The Engineering Projects

Transistor as a Switch

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Transistor as a Switch. The transistor is a 3 pin semiconductor module used for different amplifier and switching circuits. It was created by William Shockley (who was a physicist of United States of America) in 1947. It also used in different engineering projects and circuitry. Depending on doping level transistors are classified into 2 types first one NPN and the second one is PNP transistor. Most transistors are constructed from silicon and germanium but other semiconductor materials are also used for construction of transistors. In today's post, we will discuss how we can use a transistor as a switch and also see its practical working in different circuits. So let's get started with Transistor as a Switch.

Transistor as a Switch

•  For understanding the working of a transistor as switch we use bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and will construct its current versus voltage curve.
• There are 3 regions in which transistor operates the first one is active, second one is saturation and third one is cut-off region.
•  In the first region that is active regions, transistor operates as an amplifier.
• But in other 2 regions that are saturation region in which transistor is in on state and cut-off region in which transistor is off, work as a switch.
• Now we discuss these three regions one by one with detailed.

Transistor Operation Region

• In the given figure the current and voltage characteristics curve is shown.

• In this curve you can see that the portion at the below of curve has pink colour is denoted as Cut-off portion and blue colour portion is known as saturation portion of the transistor.

Let's discuss these two regions of transistors with detailed. Transistor Cut-off Region 

• In this operation region of a transistor the value of current at base is zero (IB=0) so the value of current at collector will also 0.
• The value of voltage across the collecter and emitter terminals (VCE) is higher that cause to make larger depletion layer in the transistor and zero current flows through the component.
• So the transistor is completely off meant it is an open cirucit.

Transistor Saturation Region

• In this portion, the transistor will have such biasing that the amount of current at base terminal is maximum that causes to flow extreme current through the collector.
• The value of the voltage at collector and emitter terminals will be zero so there will be no depletion layer and a large amount of current will passes through the transistor and it behaves like a closed switch.
• In a simple way, we can define saturation region as it will occur when the current flows through the collector are extreme and the voltage across base terminals is 0.7 volts it is for NPN transistor.

• In the case of PNP, the emitter should be connected with a positive terminal of battery.

Working of Transistor as Switch

• For a practical understanding of transistor as a switch we discuss a circuit that is shown in a given figure.

• In this circuit, NPN transistor is used as a switch its collector and emitter is points are working as terminals of switch.
• A circuit that consists of the bulb as load is connected with the collector and emitter terminals of transistor.
• The base and emitter of transistor working as a controller that decides open and closed condition of switch.
•  For closed the switch the battery is connected between base and emitter terminals.

• This source provides large amount of base current due to that collector current flows in the collector and emitter circuitry.
• The value of collector current will be larger if the resistance between collector and emitter is almost zero.
• In the above figure, you can see that emitter is at ground potential so we can also suppose that collector is also zero potential. So, in this case, resultant circuit can be constructed as.

• You can see that terminal of switch that are collector and emitter are closed and bulb is illuminating as a large collector current flowing through it.
• To open the terminals of switch we remove the current passing through the base.
• As Ic=ßIb so due to zero value of base current the collector current also zero and it behave like an open switch.

Applications of Transistor as a Switch

• The structure of a transistor is such that collector current will not flow until there is no source of current at base.
• Due to this feature, it mostly used in different electronics circuitry as a switch.
• So we discuss such circuits that used transistor as a switch, for an explanation of such circuits we use NPN transistor.

Light-Operated Switch

• In given below circuit transistor is used as switch for on and off bulb. In this circuitry there is LDR, bulb and voltage divider circuitry is formed.
• This circuitry is operated in light and in dark it does not work.
• When photons of light collide with light-dependent resistance it starts to operate and current flows through base than collector that glows the bulb.

Heat-Operated Switch

• In given below the transistor is used in heat operated switch the main element of this circuitry is a thermistor.
• A thermistor is a type of resistance that operates with the variation of temperature.
• There is an increment in its resistance with the decrement in temperature and with the increment of temperature resistance decreases.
• So in this circuitry when temperature increases the resistance of thermistor decreases so base current starts to flow that causes the movement of current through the circuit.
• Then at output alarm starts to operate after receiving a signal from the transistor.

That is a detailed article on transistor as a switch if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

Does Https Impact SEO? | Importance Of SSL In SEO

Hello friends, welcome back to our website.  I am sure you all will be doing great. Today, I am going to TALK about the importance of SSL in SEO or Does https impact SEO and how helpful they are for you? And most importantly what are they? Need for protection is getting high day by day whether it is about our home security, or on phones apps and same goes for website security.  A secure website can save you from cybercrime and hacking. Therefore, to know about SSL and SSL website is essential for your own safety. There is a bonus for you in the end because I am going to tell you about an amazing tool that will make your life easier. It is an SEO tool that will help you in analysing your website or any of your competitor website. 

What is SSL Certificate And Should You Implement It

• In short, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is a security measure for a website. They are basically installed on the webserver in the form of small data files. It makes sure to build a secure connection for your website from a web server to the browser. 
• SSL is encrypted technology and the actual purpose of it is to make the website secure when it is passing through the internet from one computer to another computer.

• It will help you in protecting all kinds of your data from your credit cards to email addresses or any other information related to your website.
• SSL certificate is also known as Digital Certificate. A Certificate Authority has issued it to make the purchaser identity authentic.   
• Certificate Authority: CA is a trusted third party that generates and issues the SSL certificate for websites.
• It does not only help you in securing your data but let the user know that their data is safe from hackers and confidential.

You should definitely implement the SSL certificate on your website. However, you should know about the type of SSL certificate before you implement it. So keep reading on.

Types of SSL Certificate and Which one You should Choose for Your Site

Three types of SSL certificate are available.

1. Extended Validation (EV SSL)
2. Organization Validated (OV SSL)
3. Domain Validated (DV SSL)

All three certificates have the same encryption level. The only difference between these three certificates is the process of review and verification processes needed to obtain the certificate. The look of the every SSL certificate in the browser bar is also changing.          #1 Extended Validation SSL Certificate EV SSL certificate is the most expensive and secure, because of human involvement. The level of verification for this certificate is most strict from all other levels. The CA (Certificate Authority) is in charge to check the right of the applicant. They also ensure that if the organization is aware of the SSL certificate request and then approved it with a few weeks after all vetting. These steps of the verification process required before issuing a certificate:

• Ensure the physical location, legal and operation existence of the applicant
• Verify that the identity of the applicant matches the official records
• Ensure that the applicants have rights to use the domain

Every web browser shows an SSL certificate with different interfaces like green font or green bar. Although Chrome has changed the view recently. It is best for eCommerce websites. Indicate: It displays the company name in a green bar and displays the secure padlock. Chrome Firefox     #2  Organization Validated (OV SSL) It is less expensive as compared to an EV SSL certificate. The main purpose of organization validated SSL certificate is to encrypt the user sensitive information during a transaction. OV SSL certificate also has a high guarantee similar to the extended validation SSL certificate. It is best for business and non-profit websites. In this process, CA investigates the organization for validation but not very deeply. Contact the organization to check its authenticity. It will take a few days in the whole process. The expense of organization validation (OV SSL) certificate is more than a domain validation certificate. Indicate: Display the secure padlock and in the display company name will be indicated for indication. Chrome Firefox #3 Domain Validation Certificate  It is one of the cheap validation certificates. Most of the website holder use this certificate when their budget is low.

• Domain validation certificate comes at the lowest level of validation certificate.
• There is not any strict verification involve in this certificate.
• CA just check that the organization has control over the domain.
• This verification process is usually done via email.
• There is not require any copy work to submit to the company. T
• he time requires for this certificate is only a few hours.
• There is no human involvement involved in the validation process.

It is the most inexpensive type of certificate. This certificate is recommended to use when security involvement is not a concern. It is best for social website and blogs. Indicate: Its display the secure padlock Chrome Firefox And if the website will be not secure their indication could be like this.  

What is HTTPS 

You have surely seen this HTTP (http://) or HTTPS (https://) in every URL.  If you are interested in learning about internet security then you should definitely read this till the end.  Https (Hypertext Transport Protocol Secure, or Security) is a version of the standard web transfer protocol (HTTP). Http add a layer of security of data in traffic through (SSL) a secure socket layer or Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. TLS is the new version of SSL. Https basically shows that the website is secure.   Https is a protocol that secures communication between browser and web server.  A hacker can easily hack the communication between browser and web server when it will be on an Http website. Because communication is in hypertext format.  Hence when it would be over https website then communication would be saved because it is in an encrypted format.

• Htpps stop hacker from reading and modifying the data.
• Hacker is not able to use encrypted data
• Https ensures cyber safety
• Htpps also help with SEO

 IS SSL Certificates Important for your Website?

Yes! It is important for your website or any website too.  You might be probably thinking that it is not necessary for you because your website does not need any credit cards requirements or any sensitive information. Although it is crucial to secure your personal information, it has become important for each website to secure their website using SSL.  If your website will be secure then the user will trust your website too because SSL is the symbol of trust for your users. As we all know cybersecurity crimes are arisen in past years and the new user is aware of this fact too.   In case your website has not SSL certificate yet then make sure to get it.  Well, now all the search engines like Google, Yahoo and Bing have started using the presence of SSL certificate as a ranking factor. This clarifies that it will leave an impact on your website SEO too. 

How Https/SSL Impact SEO

There is both a direct and indirect impact on SEO of SSL certificate.  Google search engine has announced in 2014 that there will be a slight boost impact on their ranking because of an SSL certificate.  This is a direct impact on SEO because of a secure website.  In 2015 Google declares that if there will be tie break between two websites. For example, two websites are equal in competing but one website is https secure and the other is not then google will rank https website ahead than others. There are different indirect impact too. As for example the bonus rate (the % of people come to your website and leave it immediately) has an impact on your website overall ranking.  If a user comes at your website and notices that there is no secure flag or https then he/she can leave right away. Because they will not feel secure to trust your website.  In brief, if your bonus rate will be high then it will leave a negative impact on your website and your website ranking will go down.  Users will be stick to your website for a long period of time if they will feel secure. 

How to Check the SSL Certificate 

It is not difficult at all, as I mentioned at the beginning that I am going to tell you about a tool that will help you analyse your website free. Go on this link and submit your website.  As you can see in the image below that you have to enter your website in the given box and press submit button. when you will submit the URL then a new page will pop up with this type of image. The green tick shows that it is a secure website. As you can see in the below image. It is really a simple and helpful tool that will help you in your blog ranking and analysing it. You can check up on your competitors too and what they are up to. In my future articles, I am going to discuss in detail about this tool that how amazing it is and how it could make your life easier. You don't have to go on a different website to check on various things. This one tool will give an answer to all of the questions related to SEO.

Conclusion

In this modern digital era, cybersecurity is so important. Everything is available on the internet to buy from households things to industries machinery. So it is good to verify that you are using an authentic website. Unsecure website will pop up with "not secure" warning icon. Make sure to buy something from the https website that has an SSL certificate. There are three types of SSL, but you have to choose what is best for you and as I mention above that what certificate is better for your website. SSL certificate gives safety and confidence to website visitors.  Your consumer will trust your website over your competitors if their website is not secure. Keep visiting our website for more beneficial content.

How to Improve Alexa Ranking | What is Alexa Rank

Hello folks, how are you guys doing? I hope everything will be great on your side. In today's tutorial, I am going to talk “What is Alexa rank, how to improve Alexa ranking and what is Alexa global rank?  To make your website rank higher in  Alexa rank you should definitely know the answer to this question and it will also improve your search engine ranking too.  Everyone is in the race to rank their website on top in the google search result and make their Alexa rank improve, you will probably come across different methods and techniques to climb over.  To be on the top of the Alexa rank with organic SEO is tough but not impossible. I will assist you in discovering what is Alexa, how to improve your Alexa rank, how to check your website Alexa ranking globally and internationally through a free analytic tool.

What is Alexa?

Alexa is a tool of Amazon and it helps you to find website ranking or popularity. Alexa does not have any link with the Google search engine. They provide the result on the base of their own algorithm and combined data over the past three months.  Alexa does a global ranking by using web traffic data and make a list of websites. In this global ranking, the lower your Alexa rank is the more popular your website is.  For example (Google global ranking in Alexa is 1). Its means that this website has most visitors on the internet past three months.  Alexa tells the rank of the website internationally and with a country too. Look in the image below

Country Rank or International Rank

  Alexa provides the rank of your country too. The lower your rank is, the more popular your website would be.  As you have seen in the image that googles Alexa traffic rank is 1. It is the top.  You want to increase the traffic of your website then you have to know the global and national rank of your website. In case, it is higher than you need to work on it to lower it. Does your Alexa Rank is not as efficient as it should be?  There is nothing to worry, I will help you in improving your Alexa Rank.  The guide for improving Alexa Ranking is below. 

How to Improve Your Alexa Rank Quickly

The very important part to increase Alexa ranking is by installing the Alexa toolbar on your browser. Meaning, whenever you or visitors visit a website then website ranking will automatically boost up. So it is important to have installed an Alexa toolbar. Here is the ultimate direction for you. #1 Write Unique and Eye-Catching Content  To improve your website Alexa rank you have to write quality content for your website. You might have read many times that Content is king and this is a fact and there is no doubt in this statement. So try to write as unique as you can write. Write traffic-driving content for your website then there is nothing that can stop your website from improving Alexa rank. Unique website content will improve your search engine ranking and boost search engine ranking will improve your Alexa rank. #2 Find Keywords that drive traffic to your website It is important to work with the relevant keywords that drive traffic to your website. Try to find all those keywords that are driving traffic for your competitors. By doing a little research you can find what your competitors are up to and what your audience is searching.  Your website quality content can’t reach the relevant audience until you don’t know what your consumers are searching.  So it is important to use keyword research tools to find out the right driving traffic keywords.  Use Keyword Planner - Google Ads to find keywords. It is a free tool.  #3 Follow SEO best Practice on your website  In this age improving your website without SEO is not possible. SEO will help you in improving your website search engine ranking and make it better for your customers. There are different strategies you have to practice to make your website visible in the search engine and improve the Alexa ranking. Keep in mind all these points:

• Blog/website Submissions

There is a different platform for submitting websites. Search engines and directories are major forums. After submitting your website, it will index your website in a journal and will bring movement on your site. Your Alexa ranking will be enhanced after the movement on your website.

• Share your content on Social Network Sites

Social networking media sites can improve your Alexa ranking drastically. All the sites will notify the existence of the website. So you should definitely do this to make your website ranking improve.

• Post Article

 It is important to post traffic-generating content daily to improve your website visibility. Website improvement in search engine ranking will certainly improve your Alexa rank.

• Quality Backlinks

Backlinks are so important for a website and all the SEO experts always highlight the importance of quality backlink. Quality backlinks help search engine to identify the authority and quality of your website. 

• Increase Web Traffic

Increasing your traffic is not an easy task. It takes time to make your post on top of the search engine. Have patient and do your best and then wait for a miracle to happen. Create content that people want to read and daily  Consequently, your website Alexa ranking will improve within weeks after following these SEO practices. #4 Install Alexa Toolbar As I have pointed out before that installed the Alexa toolbar on your web browser. It leaves a big impact on improving the Alexa ranking and all your visit on your website will boost your rank.  I am telling you all from my own experience, so don’t take it lightly and download it instantly.  Note: Download Alexa toolbar in all of your computer/laptop web browsers and set your website as a default website in all of them.  #5 Figure Out your Competitors Marketing Strategy There could be many reasons follow Alexa ranking of your site. That's why I recommend you to discover your errors and mistakes by analysing your competitor's website THROUGH Alexa siteinfo.  Perform a Comparison of websites and find out what you were missing.  It will allow you to identify what marketing strategies are not working for you and what trends are important. Then work on it after analysing and it will definitely leave a positive effect on your Alexa ranking.

Does Alex Rank have any Value in SEO?

    Yes! As I told before, Alexa does work as one of SEO audit tool.  if you will follow Alexa improving strategy then your website SEO will certainly boost.  Goole does rank the websites with little different strategies. Check below How does Google Rank Websites The reason behind the google on the 1st in the global ranking is that its search results are most relevant and useful. There are millions of users who use this website daily and trust the website content.  The determination of the global ranking depends on the different (200+)  factors that how it is most useful and relevant to the users.  No one is actually aware of the fact that what google search engine algorithm (mathematical process) use to rank a website. They never tell anybody.  Although all the SEO and online marketing experts who are working on SEO for many years are coming to a conclusion and agree on a few terms. 

Main Factors To Rank A Website On Top In Search Engine  

 

• Keyword usage
• Domain Factor
• Website Structure
• Time Spent on Website
• Website Speed
• Mobile usability
• Number of quality links
• Number of inbounds links
• User Interaction
• On-site web spam factor
• Off-site web spam factor

Keep in mind one thing that all the algorithm is designed by humans but the ranking of the website entirely determined algorithm. There is no human involvement involved in determining any website.   If any of the websites is on top again some keyword then it is based on algorithm result. Google Search engine is continuously changing, updating and reviewing its search result. If some website is top on today, it is a possibility that could go down next week if there would be a better website with great content.  

How to Get a Free Alexa Ranking Analysis

 To get a free Alexa analysis of your website or your client website is not difficult anymore. Click here. You can easily now find the global ranking through Alexa.  As you can see, a screen will be pop up after clicking. Now there is an option for submitting a website. Enter your website URL.  After entering a website a new dialogue box will show and now you can see the global ranking with the country ranking too.  Do you want to look in more detail? Feel free to explore more thing on this tool. You will find it more useful and it will help you grow your knowledge. HENCE, You all now aware of the importance of Alexa. SEO is continuously evolving and developing and it is vital to keep a tab on Alexa tool too. To make your ranking better. If you want to be on the top of google search ranking then you have to keep an eye on Google updates. And check frequently Alexa ranking of your website to know about the progress of your website. Keeping an eye on updates can make you stick in this battle and help you in always on top. If you want to stay updated then keep visiting our site for more insightful knowledge.

What is Linear Solenoid

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have look at  What is Linear Solenoid and how it can be used for magnetic field generation. They are such actuators (an actuator is a part of any circuitry or machine that controls the working of other elements in the machine or circuit) that control any device in one direction when they get energized. The working of the linear solenoid is similar to the electromagnetic relay that converts an electrical signal into the mechanical. In today's post we will have a look at its working principle, construction, application and practical implementation in different circuits So let's get started with What is Linear Solenoid.

What is Linear Solenoid

• A linear solenoid is a module that transform the electric signal into mechanical force that works in a linear path.
• This solenoid comprises windings that wound on the cylindrical tube constructed by iron and windings are also attached with a plunger that can easily move in the loop of the windings.

• This module is usually employed for on and off the doors electrically, in different machines they close and open the valves.
•  When at the core of the solenoid electrical supply is give it produces the magnetic field and this cylindrical core becomes an electromagnet due to this field current also starts to flow through the windings.
• Due to this current windings also behave like an electromagnet that has its own north and south poles.
• The intensity of the field at the windings can be varied by the changing the strength of the current or it can also be done by varying the numbers of turns in windings loop.
• As after current implementation windings are known like an electromagnet so due to flux of this magnet plunger will move toward the central part of the loop, this movement will apply force on the spring connected with the plunger.
• The force on the plunger is depended on the strength of the flux produced by the windings loops.

Rotary Solenoids

• Mostly selonoids are available that shows linear working phenomena but with these solenoids rotating selonoids are also exits that produce circular motion during their working.
• Their motion direction can be clockwise, counterclockwise or both.
• With the invention of these solenoids, the usage of the direct current and stepper motors has been decreased in smaller motion detection schemes.
• These solenoids can rotate at different angle like twenty-five, thirty-five, forty-five, sixty and ninety degrees.
• Rotation is produced in these motors when their terminals are connected with input supply or removed from supply, with the variation in the polarity of supply rotation is also produced.

• The structure of these attenuators is very simple they consist of a core that is manufactured with the steel and conductive windings are wound around it and with the windings shaft is connected.
• These solenoids are mostly used in vending machines (these are such automated machines that provide tickets, cigarettes, beverage, etc), shutter of the camera is also used these attenuators, typewriter, etc.

Solenoid Switching Circuit

• Normally both solenoids that we study above either rotating or linear are used in such circuits where direct current is used but it can also use for such circuitry where alternating current is used.
• For this purpose, rectification is need of the alternating current.
• Such solenoids that used less value of the direct currents can be regulated by the transistor switching circuitry.
• As we discussed earlier that linear solenoid consists of the inductive coil so there is some protection is required to control the back emf effect during its working.
• For this process, Zener diode or less value resistances are used. In given diagram circuit of solenoid is shown.

Reduction of Power Loss in Solenoid

• The main drawback of the linear solenoid is copper losses that occur at the windings of the solenoid.
• Due to this power loss occur heating produced at the windings wound on the core of the device.
• With the passage of the time if a solenoid is remain joined with the input supply it will cause to increase the power losses across the windings and increase the temperature.
• To minimize these power losses there are 2 ways first one is the to decrease the current passing through the coil or cut off supply after some interval of time.

• The simplest way to reduce voltage is to increase the value of the voltage at input so current will minimize and copper losses will decrease.
• There is another method that is mostly used is to connect a series resistance with windings of selenoid this structure is shown in a given figure.
• This resistance will control the amount of the current passing through the solenoid by lossing some power across it.

Applications of Linear Solenoid

• These are some applications of seloneiod that are described with detailed. Let's discuss them.
• Due to different features of coil it mostly used in different medical instruments, locking networks, instrumentation, robotics.
• This module also implemented for the on and off valve electrically.
• It used in different security circuits for locking and antilocking of doors.
• In electronic devices like computer, laptops, fuel injectors gears of cars also consists of solenoids.
• The main feature that makes more effective for different circuits is its quick response for electricity.

It is the detailed article on linear solenoid I have explained each and everything related to solenoid if you have any question about it ask in comments. I will guide you more about it. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

What is Inductance

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Inductance. In 1886 first time in the world the word inductance was used by the English scientist Oliver Heaviside. The symbol for the inductance is L that was indicated due to the scientist Heinrich Lenz who gave famous Lenz's law. In system international (SI) the unit of the inductance is Henry. It can be defined as if one volt is provided to the coil and 1A current passes through coil than flux induced in the coil is one weber the inductance of the coil will be one Henry. Henry name is used due to American scientist Joseph Henry who find the phenomena of the self-inductance. In today's post, we will have a look at different parameters of the inductance and its working. So let's get started with What is Inductance.

What is Inductance

• Inductance is the property of any conductor due to that it resists any variation in the current passing through it.
• The current passing through the conductor generates the field about it, the magnitude of the field depends on the strength of the current.
• The variation in the magnitude of the field, with the variation in the current, produce emf in the conductive element, this emf resists the voltage that is varying the current.

• Inductance can also demonstrate as it is the multiple of the ratio of the voltage produce with the variation in the current.

V = -L(di/dt) V

• Inductance is of two types first one is the self-inductance and second is mutual induction.
• If current passing through any inductor induced a voltage in that conductor is known as the self-inductance.
• If voltage induces in the second conductor that is closer to first then this phenomenon is known as the mutual induction.

Self Inductance

• When current moving through the current induced voltage in that conductor it is known as the seld inductance.

L =N(ø/I)

• In this equation.
  • L is the self-inductance of the conductor.
  • N is the no of turns.
  • ø is the flux.
  • I is the current flowing through the conductor.
• Due to the flux induced in that conductor, current variation produced electromotive force in this conductor.
• Due to this electromotive force, there is another current produces in the current in reverse direction of the current supplied by the external power source.
• The variation in this current resists the alteration in the first current.
• If the value of the first current is enhancing, the second current will resists the increment in the first current.
• The overall effect of this is to minimise the magnitude of the alternating current flowing in the inductor and also eliminate the magnitude of the voltage provided to the conductor.

Mutual Induction

• If the current is passing through the one coil and its flux also linking with the nearby second coil than due to variation of the flux voltage induced in the 2nd coil this phenomenon is known as the mutual induction.

• For a practical understanding of the mutual induction, let's discuss the given figure.
• There are 2 coils X and Y are located closer to one another. When we close the switch current starts to flow through the coil X and voltage induced in that coil.
• The flux of the coil is also linking with the Y coil, if we vary the current at X coil there will be also flux variations in the second coil that induced a voltage in the coil it is due to the phenomenon of the mutual induction.
• Now we mathematically find the value of the mutual induction in the two coils.

Em = M (dI1/dt)

M = (Em)/ (dI1/dt)------(A)

• This equation is used when we know the value of the induced voltage in the second coil and the current variation in the first coil is known.
• If we have the value of the one volts and (dI1/dt) is also one ampere then by adding these values to the equation (A) then we find the mutual inductance that is one henry.
• From the above-given equation, we can explain mutual inductance as, if one volt is provided to the first coil and current passing through the second coils is at the rate one ampere per second then it has a mutual inductance of one henry.
• Mutual induction can also be described in by this equation.

Em = M(dI1/dt)= d/dt (MI1)--- (B)

Em =N2(dØ12/dt)= d/dt (N2Ø12)---(C)

• By using equation B and C we have.

MI1 = N2Ø12

M = (N2Ø12 /I1)

• This equation of the mutual induction can work only when the flux interaction with the second coil (N₂f₁₂)  due to the current (I1) of the ist coil is already known.
• From the above-given equation of the mutual induction, we can conclude that it depends on these given below factors.
  • No of the turns in the second coil.
  • Area of the coils.
  • The distance among the coils.

Energy Stored in an Inductor

• Now we discuss the phenomena of energy storing in the inductive coil.
• The energy stored in the inductor in the form of the magnetic field.
• The field of the inductor is directly proportionate to the current provided to the inductor.
• Given below formula explains the energy stored in the inductor in the form of the magnetic field.
• E = 1/2 LI²
• In this equation.
  • E is the amount of energy stored in the inductor.
  • L is the self-inductance of the conductor.
  • I is the current passing through that conductor.

Example of Inductance

• In the given diagram, the coils have five hundred no of turns, and it is made by the cooper.
• When we applied ten ampers of direct current to the coils then the flux of ten milli-weber is produced in that coil. Now we find the value of the self-inductance.
• As we know that the formula for the self-inductance is.

L =N (Ø/I)

• If we put the values of the no of turns, flux and current then we have inductance value.

=500x (0.01/10)

= 500 milli-henry

It is the detailed article on the inductance I have written almost each and everting related to the inductance in this post. If you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

What is Hall Effect Sensor

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Hall Effect Sensor and how to use for measurement of electromagnetism.  As we can easily find the value of current flowing through any elements, by using ammeter, and galvanometer. But it is very challenging for us to measure the strength of the magnetic field. If we ask someone to find the magnetism and tell us its value. He will not have an answer to this question. In 1879 an American physicist invented the hall effect sensor for the measurements of the electromagnetism. After the invention of Hall effect sensor, almost twenty years scientists were thinking about how we can use the Hall effect practically. With the simplification of the semiconductor materials like silicon, the working of this sensor become common to use. In today's post, we will have a look at Hall effect sensor working, applications and some other related terms. So let's get started with What is Hall Effect Sensor.

What is Hall Effect Sensor

• Such a sensing device that used to find the strength of the field and shows this value in the form of voltage is known as the Hall effect sensor. The value of the voltage at the output of the sensor is directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.
• These sensors have the ability to sense the nearby object without a physical connection, they also used to find the position of different objects in any machines or circuitry.

• These sensors are manufactured by such material through which current can pass easily and its output terminals are designed at an angle of ninety degrees to the movement of the direction.
• When this module is put in the field it converts the field in the voltage and display at its output. But the voltage value is very less at the output almost some micro-volts, to obtain suitable voltage level special amplifiers circuits are connected with it.
• The main function of this sensor is to find the value of the magnetic field but it can also be used for the measurements of the temperature, pressure and current.
• Advantages Of Hall Effect Sensor, Hall Effect Sensor in Smartphones, What is Hall Effect Sensor, Working of Hall Effect Sensor, a disadvantage of hall effect, circuit of hall effect, Hall Effect Sensor.

 

Working of Hall Effect Sensor

• For an understanding of the working of Hall effect sensor first, we discuss the about Hall effect.
• According to Hall effect if the conductor is placed in a magnetic field at ninety degrees to the field and the current flowing through the conductor generates an electrical field.
• This sensor consists of the semiconductor substance like GaAs (gallium arsenide), InSb through which current passes.
• When we put this semiconductor material in the magnetic field the field lines exert the force on the electrons and the hole in the semiconductor.
• Due to the magnetic field lines force electrons and holes moves to produce a voltage at the terminals of the semiconductor material.
• The production of the voltage at terminals of the semiconductor substance is due to the Hall effect.

• To obtain the higher-level voltage at the terminals of the semiconductor device the direction of the field should be at ninety degrees.

 

Hall Effect Sensor in Smartphones

• This sensor is used in the mobile phone to lock and unlock the mobile screen.
• The Hall sensor follows this given below relation for its working in the mobile phones.

VH = IB/nte

• In this equation, VH is the Hall voltage.
• I is the current.
• B is the magnetic field.
• n is the density of the charges.
• t is the thickness of the mobile screen.
• e si the charge on the electrons.
• The flip cover consists of the magnet that generates a magnetic field due to which current starts to flow and this current produce voltage.
• These generated voltage used in the phone to operate the different circuits and lock and unblock the screen.

  There are some advantages and disadvantage of the Hall effect in the phones that are described here. Advantages:

• This sensor in the phone saves the charging by automatically disable the screen.
• It is reliable, less expensive, can operate in diffrent temperature range.

Disadvantages:

• One thing you noticed that with the passage of time flip touch of phone not work properly. It is due to the magnetic that loss its magnetic strength with time and can generate enough voltage to produce a hall effect.
• As the voltage produced by the hall sensors are very less almost a few milli-volts, to amplify these voltages there should be special amplifier is connected with it that make phone expensive.

Advantages Of Hall Effect Sensor

• These are some advantages of the Hall effect sensor that are described here.
• This sensor can operate as an electric switch, it is less expensive than the manual switch and highly reliable.
• Its operate at a higher frequency than the manual switch.
• It can be installed in any environment condition because it is a sealed pack in the waterproof casing.
• These sensors can be used for the different ranges of the magnetic field measurements.
• With the detection of the field, it can also find the North and South poles of the magnet.

Applications of Hall Effect Sensor

Position sensing

• It can work as a position sensor and tells about the location of different magnetic objects in industries.
• It also used in brushless direct current motors for the detection of the rotor and automatically switch the transistor direction.
• It also used in mobile phones for the automatic lock and unlock of the screen.

DC Current Transformer:

• It also used in the transformer for the detection of the direct current in the current transformer.
• For this purpose, it is mounted between the core and windings of the transformer flux variation in core and windings are measured by this flux current can be computed.

Automatic Fuel Level Indicator:

• These sensors are used in different fuel indicators. The main purpose of these sensors is to detect the movement of the floating component in the level indicator.
• There are 2 ways by which this sensing is done, the first one is by using vertical float magnet and the second one is rotating level sensor.
• In the first type that is vertical float system permanent is connected with the floating device.
• The conductive material through which current is passing is linked with the tank in the same line with the permanent bar magnet.
• With the increment in the fuel level, the increment in the field value will show in the output of the sensor as voltage.

Keyboard Switch:

• In 1960 Everett A. Vorthmann constructed such keyboard switch that follows the phenomena of the Hall effect.
• They did not get popularity due to their high cost in the market and remains for certain uses.

It is the detailed article on the Hall effect sensor if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.  

What is cPanel and How do You Use It?

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is cPanel and How do You Use It?. cPanel is a control panel software that allows you to easily manage your web hosting account. Because of its user-friendly interface, it’s an incredibly common tool. So what do you actually use cPanel for? A better question might be what you can’t use cPanel for. cPanel is where you connect domain names to your hosting, set up customized emails for your site(s), install Wordpress or any other CMS, back up your website, upload files to your server, check your bandwidth, usage stats, and security settings, install server apps, create and manage your databases, and optimize your server settings. Among other things. As cPanel has improved, its price has increased, passing the cost on to consumers. The software makes managing your sites a lot easier, but it’s not always intuitive. Below is a quick tutorial on how to take advantage of cPanel’s more basic functions and get your comfortable enough to start exploring the software’s real potential. So let's get started with What is cPanel and How do You Use It?

What is cPanel and How do You Use It?

Logging In

• The first step to using cPanel, of course, is to log in. Your hosting company will provide you with a cPanel username and password, and most companies will show a cPanel link once you’ve signed into your hosting account.

• If you’re not sure where to find cPanel or how to access it, ask your hosting company.

 

• It’s often located under a settings tab like “My Accounts” or “Advanced.”

Finding your Way Around

• The cPanel interface is designed by your web host, but there are a few features that are common to most cPanel layouts.
• To find your way around, you can use the navigation bar, located in the top right-hand corner of the screen.
• There you’ll see options to search, a link to your user preferences, a notifications bell, and the logout link.
• The search bar is incredibly useful, especially if you are using cPanel for the first time. If you want to find “usage stats,” for example, you can just type it into the search bar instead of hunting through cPanel’s tabs and files for it.
• User preferences are where you go to change password, language settings, contact information, and reset the page settings.
• cPanel will use notifications to communicate basic information like news and updates, so the notifications bell can be a useful way to keep yourself updated.
• If you’re not getting the results you want from the navigation bar, there is an additional search bar located at the top of the page.
• Instead of showing you results in a drop-down style, this search bar is a bit more powerful and will filter your results directly from cPanel itself.
• On the left side of the screen, you’ll see the sidebar. Depending on your hosting company, you’ll see a few different icons displayed on the sidebar, but most cPanel hosting will display icons for Home, Statistics, Dashboard, and User Management.
• Home, of course, will take you back to the homepage. cPanel’s homepage organizes tools into categories that you can collapse or expand as needed to find the tool you want.

• You can drag and drop tools or even entire sections if you want to reorganize how the homepage is displayed to customize the page to your personal preferences.
• Statistics gives you a quick look at important numbers like how many email and FTP accounts you have, or how many domain names you are managing. Statistics will also show you how much bandwidth and disk space you’re currently using.
• The dashboard is a quick-reference page, a kind of mix of the homepage and statistics page.
• The dashboard will feature resource stats like bandwidth and disk space alongside commonly used tools and links for quick access.
• User Management is where you can add or delete users from your cPanel account.
• This will also show you your email addresses and who has access to your FTP and web disk.

Preferences

• The preferences page is where you set basic account information like your password and contact information.
• Updating your contact information is also an important step for when you first get started.
• The email you provide in user preferences is the primary way that cPanel will communicate with you if anything goes wrong with your configuration or account.

That's all about What is cPanel and How do You Use It? if you have any questiona ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

What is Electromagnetic Induction

Hello, fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Electromagnetic Induction. In 1831 Micheal Farady (he was British scientist, most of his work was in electro-chemistry) gave his famous law electromagnetic induction. In 1832 after Faraday, Joseph Henry who was an American scientist working on Faraday's findings and provide practical uses of electromagnetic induction. First time in August 1831, Farady performed an experiment for electromagnetic induction. To perform his experiment he takes 2 wires and one ring of the iron, then he wound these 2 wires on the opposite sides of the ring. By this arrangement, he created transformer-like structure.

At the terminals of the first wire, connect the battery and the current starts to flow through it. Then he connects the galvanometer to the other wire terminals, with the deflection in the needle of the galvanometer he observed that current is flowing in the secondary windings. He found that the current in the second winding is due to the changing of flux in it. In this method, Faraday gives his famous law. So let's get started with What is Electromagnetic Induction

What is Electromagnetic Induction?

• If a conductor is inserted in the magnetic field and move it in the field due to the flux alteration in the conductor voltage induced in the conductor this aspect is recognized as the electromagnetic induction.
• The voltage can also be induced in the conductive wire if it put in the moving magnetic field and it in static condition.
• If both the field and the conductor are in a state of motion than the voltage can be induced in the conductor.

• Electromagnetic induction based on the Faraday's Law, that says a variation of the flux in any conductive material voltage produced in that conductor.
• This phenomena of voltage production are nowadays is very common in electrical devices and instruments, like a transformer, electric motor and generators.

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

• Faraday's law is the foremost representative that describes electromagnetic induction. Let's discuss it with the detailed.
• This law explains that if either conductor is moving in the field or field is moving than due to flux alteration in the conductor voltage induced in the conductor. The amount of the voltage induce depends on the flux variation.

EMF =dØ/dt

• There are 3 main factors that tell about the magnitude of the voltage induced in the conductor. Let's discuss them one by one.

1. 1. If we increase the number of the turns of the conductive coil it will increase the area of the loop so the larger no of flux lines will pass through the coil and larger amount of the voltage will be induced in the loop.
   2. If the speed of the coil in the field is increaed than there will be larger emf will induce in the conductor.
   3. If the conductive loop has constant no of turn and speed if we increase the concentration of the magnetic field then there will be more voltage induced in the coil.

• If we sum all these three points than we have the final equation for Faraday's law.

EMF = N (dø/dt)

• In this equation, the N is the no of turns.
• ø is the flux its unit is weber and its formula is given here.

Ø=BA

• B is the magnetic field.
• A is the area of the conductor.

 Electromagnetic Induction in Generator

• Now see how the electromagnetic involve in the generator for power production.
• The simplest structure of the ac generator is constructed in the given figure, it comprises of the magnet that is connected with the shaft when it rotates magnet also rotates with it that produced a rotating field.
• There is a loop of the wire is placed near the magnet that connected with the galvanometer.
• When the shaft magnet rotates its field interact with the loop and induce a voltage in that loop, it is similar to the working principle of the generator.

Lenz’s law of Electromagnetic Induction

• This law explains that the produced in the wire due to variation of the flux has a direction opposite to the field that produce it and opposes any change in it.

E = -N (dø/dt)

• The equation of the Lenz's law is similar to the Faraday's Law it has a minus sign in it. That shows it repels the cause that produces it.
• In simple words, we can say that the current produced in the conductor always resists it cause that induced it in the conductor.
• This law is a fundamental rule for direction finding of the current produced in the conductive element and it is similar to the conservation principle of energy.

• Sometimes current produce due to magnetic induction create a problem as if the current is passing through such conductor that is not the part of our desired circuitry, then the flux of the current passing the conductor creates current this current's flux distorted our main circuit flux this current is also known as the eddy current.

Application of Electromagnetic Induction

• There many applications where phenomena of electromagnetic induction work we discuss its working in the generator and the transformer.

Electromagnetic Induction in Generator

• The working principle of the alternating generator depends on the electromagnetic induction principle.
• The simplest structure of the generator is shown in the given figure. In the figure you can see that the simple loop of the wire is rotating in the field of the bar magnet.
• When the loop rotates in the field the emf induced in the loop according to the phenomena of the magnetic induction.

Electromagnetic Induction in Transformer

• The transformer is a device that is used to step up and step down the voltage level. Its working depends on the phenomena of magnetic induction.
• When the input is provided at the primary windings of the transformer due to flux variation the current is induced in the secondary windings.

It is the detailed article on electromagnetic induction I have written each and everything related to this in the article. If you have any questions ask in the comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

How to Land Your First Engineering Job

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at How to Land Your First Engineering Job. As the world continues to transform from rapid technological advancements, industries have an increasing demand for skilled, qualified engineers. However, you should not assume that a job is waiting for you when you graduate. Before you do all the work of earning a degree in engineering, it pays to understand the process of securing employment. After all, that's the reason you have elected to pursue an engineering degree, so having a plan is crucial to make sure your work pays off. Here is a basic guide to the process of getting your first engineering job from the Massachusetts engineering jobs experts. So let's get started with How to Land Your First Engineering Job. 

After you get a degree, how do you get a job?

• In engineering, the process is similar to job search in other industries. Typically, the path to employment begins with an engineering training or internship program.
• This way, you'll have real experience in a work environment, although you don't usually get paid for these work-study positions.

• This is also a requirement for receiving a professional license or certification in some countries.

Optimize your Resume

• Now that you have some experience under your belt, you're ready to go after your first paid entry-level job.
• The first step in this process is to create a winning resume. A good resume emphasizes work experience and employment history.
• Focus on experience in engineering, and limit or exclude any work that is not related to your field. It's best to have professional help when creating a resume.
• There is a lot of money on the line, so it's definitely worth the small expense to optimize your resume.

Create a Portfolio

• It's one thing to talk about your experience, but having a portfolio that provides concrete examples of your work is more compelling to an employer.
• Your portfolio contains a lot more detail than a simple one-page resume. You don't need to bring any physical models or other examples to a job interview. It's best if all portfolio elements are digital files in text, image or video format.
• If you have created models or prototypes, a photo of these will be a great addition to your portfolio.
• You can also include detailed information about engineering projects, letters of recommendation and even a YouTube video that demonstrates your abilities in action.

The Power of Networking

• They say that it's not what you know but who you know when it comes to landing a big job.
• There is some truth to this even in the field of engineering where there are some prestigious and lucrative positions that many people are competing for.
• The easiest place to start building a network, if you're not already connected to any big-time executives in the industry, is your alumni network. By joining the alumni association, you will have opportunities to connect with important people in the industry and even join mentoring programs.
• Aside from the alumni association, there are other relationships that you can build in your school that can be helpful.
• Your professors may work in the field outside of class, and they can help connect you to opportunities.
• They can also provide good references or letters of recommendation. Don't forget your classmates.

• Some of them may know people who can get you in the door at some of your most desired companies.
• Outside of academic circles, you can also find many resources to help build your network.
• Look for professional associations and government-regulated organizations that provide resources and opportunities to connect with industry people.
• Another powerful tool for networking in the 21st century is social media.
• There are discussion groups that you can join on LinkedIn and Facebook to help build your network and find out about job opportunities.

So, friends, it is a detailed article on How to Land Your First Engineering Job if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

Top Extensions in Mozilla Firefox You Should Know

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Top extensions in Mozilla Firefox You Should Know. One of the critical components in computing for many users is the new web browser. These platforms have had a significant evolution hence becoming more powerful and extensible. Extensions are one of the features that can be used to modify the functionality. Firefox is an extension that is built by use of a development system known as cross-browser and Web Extensions API. The kind of extensions that you will like to install will solely depend on the way you use your browser, the level of trust to your extension developers, your privacy views, and many other personal preferences. Learn more to know the best places to get the best files like at Rocketfiles. So let's get started with top extensions in Mozilla Firefox You Should Know.

Top Extensions in Mozilla Firefox You Should Know

• It is good to understand that browser extensions depend on the ability to change things on any web that you are visiting and also the ability to read.
• You are advised to take careful consideration of the ramifications of this.
• If an extension has modified the access to the web pages, this can make it a keylogger, online tracking device, it can intercept the information of the credit card and also perform other multiple criminal activities.

• However, not all extensions have the capability of doing all those criminal activities.
• All you need to do is to consider the installation source carefully, the risk profile, the permissions that are involved, and many other factors before you decide to install any extension.
• With that useful information above, below are the best five Firefox extensions to consider.

uBlock Origin

• If you are dreaming of an extension that will allow you to enforce the filtering of your content, this is the one.
• uBlock Origin has low-memory, is fast with a spectrum blocker wide enough to block ads.
• Its behaviour is to block ads, trackers by default, together with the sites that are malware, which use many filter lists that are predefined.
• This extension is not only powerful, but it is regarded as the most performing.

Privacy Badger

• This is another extension that may leave you with questions as to why it is on the list not because it doesn’t meet the requirements but because it seems similar to the uBlock Origin.
• However, this one is different because very different than uBlock.
• This extension is mainly focused on privacy going by its name that is meant to block both the third party trackers and block ads.
• This extension was developed to recommend a particular extension that will block and analyze any specific ad or tracker that might, at one time, violated the user consent principle automatically.

• This can function the best way possible without any knowledge, settings, or other configurations place upon by the users.
• The extension was developed by an organization that put its primary focus for its users more than for the online advertisers.
• It employs specific algorithmic methods to identify specifically all that is being tracked and what doesn’t.

LastPass

• LastPass is another developed controversial addition that is known by many people. Whether you decide that you need to decide on a particular one with a browser plugin, if you should at all employ a password manager, all these are topics that are debated all times so much by many.

• The answer to every problem here depends on an individual’s risk profile in place. It is recommended that users try to use one since this can be a far much better solution than the available common alternatives surrounding us of using similar and weak passwords all through.

Xmarks Sync

• Another Firefox extension convenient to users and helps significantly in syncing user profiles, bookmarks, user open tabs, and all instances browser history.
• For individuals with multiple machines and very much in need to sync all over mobiles and desktop, someone who needs to use different browsers on a similar device, this is the extension you need to look at most.

Awesome Screenshot Plus

• This Firefox added extension allows users to capture easily part or all web page and also all comments and add annotations, all users blur sensitive data and other things at large.
• With this extension at hand, you can freely share images with the help of optional service online.
• This is a tool that is also great at capturing site parts for issues of debugging, sharing necessary information, and also discussing the design. It is an essential tool you can use than you might expect.

That's all about Top extensions in Mozilla Firefox You Should Know if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.