier is also not suitable for such applications where pure direct current is required. For full-wave rectification full-wave rectifier was introduced, that used more than one diode and converts complete AC waveform into the direct current. In today's post, we will have a look at its circuitry, comparison with other rectifiers, uses and some other related terms. So let's get started with a What is Full Wave Rectifier.

What is Full Wave Rectifier

• The full-wave rectifier is such circuitry that transformed full sine waveform of the alternating current into the direct current.
• You can see from the given diagram that the rectifier circuitry transformed the complete alternating waveform into the direct current.
• There are 2 main types of full-wave rectification circuitries, first, one is centred tapped and other is bridge rectifier.
• We discuss both of them with the detailed.

• First, we discuss centre-tapped rectifier circuitry, to study this rectification first we discuss the centre-tapped transformer that is the important component of the centred tapped rectification circuitry.

Center Tapped Transformer

• As we already know that there are 2 main windings of the transformer, the first one is primary and other is secondary.
• If we connect an extra conductor at the center of the secondary winding, then the transformer is known as the centre-tapped.
• This transformer works like a normal transformer, but it provides an additional feature to the transformer.
• That is the voltage coming from the primary side to the secondary, will divide into 2 parts.
• One portion at the secondary is a positive half-wave and other is a negative half-wave, our total output voltage will be the sum of these 2 voltages.

Vt = (V1 + V2)

• This feature of the centred tapped transformer is used in the rectification process.

Center Tapped Full Wave Rectifier

• In this type of the rectification circuitry, there is one centre-tapped transformer and 2 diodes are used for conversion of ac to dc.
•  You can see from the circuitry that the input alternating supply is provided to the primary winding of the transformer and the at the secondary side an extra conductor is connected at the center of the secondary winding.

• The central conductor divides the secondary winding into 2 parts, the first part of the secondary winding is connected with the diode (Dx) and other part connected with the diode (Dy).

• Both of these diodes are also connected with the common resistor RL, that is load resistance it connect with the transformer by the tapped conductor.

Working of the Center Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

• This rectifier circuitry used a centre-tapped transformer for the conversion of the alternating current into the direct current.
• When the voltage comes at secondary winding from the input windings it distributed into the 2 parts first one is positive and other is negative.

• When the first half of the sine wave comes at the point A of the secondary it is at a positive potential and point B is at a negative potential, and the centre conductor is at 0 voltage level.

• The point A is joined with the anode of the diode Dx and the point B is joined with the cathode of the Dx, this assembly tells that the diode Dx is forward biased condition, and current starts to flow.
• You can see from the circuitry that point B is joined with the anode of the Dy and point A of the secondary windings is connected with the cathode of the Dy.
• So diode Dy has reversed mode in the positive half of the supply and current does not flow through Dy.
• This rectified current than goes to load resistor RL, and then to the secondary winding.
• We can conclude that when positive half of the input comes then there will be zero current through Dy, as it is reversed biasing and Dx is in forward biasing so current passes through this diode.
• When negative half comes at the secondary winding, the Point A is at a negative potential, and point B is at a positive potential.
• The negative point A is joined with the anode of the Dx and positive point B is linked with the cathode of the Dx.
• The diode Dx is in reverse mode so current does not pass through it.
• The positive point B is joined with the anode of the diode Dy and point A is joined with the cathode of the Dy.
• The diode Dy is now forward biasing so current will flow this diode.
• Due to the reverse biasing of the diode Dx, during negative half, the current does not pass through the upper portion of the circuitry and current flows in the lower part.

• So, in case of the negative half of wave-current pass through the Dy that is in the forward-biased state.
• In conclusion, we note that the diode Dx operates in the positive half of the input supply and Dy operates in the negative half of the supply.
• In this way, both parts of the input converted into the dc voltage. The given diagram explains the complete conversion of the input supply.

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

• It is the other category of the full-wave rectifier circuitry, in this circuitry, there are 4 diodes are connected in bridge-like arrangements, and converts ac input supply into the direct current supply.
• Its main benefit is that there is no need of special centre-tapped transformer for this circuitry, that makes it simple and less costly.
• We can see from the circuitry that 4 diodes are connected in a sequence, and only 2 diodes work for each half of the input supply.
• When there is positive half at the circuitry diode D1 and D2 will operate and negative half diodes D3 and D4 will work.

Positive Half-cycle

• When positive half of the input sinewave comes than diodes D1 and D2 works and positive half of the supply converts into the dc. The given diagram shows the direction of the current.

Negative Half-cycle

• During the negative half of the supply only diodes, D3 and D4 will operate as they are in the forward-biased direction.
• As D1 and D2 work in the positive half and the D3 and D4 works in the negative half, our output will be full-wave dc.

So, it is the detailed article on the full-wave rectifier, if you have any question ask in comments thanks for reading.

What is Zener Diode? Definition, Symbol, Working & Applications

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In our previous lectures, we have studied two types of diodes i.e. Basic PN diode and Schottky Diode. Today, we will discuss the third type of diode i.e. Zener Diode.

Zener Diode was invented by the American engineer Clarance Melvin Zener, so it's named after him. The specialty of the Zener diode is that it can operate in both forward-biased and reversed-biased directions. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, features, ratings, construction and applications. So let's get started with what is the Zener Diode.

What is Zener Diode?

• The Zener diode is a special diode, that enables the current to flow not only from the positive terminal (anode) to the negative terminal (cathode) but also in the opposite direction.
• The doping of the Zener diode is more than the conventional diode, so its depletion part has less area.
• The general diode does not operate in the reverse biased condition but Zener diodes are specially manufactured for reverse-biased operation.
• Zener diode is mostly used in types of electronic devices like computers, laptops etc, it is the basic component of the electronic circuitries.
• It is used for power stabilizer circuitries to maintain the voltage level for a particular device.
• Zener diode also provides protection to any circuitry from over-voltage, particularly from ESD (electrostatic discharge). In ESD the current flows suddenly among two charged points by a short circuit or breakdown of insulation.

Breakdown in Zener diode

• There are 2 main breakdown areas in the Zener diode.
  • Avalanche Breakdown
  • Zener breakdown
• Let's discuss both of them one by one in detail.

Avalanche breakdown

• This type of break-down not only exits in the Zener diode but also in the general diode due to higher voltage in reversed biased conditions.
• When the diode is in the reversed biased condition the minority charge carriers get larger energy from the source and move fastly.
• The high-speed charge carriers collide with the other particles and remove more electrons from the atom. These are traveling at a higher speed they also eliminate more electrons from other atoms.
• Due to the larger quantity of electrons, the backward current will flow from cathode to anode, in some conditions the general diode can be damaged.
• But the Zener diode may not burn because they are sketched to operate under those conditions.
• The avalanche breakdown voltage for the Zener is six volts.
• The given diagram explains the avalanche breakdown voltage.

Zener Breakdown

• This type of break-down appears in the high doping diode like Zener, as this diode has less depletion area due to higher doping.
• When the voltage provided to the diode increases, in a thin depletion area highly effective electrical field is established.
• When the reversed polarity voltage almost equals the Zener voltage, the electric field in the depletion portion is such strong that it pulls out the electrons from their valance shells.
• The outermost shell electron that gets enough power from the field will break out from the effect of the mother atom.
• The outermost shell electron that breakout from the effect of its mother atom will move freely.
• Due to the free drift of this election, the reverse current will flow in the diode.
• The less increment in the voltage will cause to move current very fastly at the Zener breakdown portion.

 Difference between the Zener and Avalanche Breakdown

• Zener break-down occurs at less value of revered biased voltage while avalanche at the higher reversed biased voltage.
• Zener breakdown occurs only in the Zener diode as they have less area of depletion portion.
• The break-down area is such a region in which the Zener diode usually works.

Zener Effect

• Zener Effect is the category of the electric failure (breakdown) that exits in reverse biasing PN junction the strong statice field allows the electrons to move from the valance band to the conductive band of a semiconductor.
• Its name is due to the use of this factor in the operation of the Zener diode.

Zener Diode I-V Characteristics

• Zener diode works in the reversed biasing conditions is reversed biased mode its anode is connected with the negative terminal and cathode with the positive terminal of supply.
• In the given diagram, the reversing biasing effect of the Zener is shown in the curve between the current and the voltage.
• When we provide voltage to the Zener a small amount of the leakage current flows in the diode, till that point the applied voltage is less than the Zener voltage.
• When the value of applied voltage approaches the Zener voltage then a large amount of the reversed current flows in the diode and the curve suddenly changes its state from the flat to vertical.
• Due to the instant increase in the current value, the breakdown that happens in the diode is called the Zener breakdown.
• But, the Zener diode manifests a restrained breakdown that does harm the component.
• The quantity of the Zener breakdown voltage fluctuates according to the doping level of the diode.
• If the doping level of the diode is larger then breakdown occurs at a lesser voltage.
• If doping is less then breakdown happens at the higher value of the revered supplied voltage.
• Usually, the value of the Zener voltage for the diodes is (1.8) volts to (400) volts.

Advantages of Zener Diode

• There are some advantages of the Zener diode over the general diode that make it effective to operate in high voltage conditions.
  • Its power consumption capability is higher than the normal diode.
  • Its efficiency is very high.
  • It is available in a smaller size.
  • It is a less expensive diode.

Applications of Zener Diode

• These are some applications of the Zener diode.
  • It is commonly used as a voltage reference device.
  • It is used in voltage regulators.
  • It is used for switching purposes.
  • Zener diode is an important part of the clamp and clipping circuitries.
  • It is used in many security circuitries.
  • It is also used in electronic devices like mobile laptops, computers, etc.

So, it is a detailed article on the Zener diode, I have each and everything related to the Zener diodes. If you have any questions about it ask in the comments. Thanks for reading take care until the next tutorial.

Resistors in Parallel Combination

Hello, fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss the Resistors in Parallel. There are 2 main connection types that used to make circuitries. One is series contact and second is parallel. If the components in the circuitries are parallel to one another they have their own branch. These branches provide differents path for the current to flow. In parallel circuitries, the current has different value across every segment of circuitry and the voltage across each part is equal to the input voltage. To solve your parallel resistance circuitry you should try our online Parallel Resistance Calculator In today's post, we will have a look at such circuitries that have resistances connected in parallel and demonstrates how we can find the equivalent resistance of the circuitry and current and voltage across every component. So let's get started with a Resistors in Parallel.

Resistors in Parallel Combination

• In electrical circuitries, the resistances are parallel connected if their both endpoints are connected with other resistance or resistances endpoints.
• As in series resistance circuitry, there is one path for the current to flow but in the parallel circuitry, there are many paths for the current. Due to this parallel circuitries are also recognized as current divider circuitry.

• As there are numerous ways for the current in parallel circuitry, so different current will flow across every part of the circuitry. The voltage will be alike to every resistance of circuitry.
• In given below circuitry there are 3 resistances Rx, Ry, Rz, the voltage each of them will be the same.

VRx =VRy =VRz= 12V

• The method to find the equivalent resistance is to just add all series resistance in the circuitry, but in parallel connected resistances we add reciprocal of each resistance for equivalent resistance.

1/Rt = 1/Ra + 1/Rb +1/Rc .....1/Rn

Currents in a Parallel Resistor Circuit

• The net current passing through the parallel resistances circuitry is equivalent to the summation of the currents moving through every resistance of the circuitry.
• But the current across every branch of the circuitry will not be similar, in conclusion, every resistance of the circuitry's branch tell about the current flowing through that branch.
• For instance, as the voltage across every parallel resistor similar and due to different values of the resistance the current will not be alike.
• Let's make a circuitry that has 2 parallel resistances, it is shown in the given figure.
• The current passing through every resistance is IRx and IRy if we apply Kirchoff current law to this circuitry than we have.

It =IRx +IRy

• If we apply ohm law to both resistance than we can find the current passing through them.

IRx = V/Rx= 12/20= 0.6 ampere

IRy =V/Ry= 12/47=0.255 amperes

• So the total current will be.

It= 0.6 + 0.255= 0.855 amperes

Properties of Resistors in Parallel

• In the given diagram a parallel resistance circuitry is shown that has 3 resistances Rx, Ry, Rz in parallel and one current source.
• The current Ix is flowing from the source to 3 resistances of the circuitry and will divide into three different paths.
• If we apply ohm's law to this circuitry than we have this expression.

Ix = IRx? + IRy? + IRz

• The voltage across every resistance will be.

VRx = (IRx) . (Rx)

VRy = (IRy) . (Ry)

VRz = (IRz) . (Rz)

• Now use these voltage value of every resistances and find the current flowing them.

IRx = VRx/Rx

IRy = VRy/Ry

IRz = VRz/Rz

• If we add these 3 current the resultant value will be equal to the current source.

Ohm‘s Law and Parallel Resistors

• To relate ohm's law and parallel combination of the resistor we take an example of the circuitry that the 3 resistors connected in parallel and voltage source are connected with them.

• The voltage across every resistance is equal to the voltage source. If we apply ohm's law the current across every resistance will be.

I1 =(V)/(Rx)

I2=(V)/(Ry)

I3= (V)/(Rz)

• According to charge conservation principle, the total current flowing in the circuitry will be equal to the current passing through these three resistances.

It = (I1 + I2 +I3)

• If we put the values of currents flowing in the 3 resistance then we have.

I = (V)/(Rx) + (V)/(Ry) + (V)/(Rz)

I =V (1/Rx + 1/Ry + 1/Rz)

• From this relation, we can conclude that the total resistance in parallel circuitry is equivalent to the summation of the inverse of every resistor.
• So, equivalent resistance in parallel circuitry is.

Rn = 1/Rx + 1/Ry + 1/Rz +.........+1/Rn

Applications of the Parallel Resistance Circuit

• These are some applications of the parallel resistance circuits.
• Almost every house on this earth uses a parallel combination for electric wiring, as we can on-off and appliances of our home without removing all devices from the circuitry.
• In case of any short circuit occurs at one device or it damage due to some electrical faults, we will off circuit to that particular device not the complete circuitry for fault removal.
• Parallel circuitries are not used only in a home is also used in transmission and distribution of the power to large buildings and different areas.
• Nowadays our grid stations are designed according to parallel circuitries combinations when the circuit of the feeder is trip, other feeders in the grid continue their working and deliver power to the load.

Parallel Resistance Calculator

• As we discussed our Parallel Resistance Calculator now we discuss how you can use it for solving your circuitries.
• You can see in the given figure parallel resistance calculator, there are 2 portions of this calculators first is on the left side where you can add values of your circuits resistances and on right side physical representation of circuitry is shown.
• You can see in the given diagram, I have put different five values in the value box and get equivalent resistance of the circuitry. If your circuitry has large no of resistances you can add more resistance values by Add More Resistance option. You can also take values in kilo-ohm and mega-ohm.

It is the detailed article on the Resistors in Parallel if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

How to Transform a Non-Profit Business with EOS

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss How to Transform a Non-Profit Business with EOS. EOS has been gaining popularity around the world, enhancing the level of the business. With experienced EOS implementers, any company can achieve the heights that they have thought. However, the question arises “Can EOS implementers help these non-profit organizations as well”? How come these EOS implementers help small budgeted companies with no profit? How their tactics play an important role in right traction? There are many organizations that provide consultancy to help companies and their leaders to manage their work in an easy systematic way. If you are looking for a business growth consultant, you can avail it from Traction for Businesses. So, let's get started with How to Transform a Non-Profit Business with EOS.

How to Transform a Non-Profit Business with EOS

What is EOS?

• If we continue with EOS implementers, one should know what EOS is? It is a comprehensive business management system that works on a set of proven tools to help business leaders to get expected results and helps in achieving Vision, Traction, and Healthy.
• This system helps in learning the methods that ensure accountability in any business.

• Though, EOS is the fastest growing platform that allows running many applications over the network.
• EOS was developed with for-profit companies in mind, and the same principles apply to non-profit organizations as well that are fighting in the market to be innovative and entrepreneurial.
• If your leadership team is honest, and willing to be vulnerable with each other, then you’re the right kind of organization to run on EOS.
• Any organization that entirely relies on the people to do its work can get benefit from the Entrepreneurial Operating System (EOS).

Why is EOS Implementers needed?

• EOS is based on simple concepts, which is one of the reasons it’s proven to be so powerfully effective.
• The real question is, Do we need EOS implementer?  Can business leadership self-implement EOS?
• People have enough potential to implement it on their own, but should they?

• There can be many challenges in self-implementing EOS that’s why we need Certified EOS implementers who can provide a vision and discipline to your company.
• These implementers are experienced in their disciple and can be reliable traction for companies with low profit.

How EOS helps the company to get on track?

• It is common sense to know your targets before the year starts and to keep track of your goals is necessary to achieve success.
• However, the problem arises when a company has no idea of their progress and whether you are on the right track in achieving the expected success.
• However, EOS tools have made this thing more comfortable to keep your tracks under your control.
• It requires an EOS expert who can help you out in setting milestones and getting along with it.
• It needs a strategy and needs to move step by step accordingly. With the help of EOS tools, you will see a noticeable improvement in keeping track of your targets.
• So why wait till it’s late, hire an EOS implementer and move your company with expected profit and success.

So, it is the detailed article on How to Transform a Non-Profit Business with EOS, if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.  

5 Reasons to Get A Degree in The Engineering Field

Hello, fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss 5 Reasons to Get A Degree in The Engineering Field. Engineering represents the practical application of science and mathematics to find solutions to technical problems. Engineers don’t just sit back and watch. On the contrary, they design, invent, fix, improve, research, and so on. Engineers bring things to life, whether it’s physical buildings or robots. If you want to create technology and products that make our lives easier, think about getting a degree in the engineering field. Not only is it one of the most popular college majors but also one of the most profitable ones. It might just be the right fit. These reasons will convince you that engineering is the best degree. So let's get started with 5 Reasons to Get A Degree in The Engineering Field.

5 Reasons to Get A Degree in The Engineering Field

 Prestige, Acceptance, And Power

• Stop for a moment to think about the value of college education. If you earn a B.A, in general engineering from no matter what university, you can do everything you want.
• Well, almost. You can work in a laboratory or take on hours in a non-engineering industry like finance.

• The point is that you won’t regret the money or years spent to get the degree. People will be amazed when they find out that you’re an engineer.
• Your status will automatically win you the respect and trust of your acquaintances.
• Needless to say, engineers enjoy the same prestige as lawyers and healthcare professionals.
• Some of the most prestigious institutions in higher education offer engineering degrees. Examples include but aren’t limited to:

• • Georgia Institute of Technology
  • Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
  • Nanyang Technological University
  • The University of Cambridge
  • Harvard University
  • ETH Zurich
• Just imagine what it would be like to graduate from a top educational institution.
• The engineering schools mentioned earlier offer the most competent, innovative, and effective graduates, so it’s not hard to find employment.
• What is more, the element of respect comes naturally.

You Can Make A Difference in The World Around You

• Any person can make a difference in the world, let alone an engineer. Being part of a project, small or big, enables you to contribute to society.
• You have the opportunity to create technological advancements that improve the way people live.
• Take medical equipment as an example. You can work alongside doctors, therapists, and researchers to come up with innovative medical solutions that can solve clinical problems.
• MRI machines, hearing implants, and ultrasound equipment wouldn’t have been possible if it weren’t for engineers.
• In engineering school, you’re encouraged to reach meaningful goals and focus on the impact of globalization.
• The knowledge and skills that you acquire during your student years will enable you to work in various international settings, as well as work environments.
• You can use technologies to the same extent as your peers in other parts of the world.
• The world is becoming increasingly connected, so it’s necessary to think globally.
• You’ve got the power to shape the way individuals travel, communicate, exercise, and how they make use of energy.
• At the end of the day, you’ll feel that you’ve really made a difference, which is no little thing.

High Standards Let You Know What You Aim For

• Contrary to popular opinion, university standards haven’t fallen. Students enrol into programs that promote academic rigour and which are delivered by high-class educational institutions.
• Engineering schools, in particular, establish very high standards. The result is that students have a good idea of what to aim for.
• The vast majority of students learn more than is required of them. They hire private teachers so that they know everything about building machines and products.
• You too may need assistance on certain subjects. Tutors have a student-centred approach, so everyone makes progress.

• Your tutor may be a current or former school teacher or perhaps someone with experience in the field.
• You’ll be able to strengthen subject comprehension and build significant learning skills. In order to become an engineer, you need excellent grades. Most courses don’t accept anything other than the best.
• Yes, you’ll have to work hard, but you’ll be among the best. When you pursue general engineering, you have the chance to broaden your mind, increase your skillset, not to mention specialize in your area of interest.
• You’ll receive your degree from industry professionals who know a thing or two. Understand the qualifications needed for the college or university you’re thinking of applying to and get ready.

 You Can Travel Around the World

• So, you have a big desire to travel the world. If you want to explore the world while earning money and building your career, you should definitely study general engineering.
• There are many, many opportunities for travelling and discovering new environments.
• Cruise ships, for example, need engineers. If you haven’t started a family, you can obtain a high-paying job that enables you to travel without spending money on accommodation.
• Let’s take another example. You can become an oil and gas field professional. There’s no shortage of travel opportunities.
• As an engineer, you enjoy a great deal of freedom. You can go into technical consulting and you’ll be constantly on the move.

• After a while, you’ll get tired of covering the ground. Or maybe you won’t. Even if you don’t want to travel the world, you’ll have to in order to make your career progress.
• You’ll get to experience life in a completely different culture, become fluent in a foreign language, and work with international clients. Don’t miss out on such an opportunity.

Ready for Any Problem With 10 Solutions

• Some life challenges are exceptionally difficult to handle. With a degree in engineering, you’ll be able to handle most issues.
• In school, you’re introduced to all kinds of situations that need to be solved using engineering skills.
• You even learn how to organize a messy desk. Chances are that you’ll encounter bigger problems that you did during your years of school. Nevertheless, your confidence and skills will help you in the decision-making process.
• You’ll have at least 10 solutions for every problem.
• Engineers are capable of solving all kinds of problems. Do you know what tool they resort to the most? Their creativity.
• Start approaching each situation as an opportunity to learn. If you can’t come up with a solution yourself, seek guidance from others.
• Nothing is unsurmountable. There’s no better degree that can teach you problem-solving skills than engineering.
• The choice is up to you. To be more precise, decide if going to engineering schools is or isn’t the right thing for you.

It is the detailed article on the 5 Reasons to Get A Degree in The Engineering Field if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

How Virtual Reality Helps Field Engineers Deliver Value

Hello, fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss How Virtual Reality Helps Field Engineers Deliver Value. It’s no secret that technology is advancing rapidly and is transforming how field engineers are accomplishing tasks in projects. With virtual reality taking the lead, we are witnessing an unprecedented improvement in project quality and design in the engineering field. Virtual reality engineering involves visualization of projects using 3D modelling tools. It introduces the users directly into a computer-generated virtual environment, giving them an idea of what to expect in the field. With this technology, a field engineer can identify the potential risks and flaws in a project before implementation. So let's get started with How Virtual Reality Helps Field Engineers Deliver Value.

How Virtual Reality (VR) Works

• Virtual reality is a trending technology that’s prominent in the gaming industry. But due to its potential, VR has proven to be a valuable asset in training.
• Today, almost every industry is adopting virtual reality in its processes, including the construction sector.

Virtual Reality in Real Estate

• When it comes to marketing in real estate, virtual reality has become an indispensable tool in the industry. This technology allows home sellers to showcase their properties through an interactive interface.
• With virtual reality, homebuyers can assess the interior features of a house they intend to buy, making the process faster and cost-effective.

Virtual Reality in Construction

• While some people perceive virtual reality as a gaming technology, it is also helpful in the construction industry.
• Construction engineers can use the technology to design buildings, train workers, and promote on-site safety standards.
• In the project design phase, engineers can showcase the building plans to their clients and customers.
• The project designers use VR headsets to visualize the simulated virtual world of a construction project.

How to Use VR Headset in Construction

• The headsets are usually linked to a smartphone or computer to transmit data. If you are using a smartphone, you can download the app for virtual reality.
• The VR app integrates well with the VR headsets, allowing engineers to visualize images in three dimensions. Virtual reality headsets, also known as head-mounted devices (HMD), may come with additional accessories to help engineers navigate the virtual world.

• Such features include wireless controllers and sensors.

Applications of Virtual Reality in the Engineering Field

• Virtual reality offers an immersive experience to field engineers, allowing them to interact with projects virtually before implementation. Here is how VR technology has transformed operations in engineering.

Training of Field Engineers

• Virtual reality training allows engineering companies to expose employees to new working environments without harming them virtually.
• Also, VR training reduces the maintenance costs of equipment that workers might have damaged during the actual training.
• For instance, construction companies have incorporated VR training in their operations to promote the safety of workers.
• With virtual reality, workers can get exposed to great heights, confined spaces, and heavy equipment like excavators and cranes.
• In some cases, the death of workers usually results from physical training exercises. For that reason, construction engineers see virtual reality as a potential tool for reducing fatalities.
• Virtually trained workers can handle and operate physical machinery with much care.
• As an OSHA-approved technology, virtual reality is a valuable tool for promoting the safety of workers in the field. Read this blog post by Procore Technologies to get more info about OSHA safety tips and standards.

Design and Development

• As an integral part of engineering, designing helps engineers to gain insight into a project before implementing it practically.
• Most designers have invested heavily in virtual reality to help them curb complications that might arise during project implementation.
• With the help of virtual reality, construction engineers and architects can virtually get an accurate and detailed representation of a building before laying any foundation.

• When used together with 3D modelling and BIM, designers can easily tour workspaces.
• Besides modelling buildings, virtual reality has also been a ubiquitous technology in car design. Car manufacturers use this technology for prototyping when designing vehicles.
• It eliminates the need to develop physical prototypes, saving on design costs.
• Virtual reality can also be useful in pinpointing mistakes in project design. Once the field engineers have identified the potentially hazardous risks, they can record them in a punch list to correct them later.
• Designing a project can involve many people and needs a collaborative platform to accommodate all stakeholders.
• Virtual reality can allow various people with different expertise to interact in real-time on a single platform.
• With a well-established collaborative framework, designers and engineers can know every progress in an engineering project.
• That can help designers to make informed decisions, reducing complications that might arise during project implementation.

Virtual Reality Prototyping

• In the past, field engineers used to develop products from a conceptual view. They would use quantitative measures from statistical data to define product features.
• That made the production more expensive, risky, and time-consuming.
• In recent times, virtual reality prototyping has become an integral part of any design process. Engineers are using the technology to create, test, and validate projects before implementation.
• Virtual reality prototyping reduces the time it takes to complete a project, saving costs.
• With VR prototyping, designers don’t have to manufacture expensive prototypes for trial projects. Most companies have adopted VR prototyping in product testing to save on time and money.
• Such companies include Peugeot, BMW, Boeing, Jaguar, Ford, and Airbus.

Final Words

• It's apparent that virtual reality is already making a significant impact on the engineering field. Field engineers are using this valuable tool to leverage complex production processes to improve project quality and productivity.
• Virtual reality provides access to simulations that would help every stakeholder to visualize and understand projects.
• By adopting VR technology in engineering, companies can make their designs and operations more interactive.
• Since virtual reality is a potentially profitable technology, we expect more companies to adopt it. There is no doubt that VR technology is the future of engineering.
• According to Architosh, it's estimated that the engineering industry will have devoted $4.7 billion to virtual reality by 2025.

It is the detailed article on the How Virtual Reality Helps Field Engineers Deliver Value if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.