The Engineering Projects

What is Thyristor

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Thyristor. The thyristor is a semiconductor component that has 4 layers of N and P materials with the sequence P, N, P, N. First thyristor was invented in 1950 by William Shockley who was a physicist and belonged to the United States of America. But first time it was practically used in 1956 due to its huge amount of current and voltage handling capability. Due to this feature, it was commonly used in different power control circuitry, fan dimmers, and speed control of different motors. There are 2 types of design in which this module available and both used according to circuit requirements first one has two leads and the second one has three leads in its structure. This electronic component is mostly used in switching circuitry, oscillators, level detection circuits, etc. This module is not similar to the transistor as a transistor can operate among on and off conditions but thyristor operates only single state either on or off. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, structure, pinout, applications and some related parameter. So let's get started with What is Thyristor.

What is Thyristor

• A thyristor is also known as SCR (silicon controlled rectifiers) used in different switching circuits like a transistor and in power controlling circuitry.
• The physical structure of this semiconductor is different than the other semiconductors materials like transistor that has three layers but in thyristor 4 layers of different elements are constructed.

• In a normal transistor, there are 3 P, N, P or N, P, N layer exists but in while in thyristor four-layer like P, N, P, N exists.
• Its 'P' end is known as anode and 'N' end is known as the cathode. As in normal transistor base control terminal in this device, the control terminal is known as a gate that is adjacent to the cathode.
•  This module can be created with the different semiconductor materials but normal it is manufactured with the silicon.
• As the silicone has the ability to handle larger amperes current and voltage easily as well it has ability to bear high temperature so it mostly preferred for thyristor construction.
• with these features, its price and construction are simple so it prefered for thyristor and some other electronic devices.

 Working of Thyristor

• The working of this module is different than other semiconductors device, to the understanding of working of this device we draw the equivalent circuit.
• In the given figure you can see that two transistors are linked with one another the first transistor is NPN that is behaving like the anode and the second transistor is PNP that is behaving like the cathode.
• If we provide input supply to at the terminals of thyristor there will be no current passes as the both of transistor ane unbiased state.
• If we connect input supply at the gate then current will passes through the base that will operate the TR2 transistor.
• When TR2 starts its operation than the base of the first transistor get force from this transistor and start its operation it causes to put TR2 in working state either we separated the input supply.

Features of Thyristor

• These are some features of thyristor that are described here with detailed.

  	Specifications	Parameters
  dI/dt	Extreme increment of on-state current	It is an extreme value of current for on condition if it surpasses then our device will be damaged.
  IGM	Maximum Gate Current	It is the extreme value at the gate that it can bear.
  IGT	Triggering current of the gate	It is the triggering value of current at the gate that also starts to current flow through anode and cathode terminals of component.
  I2t	Overcurrent protection	The I2t parameter tells about the value of fuse used for this module.
  IT(AV)	On condition average current	This parameter of thyristor explains about the average value of current passing through the module.

Types of Thyristor

• There are numerous types of thyristor according to their use and structure.

RCT:

• One important feature of thyristor is that it stops current to flow in reverse direction so if we add and diode then current starts to flow in the opposite direction. This type of arrangement is known as RCT or reverse conducting thyristor.
• During reverse operation both thyristor and diode not operate at the same time but they take some time for the operation that provides protection from overheating.
• This type of thyristor used in inverter circuits and frequency regulators.

GATT:

• This types of thyristor are used in such applications where fast switching needs. For this process in certain cases, negative polarity voltage also provided to the gate.
• To control the voltage at cathode and anode terminals negative voltage at the gate control the minorities carriers.
• The physical construction of thyristor is like to normal thyristor but the difference is that the area of cathode that enhances the controlling capability of the gate.

GTO:

• It is also known switch for a gate of thyristor. This types of thyristor are not normally used in circuits because they not operate at reverse voltage.

Asymmetric Thyristor:

• In such circuits where there is no use reverse voltage and no need of rectifier circuit this type of thyristor is used. These are normally used in switching circuits.

Applications of Thyristor

• The thyristor is normally used in different electronic circuits and devices, its some practical uses are explained here with the detailed.
• It used in different electrical devices for the controlling of alternating current at the input such as motor, light etc.
• It used in different circuits as a switch.
• In a different circuit, it used to control the overvoltage.
• It used in different controllers as a trigger.
• It also used in camera for flashing of a photograph.

It is the detailed tutorial on thyristor in this post I have mentioned each and everything related to the thyristor. If you still have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading.  

How to Migrate Website to Another Host with Minimal Downtime

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at How to Migrate Website to Another Host with Minimal Downtime. Nowadays, moving a website from one host to another has become very easy. However, there are still chances of downtime during the transfer process. No matter, what is the transfer speed; changing the domain name servers can cause the website to go dark up to 72 hours. Some website still does not know “What is website migration?”. That is why; we are writing this article to help the website owners in cms migration. A website transfer means, transferring all the files, databases, every software, and subdomain configuration to the new host. Depending on the website size and configuration, it can take about one day to set up the startup process. This can result in downtime but some tricks can help you avoid such disaster during transfer. If you are a site administrator then following these tips will be much easier for you. So let's get started with How to Migrate Website to Another Host with Minimal Downtime.

Do Not Cancel Existing Hosting Plan

• Whenever someone buys a new hosting plan, they cancel the old one immediately. It is a very common mistake by the newbies.

• First, inform the existing hosting provider that you are moving to the new company’s server. Cancelling the existing plan before the transition can result in loss of database and files.

Hold that Call

• When you ask them to cancel your hosting plan, they do it immediately sometimes. It has been seen with many hosting companies that they immediately cancel the order and refund the remaining fees.
• Once the hosting plan is cancelled, then you will not be able to retrieve your files.
• This kind of downtime is very difficult to recover from. It can result in all database and file loss.

Download Backup Files

• Before transferring the website data, also download the compressed backup files from the server.
• To make the process easier, make sure that both old and new companies are using the same web-based administration technology.
• In this way, you can restore and backup the data as quickly as possible.

Back-Up Page

• After logging into the Cpanel, you need to find the backup page. This page contains all the necessary tools that will help you backup all the website data.
• You can also get a backup of your MySQL database. The backups are also very important for website maintenance.

Download Backup

• There will an option for creating a backup. You can choose the full-site backup so you can use it to transfer to another hosting server.
• A full-site backup contains all the data but we will recommend you to download a backup of your subdomain differently. There should also be an option to create a backup file for your MySQL database. You do not need to decompress the files as the new server can do it automatically.
• When you will upload the compressed backup files, the server will automatically decompress it. A  compressed file will remain secure but a decompressed file will not.

Migration to the New Server

• Login to the new server cPanel and navigate to the backup page. There will be an option for backup restore.
• Click on that option and upload your backup files. The server will decompress them and will restore the entire website. The process can take time depending on the size of the file.

That's all about How to Migrate Website to Another Host with Minimal Downtime if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

What is difference between PCB and PCBA

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at what is difference between PCB and PCBA. The printed circuit board (PCB) is a circuitry board that used to construct engineering projects and electronic devices circuits. The invention of this board has reduced complicated wiring circuits that were used before its creation, the circuits manufactured by the complex wiring were very difficult to handle in sense of fault detection and reconstruction. The printed circuit board is manufactured by a substrate material that is constructed by material such as glass fibre, epoxy resins. On this board, a large number of conductive paths are designed on which different symbols of electronic components are sketched so we can easily connect our components to make circuits. There are many types of PCB that have their own structure designing and practical application. In today's post, we will have a detailed look at the printed circuit board and PCBA, compare them with detail description. So let's get started with What is difference between PCB and PCBA.

What is difference between PCB and PCBA

What is a PCB?

• The printed circuit board is a circuitry board that used to creation of circuits. On this circuitry board, there are numerous layers of copper designed for circuits creation.

• The base material used for this circuit board is manufactured by the epoxy resin and glass fibre.
• This circuit board is available in one layer to many layers according to circuitry for which it used like double-sided PCB, multi-sided PCB.
• In simple circuits single-layer printed circuit board is used while in complicated circuits like the motherboard of a computer, GPS (global positioning system) double layer or multilayer PCB is used.
• In electronic devices like televisions, mobile phones, and other electronic devices used printed circuit board their circuitry construction.
• With the usage of technical instruments, it also used in medical instruments like CT (computed tomography) scan machine, X-Ray, etc.

PCBWay

• PCBWay is a famous printed circuit board producer company that offers different features and services related to PCB. Its main services are given here.
• It is located in china.
• It delivers an order to clients within a given time and uses DHL for delivering orders
• It provides prototypes fabrications within working twenty-four hours.
• Its management team consists of more fifty professionals technicians and engineers
• Its provided quality is satisfying the clients all over the world.

PCB Designing

• There is numerous option available in the manufacturing of printed circuit board every single board of PCB has its own designing and layout according to project requirements.
• The PCB manufacturers used computed aided designing techniques for assembly of a printed circuit board.
• With the using of different software, PCB producer should also have skills to provide the board according to circuit and customer designing requirements.
• After making a layout of the circuit a sample of that circuit is copied on a plastic paper sheet to make some corrections.

 Types of PCB

• There are numerous types of a printed circuit board according to designing and circuitry for which it to be used. These types are listed here.
• Single-Sided PCB
• Double-Sided PCB
• Multi-Layer PCB

Single-Sided PCB

• In this type of printed circuit board, the conductive layers are designed on one side of board and all circuits are manufactured on this PCB side.

Double-Sided PCB

• In this PCB both sides of the board are used for the construction of circuits and both sides have a conductive layer. Its main benefits are that both sides elements are connected with each other through holes that are already designed on it.

Multi-layered PCB

• In this type of printed circuit board, there are more than two-layers are manufactured that has their own conductive paths and circuits are manufactured on each layer according to user requirement.

Material used For PCB Manufacturing

• For the manufacturing of PCB, the base substance normally called substrate is manufactured with the fibreglass or epoxy resins.
• Some boards have substrate manufactured by the fibreglass and epoxy resin.
• Some manufacturers used rein-forced phenolic resin blended with the copper, PCB production by this process is less costly than other PCBs.
• Such a circuit board is normally used household devices and electric circuitry.
• Different layers of copper are designed on a substrate material, for protection of this board from outer environment layer tin and the lead mixture is coated.

What is PCBA?

• PCBA stands for printed circuit board assembly. It is a board that we have after complete circuit manufacturing and assembly of different elements.
• If we compare a simple printed circuit board with a printed circuit board assembly or PCBA, then we will find that the PCB is only circuit board while PCBA is circuit board having completer packaging and assembly of different components.
• The elements that are used to make circuitry in printed circuit board assembly are an inductor, capacitor, diodes resistances, etc.

Technique Used in PCBA

• There are 2 main methods used in printed circuit board assembly first one through-hole technology and the second one is surface-mounted. Let's discuss these two with detailed.

Surface-Mount Technology:

• This technique is the best option for small circuitry and elements used in circuits. This process uses 3 different steps for the assembly of PCBA.
• In the First step at the surface of the circuit board, solder paste is spread.
• After that, all components of the respective circuitry are assembled on their respective places.
• In the final step, the board is kept in an oven of five hundred degrees celsius to make solder paste soft so circuit components get assembled properly.

Through-Hole Technology

• In this technique there are three steps are followed like the surface-mounted technique. In first step elements of circuitry are manually assembled on the board.
• In the second step connections of all elements are checked either they are correct or not.

• After that PCBA is passed through a liquid solder at five hundred degrees Fahrenheit.

PCB vs PCBA

• Till now I hope you have learned detailed on PCB and PCBA now we discuss their main differences.

Manufacturing Procedure:

• The manufacturing od PCB is very simple than the PCBA. In printed circuit board assembly we use special techniques for circuits designing and used an oven for fine connections of components.

Cost:

• The price of PCB is less than the PCBA, in PCBA due to complex circuitry different expensive components are used.

Functionality

• The printed circuit board is just a simple board have no component for circuitry to get or provide supply.
• While in PCBA all necessary components are available for the proper working of the circuit.

Packaging

• The PCB is available in vacuum packaging and a printed circuit board is anti-static packaging.

That is the detailed article about PCB and PCBA, I have mentioned each and everything related to these two. If you still have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.  

Reasons to Choose an Engineering Recruitment Agency

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Reasons to Choose an Engineering Recruitment Agency. Essentially, the recruitment process is meant to save time for the employer who is looking to hire, as well as for the person who is seeking a certain job. The whole process gets a lot easier and effective, making both the employer and future employees get their hands on the best deal possible.

However, both of the aforementioned parties may lack what it takes to make the hiring process more effective. After all, recruitment is not just finding a job for a random individual.

Recruiting implies matching someone with the skills, experience, and career expectations they have with the right job for them. This is one of the main reasons why you – either an employee or employer – should rely on engineering agency specialists like CBSbutler Recruitment, Nolan Recruitment etc. So let's get started with Reasons to Choose an Engineering Recruitment Agency.

Insider Knowledge of Roles and Companies

• There are hundreds of job boards, job search engines and recruiters posting jobs. For example, a common job advert will most likely tell you the location of your job, its salary, and a short description of your role and responsibilities.
• If you rely on a recruitment agency, like the one mentioned above, you can be given a lot more information about the engineering company and the role you want to be a part of.
• Moreover, such agencies can also give you information about other companies that are currently expanding and looking for employees.

Helping You More than Your CV

• For example, there are even specialist recruiters within the engineering sector, Navartis Civil Engineering Recruitment being one of those who can promote you over and above what is stated on your CV.
• While your CV comes in handy in terms of showcasing your experience or education, the piece of paper will never be able to sell your character and strengths.
• Naturally, a recruitment agency is able to do that and will certainly provide an interested company with more information about you than a simple CV and cover letter.

Interview Preparation

• While working with a recruitment agency, a consultant will be by your side for the whole duration of the recruitment process. Obviously, this implies interview preparation.
• On top of that, keep in mind that consultants are there to prepare you for the best interview of your life.
• You won’t have to worry about messing up, because the consultant has to make sure that you are fully prepared for the interview. After all, if you aren’t, then they will not get paid!

Getting the Best Deal

• Last but not least, a recruitment agency – via a consultant – is able to negotiate the best deal for you and your expectations. You will no longer have to face an employer and their unpleasant offer.
• Your consultant will show you the available offers and you’ll be able to either choose one or tell them your opinions – namely, that you don’t consider those offers as being a good deal for you.

The Bottom Line

• Most people say that recruiters and consultants are actually trying to take money away from them. However, the market doesn’t work like that. Nowadays, most recruitment agencies work with employers and only present you with available jobs.
• On the other hand, if you have to rely on an agency to find you a new job, then you can be sure that they’ll do their best! Why? This is because agents/consultants have a fixed percentage that they agree on upfront with you.
• Basically, this means that the better the deal you get in terms of a job, the better the agents get paid. It is in their best interest to get you the job of your dreams!

It is a complete tutorial on Reasons to Choose an Engineering Recruitment Agency if you have any questions about it ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.

4 Most Popular Technical Specialties Students Choose in 2019

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at 4 Most Popular Technical Specialties Students Choose in 2019. Tech is considered one of the most promising work fields for the near future; with that in mind, many students choose to do a technical speciality after graduating from a major in order to prepare themselves for a competitive professional world. Before going into the adventure of a new career -or and extension of your previous- it's important to know your options well, so keep reading and let us tell you about them. So let's get started with 4 Most Popular Technical Specialties Students Choose in 2019.

Which specialities do students choose these days?

• The current student generation has grown in a computerized world, and their natural inclination goes to the specialities related to IT and technology.
• Which is good, because the future work field will be much related to today’s technological advances.

Security Engineering

• Many believe that the engineering field is decreasing, but they are wrong because it’s transforming to adapt to the new technological world.
• Computer engineering jobs are counted among the best paid in current work fields, and security engineering is one of its most recent fields of speciality.
• It is centered on developing strategies and methods to create strong and robust security systems for companies, institutions, and any other client interest.
• You will have to research to find technical schools to study this speciality.

Tech Support

• These specialists offer assistance to solve problems related to devices’ malfunctions, whether they have to do with hardware or software.

• This profession requires a lot of preparation and many students choose it while they are still in school. Usually, they focus only on the tech field and prefer hiring research paper writing services to help them with academic assignments that aren’t related; for example a research paper about literature.
• So, the time they were going to invest in that paper goes to study more about the tech field.
• These professionals are necessary in every business that involves computers, so it’s a lucrative career with a huge world field.

Digital Marketing

• This is a speciality of the internet era because it represents a kind of “evolution to digital” for traditional marketing.
• It’s a profession that uses digital media to promote products, just like traditional marketing prints ads in magazines, it started in the late ’90s and early ’00s, along with the rise of the internet.
• But with Digital Marketing, advertising found on Internet the ideal platform to extend the image of a product worldwide in an effective manner.
• In recent years, many students have felt inclined to this profession, because it´s easy to study online and gives big revenues.

Computer Graphics

• This is a specialty you can choose after studying programming, film making, computer science, etc.… In which you create computer-generated image data using specialized graphic hardware and software.
• It’s a beautiful profession that combines creativity with technical skills, a profile that its attractive to many students.

• You can study this specialty through school programs or online courses, or you can get a degree, depending on the field you want to work on.

  	Security Engineering	Tech Support	Digital Marketing	Computer Graphics
  Platform	Software and hardware	Software and hardware	Digital media and internet	Digital software
  Some topics to study	Computer security Security software Tamper-resistant hardware Law (mostly related to personal protection) Cryptography Supply chain management	Electronic systems Computer systems Software applications System working evaluation	Content Marketing Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Search Engine Marketing (SEM) Influencer culture Marketing strategy E-mail direct marketing Social Media Marketing, Data-driven marketing Brand management E-commerce	Interface design Image processing (rendering and shaders) Computer animation 3D modeling Vector graphics GPU design Photography
  Work field	Businesses of various natures	Office buildings Businesses of various natures Tech support companies	Advertising	Film making Video games Graphic design Advertising

How to choose a technical speciality?

• After you have graduated from one of the best engineering colleges or from one of the top colleges in the world, it can be hard to know “where to go from there”.
• Some decide that they’re ready for the professional world, but others choose to prepare themselves a bit more.

• For those that want to find the perfect speciality and aren’t sure about what’s the better alternative, keep reading and learn tips to find the right specialty for you.
  • Determine your work preferences. Your experience in school can give you an idea of your preferences.
  • Study your skills. The fields where you standout are great choices for you.
  • Define your goals. How much do you want to earn? What job profile are you looking for? Do you want to work as a freelancer or associated with a company? The answers will serve as a guide to you.
  • Think about the future. Some careers are arising and have the potential to be stronger in the future.
  •  Look for a career counsellor. Most schools have this kind of advisors that can help you with vocational tests.
  • Study your academic options; Are there any technical schools nearby? Is it possible to study online? Can you afford another career?
  • Talk to people from the work field. If you have some options in mind, talk to professionals in the field, they can give you a first-hand perspective.

That is the detailed article on 4 Most Popular Technical Specialties Students Choose in 2019 I have written everything related to this article. If you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

Why Select ALLPCB as Your PCB Manufacturer?

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Why Select ALLPCB as Your PCB Manufacturer? There are many PCB manufacturers that provide various services related to PCB products. Why ALLPCB stands out and becomes one of the best? The key is the high-cost performance and superior service. So let's get started with Why  Select ALLPCB as Your PCB Manufacturer?

Who is ALLPCB.com?

• ALLPCB is an Internet-based PCB super factory offering professional and ultra-fast one-stop service, including PCB manufacturing, PCB assembly and components sourcing.
• With the help of advanced technology (big data, cloud computing, image recognition, AI, etc), ALLPCB has already accomplished the updating from PCB manufacturer to an intelligent industrial collaborative manufacturing platform.

Why is ALLPCB.com?

• As an innovative Internet platform concentrating on PCB prototype, ALLPCB’s service has covered more than 120,000 users from 120 countries and regions of the world.
• It is trusted and loved by plenty of top enterprises, such as Tesla, Siemens and Toshiba.

Why is ALLPCB so preferred?

Higher Quality:

• ALLPCB always chooses best materials (ie. A-grade boards from SYTECH, Hi-Q printing ink from Taiyo, etc.) for production to ensure the quality of PCB products.
• Despite of more expensive raw materials, ALLPCB never compromises on quality.
• In addition, the most advanced machines are put into use. ALLPCB super factory is fully equipped with PTH Production Line, LDI exposure machines, AOI (Automated Optical Inspection), Flying Probe test machines and so on.
• Accordingly, gradual professional training is a “must” for machine operators.

Ultra-fast Delivery:

• The data-driven “Intelligent Manufacturing” has brought ALLPCB tremendous competitive advantages. Since founded in 2017, ALLPCB has been offering 24-Hour Prototype + No Extra Charge for Urgency.
• ALLPCB’s online quote system allows users to enter the parameters and get quotations for a second, then upload the design file and pay online. Order completed. It takes only 1 minute for the whole process.
• Customer service are available 24/7/365. After placing the order, ALLPCB will be in charge of the order file review - engineering file generation - intelligent panelization - production - logistics & delivery.
• Under the Multi-module Wuji IOCT System, the whole production process will be divided into different production tasks automatically, then the respective tasks are transferred to the corresponding modules, finally, it will carry out the tasks and make a production with fully automatic equipment.
• Meanwhile, the entire production progress is monitored in real-time by IoT(Internet of Thing).
• For overseas orders, it takes only 2-4 days for cross-border logistics. This is the world’s fastest delivery performance with an accuracy rate of 98%.

Crazier Price:

• ALLPCB charges $0.99 for the first PCB prototype order and $6 for Aluminum PCB. What’s more, PCB assembly starts from only $29.99 without stencil charges, set-up fee, tool fee, and booting fee!

   

Standard PCB Manufacturing Capability of ALLPCB

• These are some features of the product provided by the ALLPCB.

Product	Standard Capability	Parameters
Layers	There are one to six layers are exists in this board.	These layers are prototypes.
Material	CEM-1/FR-4/Aluminum	CEM-1 (composite epoxy material) FR-4 (flame resistant), Aluminum
TG	Shengyi TG-140 Kingboard TG-130 Goldenmax TG-130	Shengyi TG140 / TG150 / TG170 Kingboard TG>130 Goldenmax TG130
Heat Conductivity for Aluminium	1.0
CTI (Comparative Tracking Index)	Class 3(CTI=175V)
Surface Finish	HASL (hot air solder levelling), immersion gold, OSP (Organic solderability preservative)	HASL (Organic solderability preservative) is not good for 0.4-millimetre board.
Solder Mask Color	Green, Red, Yellow, Blue, White,  Black
Silkscreen Color	Green, Red, Yellow, Blue, White, Black

How to Order on ALLPCB.com?

• Fill the required information into the form at the home page of ALLPCB.com. Then click “Quote Now”.

Step 2:

• Submit the options like product type, PCB specifications, price cost, shipping cost, then click “Add to Cart”.

Step 3:

• Check and confirm your orders. And after 2-4 days, you will receive them!

That’s all for today. Here’s the detailed tutorial on Why You Select ALLPCB as Your PCB Manufacturer. If any question, you can ask me in comments.

What is Bypass Diode

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Bypass Diode. Bypass diode is used in photovoltaic modules. The main purpose of the diode in photovoltaic modules is to reduce the hot-spot (It is a heating phenomena that occurs when the photovoltaic cells are joined in a sequence and due to reverse current lot of power loss occur in the PV module) fact that is harmful to the photovoltaic cells and it can burn the cell if the light coming on the surface of the module is not distributed uniformly. For removal of the hot-spots, bypass diodes are connected with the substring of the photovoltaic devices the single bypass diode is connected twenty photovoltaic cells. Due to such arrangements, photovoltaic modules gives good efficiency during its operating life. In today's post, we will have a look at working, features, applications and circuits of bypass diodes. So let's get started with what is Bypass Diode.

What is Bypass Diode

• Bypass Diodes are connected in photovoltaic arrangements for the protection of such cells that are completely under the solar light and working properly from such cells that are not working or not in the solar light.
• Soler cells are the cheapest way to produce electricity from the sunlight. We can change the location of the solar panels according to our requirements.
• The solar cells are available in numerous power rating, from some mW to thousands mW.
• A solar cell is a photodiode that transformed the sunlight into the electricity. The photovoltaic panel produces electricity when the photocells are connected in a sequence.

• Usually, it is acknowledged that all the cells in the solar panel are producing equal power.
• But there are some conditions that affect the power production of the cell, like environment temperature, humidity in the air location of the panel.
• The principal fact of the power failure of the solar cell is the shading, that reduced the quantity of the light coming to the light. Shading can be due to some tree, wall of the house, or any other building.
• If the shading remains on some cells of the panel there will be less power generation through this panel, to eradicate the effect of the cells that have shading bypass diodes are used in the solar panel.

Features of the Bypass Diode

• These are the main features of the bypass diode.
  • The value of the reverse biasing voltage for this diode is thirty volts.
  • The forward biased functioning current of the diode is fifteen amperes.
  • Minimum forward biased voltage for this diodes is twenty-six milli-volts at eight amperes.
  • The operating temperature for this diode is minus forty to one twenty-five celsius.

Photovoltaic Solar Cell Construction

• In the given diagram, the complete circuit of the solar panel with the bypass diode is constructed, let's discuss it with the detailed.
• The current that we get from the solar panel is the direct current similar to the output power of the battery.
• When the output terminals of the solar cell are open than the voltage at these points will be 0.5 to 0.6 volts.
• The value of the terminals voltage of the solar cells relies on the load attached to the cell.

• For instance, when there is no sunlight due to the clouds the current required by the load will be lighter and the voltage at the ends will be rated value of the cell.
• But if we do increment in load on the terminals of the cells so there is need of the sunlight to maintain the output voltage of the load connected.
• So there is a boundary under that the one solar cell can provide extreme power, it doesn't matter either sunlight is exits or not.
• This amount of the current is recognised as the extreme deliverable current of the cell and denoted as I_MAX.
• The value of the maximum current relies on the area of the cell, angle with the sun, the effectiveness of the cell, and the substances used to assemble the solar cell.
• During the combination of the bypass diode with the photocell,  you should keep in mind the value of the I_MAX.

Diodes in Photovoltaic Arrays

• A diode is a device that used to transforms alternating current in the direct current.
• Unidirectional working feature of the diode can be used in different circuitries to stop the unnecessary movement of the current.
• When the diodes are used in the solar cells that are known as the blocking diodes.
• In solar panel bypass diodes are joined with the one or more than one cells in parallel combination.
• These diodes help to stop unnecessary current movements towards such diodes that are not working properly, or under shading. In this way, we get the desired output current from the solar panel.
• The connection of the bypass diodes is in parallel with the cell to stop current about it while blocking diode is attached series for the reverse movement of the current towards the cell.
• Both bypass and the blocking diode are different categories of the diodes, as they do different work.

Bypass Diodes in Photovoltaic Arrays

• As we discussed that the diode is a uni-direction component. In the given figure there are 2 coloured diodes are connected with the solar panel array.
• Green colour diodes are the bypass diode that is attached with the solar cell in parallel combination for less resistance path.
• The other 2 red diodes are blocking diodes that are linked with every branch of the circuitry in series.
• Both bypass and blocking diodes are similar in physical structure but according to their use, they are different.
• Blocking diodes also recognized as the isolation diode because they provide blocking for the current to flow toward any cell instead of going towards the output load.
• This series diodes help to avoid other parallel cell's current to flow adjacent cell and it also stops the current of the storing batteries to the cell in case of the night when there is zero production of the current at the cell.

Applications of Bypass Diode

• These are the applications of the bypass diode.
  • It used in solar panels.
  • It used in power optimization process and used as a microinverter.

It is the detailed article on the bypass diode I mentioned each and everything related to bypass diode in this post if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

What is the Current Source

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is the Current Source. In an electrical system, there are two main sources first one is a voltage source and the other one is the current source. There are further two types of current sources real and ideal current source. The current produced by the ideal current source has the same value irrespective the variation in the circuitry voltage. As the current of the ideal source does not depend on any parameter of circuitry like the voltage, resistance, so it also called independent source. The current source is the correspondent of the voltage source. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, types, circuits, ideal sources and some other related factors. So let's get started with the what is the current source.

What is the Current Source

• The Current Source is an active component of the circuitry that provides the constant current in a circuit irrespective of the variation in the voltage of the circuitry.
• From the definition of the current source, we can conclude that it is the ideal source. But, in real-world, there are no ideal sources exits.
• For example, it can explain that if we connect an ideal source with open circuitry it will not work.

• There are two main factors that described the working of the practical current source. First is its inner resistance and other is compliance voltage.
• The maximum voltage that the current source can deliver to the load is called compliance voltage.
• During the variation in the load the current source work like ideal source, provides the unlimited resistance but, when the voltage value at the output reaches to compliance voltage, then it starts to behave like a real source and provides the limited value of resistance.

Ideal Current Source

• The current source that has unlimited resistance and delivers the same value of the current to load.
• Similar to the voltage source the ideal current sources has two types of dependent and independent current sources.
• The independent sources are such devices that used to resolve such circuitries that have active components like transistors, diodes, etc.
• The simple example of the current source is the resistance that is connected with the voltage source to produce a small value of the current from a few mA to hundred ampers.

Connections of the Current Source

• The current sources can be joined with one another to increment and decrement in the value of the current.
• There are two methods by that they are connected with each other according to the circuitry demand. First one is a series and the other is parallel.
• Let's discuss these two connections methods one by one.

Current Source in Parallel

• You can see in the given diagram that the 2 current sources are connected parallel. Parallel connected current sources behave like a single source and its output is the sum of the currents of 2 sources.

• In given circuitry, there are 2 five ampers current sources are connected in parallel the output current will be the sum of these two sources current that is ten amperes.
• The sources that have different values can also connect parallel, like if we connect 10-amper and 8-ampere sources in parallel there output will be 18 amperes.

Parallel Opposing Current Sources

• Now we study what will be the effect if we connect the source in the opposite direction.
• In given circuitry two 10 amperes current sources are connected in parallel. The method to get the output of such circuitry is to subtract the value of the 2 current sources, in the given diagram the first circuitry will have zero current.
• In 2nd circuitry there is two parallel-connected circuitry that has 10 amperes and 5-ampere current value, their output will be 5 amperes.

Current Sources in Series

• Now we discuss the behaviour of the series-connected current sources.
• It is not good to connect current sources in a series.
• The reason is that the series-connected sources output current do not follow the addition and subtraction rule.
• In given circuitry, there are 2 ten amperes current source are connected in series their output can not be 20 amperes in series combination.

Practical Current Source

• As we have discussed above that the ideal current source provides the constant current irrespective of the variation in the output load. Due to this fact it also is known as the independent source.
• So we can say that the ideal current source has unlimited value of the resistance.

• Theoretically, an ideal source is exiting but practically the current source have larger value resistance but not infinity like the ideal source.
• The practical current sink can be constructed like an ideal source if it is linked with the inner resistance in parallel.
• In given circuitry, the resistance (R1) produce the same effect that the resistance connected in parallel with ideal source do.
• As these two circuitries are equivalent so the voltage drop value will also similar.
• You can see from the diagram that circuitry of the real source looks like an equivalent circuitry of the Norton, Norton says that any circuitry can be substituted with such circuitry that has one resistance and parallel source with it.
• If the value of the resistance (R1) is higher or unlimited then practical source looks like an ideal source.

Comparison between Current and Voltage Sources

Voltage Source

• Mostly electric power source like battery and electric supply in our homes are known as the voltage source.
• All of these sources deliver the same value of the voltage, as the current passing through the circuitry within limits.
• In case of open circuitry, ideal source delivers 0 power but when it is short-circuited it has unlimited power.
• An ideal source has 0 value of resistance when it connected in series circuitry.
• The practical source has some value of resistance but not zero, almost less than one O.
• Try to avoid the use of the ideal sink in the short-circuited arrangments, and not connect it with such source whose voltage value is not similar to the ideal source.

 Current Source

• Current source delivers the same value of the current, till that point the resistance of the load is very less.
• In the case of the short-circuited conditions, the ideal current delivers 0 power but in case of the open circuitry, it gives the unlimited value of power and voltage.
•  Contrary to the ideal sink the practical current sink has the higher but the limited value of the resistance.
• Like voltage source try to avoid the use of the ideal current sink in open-circuited arrangements and with a source that does not have similar current to the ideal source. But sometimes such arrangments used for complementary metal oxides semiconductor circuitries.

It is the detailed article on the current source, I have each and everything related to the current source. If you have any question about voltage source ask in comments. Thanks for reading take care till the next tutorial.    

What is the Voltage Source

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is the Voltage Source. The source is a device that transformed thermal energy, chemical energy, mechanical energy or any type of energy in the electrical form of energy. We can say that the source is such an instrument manufactured for generating electrical power. The voltage source has 2 endpoints by which it connects in the circuitry, the ideal voltage source gives the constant value of the voltage in a circuitry irrespective of the variation in the resistance of the output. While non-ideal voltage source cannot provide the same voltage to the circuitry during load variation. The voltage source is the correspondent of the current source. This eclectic source ( voltage source) can be classified as the direct current or alternating current sources, the source which provides the constant value of voltage is called dc and other is called alternating source in this source polarity of voltage changes after some interval of time like sine waveform. The battery is the example of the direct current (DC) source and the power supplies in our homes is known (AC) sources. In today's post, we will have a look at its circuit, types, use and working. So, let's get started with what is the voltage source.

What is the Voltage Source

• The voltage source is an instrument which delivers the constant value of voltage in a circuitry irrespective of the variation in the resistance offered by the load.
• Such voltage source is also named as an ideal voltage source. In real-world such voltage source can be created, by assigning the 0 inner resistance and it can deliver constant voltage.

• The graphical representation of the ideal source is drawn in the figure. You can see that it is the straight line at any point of the time axis.
• If there is some quantity of internal resistance is exiting in the source then it is named as a real voltage source.
• As there is inner resistance is present in the source this causes to loss of voltage in the circuitry according to the value of this resistance in the circuitry.
• The graphical representation of the practical voltage source is drawn in the given diagram.

Types of Voltage Source

• There are the two main types of the voltage source first one is dependent source and other is the independent.
• The dependent voltage source has further two types.
  • Voltage control voltage source
  • current control  current source
• Independent source also has two catagories.
  • DC Voltage source
  • AC voltage source
• Now discuss all these categories one by one

Independent Voltage Source

• This voltage source provides the constant value of the voltage, its voltage value does not depend on the other parameters of circuitry like resistance, or capacitance of the circuitry.

 DC Voltage Source

• This voltage source provides the constant voltage at the output is called a dc source.
• In this source, the electrons move in the same direction, so its polarity will not vary.
• The output voltage of this source will remain the same, it will not vary with the time.
• The examples of the dc voltage sources are the direct current generator, battery, or cell.

Alternating Voltage Source

• Such voltage source generates the AC current as output is known as the alternating source.
• In this source the polarity of voltage changes after a specific interval of time.
• Due to the variation in the voltage for after some time current also changes its direction.
• Examples of such sources are Ac generators or direct current to alternating current converter
• The given diagram shows the circuit of the alternating voltage source.

Dependent Voltage Sources

• The output of the source does not remain constant but continuously vary is called a dependent voltage source.
• Its output voltage varies according to the changing in the other parameters of circuitry like current, resistance.
• If the voltage of the source depends on the voltages of other components of the circuitry then it called voltage-controlled voltage source.
• If the value of the voltages of the voltage source depends on the current of the other components then it known as the current-controlled voltage source.
• The given diagram shows all these voltage sources.

Comparison Between Voltage Source and Current Source

Voltage source

• Mostly sources of electrical power like battery are known as a voltage source.
• In case of open circuitry, the ideal source delivers no power, in case of short circuitry it gives infinite power.
• This ideal device has the 0-ohm internal resistance but the practical source has less value of inner resistance but not zero.

Current Source

• The current source delivers the non-variable current when the connected load has less value of resistance.
• In the case of the short circuitry, the ideal source delivers the no power, but in case of open circuit, its power value becomes infinity.
• The ideal source has infinite resistance value and the practical source has high but in some limit value of the resistance.

Ideal Voltage Source

• The source which has no interior resistor (R) is named as an ideal source.
• It incomes that there is no voltage drop in the source, due to this we get the same voltage at output points which were produced by the source.
• Each practical (applied) voltage source like the battery has some value of resistor which causes to drop of voltage.
• To understand the practical difference among the ideal and practical source we discuss an example.
• In case of ideal source, if we have five volts battery, it will give five volts at output points as it has no internal resistance.
• But in case of practical voltage source, we do not get five volts at terminals due to some loss of voltage at interior resistance ®.

It is the detailed article about the voltage source if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.  

What is Magnetic Hysteresis

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Magnetic Hysteresis. Hysteresis occurs in different substances due to the 2 different factors first one is magnetization of the material and second is the variation in the quantity of the magnetic domains of the material (it is the part of any magnetic substance where the magnetization is uniform). All magnet do not show the same magnetizing property throughout its structure, but it varied continuously. In small size magnets, magnetization is same in the complete structure. While in the large size magnet the magnetization is not similar throughout the complete structure, due to different magnetization they are distributed into the different areas that are known as the domains. In these domains the magnetization is alike but there is an area among the domains where the domains are not aligned in a similar fashion. In today's post, we will have a look at the fact of these domains in the magnetic substance and how they produce the hysteresis in materials. So let's get started with What is Magnetic Hysteresis.

What is Magnetic Hysteresis

• When the exterior magnetic field is provided to the ferromagnetic substance like iron, the dipoles of different iron's atom arrange themselves with the direction of the applied magnetic field this fact is known as magnetic hysteresis.

• When we eliminate the field around the iron material it still shows magnetic properties due to the alignments of the domains of the iron.
• To extract the residual magnetic properties, there is a need of some heat or magnetic field is provided with different polarity.
• The graphical representation among the magnetic field intensity H and magnetization M of the ferromagnetic material is shown in a given figure.
• You can see from the figure that the magnetization of the material increases first then it get saturated and there is no further increase in with the field intensity increment.
• When we demagnetize the magnetic element its magnetization curve does not follow the field intensity H, but it has some value when the external field is zero.
• This feature of the material to have some amount of the magnetization is known as the remanence.
• The curve constituted by association of the magnetization M and field intensity H is recognized as the hysteresis loop. The area of the loop depends on the magnetization material in case of the iron it will be larger.
• If you see the given curve you will observe that it is not linear but there are a lot of turns in the curve that called Barkhausen jumps (it is a line to which the curve meets).

Magnetization and Field Intensity Curve

• In the given diagram, the magnetization and field intensity curve of the steel and iron is drawn.
• We can observe from the figure that the magnetization of the materials increases with the increment of the field intensity after some time the increment in the flux density decreases while still, the intensity of the field is increasing.

• It is because all domains of the materials have become aligned with the external field, so there is no further increase in the magnetization of the substance this point at the curve is known as the saturation region.

Retentivity

• For the explanation, suppose that we have a wire of the iron and it is connected with the battery and all the domains are aligned with the external field and the conductor is fully magnetized.
• Now if we remove the external power source from the conductor, then the iron should be totally demagnetized, but it did not happen.
• It is due to some residual magnetization of the material, this property of any material to have some magnetization when it is not connected with the battery is known as the retentivity.
• The reason for this is that some domains of the wire are still magnetized instead of the removal of the battery from the terminals of the conductive wire.
• The amount of retentivity is different for the different materials like steel gets demagnetized very soon but in the case of iron, its value is higher.
• To magnetize any material we need to provide the magnetic field intensity with the opposite polarity.
• The force provided by the opposite polarity magnetic field is known as the coercive force.

Soft Magnetic Material

• When we removed the external field from any conductor then it still has some magnetization properties the value of the magnetization is different for different materials. To demagnetize the substance we provide the external field with opposite polarity.
• The amount of the force need to demagnetize is known as the hysteresis loos.
• The value of this energy is different for different materials like in steel its value is less so it called soft magnetic materials.
• The curve for these materials has less area.

Hard Magnetic Materials

• There is another type of materials that required a large amount of the energy for demagnetization and have larger area are known as the hard magnetic materials.
• The coercive force of these materials is larger than the soft magnetic material.

• The energy required for the demagnetization of these materials is larger than the soft materials.
• The curve for these materials is shown in the given figure.

Applications of the Magnetic Hysteresis

• These are some applications of the magnetic hysteresis
• Mostly motor driver circuits are constructed by the hard magnetic materials.
• Speakes, tape recorders are made by such materials that have higher magnetic properties.
• Our personals computers are also used for magnetic substances.
• Different electronic instruments like energy meter, sensing devices also used hard magnetic materials.
• In medical devices like MRI also used hard magnetic substances.
• Soft magnetic material is used in the transformer core because they can easily magnetize and demagnetized.

It is the detailed article on the magnetic hysteresis I have explained each and everything related to magnetic hysteresis if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.